Name: - Russell Dsouza F.Y.BMS Roll No.

: -17 Introduction to Computers Submitted to: - Miss Vileena 2013-2014 Sign:

INDEX

Sr.no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Introduction Hardware

Topics

Page no. 4 5 6 software and its 11 12 13 15 16 17

Processing unit of hard ware Software and operating components Types of operating system Application software Conclusion Reference Acknowledgement

Introduction
We live in an age in which computers outnumber the people living on Earth. Computers are used in homes, schools, banks, offices, stores, factories, government, and just about any other workplace that you can imagine. Tiny specialized computers are built into many things that you use every day. Some examples of this are digital clocks, automobiles, and telephone lines. Computers have many functions in todays world, but the most common ones are listed below. To communicate information To remember and retrieve information To sort data (letters and numbers) into useful information To calculate numbers To provide activities for entertainment and education.

The type of computer that you will be using is a microcomputer, also referred to as a Personal Computer or PC or micro. The most common is the Desktop which is designed to be set up on a desk or semi-permanent area. The second type is a Laptop computer designed to take with you wherever you go. It is the size of a small briefcase and is capable of doing most things a Desktop can do. The cost of each computer differs due to the wide variety of features available. This project book can take you through several project years. As you work through each unit, you will become very familiar with computers and with computer programs in general.

DATA
1. HARDWARE The basic parts or components of a computer are collectively known as the Hardware. The hardware usually consists of a processing unit, keyboard, monitor and printer. Useful options or accessories which may be included or added later include a joystick, microphone, soundcard, speakers, modem, and scanner.

2. SOFTWARE Software programs tell the hardware what it is supposed to do. Programs are a specific set of instructions that the computer uses to carry out commands that you give it. These instructions have to be written in a special way and stored on disks or tapes that can be read by the computer.

An easy way to distinguish hardware from software is to say that hardware can be seen and touched, but software cannot be seen without using the computer. For example: A diskette is hardware, while the information stored on the diskette is software.

HARDWARE
Processing Unit:
The processing unit or microprocessor is the brain of the computer and is often called the central processing unit (or CPU). The CPU is made up of a single integrated circuit chip known as a microprocessor. If this complicated chip was rebuilt with switches and wires, it would require a very large room or perhaps a building. The CPU is part of the computer where all of the electronic signals either go to or come from in order for the computer to operate.

Memory:
Memory is the computers internal storage, used to hold data and the instructions that tell the computer what to do. Memory is a very important part of any computer because the amount of memory that a computer has determines what it will be able to do. Memory storage space is measured in bytes. A byte is the amount of storage needed to hold a single character, such as the letter B or the number 5". Since computers can store thousands, millions, or even billions of bytes, the terms kilobyte (Kb), megabyte (Mb), and gigabyte (GB) are often used. One kilobyte or one K equals 1,024 bytes. There are two types of memory: 1. RAM - Random Access Memory And 2. ROM - Read Only Memory RAM is temporary storage. Programs and data can be kept there while they are being used and are then overwritten by other programs and data later. When the computer is turned off, RAM loses its contents. It is very important that your computer has enough RAM to hold the information necessary to run any program you wish to use. If the program you wish to use requires 8 Mb of memory and your computer only has 4 Mb, the program will not run on that computer. Additional memory chips can be added to most recent computers but be sure to check before you buy. ROM is used to permanently store data or instructions. The contents of ROM chips remain intact when the computer is turned off. Nothing can be written into this memory by the computer user. The information in the ROM is programmed at the factory and cannot be changed. ROM can be affected by lightning strikes and power surges. If the ROM does get damaged, the computer will either not start up or will start up but will act unpredictably.
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Disk Drives:
Since the RAM, which temporarily stores the information in the computer, is wiped clean when the computer is shut off, you need some way of storing programs and data so that it does not have to be done over again. A disk drive is a piece of hardware that can read and write programs and data on magnetic disks. A magnetic disk can be put into the disk drive and can be written to, erased, and rewritten over and over again. Most microcomputers are equipped with two or more basic kinds of disk drives

Floppy Disk Drive:

A floppy disk drive accepts only floppy disks. These disks are storage medium like a filing cabinet which will hold several files. They are flexible; Mylar plastic (like recording tape) coated with iron oxide and covered with a protective jacket. They are available in two sizes that measure 5 " or 3 ". Not only do these smaller disks hold more information but they are a lot tougher as they are encased in harder plastic so they cannot be bent or stapled. Disks can hold various amounts of information depending on whether they are single or double-sided and double density or high density. DS/DD 5 " floppies hold 360 KB (kilobytes) DS/HD 5 " floppies hold 720 KB or 1.2 MB (megabytes) DS/DD 3 " floppies hold 720 KB DS/HD 3 " floppies hold 1.44MB

Hard Disk Drive:

A hard disk drives stores and retrieves data similar to a floppy disk but can store much more information, much faster. The hard disk consists of dense oxide aluminum plates in a sealed airtight case which does not flex and therefore can spin at higher speeds of 3600 + RPM .Data can be packed very densely in a small space and retrieved in milliseconds.

CD Rom Drive:A CD-Rom drive is used to read a CD (compact disk). They can be single (1x), double (2x), quad (4x) and higher speeds. You can use a CD-Rom to play music while you are working on your computer, you can run a large program directly off the CD such as encyclopedia, or you can look at your pictures on a photo CD. This has the advantage of not having to load a whole program on your hard drive. A CD can store, using a digital format, the equivalent of 700 floppy disks or more, plus it is much faster than a floppy disk. You can also write to a CD but it is not very affordable for home use.

Monitor:A monitor is similar in many ways to an ordinary television screen. A monitor is used to present letters, numbers, and pictures. For anyone doing any amount of work, a good color monitor SVGA, (super VGA) or better, is essential to avoid eye strain.

Keyboard:The keyboard can be either separate from the main portion of the computer or attached to the front. A movable keyboard is good because it allows the operator to change the position for comfort or convenience without moving the whole computer. The keyboard is known as an input device because it allows you to put information into the computer.

Mouse:A mouse is another type of input device. By sliding the mouse along the desk surface, the user can move objects on the screen, draw pictures, and select actions to be performed by pressing one or more buttons.

Joystick:Another type of hardware that can be used for inputting information is called a joystick. It is much easier to play some games with a joystick than with keyboard keys. If you plan to play a lot of games, you may wish to get a joystick.

Microphone:A microphone can be used to record your own voice and other sounds into your programs. You can record sounds to be used to identify when the computer is doing certain things, i.e. reminder of an appointment, receiving mail.

Sound Card:A sound card enables a computer to record, store, and play sounds. A sound card is a circuit board that is inserted into a computer. Sound cards support MIDI files (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) or electronic music.

Speakers:Speakers are used with a soundcard to hear sounds from a CD program such as encyclopedias, interactive games, to listen to music, or to hear sounds online.

Printer:A printer produces paper copies (hard copies) of text and graphics. Although a printer is not needed run most programs, it is handy because computers are commonly used to produce letters, reports, books, tables, charts, pictures, and graphs. Paper output, or hard copy, is a convenient way to share computerized information. There are three main kinds of printers: 1. Ink-jet printers function by spraying ink at a sheet of paper. Magnetized plates direct the ink onto the paper in the desired patterns. Ink-jets are commonly used for multi-colored printing. 2. A Laser printer uses a laser beam to create an electrostatic image of the page on a drum. The drum then rolls through a toner reservoir, which causes the toner to be picked up by the charged portions of the drum. A combination of heat and
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pressure then fixes the toner to the paper. Laser printers produce very high quality printing. 3. Dot-Matrix printers use tiny dots to draw letters, numbers, and pictures. Inside a dot-matrix printer, a print head is moved across the paper from left to right, and sometimes also from right to left. Pins strike an ink ribbon to print the desired pattern on paper.

Scanner:A scanner is a device that allows you to copy, or scan images into computer files. These files can then be stored, edited, or used in documents. The most common type of scanner is the flatbed scanner, named for its flat glass plate on which objects are placed to be scanned. The amount of detail in your scanned image is determined by the resolution, which is measured in dpi (dots per inch). The greater the dpi, the more detail in your scanned image.

Modem:A modem allows your computer to send and receive programs and data over ordinary telephone lines. You must also buy a pre-written communications program to use a modem. There must be a modem on both the sending end and on the receiving end. This works much like a regular telephone conversation, with the people on each end needing a telephone in order to be able to talk on the phone. To send data, a modem translates the format a computer uses to a format the telephone line transmits (modular). To receive data, a modem translates the data from the telephone line back to a format the computer understands (demodulator). MODEM is a shortened form of these two words! Modems can either be outside (external modem) or inside (internal modem) the computer. A very useful application for a modem is to be able to hook up to the Internet. The higher the baud rate of the modem, the faster it will send and receive information.

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SOFTWARE
Operating System Software:Operating system software consists of programs of command instructions that assist in disk and file management and allow the user to communicate with the hardware. DOS (Disk Operating System), Windows3.1, Windows95 and 98, and Mac-OS are examples of operating systems. Components of operating system software. 1. File Manager:Computer store information on various storage devices such as hard disk. A file manager provides a logical view of information on files storages. A file is collection of information. 2. Process Manager:Process is the programmed submitted for execution. To enable several processes to run at a same time. The operating system as to share micro processor time. The process manager needs to see that all processes get reasonable share of time and number of process takes excess microprocessor time. 3. Device manager:The operating system needs to manage devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. attached to the computer. The device manager handles communication between the peripherals and the micro-processor.

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 Types of operating system. 1. Character user inter face (CUI):MS-DOS is CUI based operating system which requires a user to type the instruction in the computer in a specific format. This operating system executes a command and generates corresponding answer of command execution. In CUI the user requires to remember commands to interact with the computer. 2. Graphic user interface (GUI): A GUI based OS uses graphics to make program user friendly to use. Windows -98, Windows- NT, Windows- XP and Mac-OS are examples of GUI based operating system. A Graphical User Interface has menu, pointers and icons. An icon is a graphical representation of an application. A mouse is use as a pointing device to move the pointer to an icon, menu or screen. A GUI requires more RAM and hard disk space compare to CUI based operating system. 3. Multitasking Operating System: In multitasking operating systems numbers of tasks are executed at one time. The microprocessor divides its time to execute number of tasks at one time Windows-98 is an example of multitasking operating system. 4. Single Task Operating system: In a single task operating system only one task is executed at a time. The execution is step-by-step where the subsequent step is executed only after previous step is executed. Eg. MS-DOS. 5. Single User Operating Systems: A single user operating system can process instruction from one user at a time. A PC microcomputer is a single user computer. MS-DOS, Windows-98 is example of a single user operating system.

6. Multi User Operating Systems: The operating system allows more than one user to work simultaneously on an operating system. Multi user computer systems are
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capable of running multiple programs at the same time and share resources such as CD-ROMS, CD-Writers, hard disk and printers. A multi user operating system can at one time process instructions from multi users. In operating system, users work on different computers but a single computer using multi user operating system processes all the requests. For E.g. System used in railway ticket booking. Therefore several users might perform their individual tasks at the same time but different from each other.

Application Software:Application software is programs that instruct the computer to process data and or information. They include word processors, spreadsheets, database managers, games, etc. WordPerfect and Microsoft Word are examples of application software. This software is provided to perform certain tasks. Eg. Documentation. The application software is further classified into:

a) Propriety Application Software. b) OFF the shelf Application Software. a) Propriety Application Software: This software is specifically developed for an organization as per their requirements. A software company is specially hired to develop this particular software which is based on companies requirements. b) OFF the shelf Application Software:
This softwares are created for general market. Since these packages are available in all software stores that is the reason it is called a off the shelf software. The software is available at a reasonable cost and used by many business organization and individuals. E.g. MS OFFICE Package is available in all the software dealing stores this package has general features of word processing, spreadsheet and presentations which is normally required in general market by business organization and individuals. Nowadays it is also possible to customize off the shelf software
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based on individual/business requirements for instance Peutronics Pvt. Ltd. Who are creators of tally can modify certain features of this software to match the requirements of the individual /business organization. For this the customer has to approach Peutronics Pvt. Ltd. and pay certain premium price to modify certain features of Tally software to meet his accounting requirements. Firewall This is a hardware or software security device that filters information passing between internal and external networks. It controls access to the internet by internal users, preventing outside parties from gaining access to system and information on the internet network. A firewall can be applied at the network level, to provide protection for multiple workstations or internal networks, or at the personal level where it is installed on an individual PC. Spyware: Spyware is software that is placed on your computer when you visit certain websites. It is used to secretly gather information about your usage and sends it back to advertisers or other interested parties. In addition to tracking your system use, it can also slow down or crash your computer. Screen saver: Screen saver automatically appears whenever a keyboard or mouse has not been used for specified time defined by the user. Screen savers display certain motion images on the screen. Back up utilities: A backup utility can help the user to copy data from the hard disk to another storage medium such as CDs. Most of the operating systems have Building backup utilities. The utility helps the user to transfer files to a back up medium, medium update backup, and restore data loss.

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CONCLUSION
Computers and office equipment has been the leading export category from East Asia to the rest of the world for the last 15 years. Firms in the region have produced these goods within regional production and distribution networks. They have broken up long production processes and allocated production blocks across developing, emerging, and developed economies in the region based on differences in factor endowments. This study examined the factors affecting the exports of computers produced within East Asian production networks. The results indicate that exchange rate appreciations in countries supplying parts and components would reduce computer exports from East Asian processor economies. In addition, the findings indicate that a decrease in income in importing countries would cause a large drop in computer exports. On the other hand, there is no robust evidence that exchange rate changes in assembly countries would affect exports.

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REFERENCE Bibliography: 1. Publication: Vipul Prakashan 2. Author: Rajan Gurnani

Webliography: 1. Management Paradise. 2. Scribd. 3. Wikipedia. 4. www. Computer components .com

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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Miss Vileena as well as our principal Fr. Solomon Rodrigues who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Components of Computer, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents, brother, sisters and friends for their constant encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible.

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