Form 4 Chemistry

CJ TANG

Chapter 7 - Acids and Bases 7.1 What are acids? 1. An acid is a chemical substance which ionises in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+ or hydroxonium ions, H3O+. H+ (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) 2. Example: HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) Acid Acid name HNO3 Nitric acid H2SO4 Sulphuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid

Ions H , NO32H+, SO423H+, PO43+

3. Monoprotic acid = an acid which produce one mole of H+ ion when one mole of the acid ionise in water. Monoprotic acid Ionic equation HNO3 nitric acid CH3COOH
Ethanoic acid

. 4. Diprotic acid = an acid which produce two moles of H+ ions from one mole of the acid in water. Diprotic acid Ionic equation H2SO4 sulphuric acid H2C2O4
ethanedioic acid

5. Triprotic acid = an acid which produce three moles of H+ ions from one mole of the acid in water. Triprotic acid Ionic equation H3PO4 phosphoric acid 6. Acid can be classified into 2 groups: (a) Mineral acids = Obtained from minerals. Eg. Carbonic acid (H2CO3), Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) (b) Organic acids = Extracted from animal and plant materials. Eg. Methanoic acid (HCOOH), Citric acid (C6H8O5) Strong Acids Strength of an acid depends on the degree of ionisation of the acid in water. Strong acid is an acid which ionises / dissociates completely in water to form high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). 3. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. It is 100% ionised in water. All the hydrogen chloride molecules that dissolved in the water ionises completely into hydrogen ions and chloride ions. HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
1. 2.

Strong Acid Nitric acid, HNO3 Sulphuric acid, H2SO4

Particles H+, NO3H+, HSO4-, SO42-

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Weak Acids Weak acid is an acid which ionises / dissociates partially in water to form low concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). 2. Ethanoic acid is a weal acid. Dilute ethanoic acid is about 0.4% ionised in water. As fast as the acid molecules ionize to produce ions, the ions combine back again to reform ethanoic acid molecules (reversible
1.

reaction).

Weak Acid Carbonic acid, H2CO3 Methanoic acid, HCOOH Particles H+, HCO3-, CO32-, H2CO3 H+, HCOO-, HCOOH

**Differences between strong acid and weak acids Strong acid Weak acid

Properties of Acids 1. An acid only shows its acidic properties when it is dissolved in water. In the presence of water, an acid will ionise to form hydrogen ion, H+. 2. Sour in taste. 3. pH values less than 7. 4. Indicator: Blue litmus paper (Red) Indicator: Universal indicator (Orange and red) Indicator: Methyl orange (Red) 5. Chemical properties: (a) React with bases to produce salts and water. (neutralization) 2HCl (aq) + CuO (s) CuCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) (b) React with reactive metal (higher position than H+ in the electrochemical series) to produce salts and hydrogen gas. 2HCl (aq) + Zn (s) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) (c) React with carbonates to produce salts, carbon dioxide gas and water. H2SO4 (aq) + ZnCO3 (s) ZnSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

The Uses of Acids in Our Daily Life Acid Benzoic acid Carbonic acid Ethanoic acid Nitric acid Sulphuric acid Tartaric acid Uses As preservative. To make carbonated drinks A main compound of vinegar To make dyes, explosives, plastics and fertilizers To make detergents, polymers, paints and fertilisers Manufacturing of soft drinks, provide tartness to food

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7.2 What are bases?

1.

A base is a chemical substance which reacts with an acid to produce a salt and water only. Base (s) + acid (aq) salt + water (l) NaOH (s) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) Example of bases: All metal oxides and metal hydroxides. Base Formula Solubility in water Ions in the aqueous solution Copper(II) oxide CuO Insoluble base Lead(II) oxide PbO Insoluble base Magnesium oxide MgO Insoluble base + Sodium oxide Na2O Soluble base (alkali) Na , O2Calcium oxide CaO Soluble base (alkali) Ca2+, O2Sodium hydroxide NaOH Soluble base (alkali) Na+, OHPotassium hydroxide KOH Soluble base (alkali) K+, OHBarium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Soluble base (alkali) Ba2+, OH**Note: Calcium hydroxide and barium hydroxide are only slightly soluble in water.

2.

3.

Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis. Alkali is a chemical substance which ionises in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH-.

Strong Alkalis Strength of an alkali depends on the degree of ionisation or dissociation of the alkali in water. Strong alkali is an alkali which ionises / dissociates completely in water to form high concentration of hydroxide ions (OH). 3. Sodium hydroxide ionise completely in water, only sodium ions and hydroxide ions are present in the solution.
1. 2.

NaOH (s)

Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Strong Alkali Potassium hydroxide, KOH Barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 Particles K+, OHBa2+, OH-

Weak Alkalis Weak alkali an alkali which ionises/ dissociates partially in water to form low concentration of hydroxide ions (OH ). 2. Example of weak alkali: ammonia (NH3) solution. 3. Ammonia exists mostly as covalent molecules and only a small number of ammonia molecules ionise to become free mobile ammonia ions and hydroxide ions.
1.

NH3(g) + H2O (l) NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq) Weak Alkali Hydrazine, N2H4 Properties of Alkalis 1. An alkali only shows its alkaline properties when it is dissolved in water. In the presence of water, alkali will ionise to form hydroxide ion, OH -. Particles N2H4, N2H5+, OH-

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2. Bitter in taste and soapy feeling. 3. pH values more than 7 4. Indicator: Red litmus paper (Blue) Indicator: Universal indicator (Blue and purple) Indicator: Methyl orange (Yellow) 5. Chemical properties:

The Uses of Bases in Our Daily Life Bases Ammonia Calcium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Aluminium hydroxide Uses Used to make nitrogenous fertilizers and nitric acid. To make cement, limewater, neutralise the acidity of soil and application of sewage treatment. Used in the manufacturing of soaps, detergents, and cleaners. Used in toothpaste and gastric pills (antacid). Used to make gastric medicine (antacid)to neutralize the excess acid in the stomach.

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CJ TANG

7.3 The pH scale and the Measurement of pH Value of a Solution pH scale is a set of numbers used to represent the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. pH is a measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution. pH value decreases when the concentration of hydrogen ions increases. 3. pH value > 7: alkaline solution pH value = 7: neutral solution pH value < 7: acidic solution 4. pH solution can be measured by using universal indicator, pH paper and pH meter.
1. 2.

pH value 0, 1, 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12, 13, 14

Colour of Universal Indicator Red Orange red Orange Orange yellow Yellow Green Greenish-blue Blue Blue Bluish-purple Purple

Substances Sulphuric acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Ethanoic acid Orange juice Tomato juice Black coffee Urine Water Sea water Toothpaste Egg Baking Soda Milk of magnesia Ammonia solution Potassium hydroxide solution Sodium hydroxide solution Bleach

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7.4 Concentration of Acids and Alkalis 1. The concentration of a solution is the quantity of solute in 1 dm3 of the solution. 2. Quantity of solute can be measured in: (a) g dm-3 (b) mol dm-3 (known as Molarity, M) 3. Calculation of concentration: ( ) ( ) (a) ( ) (b) ( )
( ( ) )

4. Conversion of units of concentration:

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Relationship between Number of Moles with Molarity and Volume of a Solution ( ) ( ( ) )

n= MV M = molarity of solution (mol dm-3) V = Volume of solution (dm3) n = Number of moles of solute (mol)

Preparation of Standard Solutions

1. 2.

Standard solution = a solution in which its concentration is accurately known. Standard solution is prepared by using volumetric flask with a fixed volume (100 cm3, 200 cm3, 250 cm3, 500 cm3 and 1000 cm3).

Preparation of a Solution by Dilution Method Dilution = a process of diluting a concentrated solution by adding a solvent (water) to obtain a more diluted solution. 2. The concentration of the solution decreases after dilution. 3. The number of moles of solute in the solution remains unchanged after dilution.
1.

M1V1 = M2V2

M1 = Initial molarity of solution M2 = Final molarity of solution V1= Initial volume of solution and V2 = Final volume of solution

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Relationship between pH Values and Molarities of Acids or Alkalis pH values depends on degree of dissociation and molarity / concentration of hydrogen ions, H+/ hydroxide ions, OH- in the solution. 2. The higher the molarity of a strong acid, the lower is its pH value. 3. The higher the molarity of a strong alkali, the higher is its pH value. 4. The molarity of an acid can be changed when (a) water is added (b) an acid of different concentration is added (c) an alkali is added
1.

Form 4 Chemistry
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7.5 Neutralisation Neutralisation = a reaction between an acid and a base/alkali to produce salt and water only. Acid + alkali salt + water + 2. Ionic equation of neutralisation: H (aq) + OH (aq) H2O (l)
1.

Neutralisation in Our Daily Lives To treat acidic soil Plants grow best when the pH of the soil is about 7. The soil is too acidic, quick lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is added to the soil to neutralise the excess acid. Nitrogenous fertilisers such as ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate are manufactured in the industry using neutralisation. It contains acidic pollutants such as sulphur dioxide gas. It is treated by adding lime to neutralise it before it is discharged into rivers and streams. Bees and ants inject an acidic liquid into the skin. They can be neutralised using alkaline medicine such as baking powder. Wasp stings are alkaline in nature. Vineger is used to cure wasp stings. An alkaline compound (magnesium hydroxide) in toothpastes neutralises the organic acids produced by the food.

Manufacture fertilisers To treat acidic effluents from factories To treat insect stings

To prevent tooth decays

Acid-base Titration Titration is a quantitative analysis method to determine the volume of an acid that is required to neutralise a fixed volume of an alkali with the help of acid-base indicator. 2. End point of a titration is a point which neutralisation occurs when the acid has completely neutralised the alkali. Reactants: Acid and alkali Products: Salt and water
1.

Indicator Litmus Methyl orange Phenolphthalein

Alkali Blue Yellow Pink

Neutral Orange Orange Colourless

Acid Red Red Colourless