Types temperat ure mechanical Bi-metallic Thermomete r

Operation

Application

Calibration

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Description

Advantage

disadvantage

A bimetal thermometer operates on the principle that different metals contract and expand to different degrees when exposed to temperature changes. Two strips made of different metallic materials are fused together as a spiral or rod. The strip will wind, unwind or bend as the temperature changes because one of the two materials in the strip will contract or expand to a greater degree than the other will. The free end of the strip is attached to a pointer that will indicate the temperature.

General food preparation

Method : Iced Water Method Material used: 1. 2-quart measure Ice, crushed Cold water; 2. Thermo meter; 3. Calibrati on tool or wrench 1. Fill a 2quart measure with ice. 2. Add water to within 1 in. of top of container. 3. Stir mixture well. 4. Let sit for one minute. 5. Place thermometer in container so that the sensing area of stem or probe is completely submerged (over the dimple). 6. Do NOT let the

A thermometer is an instrument designed to measure and indicate the temperature of a specific application or condition

Inexpensive Simple Easy to calibrate

Analog display Limited range and accuracy Takes an average of temperatures Slow response

thermometer stem/probe touch sides or bottom of container. 7. Let thermometer stay in the ice water for 30 seconds or until the dial stops moving. 8. Place the calibration tool on the hex adjusting nut and rotate until the thermometer dial reads 32 F (while in ice water). 9. Some digital stemmed (thermistors) and thermocouple s have a reset button, which should be pushed. 10. Repeat process with each thermometer. Liquid Filled Thermom eter The Bourdon tube is connected to a reservoir through a capillary that is filled with a liquid, the pressure in the closed system will increase as the temperature

used for measuring temperature ranging from (-) 300C to 2500C.

Step 1 : a check is carried out to see whether the temperature taken by the instrument under test differs from that taken through the sample sensor

A temperaturemeasurement device whose operation is based on the thermal expansion of a liquid. Liquid-filled thermometers provide a direct reading of the temperature. Liquid-filled thermometers are commonly used in technology and in the laboratory for measuring temperatures from 200

Simple Easy to calibrate Highly accurate

Analog display Difficult to read Fragile Slow response

rises. The Bourdon tube will flex as a result of the increase in pressure and move the pointer. The new position is a measure for the new temperature.

by more than the 70% of the maximum allowed instrument reading tolerance value. This test is performed by sequentially plunging the thermometer bulb into successive temperature increasing thermostatic baths : 0C / +20C / +50C / +100C / +115C. Step 2 : the instrument is heated until the instrument pointer exceeds by 20% the angular full scale value. Step 3 : step 1 is repeated, but inversely Industrial equipment, piping, boilers, pipeline, heating, cooling, ventilation ... These thermometers are often mounted on pipes online.

to 750C.

Vapour Pressure Thermom eter

The sensor contains a small quantity of liquid. The remaining space contains saturated vapor. The saturated vapour pressure increases as temperature

The saturated vapour pressure of a liquid is very dependent on the temperature. The measuring system of the vapour pressure thermometer is made up of a vapour pressure, a capillary and a measuring element, the Bourdon tube. These thermometers are very sensitive but the scale is not linear.

rises. The pressure is then transffered via a bellows and a capillary to a Bourdon tube, which indicates the pressure. The measurement accuracy is 1%. The typical temperature range is from 20 C to 280 C. Gas Pressure Thermom eter The first experiments were carried out by Boyle Mariotte in France and England in the 17 thcentury. H ere we use the principle of an ideal gas: PV = nRT n: number of moles R = 8.31 J.mol 1 . K -1 T: temperature in K P: Pressure in Pa A gas enclosed in a fixed volume can expand with temperature. T he pressure will therefore increase with temperature and deform a membrane These thermometers are high accuracy: 1%. They are robust and widely used in industrial measurement. The measurement accuracy is such that they are also used as reference thermometers in particular for hydrogen thermometer. A gas thermometer measures te mperature by the variation in volume or pressure of a gas. One common apparatus is a constant volume thermometer. It consists of a bulb connected by a capillary tube to a manometer. The bulb is filled with a gas such that the volume of the gas in the bulb remains constant.

located at the end of a capillary. this deformation is measured and indicate a temperature on a scale P = nRT / V (R / V constant) electric thermocou ple

Any attempt to measure this voltage necessarily involves connecting another conductor to the "hot" end. This additional conductor will then also experience the temperature gradient, and develop a voltage of its own which will oppose the original. Fortunately, the magnitude of the effect depends on the metal in use. Using a dissimilar metal to complete the circuit creates a circuit in which the two legs generate different voltages,

widely used type of temperature sensor for measurement and [1] control and can also be used to convert a temperature gradient into electricity. Thermocouples are widely used in science and industry; applications include temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines, and other industrial processes. Thermocouples are also used in homes, offices and businesses as the temperature sensors in thermostats, and also as flame sensors in safety devices for gas-powered major appliances.

1.

When a thermocouple is suspected of giving incorrect readings, the following steps may be taken to isolate the source of error. Circuit- The first step is to check the polarity of thermocouple circuit and all connections. The positive leg (wire) should be properly connected to the positive side of the instrument. The negative leg (wire) should be properly connected to the negative extension wire which should be connected to the negative side of the

consists of two dissimilar conductors in contact, which produce a voltage when heated.

inexpensive, intercha ngeable, are supplied with standard connectors, and can measure a wide range of temperatures. thermocouples are self powered and require no external form of excitation

[2]

The main limitation with thermocouple s is accuracy; system errors of less than one degree Celsiu s (C) can be difficult to achieve.

leaving a small difference in voltage available for measurement . That difference increases with temperature, and is between 1 and 70 microvolts per degree Celsius (V/C) for standard metal combinations.

2.

instrument. A check at these points will save delays in production. Instrument If the circuit checks out, the next step is to check the instrument. If a millivolt type meter is used, it should first be checked as to room temperature setting (cold junction compensation) . This is done by removing one of the extension wires, either position or negative, from the meter and observing the meter reading. It should coincide with the room temperature. If further testing is required, or if the instrument in question is a potentiometer, the working pyrometer set up should be checked by comparing its reading against those obtained with a test thermocouple

of known accuracy. In making checks this way, it is important that the test thermocouple be inserted alongside the working thermocouple with the hot junction weld beads of bother as close as possible. It is also essential that the temperature of both the working and the test meter be the same. If the test meter reading agrees with that indicated by the working meter the source of the trouble is not in the pyrometry circuit but the furnace itself. If the test meter reading does not agree with the working meter reading, the following checks should be made to isolate the trouble. Thermocoupl e Severely corroded or oxidized

3.

thermocouples are always a possibility of trouble. Changes in wire composition can result from corrosion and contamination by foreign elements. Impurities such as sulfur and iron plus other factors picked up from furnace refractories, oxide scale, brazing alloys and fluxes constitute possible sources of drift away from initial calibration. To check the working thermocouple, hook it to the test meter of known accuracy and observe the reading. If the reading is the same as that previously obtained from the test thermocouple of known accuracy, then the working thermocouple is not the problem Meter and

4.

5.

Extension Wires To check the working meter and extension wires, connect the extension wires to the test thermocouple of known accuracy and observe the temperature reading. If the reading is different from that obtained with the test meter, the trouble is either in the extension wires or in the working meter. Extension Wire Resistance If the working meter is the millivolt type, it will have been calibrated for a certain external resistance. Accordingly, the extension wire loop should be checked to make sure that it meets the established external resistance required. The above checks are

intended only as elementary guides in trying to pinpoint the possible cause of erroneous readings. If the cause of erroneous readings can be definitely localized in the thermocouple itself, it should be removed and inspected. A visual inspection, plus a few tests that can be made with hand instruments, will often reveal the condition which caused the thermocouple wires to be out of calibration. Severely corroded or oxidized thermocouples should be replaced. It is usually more economical to replace the thermocouple element than to risk loss of productivity, product, or equipment through inaccurate temperature measurement.

Resistance Temperatur e Detectors (RTD)

An RTD (resistance temperature detector) is a temperature sensor that operates on the measurement principle that a materials electrical resistance changes with temperature. The relationship between an RTDs resistance and the surrounding temperature is highly predictable, allowing for accurate and consistent temperature measurement . By supplying an RTD with a constant current and measuring the resulting voltage drop across the resistor, the RTDs resistance can be calculated, and the temperature can be determined.

Resistance Thermometers can be used for a wide variety of industrial applications. A high electrical output can be obtained by using the RTD with many types of simple resistance bridges.

Step 1: Connect the resistance box, RTD, and the power source in series by the connecting wires. Step 2: Set the point in

A RTD is a temperature sensor that operates on the measurement principle that a materials electrical resistance changes with temperature

Fast response Highly accurate

Expensive

Pyrometer

A pyrometer has an optical system and a detector. The optical system focuses the thermal radiation onto the detector. The output signal of the detector (temperature T) is related to the thermal radition or irradiance j * of the target object through the Stefan Boltzmann law, the constant of proportionality ; called the StefanBoltzmann constant and the emissivity of the object. j*= T^4 This output is used to infer the object's temperature. Thus, there is no need for direct contact between the pyrometer and the object, as there is

Optical radiation pyrometer is used for many industrial applications to measure non contact high temperature measurements. l Molten Metals l Forging l Refractories l Ceramics l Investment Casting l Calibration Procedures

A pyrometer is a noncontacting device that intercepts and measures thermal radiation, a process known as pyrometry. This device can be used to determine the temperature of an object's surface.

with thermoco uples and resistanc e temperature detectors (RTDs). Optical pyrometer can achieve temperature measurement accuracy to 0.5% of the temperature being observed. Digital display Highly sensitive Digital display Fast response Non-destructive Fragile Limited temperature range Only measures surface temperatures Expensive Limited accuracy

Thermistor

General food preparation and medical applications Use only for surface measurement

Infrared Radiation