INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The integumentary system consists of the skin and accessory structures, such as hair, nails, sudorifenous

gland (sweat gland) and sebaceous gland (oil gland). Integument means covering, and the integumentary system is familiar to most people because it covers the outside of the body and is easily observed. FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1. Protection The skin provides protection against abrasion and ultraviolet light. It prevents the entry of microorganisms and dehydration by reducing water loss from the body. 2. Sensation The integumentary system has sensory receptors that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure and pain. 3. Vitamin D production Ultraviolet light stimulates the production of precursor molecule in the skin that is modified by the liver and kidneys into vitamin D. Vitamin D increases calcium uptake in the intestines. 4. Temperature regulation Through dilation and constriction of blood vessels, the skin controls heat loss from the body.

 Evaporation of sweat cools the body. 5. Excretion Small amounts of waste products are lost through skin and in gland secretions. TYPES OF MEMBRANES 1. Serous Membrane lines the sealed, internal cavities of the body. There are three such membranes with each consisting of a simple epithelium supported by loose connective tissue: the pleura lines the pleural cavities and covers the lungs the peritoneum lines the peritoneal cavity and covers the surfaces of enclosed organs such as the liver and stomach the pericardium lines the pericardial cavity and covers the heart.

2. Mucous Membrane is a membrane lining bodily cavities and canals that lead to the outside, chiefly the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts. Mucous membranes line many tracts and structures of the body, including the mouth, nose, eyelids, windpipe and lungs, stomach and intestines, and the ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder. 3. Synovial Membrane produce synovial fluid which helps lubricate joints permitting smooth movement. The synovial membrane consists mainly of loose connective tissue with the epithelial layer being incomplete.

4. Cutaneous Membrane of the skin covers the surface of the body. They consist of stratified squamous epithelium and the underlying connective tissues. Cutaneous membranes are thick, relatively waterproof, and dry. Hypodermis The hypodermis, which is not part of the skin, is sometimes called subcutaneous tissue. It is essentially composed of a type of cells specialized in accumulating and storing fats, known as adipocytes. These cells are grouped together in lobules separated by connective tissue. Subcutaneous tissue acts both as an insulator, conserving body heat, and as a shock absorber, protecting internal organs from injury. It also stores fat as an energy reserve in the event extra calories are needed to power the body. The blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, and hair follicles also cross through this layer. SKIN 2 Major Tissue Layers: 1. Dermis - The dense collagenous connective tissue that makes up the dermis contains fibroblasts, fat cells, and macrophages. - 10 to 20 times thicker than the epidermis - Responsible for most of the structural strength - Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles. Glands, and lymphatic vessels extend into the dermis

2 sub layers of Dermis: a. Papillary Layer is the upper layer that supplies nutrients to select layers of the epidermis and regulates temperature. Constriction and expansion dictate control the amount of blood that flows through the skin and whether body heat is dispelled when the skin is hot or cold.

conserved when it is

b. Reticular Layer is the lower layer that is thicker and made of thick collagen fibers that are arranged in parallel to the surface of the skin. This layer is denser than the papillary dermis, and it strengthens the skin, providing structure and elasticity. It also supports other components of the skin, such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. 2. Epidermis - layer of epithelial tissue that rests on the dermis - prevents water loss and resists abrasion The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium divided into strata. Cells are produced in stratum basale. The stratum corneum is many layers of dead, squamous cells containing keratin. The most superficial layers are sloughed. - Keratinization is the transformation of stratum basale cells into stratum corneum cells.

 Structural strengths results from keratin inside the cells and form desmosomes, which hold the cells together. Permeability characteristics result from lipids

surrounding the cells.

Epidermal Layers: 1. Stratum Corneum. The cells in this layer which are known as corneocytes, have flattened out and are composed mainly of keratin protein which provides strength to the layer but also allows the absorption of water. 2. Stratum Lucidum. It is a layer of dead skin cells within the epidermis. It is present only where the skin is especially thick, such as the soles of the the feet and the palms of the hands. This layer, which is designed to help body handle friction, is transparent when viewed under a microscope.

3. Stratum Granulosum (granular layer). Cells have lost their nuclei and are characterized by dark clumps of cytoplasmic material. There is a lot of activity in this layer as keratin proteins and water-proofing lipids are being produced and organized. 4. Stratum Spinosum (prickle cell layer). Changes from being columnar to polygonal. In this layer the cells start to synthesize keratin. 5. Stratum Basale (germinativum). It is the bottom layer of keratinocytes in the epidermis and is responsible for constantly renewing epidermal

cells. This layer contains just one row of undifferentiated columnar stem cells that divide very frequently. Half of the cells differentiate and move to the next layer to begin the maturation process. The other half stay in the basal layer and divide over and over again to replenish the basal layer. SKIN COLOR Melanin (black) is the term used to describe a group of pigments responsible for skin, hair and eye color. It provides protection against ultraviolet light from the sun. Melanin is produced by melanocytes (melano, black + kytos, cell), which are irregularly shaped cells with many long processes that extend between the epithelial cells of the deep part of the epidermis. Genetic factors are responsible for the amounts of melanin produced in different races. Although many genes are responsible for skin color, a single mutation can prevent the manufacture of melanin. Example: albinism is a recessive genetic trait that causes a deficiency or absence of melanin. Albinos have fair skin, white hair and unpigmented irises in the eyes. Blood flowing through the skin imparts a reddish hue, and when blood flow increases the red color intensifies. Examples: blushing, anger, and the inflammatory response A decrease in the blood oxygen content produces a bluish color called cyanosis (dark blue color). Birthmarks are congenital (present at birth) disorders of the blood vessels (capillaries) in the dermis.

 Carotene is a yellow pigment found in plants such as squash and carrots. This gives the skin a slight yellowish tint. SKIN DISEASES 1. Argyria: Blue Skin. A condition caused by the ingestion of silver, the Argyria's most dramatic symptom is that the skin becomes blue or bluish-grey colored. 2. Hypertrichosis: The Human Werewolf Syndrome. An abnormal amount of hair growth in the body. 3. Blaschkos lines. Skin lines invisible under normal conditions. They follow a V shape over the back, S shape whorls over the chest, stomach, and sides, and wavy shapes on the head. 4. Vitiligo. A condition that causes depigmentation of sections of skin. Tungiasis. It causes skin inflammation, severe pain, itching and alesion at the site of infection. 5. Dermatographia. Skin becomes raised and inflamed when stroked, scratched, rubbed and sometimes even slapped. ACCESSORY SKIN STRUCTURE HAIR

Hairs are column of dead, keratinized epithelial cells. Each hair consists of a shaft (above the skin), root (below the skin), and hair bulb (site of hair cell formation). If the hair is thick and covers most of the body surface, it is called fur. In humans, some hair is found everywhere in the skin except palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of genitalia and the distal segments of the fingers and toes. Parts of Hair: 1. Hair shaft. Protrudes above the surface of the skin 2. Hair follicle. An extension of the epidermis deep into the dermis, and can play important role in tissue repair. 3. Hair bulb. Base of hair root 4. Hair root. Their division causes a hair to grow 3 layers of strand of the hair: 1. Cuticle. It consists of tough, overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle. 2. Cortex. Makes hair strong and elastic. 3. Medulla. A hollow tube within the cortex. Vellus Hair - short, fine, light-colored, and barely noticeable hair of a person's body from his/her childhood. - Exceptions include the lips, the back of the ear, the palm of the hand, the sole of the foot, some external genital areas, the navel and scar tissue.

Terminal Hair - thick, long, and dark. This includes facial hair, chest hair, abdominal hair, leg and arm hair, and foot hair. NAIL The nail is a thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contain a very hard type of keratin. Parts of Nail 1. Nail body. Visible part of the nail. 2. Nail root. The part of the nail covered by skin. 3. Eponychium . Also known as cuticle, is stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body. 4. Nail matrix. The nail root extends distally from here. 5. Nail bed. Located distal to the nail matrix. 6. Lunula. Whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail. Sweat gland also known as sudoriferous glands, are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. Eccrine sweat gland is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, regulates the body temperature

 Apocrine sweat glands are usually associated with hair follicles continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule. Oil glands also known as sebaceous glands, produce a substance called sebum, which is responsible for keeping the skin and hair moisturized. TRIVIAS Interesting facts about skin Your body is composed of approximately 100 trillion cells. About 16% of your body weight is skin. If all the layers of your skin were laid out on the ground, it would cover about 20 m2 or 2 parking spaces. The skin is completely renewed every 27 days. Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin per hour about 1.5 pounds per year. You will make almost 1000 new skins in a lifetime. At age 70, you will have lost about 105 lbs of skin. Skin on our hands and feet is thicker. When we bathe, skin takes on water and swells slightly. The skin of the average woman weighs three kilograms, while that of the average woman weighs five kilograms.

 Human skin consists of 19 million cells, 60 hairs, 90 oil glands, 19 feet of blood vessels, 625 sweat glands and 19,000 sensory cells each square inch. Every square inch of dermis contains twenty feet of blood vessels. Interesting facts about hair There are about 5 million hairs in our body. An average human scalp has 100,000 hairs. The only totally hairless areas in our body are our palms, soles and lips. We lose between 40 and 100 hairs per day. Blondes have more hair than brunettes. Interesting facts about nails A fingernail or toenail takes about 6 months to grow from base to tip. Fingernails grow faster than toenails.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Submitted to: Prof. Sorietta Romero RMT, MPH

Submitted by: Leader: Shella M. Salonga Secretary: Nicole D. Paderes Members: Abigail G. Paulino

Abigail Joy B. Reyes Monique Ann C. Reyes Mark Eugene C. Samson

BSA I-A (Group 1)