8.2.1 The living and non-living components of the Earth contain mixtures 1.

1 Construct word and balanced formulae equations of chemical reactions as they encountered Combustion- Fuel + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water e.g. CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O Corrosion- Metal + Oxygen Metal Oxide e.g. 2Cu + O2 2CuO Respiration Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water e.g. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Neutralisation- Acid + Base Salt + Water E.g. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O Acid on Metals- Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen E.g. Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 Acid on Metal Oxide Metal Oxide + Acid Salt + Water E.g. MgO +2HCl MgCl2 + H2O Acid on Carbonates- Carbonate + Acid Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide e.g. CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 Decomposition Molecule Molecule part + Molecule part e.g. 2H2O 2H2 + O2 Water on Metal - Metal + Water Metal-OH + Hydrogen 1.2 Identify the difference between elements, compounds and mixtures in terms of particles theory

Mixtures:

Two or more substances Has no definite composition and properties Chemically combined Separated by physical methods Include Heterogeneous and Homogenous mixtures e.g. sand, soil

Elements: Cant be separated into simpler substances Made up of atoms ( same atomic number) e.g. lead, sodium Compounds: two or more elements Chemically combined e.g. carbon dioxide

1.3 Identify that the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere contain examples of mixtures of elements and compounds

Biosphere region of Earth containing living organisms

Mixtures: carbon-containing compounds, carbohydrates, protein fats and vitamins, free elements (extremely rare)

 Most abundant elements: oxygen (60%), carbon (21%), hydrogen (11%) Examples: wood, manure, blood, sugar cane

Lithosphere - outer rocky layer, which includes crust and upper rigid part of mantle
Mixtures: rocks, sand, soils, mineral ores, coal, oil and natural gas Most abundant elements in Earths crust: oxygen (46.6%), silicon (27.7%) Most abundant elements in whole earth: iron (35%), oxygen (30%) Examples: metal ores, sandstone, granite

Hydrosphere - zone containing liquid water, water vapour and ice

Mixtures: Predominately water, oxygen, nitrogen and compounds dissolved in it Most abundant elements: oxygen (86%), hydrogen (10.8%) Examples: salt water

Atmosphere - low-density gaseous layer which extends from surface to the edge of space Mixtures: mainly gases nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (1%)

The three most abundant elements in each zone of the Earth (in decreasing order) Biosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Oxygen Nitrogen Oxygen Oxygen Silicon Oxygen Hydrogen Silicon Aluminium Argon chlorine Aluminium 1.4 Identify and describe procedures that can be used to separate natural occurring mixtures of Separation techniques Separating solids of different sizes process Properties used Uses Sieving is the process of separating solid DIP: Particle Size sort foodstuffs particles of various sizes. Using a sieve Mining industry to fine materials fall through the mesh. The separate mineral particles coarser pebbles are caught. of different sizes.

Sedimentation occurs when solid particles are allowed to settle from water (or other liquids) or air. Froth flotation is a process uses to concentrate minerals in an ore mixture. Ground minerals are mixed with water, detergents and oily chemicals. Air is blow through to create froth. The forth layer contains a concentrated amount of the minerals and can be removed for further treatment. This is used in several processing industries. Magnetic Separation Some components of a mixture can be separated from the mixture because they are magnetic.

DIP: Solubility and Density

The purification of water

supplies and in waste water treatment.

DIP: Hydrophobicity and density

the mining industry The paper recycling

industry.

DIP: Magnetic

Separate some of the

components of mineral sands.

Iron-containing minerals
such as magnetite are

separated from iron ore in this way. Separating solids and liquids process Filtration Insoluble solids can be separated from soluble solids. The solution that passes through the filter paper is called the filtrate. The insoluble solids are called the residue. Used in water filtration. Centrifuges accelerate the process of sedimentation of a suspension. The suspension is spun at high speeds so sediments collect at the base of the centrifuge tubes in layers according to the particle size and weight.

Properties used DIP: Solubility

Uses

DIP: Particle size and weight

Used in the dairy industry to separate cream from milk and in medicine to separate blood cells from plasma.

Separating dissolved solids in liquids process Properties used Evaporation relies upon the DIP: Volatility (ability to be substances in the mixture having evaporated) different volatilities. One of the substances evaporates far more readily, leaving the other behind. Crystallisation depends on the components of the mixture having different solubilities in a selected liquid, usually water. Separating liquids process Separating Funnel Liquids that do not mix with each other are said to be immiscible. They form separate layers, with the less dense liquid floating on top of the denser liquid. The denser liquid is run off through a tap at the bottom of the flask, leaving the less dense liquid in the funnel. distillation Distillation is often used in the purification of liquids. Distillation DIP: Solubility

Uses It is used to collect common salt, mostly sodium chloride, from sea water.

Crystallisation is used in the production of sugar from sugar cane and sugar beet.

Properties used DIP: Density, immiscible

Uses

Separating oil from water.

DIP: Boiling Point

Pure water can be obtained from

sea water

involves boiling a liquid and cooling the gas produced to condense it back to the liquid state. Distillation is effective where the components in a mixture have very different boiling points. The component with the lowest boiling point boils off first is cooled in a condenser and collected as a pure liquid, as shown in Figure 1.22. Fractional distillation

Obtain substantial amounts of

pure water from the distillation of salt water using solar stills.

Distillation is also used in the

manufacture of spirits such as brandy, whisky and rum.

Separating gases process Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture of several different liquids with similar boiling points. The process involves numerous vaporisation condensation steps through which the components are gradually separated. Chromatography is for separating components that are represented in small quantities of mixtures. The separation of the components in the mixture occurs because the components adsorb, or cling, to the surface of the inert substance with different strengths. Gas chromatography is used to detect the components present in a gas or vaporised mixture. The gas mixture is passed through a tube containing a particular solid such as carbon or silica. The different components present pass through the tube at different rates and can be detected as they emerge from the tube. The components of natural gas can be analysed in this way.

Properties used DIP: Boiling Point

Uses In the petroleum industry, repeated fractional distillation is used to separate the components of crude oil into aviation spirit, petroleum, kerosene, lubricants, waxes and asphalt.

DIP: Adherence to the material

Detecting what is in our gas

1.6 Describe situations in which gravimetric analysis supplies useful data for chemists and other scientists

 Gravimetric analysis measures the proportion of each component in a mixture and expresses it as a
weight percentage.

A mining company may want to know the composition of a particular ore sample to see if it is
financially viable to mine the ore body.

A health authority may want to know the composition of the air to see if it pollutes a site. A food company wants to know the amount of fibre in a batch of fruit to provide information to
customers. 1.7 Apply systematic naming of inorganic compounds as they are introduced in the laboratory

For metals and non-metals, name the metal first and the second non-metal with the name ending
with -ide.

For two non-metals, name the first non-metal and then the second non-metal, with a prefix. If the
first non-metal has more than one atom, add a prefix. First element named is the one that occurs further to the left of the Periodic Table. If both are in the same group the one lower down is named first. (Exception: oxygen is named last in compounds with Cl, Br and I)

For two metals, name the metal (with roman numerals) and then the complex compound. Complex ions (polyatomic ions):
+1 Ammonium, NH4 -1 Hydroxide Nitrate Nitrite Acetate, CH3COO Hydrogen carbonate HCO3 -2 Carbonate Sulfate Sulfide Chromate CrO4 Dichromate Cr2O7 -3 Phosphate PO4

1.8 Identify IUPAC names for carbon compounds as they are encountered

Hydrocarbons with single bonds are called alkanes, double bonds are called alkenes and triple bonds
are called alkynes. Alkanes general formula: CnH2n+2 Alkenes general formula: CnH2n Alkynes general formula: CnH2n-2

The name for a carbon compound consists of a stem which tells us the length of the carbon chain (how
many carbons) and a suffix which tells us how it is bonded. C1 = methC6 = hexC2 = ethC7 = heptC3 = propC8 = octC4 = butC9 = nonC5 = pentC10 = dec-