Stat 323

16-Graeco Latin Squares

GRAECO-LATIN SQUARE DESIGN

A Graeco-Latin square involves blocking in three directions; i.e., tries to balance three
nuisance factors.
Examples:
1.
Crop yields from five different seed varieties planted in a field where both the N-S
direction and the E-W direction appear to have different soil qualities and sections
have been allowed to be fallow for five different amounts of time.
2.
Run times for three different search algorithms in Monte Carlo simulations using
three different computers, three different languages, and three different operating
systems.
Example The crop yield example could be extended to include Greek letters representing
the fallow times.
5 x 5 Graeco-Latin
Square

E-W Location
1

N-S

L
o
c

Rearranging the rows and columns as well as randomly assigning fallow times to the Greek
letters:
5 x 5 Graeco-Latin
Square

E-W Location
1

N-S

B = 2.0

C = 1.6

A = 1.0

E = 1.2

D = 2.2

L
o
c

E = 0.0

A = 1.8

D = 1.6

C = 2.6

B = 2.7

D = 1.5

E = 2.2

C = 2.2

B = 2.3

A = 3.3

C = 1.4

D = 1.0

B = 3.4

A = 2.0

E = 2.7

A = 1.7

B = 2.8

E = 2.0

D = 3.2

C = 2.6

Stat 323

16-Graeco Latin Squares

General Linear Model: Yield versus Variety, N-S, E-W, Fallow

Factor
Variety
N-S
E-W
Fallow

Type
fixed
fixed
fixed
fixed

Levels
5
5
5
5

Values
A, B, C,
1, 2, 3,
1, 2, 3,
1, 2, 3,

D,
4,
4,
4,

E
5
5
5

Analysis of Variance for Yield, using Adjusted SS for Tests

Source
Variety
N-S
E-W
Fallow
Error
Total

DF
4
4
4
4
8
24

S = 0.382753

Seq SS
2.8200
2.6560
5.1400
3.5120
1.1720
15.3000

Adj SS
2.8200
2.6560
5.1400
3.5120
1.1720

R-Sq = 92.34%

Adj MS
0.7050
0.6640
1.2850
0.8780
0.1465

F
4.81
4.53
8.77
5.99

P
0.028
0.033
0.005
0.016

R-Sq(adj) = 77.02%

Unusual Observations for Yield

Obs
13

Yield
2.20000

Fit
2.68000

SE Fit
0.31563

Residual
-0.48000

St Resid
-2.22 R

R denotes an observation with a large standardized residual.

Stat 323

16-Graeco Latin Squares

Expected Mean Squares, using Adjusted SS

1
2
3
4
5

Source
Variety
N-S
E-W
Fallow
Error

Expected Mean
Square for
Each Term
(5) + Q[1]
(5) + Q[2]
(5) + Q[3]
(5) + Q[4]
(5)

Error Terms for Tests, using Adjusted SS

1
2
3
4

Source
Variety
N-S
E-W
Fallow

Error DF
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00

Error MS
0.1465
0.1465
0.1465
0.1465

Synthesis
of Error MS
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)

Variance Components, using Adjusted SS

Source
Error

Estimated
Value
0.1465

Least Squares Means for Yield

Variety
A
B
C
D
E

Mean
1.960
2.640
2.080
1.900
1.620

SE Mean
0.1712
0.1712
0.1712
0.1712
0.1712

Tukey 95.0% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals

Response Variable Yield
All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of Variety
Variety = A subtracted from:
Variety
B
C
D
E

Lower
-0.157
-0.717
-0.897
-1.177

Variety = B
Variety
C
D
E

Center
0.6800
0.1200
-0.0600
-0.3400

Upper
1.5170
0.9570
0.7770
0.4970

---------+---------+---------+------(--------*-------)
(-------*--------)
(-------*--------)
(--------*-------)
---------+---------+---------+-------1.0
0.0
1.0

subtracted from:

Lower
-1.397
-1.577
-1.857

Center
-0.560
-0.740
-1.020

Upper
0.2770
0.0970
-0.1830

---------+---------+---------+------(-------*--------)
(--------*-------)
(--------*-------)
---------+---------+---------+-------1.0
0.0
1.0

Stat 323

16-Graeco Latin Squares

Variety = C
Variety
D
E

Lower
-1.017
-1.297

Variety = D
Variety
E

subtracted from:
Center
-0.1800
-0.4600

Upper
0.6570
0.3770

---------+---------+---------+------(-------*--------)
(-------*--------)
---------+---------+---------+-------1.0
0.0
1.0

subtracted from:

Lower
-1.117

Center
-0.2800

Upper
0.5570

---------+---------+---------+------(-------*--------)
---------+---------+---------+-------1.0
0.0
1.0

Stat 323

16-Graeco Latin Squares

Stat 323

16-Graeco Latin Squares

Stat 323

16-Graeco Latin Squares

Read 4.3, Problems 4.28, 29