Chapter 3 Digital Electronics Le Dung

9/9/13
Digital Electronics
- Part I: Digital Principle Dr. L Dng
Department of Electronics and Computer System (C9-401) School of Electronics and Telecommunications Hanoi University of Science and Technology Email: ledung-fet@mail.hut.edu.vn
Part I: Digital Principles - Overview

Information Digitalization
Logic Clause Logic Level 1 0 High Low
Boolean Functions (Boolean Algebra)
True False
Electronic circuits
(Transistor BJT, Diode, Resister, MOS...) Open-Collector Output & Tristate Output
Implementation
Basic Logic Gates

Inverter,AND,OR,NAND,NOR,XOR,XNOR
Analysis & Synthesis

- Custom design
Logic Circuits
Digital Integrated Circuits

Logic Families
RTL, DTL, HTL TTL, CMOS PMOS, NMOS, BiMOS, ECL,
- Standard cell design - Gate array - PLA, PLD, FPGA - FSMD design - VHDL
Combinational Logic Circuits
Sequential Logic Circuits
Specifications:
- Current & Voltages - Fan-in, Fan-out - Propagation Delay - Noise Margin - Power Dissipation - Speed Power Product
Digital System
Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications
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Part I: Digital Principles - Contents
Chapter 1 : Binary system and Binary Codes Chapter 2 : Boolean Algebra Chapter 3 : Logic Gates, Logic Circuits and Digital Integrated Circuits
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Chapter 3
Logic Gates, Logic Circuits and Digital Integrated Circuits
3.1 Logic Gates + Electronic switches and Logic Levels in Digital Circuits + Basic Logic Gates 3.2 Logic Circuits + Principles of Logic Gate Connection + Two models of Logic Circuit + Synthesis and Analysis Logic Circuits + Active Level and Active Level Conversion 3.3 Digital Integrated Circuits + Integrated Circuit (IC) and Scale of Integration. + Digital IC Families (TTL, CMOS) + Specifications of Digital IC
Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications Page 4
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3.1 LOGIC GATES Digital circuits work with 0 and 1 and use switches
Ref.: http://www.wordbench.com/video/ucan.html
How to make an electronic switch in digital circuit ?.
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3.1 LOGIC GATES

BJT works as a switch in a digital circuits
Cut-off
BJT switches TTL families

Ref.: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_4.html
Saturation
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3.1 LOGIC GATES

MOSFET works as a switch in a digital circuits
N-MOSFET (N-Channel MetalOxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
Cut-off
MOSFET switches CMOS Families

Ref.: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_4.html
Full-saturation
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3.1 LOGIC GATES

Logic Levels: are usually represented by the voltage ranges.
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3.1 LOGIC GATES

Logic Levels: VCC, VIH, VIL, VOH,VOL
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3.1 LOGIC GATES

A Logic Gate is physical device implementing a basic Boolean function and working on logic levels.
Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors acting as electronic switches
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3.1 LOGIC GATES

7 Logic Gates
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3.1 LOGIC GATES

Logic Gates in Small Scale Integrated IC
Hex (6) Inverters IC 7404 INVETER gate
TTL inverter gate circuit

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3.1 LOGIC GATES

Quadruple 2-Input And-gates IC 7408 AND gate
TTL AND gate circuit

3.1 LOGIC GATES

Quadruple 2-Input OR-gates IC 7432 OR gate
TTL OR gate circuit

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3.1 LOGIC GATES

Quadruple 2-Input NAND-gates IC 7400 NAND gate
TTL NAND gate circuit

3.1 LOGIC GATES

Quadruple 2-Input NOR-gates IC 7402 NOR gate
TTL NOR gate circuit

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3.1 LOGIC GATES

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3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Principles of Logic Gate Connection
The rules of connection ?.
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3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Principles of Logic Gate Connection e.g. TTL output connects to CMOS input
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3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Principles of Logic Gate Connection the rules + Must be compatible in logic level + One output can control more than one input + Two or more outputs usually should not be connected together. + Dont let an input as a floating input.
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3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Two models of Logic Circuits
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3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Synthesis and Analysis Logic Circuits
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3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Active Level (Asserted level)
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3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Active Level Conversion
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3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Alternated Logic Gates (active level conversion)
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3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Active level conversion to make a compatible in logic circuits
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3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Exercise 1: active level conversion
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3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Exercise 2: active level conversion
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3.3 DIGITAL INTEGRATED CITCUITS

Integrated Circuit ?.
An integrated circuit (also referred to as IC, chip, or microchip) is an electronic circuit manufactured by lithography
All logic gates, logic circuits implemented on a single chip Digital ICs
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Lithography for integrated circuit fabrication
Pattern transfer
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Scale of Integration
* Giga-scale integration(GSI) 1,000,000 or * Tera-scale integration(TSI) (1012 or more)
more(109 -
1011)
1.2 Billion individual transistor gates onto the Quad-core i7-2700k "Sandy Bridge" 64-bit microprocessor chip
Moores Law: The number of components that can be packed on a computer chip doubles every 18 months while price stays the same.

Most of the reasons that modern digital systems use integrated circuits
IC pack a lot more circuitry in a small package the overall size of any digital system is reduced. IC have made digital systems more reliable by reducing the number of external interconnections. IC typically requires less power than their discrete counterparts saving in power and a system does not require as much cooling
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Logic Families
DL RTL DTL HTL TTL I2L ECL MOS : Diode Logic. : Resistor Transistor Logic. : Diode Transistor Logic. : High Threshold Logic. : Transistor Transistor Logic. : Integrated Injection Logic. : Emitter Coupled Logic. : Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic (PMOS and NMOS).
CMOS : Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic. BiCMOS : Combines bipolar and CMOS devices into single integrated circuit.

Digital IC notation
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DL, RTL, DTL, HTL structures
DTL - NAND gate
Diode logic
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IIL structures
- Integrated injection logic (IIL, I2L, or I2L) is a class of digital circuits built with multiple collector bipolar junction transistors (BJT) - When introduced it had speed comparable to TTL yet was almost as low power as CMOS, making it ideal for use in VLSI (and larger) integrated circuits. - Although the logic voltage levels are very close (High: 0.7V, Low: 0.2V),
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ECL structures
- A high-speed integrated circuit bipolar transistor logic family. - ECL uses an overdriven BJT differential amplifier with single-ended input and limited emitter current to avoid the saturated (fully on) region of operation and its slow turn-off behavior
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The structure of standard TTL NAND Gate:
Multiple emitter and Totem pole
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The operation of standard TTL NAND gate
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The operation of standard TTL NAND gate
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Tri-state or Hi-Z output of TTL gate
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Tri-states output application
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Open collector output of TTL gate
Different voltage Interfacing
Wired-OR circuits
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Structure of Low-power Schottky TTL
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Structure of NMOS gate
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Structure of CMOS gate
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Specifications of Digital IC
Currents & Voltages Fan-out, Fan-in Propagation Delay Noise Margin Power Dissipation Speed Power Product
From Datasheet

Voltages and Noise Margin
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Currents & Fan-out, Fan-in
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Currents of the logic families
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Propagation Delay
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Propagation delay of the TTL and CMOS families
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Power Dissipation and Speed-Power Product
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Speed and power dissipation of TTL and CMOS families
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TTL and CMOS connections
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TTL and CMOS connections (cont.)
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TTL and CMOS connect to LED
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TTL and CMOS connect to a push button or a relay
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9/9/13

Part I: Digital Principles - Overview

Boolean Functions (Boolean Algebra)

Basic Logic Gates

Analysis & Synthesis

Digital Integrated Circuits

Combinational Logic Circuits

Sequential Logic Circuits

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

Part I: Digital Principles - Contents

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

How to make an electronic switch in digital circuit ?.

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.1 LOGIC GATES

BJT switches TTL families

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.1 LOGIC GATES

MOSFET switches CMOS Families

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.1 LOGIC GATES

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.1 LOGIC GATES

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.1 LOGIC GATES

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.1 LOGIC GATES

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.1 LOGIC GATES

TTL inverter gate circuit

3.1 LOGIC GATES

TTL AND gate circuit

3.1 LOGIC GATES

TTL OR gate circuit

3.1 LOGIC GATES

TTL NAND gate circuit

3.1 LOGIC GATES

TTL NOR gate circuit

3.1 LOGIC GATES

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

The rules of connection ?.

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS

Dr. Le Dung - School of Electronics and Telecommunications

3.3 DIGITAL INTEGRATED CITCUITS