Industrial safety

1. Explain the concept of Safety. Explain unsafe actions & unsafe condition in safety. Ans. INTRODUCTION

Safety and health of employees has a significant bearing on the productivity of an organization. Organisations are always known for product, production and employees. The employees of an organization develop organizational culture and climate. For an organization the employees are equally or important than production is. An organization can only move as fast as ita slowest members and if those members are injured, production will stop or get down. Once safety is compromised, the companys insurance will take a major bite off any profits. Also the morale of employees will go down. If safety is not a priority, the lack of it will become a major liability. Once should always advocate the attitude of safety first or be careful. Industrial safety management aims at minimizing the chances of risks, injuries and accidents by implementing risk management techniques and safety management operations, improving the standard of health of employees, monitoring the operating systems and bolstering the safety measures of an industry in general. With the rise of natural disasters in and around our world, the importance of the safety of human capital, protection of the environment and conservation of the existing assets of an industry is increasing, leading to growing relevance of skills in industrial safety management. Definition of safety Safety can be defined as, The condition of being safe; freedom from danger, risk or injury. Concept of Safety Safety is gradually being established as a branch of scientific knowledge, although it is premature to speak of it as a developed scientific discipline. Safety is most often treated as the state of being protected, of society and of the natural environment from excessive danger. Safety is the state of being safe (from French sauf), the condition of being protected against any physical,social,spiritual financial, political,emotional,occupational,psychological,educational or other types or consequences of failure,damage,error,accidents,harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something that causes health and economical losses. It is stated that danger and risk are synonymous while safety has the opposite meaning. Safety is also stated as a concept which deals with a state that is the opposite of danger. Safety is always seen as the place of risk-free human surroundings. In an industrial

organization, safety is something which allows or ensures a daily risk-free environment. No danger therefore, no accidents, no accidents then no loss, hence, safety ensures productivity and in turn profitability. Safety culture The immediate causes of accidents are often identified as technical failure or human error but the analysis and investigation of the circumstances that led to major accidents such as Chernobyl, Bhopal gas tragedy have revealed certain important issues beyond the immediate causes. The issues related to these accidents raised an alarm and led to wider considerations of the organization as a whole. The International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group (INSAG) first introduced the term safety culture following the Chernobyl accident. The definition of safety culture suggested by the Health and safety commission is, The safety culture of an organization is the product of the individual and group values, attitudes, competencies and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to and the style and proficiency of an organizations health and safety programmes. Organizations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, shared perceptions of the importance of safety and confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures. UNSAFE ACTIONS AND CONDITIONS IN SAFETY Unsafe actions are the actions involving or causing danger or injury; liable to hurt or harm. 1. How do workers get injured at machines?: A worker may be injured while working at a a machine as a result of : Coming in contact with moving parts of a a machine being hit or getting caught Getting trapped between the moving parts of a machine or material and any fixed structure; Being hit by material or parts which have been thrown out of the machine. 2. Where do mechanical hazards occur the most? : There are three basic parts of a machine that must be guarded: The point of operation: The actual point where the work is performed on the material such as cutting or sewing. The power transmission apparatus: All the components of the mechanical system that transmit energy to the part of the machine performing the work are included under the power transmission apparatus. These components include flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting rods, couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks and gears etc. Other moving parts: All the parts of a machine which move while the machine is working can be very hazardous. These can include reciprocating, rotating and transverse moving parts, as well as feeder mechanisms and auxiliary parts of the machine. 3. Types of hazardous mechanical motions and actions: There are a number of mechanical motions and actions that can be hazardous to workers if safeguards are not present. Most machines perform their functions of cutting, shearing, bending or punching by a series of mechanical motions, namely through rotation of the machine parts; through reciprocation of

machine parts and transverse motion in which a worker may be struck or caught in a pinch point by the moving part. 4. Requirement for and types of machine guard: There are a number of general requirements for all machine guards if they are to protect workers against mechanical hazards. These include : Prevention of contact: The guard must prevent hands, arms or any other part of a workers body from coming in contact with the dangerous moving parts. Secure: The guard should be firmly fixed to the machine and not easily removable. Protection from falling objects: The guard should ensure that no objects could fall into the moving parts. Creation of no new hazards: A guard defeats its own purpose if it creates another hazard such as its own shear point, a jagged or sharp edge that can cause cuts. Creation of no interference with work: Any guard which impedes a worker from performing his/her job efficiency and in comfort is likely to be removed or overridden. It should be pointed out that proper guards on machines could actually improve productivity, as workers would then have confidence that they will not be injured. Allow safe lubrication : If possible, the operator or maintenance worker should be able to lubricate the machine safely without removing the guard or having to reach inside the machine and into any hazardous area. Fixed guards: These are the most common type of guards found in garment factories and basically prevent any contact between hands, arms and any moving machine parts. They should not be removed frequently. They should provide the maximum amount of protection and require the minimum amount of maintenance. Interlocking guards: When this type of guard is opened or removed, the tripping mechanism and/or the power automatically shuts-off or disengages. The machine cannot start until the guard is back in place. Adjustable guards: These guards are useful because as the name suggests they allow flexibility in accommodating various sizes of stock with respect to thickness, width, height etc. Self-adjusting guards: The openings of these barriers are determined by the movement of the stock. As the operator moves the stock into the danger area, the guard is pushed away, providing an opening that is only large enough to admit the stock. After the stock is removed, the guard returns to the rest position. In some cases, these gaurds can interfere with visibility. Unsafe Conditions The requirement of sound factory buildings is given below; if these requirements are not satisfied they can be treated as Unsafe Conditions. An unsafe conditions can be defined as, any physical condition attributable to physical and mechanical sources within the work environment which, if left uncorrected, may lead to an accident. Unsafe conditions result if enough attention is not given to the designing principles in the following environmental factors: (a) Plant layout (b) Lighting

(c) Temperature and humidity (d) Vibration (e) Noise If these conditions are not provided, it means that the condition in an industry is unsafe for working. Therefore, they are also known as Factory building requirements.

1. Plant layout Area/size = unobstructed floor area 40 meter square per worker without pillars 10*15820 meter is recommended. Adequate height = >18 feet below the trusses, beams should be more flexible. Wiring along the walls = overhead wiring restricts movement and flexibility. The floor should be heavy duty and the foundation should be tough enough. Ventilation should be necessary for the circulation of fresh air. An exhaust fan can be used to keep the wiring area free from harmful gases. Drinking water and toilets should be clean, hygienic and easily accessible to the workers. Ergonomics which is a discipline that involves arranging the environment to fit the person in it is also plays a significant role here. Following ergonomics principles helps reduce stress and eliminate many potential injuries and disorders with the overuse of muscles, bad posture and repeated tasks. This is accomplished by designing tasks, work spaces, controls, displays, tools, lighting and equipments to fit the employees physical capabilities and limitations. 2. Lighting Use as much as daylight possible, keep north lighting as this keeps the building cool during summer. Artificial lighting: Corridors --- 70 Lux Staircase --- 100 Lux Ordinary work --- 150 Lux Conference hall --- 300 Lux Shop floor --- 1000-2000 Lux 3. Temperature and humidity Temperature adversely affects the productivity of the workers. Humidity leads to sweating which in turn causes early exhaustion and weakness among the workers. Therefore, it has been seen

that 25 degree Celsius and 50% humidity result in a conductive condition for the workers. Increasing the resting time is suggested as per the requirement of machines. 4. Vibration Tolerable limit of vibration between the amplitude (A) and frequency (F) of vibration is, AF3 = 2 1-6 cycles/sec low frequency AF2 = 1/3 6-60 cycles/sec low frequency AF = 1/60 >60 cycles/sec low frequency Excessive vibration can cause, Pulmonary damage, rectal bleeding, constipation and white fingers. Therefore, workers should be provided machines that vibrate less and are of a good quality. 5. Noise Sound should be 2400-4800 cycles/sec i.e. 75-90decibels. There should be silencers, acoustics, noise proof buildings so that the workers do not face any side effects of noise pollution. Excessive noise, beyond the limit prescribed above can lead to discomfort and even loss of hearing. 2. State the salient features of Air pollution Act, 1982. Ans. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1982 extends to the whole of India.

Objectives of the Act: 1. 2. 3. 4. To provide machinery for the prevention of air pollution. To control air pollution. Establishment of pollution control boards. For conferring and assigning powers and functions on such boards.

Pollution Control Boards: CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
The Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution central Board constituted under section 3 of the Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974), shall, without prejudice to the exercise and performance of its powers and perform the functions of the Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution under this Act.

In any State in which the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. 1974 (6 of 1974). Is in force and the State Government has constituted for that State a State Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution under the section 4 of that Act. Such State Board shall be deemed to be the State Board for the Prevention and Control of air Pollution

'constituted under section 5 of this Act and accordingly that State Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution Shall. without prejudice to the exercise and performance of its powers and functions under that Act. exercise the powers and perform the functions of the State Board for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution under this Act. Constitution of State Boards: In any State in which the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. 1974 (6 of 1974). is not in force. or that Act is in force but the State Government has not constituted a State Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution] under that Act, the State Government shall. with effect from such date as it may by notification in the Official Gazette. Appoint, constitute a State Board for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution under such name as may be specified in the notification, to exercise the powers conferred on. and perform the functions assigned to; that Board under this Act.
A State Board constituted under this Act shall consist of the following members, namely :(a) a Chairman, being a person, having a person having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters relating to environmental protection, to be nominated by the State Government : Provided that the Chairman may be either whole-time or pan-time as the State Government may thinks fit; (b) Such number of officials, Not exceeding five, as the State Government may think fit, to be nominated by the State Government to represent that government; (c) such number of persons, not exceeding five, as the State Government may think fit, to be nominated by the State Government from amongst the members of the local authorities functioning within the State; (d) such number of non-officials, not exceeding three, as the State Government may think fit, to be nominated by the State Government to represent the interest of agriculture, fishery or industry or trade or labour or any other interest, which in the opinion of that Environment, ought to be represented; (e) two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed by the State Government, to be nominated by that Government; (f) a full-time member-secretary having such qualifications knowledge and experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control as may be prescribed, to be appointed by the State Government; Provided that the State Government shall ensure that not less than two of the members are persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters relating to the improvement of the quality of air or the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution.

Every State Board constituted under this Act shall be a body corporate with the name specified by the State Government in the notification issued under sub-section (I), having perpetual succession and a common seal with power, subject to the provisions of this Act, to acquire and dispose of property and to contract, and may by the said name sue or be sued. No State Board shall be constituted for a Union territory and' in relation to a Union Territory the Central Board shall exercise the powers and perform the functions of a State Board under this Act for that Union territory Provided that in relation to any Union territory the Central Board may delegate all or any of its powers and functions under this section to such person or body of persons as the Central Government may specify. Meetings of the Board: For the purposes of this Act, a Board shall meet at least once in every Meeting of three months and shall observe such rule s of procedure in regard to the transaction Board, of business at its meetings as may be prescribed: Provided that it, in the opinion of the Chairman, any business of an urgent nature is to be transacted, he may convene a meeting of the Board at such time as he thinks fit for the aforesaid purpose. Copies of minutes of the meetings under sub-section (J) shall be forwarded to the Central Board and to the Stale Government concerned. Constitution of Committees: A Board may constitute as many committees consisting wholly of members or partly of members and partly of other persons and for such purpose purposes as it may think fit. A committee constituted under this section shall meet at such time and al such place, and shall observe such rules of procedure in regard to the transaction of business at its meetings, as may be prescribed. The members of a committee other than the members of the Board shall be paid such fees and allowances, for attending its meetings and for attending to any other work of the Board as may be prescribed. Delegation of powers: A State Board may, by general or special order, delegate to the Chairman the membersecretary or any other officer of the Board subject to such conditions and limitations, if any, as may be specified in the order, such of its powers and functions under this Act as it may deem necessary.

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF BOARDS: Subject to the provisions of this Act, and without prejudice to the performance, of its functions under the water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974), the main functions of the Central Board shall be to improve the quality of air and to prevent, Control or abate air pollution in the country. In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing functions, the Central Board may(a) Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the improvement of the quality of air and the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; (b) Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; (c) Co-ordinate the activities of the State and resolve dispute among them; (d) Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of air pollution and prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; [(dd) perform such of the function of any State Board as may, be specified in and order made under sub-section (2) of section 18;] (e) Plan and organize the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution on such terms and conditions as the Central Board may specify; f) Organize through mass media a comprehensive programme regarding the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; g) Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to air pollution and the measures devised for its effective prevention, control or abatement and prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; h) lay down standards for the quality of air, i) collect and disseminate information in respect of matters relating to air pollution; The Central Board may establish or recognize a laboratory or laboratories to enable the Central Board to perform its functions under this section efficiently. The Central Board may(a) delegate any of its functions under this Act generally or specially to any of the committees appointed by it; (b) do such other, things and perform such other acts as it may think necessary for the proper discharge of its functions and generally for the purpose of carrying into effect the purposes of this Act.

Functions of State Board: Subject to the provisions of this Act, and without prejudice to the State Boards. performance of its functions, if any, under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Act 6 of 1974), the functions of a State Board shall be(a) to plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and to secure the execution thereof; (b) to advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; (c) to collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution: (d) to collaborate with the Central Board in organising the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes relating to pfevent10n, control or abatement of air pollution and to organise mass-education Programme relating thereto; (e) to inspect, at all reasonable times, any control equipment, industrial plant or manufacturing process and to give, by order, such directions to such persons as it may consider necessary to take steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution; (f) to inspect air pollution control areas at such intervals as it may think necessary, assess the quality of air therein and-take step for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution in such areas; (g) to lay down, in consultation with the Central Board and' having regard to the standards for the quality of air laid down by the Central Board standards for emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial plants and automobiles or for the discharge of any air pollutant into the " atmosphere from any other source whatsoever not being a ship or an aircraft: Provided that different standards for emission may be laid down under this clause for different industrial plants having regard to the quantity and composition of emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere from such industrial plants; (h) to advise the State Government with respect to the suitability of any premises or location for carrying on any industry which is likely to cause air pollution; (i) to perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as may, from time to time, be entrusted to it by the Central Board or the State Government; (I) to do such other things and to perform such other acts as it may think necessary for the proper discharge of its functions and generally for the purpose of carrying into effect the purposes of this Act.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION Power to declare Air Pollution Control Area: The State Government may, after consultation with the State Board, by notification in the Official Gazette declare in such manner as may be prescribed, areas. any area or areas within the State as air pollution control area or areas for the purposes of this Act. The State government may, after consultation with the State Board, by notification in the Official Gazette,(a) alter any air pollution control area whether by way of extension or reduction; (b) declare a new air pollution control area in which may be-merged one or more existing air pollution control areas or any part or parts thereof. If the State Government, after consultation with the State Board, is of opinion that the use of any fuel, other than an approved fuel, in any air pollution control area or pan thereof, may cause or is likely to cause air pollution, it may, by notification in the Official Gazette, prohibit the use of such fuel in such area or part thereof with effect from such date (being not less than three months from the date of publication of the notification) as may be specified in the notification from the person or persons concerned as arrears of land revenue or of public demand. The State Government may, after consultation with the Sate Board, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that with effect from such date as may be specified therein, no appliance, other than an approved appliance, shall be used in the premises situated in an air pollution control area: Provided that different dates may be specified for different parts of an air pollution control area or for the use of different appliances If the State Government, after consultation with the State Board, is of opinion that the burning of any material (not being fuel) in any air pollution control area or pan thereof may cause or is likely to cause air pollution, it may, by notification in the Official Gazette, prohibit the burning of such material in such area or pan thereof. Power to give instructions for ensuring the standards for emission from automobiles: With a view to ensuring that the standards for emission of air pollutants for from automobiles laid down by the State Board under clause (g) of section17 are complied with, the State Government shall, in consultation with the State Board give such instructions as may be deemed necessary to the automobiles, concerned authority in charge of registration of motor vehicles under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 (Act 4 of 1939), and such authority shall, notwithstanding anything contained in that Act or the rules made there under be bound to comply with such instructions. Restrictions to the use of certain Industrial Plants: Subject to the provisions of this section, no person shall, without the previous consent of the State Board establish or operate air industrial plant in air pollution control area.

Provided that a person operating any industrial plant in any air pollution control area immediately before the commencement of section 9 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 1987, for which consent was necessary prior to such commencement, may continue to do so for a period of three months from such commencement or, if he has made an application for such consent within the said period of three months, till the disposal of such application. An application for consent of tile State Board under sub-section (I) shall be accompanied by such fees as may be prescribed -and shall be made in the prescribed form and shall contain the particulars of the industrial plant and such other particulars as may be prescribed: Provided that where any person, immediately before the declaration of any area as an air pollution control area, operates in such area and any industrial plant, such person shall make the application under this sub-section within such period (being not less than three months from the date of such declaration) as may be prescribed and where such person makes such application, he shall be deemed to be operating such industrial plant with the consent of the State Board until the consent applied for has been refused. The State Board may make such inquiry as it may deem fit in respect of the application for consent referred to in sub-section (I) and in making any such inquiry, shall follow such procedure as may be prescribed. Within a period of four months after the receipt of the application for consent referred to in sub-section (I), the Stale Board shall, by order in writing, and for reasons to be recorded in the order, grant the consent applied for subject to such conditions and for such period as may be specified in the order, or refuse consent. Provided that it shall be open to the State Board to cancel such consent before the expiry of the period for which it is granted or refuse ful1hcr consent after such expiry if the conditions subject to which such consent has been granted are not fulfilled: Provided further that before canceling a consent or refusing a further consent under the first provision, a reasonable Opportunity of being hared shall be given to the person concerned. Every person to whom consent has been granted by the State Board under sub-section (4), shall comply with the following conditions, namely :(i) the control equipment of such specifications as the State Board may approve in this behalf shall be installed and operated in the premises where the industry is carried on or proposed to be carried on; (ii) the existing control cqu1pmcnt, if any, shall be altered or replaced in accordance with the directions of the Stale Board; (iii) the control equipment referred to in clause (i) or clause (ii) shall be kept all times in good running condition; (iv) chimney, wherever necessary, of such specifications as the Slate Board may approve in this behalf shall be erected or re-erected in such premises; (v) such oilier conditions as the State Board. may specify in this behalf; and

(vi) the conditions 'referred to in clauses (i), (ii) and (iv) shall be complied with within such period as the State Board may specify in this behalf: Provided that in the case of a person operating any industrial plant in an air pollution control area immediately before the date of declaration of such area as an air pollution control area, the period so specified shall not be less than six months: Provided further that(a) after the installation of any control equipment in accordance with the specifications under clause (i), or (b) after the alteration or replacement of any control equipment in accordance with the directions of the State Board under clause (ii), or (c) after the erection or re-erection of any chimney under clause (iv), no control equipment or chimney shall be altered or replaced or, as the case may be, erected or re-erected except with the previous approval of the State Board. If due to any technological improvement or otherwise the State Board is of opinion that all or any of the conditions referred to in sub-section (5) require or requires variation (including the change of any control equipment, either in whole or in pan), the State Board shall, after giving the person to whom consent has been granted an opportunity of being heard, vary all or any of such conditions and thereupon such person shall be bound to comply with the conditions as so varied. Where a person to whom consent has been granted by the State Board under sub-section (4) transfers his interest in the industry to any other person, such consent shall be deemed to have been granted to such other person and he shall be bound to comply with all the conditions subject to which it was granted as if the consent was granted to him originally. Power of entry and inspection: Subject to the provisions of this section, any person empowered by a State Board in this behalf shall have a right to enter, at all reasonable times with' such assistance as he considers necessary, any place(a) for the purpose of performing any of the functions of the State Board entrusted to him: (b) for the purpose of determining whether and if so in what manner, any such functions are to be performed or whether any provisions of this Act or the rules made there under or any notice, order, direction or authorization served, made, given or granted under this Act is being or has been complied with;

(c) for the purpose of examining and testing any control equipment, industrial plant, record, register, Government or ;my other material object or for constructing a search of any place in which he has reason to believe that an offence under this Act or the rules made there under has been or is being or is about to be committed and for seizing any such control equipment, industrial plant, record, register, document or other material object -if he has reasons to believe that it may furnish evidence of the commission of an offence punishable under this Act or the rules made there under. Every person operating any control equipment or any industrial plant. in an air pollution control area shall be bound to render all assistance to the person empowered by the State Boar~ under sub-section (1) for carrying out the functions under that sub-section and if he fails to do so without any reasonable cause or excuse, he shall be guilty of an offence under this Act. If any person willfully delays or obstructs any person empowered by the State Board under sub-section (1) in the discharge of his duties, he shall be guilty of an offence under this Act. The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, or, in relation 2 of 1974. to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, or any area in which that Code is not in force, the provisions of any corresponding law in force in that State or area, shall, so far as may be, apply to any search or seizure under this section as .they apply to any search or seizure made under the authority of a warrant issued under section any of the said Code or, as the case may be, under the corresponding provisions of the said law. For the purposes of carrying out the functions entrusted to it, the State Board or any officer empowered by it in this behalf may call for any information (including information regarding the types of air pollutants emitted into the atmosphere and the level of the emission of such air pollutants) from me occupier or any other person carrying on any industry or operating any control equipment or industrial plant and for the purpose of vitrifying the correctness of such information, me State Board or such officer shall have the right to inspect the premises where such industry, control equipment or industrial] plant is being carried on or operated. Power to take samples of air or emission and procedure to be followed in connection therewith: A State Board or any officer empowered by it in this behalf shall have power to take, for me purpose of analysis. samples 0f air or emission room or emission and any chimney; flue or duct or any other outlet in such manner as may be prescribed. The result of any analysis of a sample of emission taken under sub- section (1) shall not be admissible in evidence in any legal proceeding unless the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) are complied with. Subject to the provisions of sub-section (4), when a sample of emission is taken for analysis under sub-section (1), the person taking the sample shall-

(a) serve on the occupier or his agent, a notice, then and there, in such form as may be prescribed, of his intention to have it so analysed; (b) in the presence of the occupier or his agent, collect a sample of emission for analysis; (c) cause the sample to be placed in a container or containers which shall be marked and sealed and shall also be signed both by the person taking the sample and the occupier or his agent; (d) send, without delay, the container to the laboratory established or recognized by the State Board under section 17 or, if a request in that behalf is made by the occupier or his agent when the notice is served on him under clause (a), to the laboratory established or specified under sub-section (1) of section 28. When a sample of emission is taken for analysis under sub-section (1) and the person taking the sample serves on the occupier or his agent, a notice under clause (a) of subsection (3), then,(a) in a case where the occupier or his agent willfully absents himself, the person taking the sample shall collect the sample of emission for analysis to be placed in a container or containers which shall be marked and sealed and shall also be signed by the person taking the sample, and (b) in a case where the occupier or his agent is present at the lime of taking the sample but refuses to sign the marked and sealed container or containers of the sample of emission as required under clause (c) of sub- section (3), the marked and sealed container or containers shall be signed by the person taking the sample, and the container or containers shall be sent without delay by the person taking the sample for analysis to the laboratory established or specified under sub-section (1) of section 28 and such person shall inform the Government analyst appointed under sub-section (1) of section 29, in writing, about the willful absence of the occupier or his agent, or, as the case may be, his refusal to sing the container or containers. Where a sample of emission has been sent for analysis to the on laboratory established or recognized by the State Board, the Board analyst samples taken appointed under subsection (2) of section 29 shall analyse the sample and submit report in the prescribed form of such analysis in triplicate to the State Board.

On receipt of the report under sub-section (1), one copy of the report shall be sent by the State Board to the occupier or his agent referred to in section 26. another copy shall be preserved for production before the court in case any legal proceedings are taken against him and the other copy shall be kept by the State Board. Where a sample has been sent for analysis under clause (d) of sub-section (3) or subsection (4) of section 26 to any laboratory mentioned therein, the Government analyst referred to in the said sub-section (4) shall analyse the sample and submit a report in the prescribed form of the result of the analysis in triplicate to the State Board which shall comply with the provisions of sub-section (2). Any cost incurred in getting any sample analysed at the request of the occupier or his agent as provided in clause (d) of sub-section (3) of section 26 or when he willfully absents himself or refuses to sing the marked and sealed container or containers of sample of emission under sub-section (4) of that section, shall Ix: payable by such occupier or his agent and in case of default the same shall be recoverable from him as arrears of land revenue or of public demand. Role of an approved laboratory: The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, State Air, Laboratory . (a) establish one or more State Air Laboratories; or (b) specify one or more laboratories or institutes as State Air Laboratories to carry out the functions entrusted to the State Air Laboratory under this Act. The State Government may, after consultation with the State Board, make rules prescribing (a) the functions of the State Air Laboratory; (b) the procedure for the submission to the said Laboratory of samples of air or emission for analysis or tests, the form of the Laboratory's report thereon. and the fee payable in respect of such report; (c) such other matters as may 'be necessary or expedient to enable that Laboratory to carry out its functions. The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, Analysts. appoint such persons as it thinks fit and having the prescribed qualifications to be government analysts for the purpose of analysis of samples of air or emission sent for analysis to any laboratory established or specified under sub-section (J) of section 28. Penalties and procedures: whoever fails to comply with the provisions of section 21 or section 22 or directions issued under section 31 A, shall, in respect of each such failure, be punishable with imprisonment for a terms which shall not less than one year and six months but which may extent to six years an with fine and in case the failure continues, with an additional fine which may extend to five thousand rupees for every day during which failure continues after the conviction for the first-such failure.

If the failure referred to in sub-section (1) continues beyond a period of one year after the date of conviction, the offender shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than two years but which may extend to seven years and with fine. Whoever(a) destroys, pulls down, removes, injures or defaces any pillar, post or stake fixed in the ground or any notice or other matter put up, inscribed or placed, by or under the authority of the Board, or (b) obstructs any person acting under the orders or directions of the Board from exercising his powers and performing his functions under this Act, or (c) damages any works or propane belonging to the Board, or (d) fails to furnish to the Board ,or any officer or other employee of the Board if any information required by the Board or such officer or other employee for the purpose of' this Act, or (e) fails to intimate the occurrence of the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere in excess of the standards laid down by the State Board or the apprehension of such occurrence, to the State Board and other prescribed authorities or agencies as required under sub-section (1) of section 23, or (f) in giving any information which he is required to give under this Act, makes a statement which is false in any material particular, or (g) for the purpose of obtaining any consent under section 21, makes a statement which is false in any material particular shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months or with fine which may extend to [ten thousand rupees] or with both. Whoever contravenes any of the provisions of this Act or any order or direction issued there under for which no penalty has been elsewhere provided in this Act, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to the Act three months or with fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees or with both, and in the case of continuing contravention, with an additional fine which may extend to five thousand, rupees for every day during which such contravention continues after conviction for the first such contravention.
3. Define Safety Committee. What are the functions and scope of Safety Committee? Ans. Increasing number of accidents involving workers has drawn our attention towards safety measures in the factories. Accidents not only affect workers loosing their livelihood but also employers in terms of compensation to be paid to the workers. Accidents are a significant cause of dispute between workers and management. With the coming in of new set up of industries e.g., steel production, engineering, fertilizers, chemicals and petro-chemicals, oil refining etc., and increasing use of machine power, industrial complexities in terms of process of production have increased. This has given rise to hazards and risks. Safety measures are to be adopted against such risks and hazards. The Factories Act, 1948 has laid down certain measures for the safety of workers employed in the factories.

A Committee is a group of employees that suggests improvement in the system on specific topics or problem areas. Safety Committee is a term generally used to describe a group of people, usually representing the management and the employees who meet regularly to discuss the unsafe practices and conditions found in the plant and ways to eliminate them. Safety Committees, therefore, are constituted to promote cooperation between the workers and management in maintain proper safety and health at work and review the measures taken in that behalf. The requirements of a Safety Committee are specified under Section 41 and 41G of The Factories Act, 1948.

The occupier shall, in every factory where a hazardous process takes place, or where hazardous substances are used or handled, set up a Safety Committee consisting of equal number of representatives of workers and management to promote cooperation between the workers and the management in maintaining proper safety and health at work and to review periodically the measures taken in that behalf: Provided that the State Government may, by order in writing and for reasons to be recorded, exempt the occupier of any factory or class of factories from setting up such Committee. The composition of the Safety Committee, the tenure of office of its members and their rights and duties shall be such as may be prescribed. Formation of Safety Committee: The State Government has prescribed the size and type of an organization which must have a safety Committee. Constitution of a Safety Committee is possible in factories meeting the following criteria: (a) Units employing 250 or more workers; (b) Units covered under Section 87 of the Factories Act, 1948 and employing more than 50 workers; (c) Units covered under Section 2(cb) of the Factories Act, 1948 and employing more than 50 workers. Safety Committees are set-up in workplaces to help resolve the safety and welfare issues that arise at the workplace. The Committee is a vehicle to consult workers on developing or proposing changes to the workplace or any policies, practices or procedures that could affect the safety and welfare of the workers. Membership of a Safety Committee The establishment of a Safety Committee is for creating and maintaining a safe and healthy workplace for all employees. The composition of the Safety Committee is as given below: (1) The representative of the management on Safety Committee shall include: (a) A senior official, who by his position in the organization can contribute effectively to the functioning of the Committee, shall be the Chairman.

(b) A Safety Officer and a factory Medical Officer, wherever available and the Safety Officer, in such a case shall be the Secretary of the Committee. (c) A representative each from the production, maintenance and purchase departments. (d) Where the organization is big, the Safety Committee may establish different subcommittees. (2) The workers representatives on this Committee shall be equal to the number of the representatives of the management, as elected by the workers. (3)The tenure of the Committee shall be two or three years. (4) The Safety Committee shall meet as often as necessary but at least once in every quarter. The minutes of the meeting shall be recorded and produced in front of the Inspector on demand. (5)The Safety Committee shall have the right to be adequately and suitably informed of: (a) Potential safety and health hazards to which the workers may be exposed at the workplace. (b) Data on accidents as well as data resulting from surveillance of the working environment and of the health of workers exposed to hazardous substances so far as the factory is concerned. Provided that the Committee undertakes to use the data on a confidential basis and solely to provide guidance and advice on measures to improve the working environment and the health and safety of the workers.. Functions of a Safety Committee: Functions and duties of the Safety Committee shall include: (a) Assisting and cooperating with the management in achieving the aims and objectives outlined in the health and safety policy of the occupier. (b) Dealing with all the matters concerning the health, safety and environment and to arrive at practicable solutions to the problems encountered. (c) Creating safety awareness amongst all the workers. (d) Undertaking educational, training and promotional activities. (e) Discussing reports on the safety; environmental and occupational health surveys; safety audits; risk assessment; emergency and disaster management plans and implementation of the recommendations made in the reports. (f) Carrying out health and safety surveys and identifying causes of accidents. (g) Looking into any complaints made on the likelihood of an imminent danger to the safety and health of the workers and suggesting corrective measures. (h) Reviewing and implementing the recommendations made by it. (i) Regularly conducting scheduled safety inspections (twice yearly) of the plant. Unsafe conditions and unsafe practices shall be noted in these inspections. (j) To participate in the monthly meetings described in the previous section. (k) To take the responsibility for averting imminent safety hazards in the absence of safety professionals or appropriate supervisory personnel.

(l) To provide an on-site safety presence at the plant on a daily basis and to serve as a good example to the community. (m) To investigate the lost workday accidents and to review all accidents reports and make recommendations to the directors and supervisors as needed. (n) To review the safety aspects of new experiments and of changes in the existing experiments. Scope of a Safety Committee: The Committee holds inquiries into accidents with a view to ascertaining the causes and fixes the responsibility thereof on the concerned individuals. Investigations are also carried out into the question whether prompt and adequate steps were taken by the factory administration for relief measures, such as provision of first-aid, medical treatments and refreshments to passengers, evacuation of the injured employees and other facilities like ambulance, completion of required formalities etc. As a result of the employees injury, the Committee may also make recommendations which are designed to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents, which may suggest lying down new rules or modifying the existing rules of working and improved standards of installation and maintenance of machines, material handling equipments etc. The Committee also comments on matters observed by it during the course of the injury which may not have any direct bearing on the cause of the accident under investigation but which may in some cases affect the safe working of the plant that leads to accidents.

4. Write short notes on:

a) Provisions for welfare under the Factories Act, 1948 Ans. Section 42 Washing facilities (1) In every factory-(a) adequate and suitable facilities for washing shall be provided and maintained for the use of the workers therein; (b) separate and adequately screened facilities shall be provided for the use of male and female workers; (c) such facilities shall be conveniently accessible and shall be kept clean. (2) The State Government may, in respect of any factory or class or description of factories or of any manufacturing process, prescribe standards of adequate and suitable facilities for washing.

Section 43 Facilities for storing and drying clothing. The State Government may, in respect of any factory or class or description of factories, make rules requiring the provision therein of suitable places for keeping clothing not worn during working hours and for the drying of wet clothing. Section 44. Facilities for sitting.

(1) In every factory suitable arrangements for sitting shall be provided and maintained for all workers obliged to work in a standing position, in order that they may take advantage of any opportunities for rest which may occur in the course of their work. (2) If, in, the opinion of the Chief Inspector, the workers in any factory engaged in a particular manufacturing process or working in a particular room are able to do their work efficiently in a sitting position, he may, by order in writing, require the occupier of the factory to provide before a specified date such seating arrangements as may be practicable for all workers so engaged or working. (3) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare that the provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply to any specified factory or class or description of factories or to any specified manufacturing process. Section 45. First-aid appliances. (1) There shall in every factory be provided and maintained so as to be readily accessible during all working hours first-aid boxes or cupboards equipped with the prescribed contents, and the number of such boxes or cupboards to be provided and maintained shall not be less than one for every one hundred and fifty workers ordinarily employed at any one time in the factory. (2) Nothing except the prescribed contents shall be kept in a first-aid box or cupboard. (3) Each first-aid box or cupboard shall be kept in the charge of a separate responsible person who holds a certificate in first-aid treatment recognized by the State Government and who shall always be readily available during the working hours of the factory. (4) In every factory wherein more than five hundred workers are ordinarily employed there shall be provided and maintained an ambulance room of the prescribed size, containing the prescribed equipment and in the charge of such medical and nursing staff as may be prescribed and those facilities shall always be made readily available during the working hours of the factory. Section 46 Canteens. (1) The State Government may make rules requiring that in any specified factory wherein more than two hundred and fifty workers are ordinarily employed, a canteen or canteens shall be provided and maintained by the occupier for the use of the workers. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may provide for-(a) the date by which such canteen shall be provided; (b) the standards in respect of construction, accommodation, furniture and other equipment of the canteen; (c) the foodstuffs to be served therein and the charges which may be made therefore; (d) the constitution of a managing committee for the canteen and representation of the workers in the management of the canteen;

(dd) the items of expenditure in the running of the canteen which are not to be taken into account in fixing the cost of foodstuffs and which shall be borne by the employer; (e) the delegation to the Chief Inspector, subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, of the power to make rules under clause (c). Section 47 Shelters, rest rooms and lunch rooms. (1) In every factory wherein more than one hundred and fifty workers are ordinarily employed, adequate and suitable shelters or rest rooms and a suitable lunch room, with provision for drinking water, where workers can eat meals brought by them, shall be provided and maintained for the use of the workers: Provided that any canteen maintained in accordance with the provisions of section 46 shall be regarded as part of the requirements of this sub-section: Provided further that where a lunch room exists no worker shall eat any food in the work room. (2) The shelters or rest rooms or lunch rooms to be provided under sub-section (1) shall be sufficiently lighted and ventilated and shall be maintained in a cool and clean condition. (3) The State Government may-(a) prescribe the standards in respect of construction, accommodation, furniture and other equipment of shelters, rest rooms and lunch rooms to be provided under this section; (b) by notification in the Official Gazette, exempt any factory or class or description of factories from the requirements of this section. Section 48 Crches (1) In every factory wherein more than thirty women workers are ordinarily employed there shall be provided and maintained a suitable room or rooms for the use of children under the age of six years of such women. (2) Such rooms shall provide adequate accommodation, shall be adequately lighted and ventilated, shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition and shall be under the charge of women trained in the care of children and infants. (3) The State Government may make rules-(a) prescribing the location and the standards in respect of construction, accommodation, furniture and other equipment of rooms to be provided under this section; (b) requiring the provision in factories to which this section applies of additional facilities for the care of children belonging to women workers, including suitable provision of facilities for washing and changing their clothing; (c) requiring the provision in any factory of free milk or refreshment or both for such children; (d) requiring that facilities shall be given in any factory for the mothers of such children to feed them at the necessary intervals. Section 49 Welfare officers.

(1) In every factory wherein five hundred or more workers are ordinarily employed the occupier shall employ in the factory such number of welfare officers as may be prescribed. (2) The State Government may prescribe the duties, qualifications and conditions of service of officers employed under sub-section (1). b) Industrial Accidents. Ans. Millions of industrial accidents occur every year. In these accidents, lacs of workers lose their lives every year in the world. Accidents may cause injury, which sometimes result in death or permanent total displacement. Seriousness of this problem can be judged by the following figures. In Pakistan, casualties per industrial accidents at any yearly average are nearly 50 to 60 thousands, out which nearly 600 causes death, while in UK the average casualties per year nearly 2.5 lacs out which nearly 3000 causes death. The figure is maximum in USA where average casualties are nearly 20 lacks out which nearly 15,000 causes death. Statistics shows that 98% accidents can be avoided; only 2% accidents cannot be prevented. (Ind: Org: & Engg: Eco) What is an Accidents: (definitions) An accident may be defined as an unplanned event or happening. This is, an accident is something unexpected, not predictable, foreseen or intended. An extension of this theme is that an accident is an outcome of an event that is not desired. Accidents do not just "happen" they are caused. An unsafe act and / or unsafe condition cause the accident event; resulting in interruption to work activities, damage to property or injury to a person. Every accident has one or more identifiable causes. The employer is responsible for ensuring a safe system of work is in place and therefore must take action to prevent accidents from occurring or recurring. For some, this concept still causes difficulty. The term "accident" suggests that an event occurred itself, with some degree of chance and it implies no blame or responsibility. An industrial accident may be defined as an event, detrimental (harmful) to the health of man, suddenly occurring and originating from external sources, and which is associated with the performance of a paid job, accompanied by an injury, followed by disability or even death. (O.P. Khanna) OR An event that takes place all of a sudden unexpectedly resulting in something bad is called an accident. For example a plant catches fire or a person receiving an electric current or any labor cuts his finger in a machine or some bad incidents, which can be called as accidents. OR "Any occurrence that interferes with the orderly progress of activity"

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS- DOMINO THEORY The domino theory attributed to Heinrich is based on the theory that: "A chain or sequence of events can be listed in chronological order to show the events leading up to an accident" Event A----> Event B----> Event C----> Accident---->Effect Each event may have more than one cause i.e. be multicausal. Heinrich states that: "The occurrence of an injury accident invariably results from a completed Sequence of factors culminating-in the accident itself He postulates five factors or stages in the accident sequence, with the injury invariably caused by the accident and the accident in turn the result of the factors that immediately precedes it. The five factors or stages in the sequence of events are: O Ancestry and social environment, leading to noble O Fault of person, constituting the proximate reason for O An unsafe act and/or mechanical hazard, which results in O The accident, which leads to O The injury. Heinrich told these five stages to five dominoes standing on edge in a line next to each other, so that when the first domino falls it automatically knocks down its neighbor which in turn knocks down its neighbor and so on. Removal of any one of the first four will break the sequence and so prevent the injury. In fact, Heinrich suggested that accident prevention should aim to remove or eliminate the middle or third domino, representing the unsafe act, mechanical or physical hazard, thus preventing the accident. During accident investigation, in addition to asking `what action has been taken to prevent recurrence', the investigator needs to be aware of the chain of events leading up to the accident, and tracing it back. Similarly, on safety audits and inspections, when the risk of an accident has been identified, possible event chain should be investigated and action taken to remove potential cause

Causes of accidents: As we know that an accident is an unplanned incident and for each such incident there is usually a specific cause or causes if one could but discover them Mechanical Factors Accidents may be caused due to; 1. Technical causes-------------Unsafe conditions---Environmental Factors. 2. Human causes------------------Unsafe acts----------Personal factors.

1. Technical Causes: Technical causes reflect deficiencies in plant, equipment, tools, materials, handling system, general work environment, etc. (a) Mechanical Causes or factors: Unsafe mechanical design or construction Hazardous arrangement (pilling, over-loading, etc) Improper machine guarding. Unsafe apparel Defective devices Improper material handling Leaking acid valve Untested boilers or pressure vessels 2. Human causes: Any unsafe act by the person concerned is due to his ignorance or forgetfulness, carelessness, day-dreaming, etc. (a) Personal Factors: Age Health Lack of knowledge and skill Improper attitude towards work Fatigue Carelessness and recklessness Emotional instability Mental worries Non-use of safety devices Working at unsafe speeds Improper use of tools.

Means of preventing accidents: As we know that an accident is an unplanned incident but it doesn't means that we should not prepare our self in advance or take any preventive measures to safe guard both machine and man of any industry. Thus, to overcome the accidents generally the following measures are adopted; Safe work place layout Reform of the working condition Provision in right work methods Training Means of removing fatigue Proper speed of work

Organization of safety committee Safety campaigns and posters Pay attention to individual differences Habit of safety Motivating safety Safe material handling Use of personal protective devices