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Laboratory Manual
Introduction
Laboratiry is a necessary part of the course at which attendance is
compulsory. Attendance or absence of students will be noted by the
laboratory demonstrator. Each laboratory experiment is marked and
the average of these marks will contribute to 15% of your overall mark
for the ETB101 module.
Here are some guidelines to help you perform the experiments and to
submit the reports:
The 5V supply MUST NOT BE EXCEEDED since this will damage the
ICs (Integrated circuits) used during the experiments. Incorrect
connection of power to the ICs could result in them exploding or
becoming very hot - with the possible serious injury occurring to
the people working on the experiment! Ensure that the power
supply polarity and all components and connections are correct
before switching on power .
Not connecting the ground and/or power pins for all chips.
Not turning on the power supply before checking the operation of the
circuit.
Leaving out wires.
Plugging wires into the wrong holes.
Driving a single gate input with the outputs of two or more gates
Modifying the circuit with the power on.
Sometimes the chip manufacturer may denote the first pin by a small
indented circle above the first pin of the chip. Place your chips in the
same direction, to save confusion at a later stage. Remember that you
must connect power to the chips to get them to work.
ETB 101 - Digital Electronics
Laboratory
Laboratory Exercise 1. The
AND, OR Gates
Objectives:
To investigate AND, OR gate operation.
To study some fundamental laws of Boolean Algebra.
To become familiar with logic circuits.
Introduction
This is the introductory laboratory session, to allow you to become
familiar with very basic digital circuits and the equipment that you will
use for the remainder of the experiments.
Before you even attempt this laboratory, you must have read the lab
manual. This details how you will connect components together on the
breadboard and how the inner connections of the breadboard are
structured. It also details laboratory safety information. The
demonstrator may quiz you on your knowledge of the Laboratory
Manual.
Equipment
The equipment you require is as follows:
7408(AND) 7432(OR)
The Laboratory:
Section 1. AND Gate Implementation
(a) Connect one of the 2-input AND gates (74LS08) as shown in Figure
1. Remember to power the Vcc and GND terminals of the chip.
Remember also to leave the power supply off, until you are sure that
your circuit is wired correctly.
Figure 1. The 2-input AND gate.
(b) Vary the inputs A and B (i.e. 0 and +5V) to obtain all the possible
combinations and complete the truth table (as below) for the AND
gate. Measure the output F using a Digital Voltmeter. Give the exact
voltages that you obtained for each state of the gate.
V
A B F (actual
voltage)
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
(c) The 2-input AND gate can be extended to a 4-input AND gate as
shown in Figure 2. Connect the gates as shown and generate the
values for the truth table below.
Figure 2. The 4-input AND gate, built using 2-input AND gates.
A B C D F
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
(d) Design a 3-input AND gate that is composed of 2-input AND gates.
Measure the outputs and generate a truth table. Describe your design.
How would you create a 5 input AND gate?
A B C F G
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
(c) How would you demonstrate the Commutative Law using logic
gates? Describe your design and implement it using logic gates. Check
all the combinations of inputs and the corresponding outputs to insure
that it works. Show the resulting truth table.
A B C F G
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
(a) Check the behaviour of an OR gate when one of its inputs is open
(disconnected - not connected to ground). Check the behaviour when
two of the inputs are open. Describe what you observed. Do the same
for an AND gate.
Section 5. Boolean Equations
(a) Consider the logic statement: "If Mary obtains permission from her
mother or her father and if Joe or Tom pick her up, she may go to the
cinema". This statement may be expressed as a Boolean equation
using the following Boolean variables:
A B C D F
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
Yes
No
Don't Know
A B F
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
F=A+B
F = A.(/B)
F = (/A).B
Don't know
(c) Is it possible to build an AND gate with more than 2 inputs using a
single 7408 chip?
Yes
No
Don't Know
N
N+2
N-2
N-1
Don't Know
Section 7. Conclusions
State briefly, but clearly, what you have gained from this assignment.
Outline aspects that you have noted within the experiment outside of
the questions asked. Make comments on the procedure of the lab .