EN0175

10 / 10 / 06

Strain in a solid

2
v d x2 v d x1

v u

v d y2

v d y1

v x

v y
1

3
Consider an arbitrary fiber within the elastic body, In the undeformed configuration, we can represent the fiber as a small vetor: dx = mdl0 where

v dl 0 is the length and m is the unit vector along the fiber direction (orientation of the fiber).
In the deformed configuration, the same fiber is represented as dy = n dl . Write the deformed position of a particle as

r r v v y = y ( x1 , x 2 , x3 ) = x + u ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )
where u ( x1 , x 2 , x3 ) is clearly the displacement vector. We can write a differential segment dy as

v v dy = Fdx
where

Fij =

yi x j

is called the deform gradient tensor. This suggests that

v v n dl = F mdl0
The ratio between the deformed length to undeformed length: = defined as stretch. Therefore,

dl = 1 + ( : strain) is dl0

v v F m = n
1

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v v F contains information about both stretch and rotation (change of orientation from m to n ).
In order to separate stretch from rigid body rotation, consider the dot product of two fibers,

v v v v v v T dy1 dy2 = F dx1 F dx2 = dx1 F F dx2

where C = F F is the right Cauchy-Green strain. Since the dot product only depends on the
T

relative angle between the two vectors, rigid body rotation has been effectively filtered out of

F.
We can easily see that C is a symmetric tensor because

C = F F
T T

= F F =C
T

Write C in general matrix form,

C11 C12 C= C21 C22 C31 C32

C13 C23 C33

There exist 3 principal values/directions of C . Assume the 3 principal directions are ( mI , mII ,

v v v v mIII ). If we choose ( mI , mII , mIII ) as the base vectors, then

C I C= 0 0 0 C II 0 0 v v v 0 , mI mII mIII CIII

Physical/Geometrical Interpretations of C

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10 / 10 / 06

2
v d x1 v d y1

v x

v y
1

3
Considering a fiber initially along one of the base vectors, say e1 direction,

v v v v dx1 = dl10 e1 , dy1 = dl1n

v v v v v v 2 dl12 = dy1 dy1 = F dx1 F dx1 = dl10 e1 Cdl10 e1 = dl10 C11

C11 =

dl12 2 = 1 2 dl10

Therefore, the geometrical interpretation of C11 is that it is the stretch of a fiber initially aligned in the e1 -direction.

Similarly,

v C22 = 2 2 is the stretch of a fiber initially aligned in the e2 -direction)

v 2 is the stretch of a fiber initially aligned in the e3 -direction) C33 = 3

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10 / 10 / 06

2
v d x2
v d y2

v x

v d x1

v d y1

v y
1

3
To understand the off-diagonal terms of C , let us consider two fibers initially aligned in the e1 and e2 directions, respectively,

v v v v dx1 = dl10 e1 , dx2 = dl20 e2

v v v v dy1 = dl1 n1 , dy2 = dl2 n2

v v v v v v v v dy1 dy2 = Fdx1 Fdx2 = dx1 Cdx2 dl1dl2 cos 12 = dl10 e1 Cdl20 e2 cos 12 =

12

C12

C12 C11C22

Therefore, the geometrical interpretation of C12 is that it is a measure of the angle between two fibers initially aligned in the e1 and e2 directions.

The matrix

C11 C12 C= C21 C22 C31 C32

C13 C23 C33

gives away the information how a small block of material deforms.

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10 / 10 / 06

2
dl30 d dl20 l10

d l2

dl1

dl3

dl1 = C11 dl10 , dl2 = C22 dl20 , dl3 = C33 dl30

cos 12 = C23 C13 C12 , cos 23 = , cos 13 = C11C22 C22C33 C11C33

In the principal coordinates, the above geometrical interpretations suggest

2 I C=0 0

2 II
0

0 0 2 III

3
where

I , II , III are principal stretches.

v v v v v Cm = 2 m mI mII mIII
5

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10 / 10 / 06

This indicates that the fibers along the principal directions will remain perpendicular to each other after deformation. The above formulation of strain has been focused on making predictions about the deformed configuration (called Eulerian) based on know information in the undeformed (called Lagrangian) configuration. Alternatively, we could reverse the direction of analysis. We could start from the deformed configuration and try to predict the undeformed configuration. For example, consider a fiber dy1 in aligned in the e1 direction after deformation, what is the stretch that has happened to this fiber?

2
v d x1 v d y1

v x

v y
1

3
Assume we know dy1 = dl e1 , we need to calculate dx1 = dl10 m

v v v 1 v dy = F dx dx = F dy

v v v v v 2 dx1 dx1 = dl10 = F 1dy1 F 1dy1 = dy1 FF T B = FF

T

v v 1 v dy1 = dy1 B dy1

is called the left Cauchy-Green strain.

v 1 v 2 1 2 dl10 = dl1e1 B dl1e1 B11 = 1

Therefore, the stretch that has happened to a fiber aligned in the e1 direction after deformation is given by B11 .
1

Similarly,
1 2 B22 = 2

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1 2 B33 = 3 1

Write B and B

in matrix form,

B11 B= B21 B31

B12 B22 B32

1 B11 B13 1 1 B23 , B = B21 1 B31 B33

1 B12 1 B22 1 B32

1 B13 1 B23 1 B33

The off-diagonal term has the following interpretation:

v v v -1 v dx1 dx2 = dl10 dl20 cos 12 = dl1dl2 e1 B e2 cos 12 =

1

1 B12 1 1 B11 B22

Clearly, B12 gives the information about the original angle of two fibers that have become aligned in the Similarly,

cos 23 =

1 B23 1 1 B22 B33

, cos 13 =

1 B13 1 1 B11 B33

In principal coordinates, we can define

I U = C = 0 0
Here U is called the right stretch tensor.

II
0

0 0 III

The deformation, Fdx = dy , can be generally described as stretch + rigid body rotation. If stretch happens first, rotation second, we can write

v v v v v v v v dx dz = U dx dy = Rdz dy = RU dx = Fdx

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10 / 10 / 06

U F

2
1
This suggests a decomposition F = RU , which is called the right polar decomposition

Alternatively, if rigid body rotation happens first, then stretch,

v v v v v v v v dx dz = Rdx dy = V dz dy = V Rdx = Fdx

R F

2
1
We then have F = V R , which is called the left polar decomposition.

C = F F = (RU ) RU = U R RU = U U = U
T T T T T

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10 / 10 / 06

B = F F = V R (V R ) = V R R V = V V = V
T T T T T

We can easily show that the principal values and directions of C and B are related.