CLIMATE CHANGE IN SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.

CAUSES, IMPACTS, SOLUTIONS GRAZ, AUSTRIA March, 26-27, 2007

NATURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS RELATED TO EXTREME CLIMATIC EVENTS IN ROMANIA

Dan BALTEANU Mihaela SIMA Viorel CHENDES

STRUCTURE
Climate change in Romania NATECH in the Tisza-Danube basin and Ocnele Mari salt mining failure Flash floods, debris flows and landslides in the Carpathians 2005 floods in the Romanian Danube basin 2006, the highest flood in the recorded history of Danube

GENERAL MAP OF ROMANIA

Main hazards in Romania Natural:

Landslides, mudflows and falls Debris flows Avalanches Sheet and gully erosion Flush floods Floods

Complex:
Earthquake induced hazards (landslides, falls, reactivated faults) Natech (Natural Triggering Technological Hazards)

NATURAL HAZARDS

CLIMATE CHANGE IN ROMANIA

Romania annual mean temperature evolution trends during the XX-th century

INMH, 2004

The flow water (daily mean discharge) and the precipitation variations at Tinoasa (2002)

Mi, Mtrea, 2004

16000 15000 14000 13000 12000 Debit (mc/s) 11000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 1840

1860

1880

1900

1920 1940 Timp (ani)

1960

1980

2000

The yearly maximum discharges variation at Bazias on the Danube Trendline for the period 1840-2006

Source: Ministry of Waters and Environmental Protection, 2002

The lowest Danube level in the last 160 years

Zimnicea, 30 august 2003

Foto: Jeni Drgoi

1. NATECH
(Natural hazard triggering technological disasters) in the Tisza-Danube basin

BAIA MARE - TECHNOLOGICAL ACCIDENT AND TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION JANUARY AND MARCH 2000

Two tailings dam failures in Maramures county resulted in the release of 200 000 m of contaminated water and 40 000 tonnes of tailings into tributaries of the Tisa River, a major tributary of the Danube. Following these accidents, Institute of Geography in collaboration with the University of Wales, UK initiated a research programme in northwest Romania to establish metal levels in rivers affected by the present and historic mining activities.

2000-2003 > 1000 SAMPLES, 300 SITES

2001 33 sites 828 km

Zn
Bioavailable < target Bioavailable > target Bioavailable > intervention

Salt brine flow Ocnele Mari (September, 2001)

12.09.2001, 12.20 hours. First signals: salt brine flows and increased pressure in wells 20.00 hours. Massive salt brine expulsion at well S377 20.45 hours. Strong noise from the underground caused by the fall of some portions of cave ceiling. 13.09.2001, 1.40 hours. Salt brine flow flooding DJ 650 over an area of 30 m. 2.30 hours. Collapse of well S377 and of first house. Electric energy supply was cut. 3.00 hours. Increase of Srat Brooke level by some 2 m. Water flow-rate kept decreasing, the next saltbrine expulsion would alternate with periods of quiet caused by landsliding into the emerged crater and the salt brine lake. 12.00 hours. Second house collapsed 14.09.2001 The third house failing 15.09.2001 A fresh massive dislocation occured in the crater formed around well S277, increasing the expelled salt brine flow.

Ocnele Mari, July 2004

Ocnele Mari, July 2004

2. Flash floods, debris flows and landslides in the Carpathians

Flash floods Nehoiu, Buzu Subcarpathians, July, 28, 2004

Flush flood Nehoiu, Buzu Subcarpathians, July, 28, 2004

28 July, 7.00 10.00 a.m.: heavy rainfalls, amounts between 20 i 52 l/sq.m, caused flush floods 6 affected settlements

Damages in Valea Nehoiului locality: 300 isolated households 5 damaged cars 200 m affected railway 3 distroyed bridges i 13 wood bridges

Nehoiu, August 2004

Nehoiu, August 2004

MASS MOVEMENTS IN THE CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS

CUCULETI MUDFLOW BUZU SUBCARPATHIANS

1972

2003

CUCULETI MUDFLOW BUZU SUBCARPATHIANS

2003

Landslides in the Eastern Carpathians Seismic region Vrancea

3. 2005 FLOODS IN THE ROMANIAN DANUBE BASIN

Consequences:
Tur Negresti

Turulung Satu Mare

Vadu Izei Lapusel

apus Lap

Bistra Brodina Viseu

Iz a

Domanesti
u rca Ba Salard Oradea

Siret Dorohoi Su ce av a Itcani

Radauti Prut Ba se Jiji ijia a u

-7 casualties;
MARCH APRIL MAY
Victoria Ba hlu i Iasi Ungheni Negresti

Nepos
So me s

Dej

l su me So

re Ma

Bi st rit a

G. Humorului Mo lld do va Frumosu Tupilati

- 5000 evacuated people; -4000 affected houses; -100 000 ha agricultural land; -500 bridges and small bridges; -17 km national roads and 52 km county roads

na as Cr

Lespezi

Tinca Zerind

Holod

Ciucea

Cluj

So me sul Mic ic

Crisu isul l Re Rep ped ede e

Bistrita

Cr Ho Hol lod od is Talpos ul N e Chisineu Cris gru

Cris su ul l Alb
Gurahont

Turda

Mu res

Glodeni Sarateni Drangeni

Goioasa

t Pr u

Band

s Arie

Ho mo rod

Arad Radna
Beregsau

Faget he Balint VecChizatau Bega Be ga Lugoj Voislova

nis go Po
it

Cibin
Strei

Olt

Talmaciu Voineasa Lot tr ru

Sebes

Feldioara

Ra ul N

Rupea Gara

eg ru

Pischia

Mures

Branisca

Blaj

Medias

Hoghiz

Tg. Ocna
na tn Pu t

Barlad Oancea

Reci Tesila Nehoiu

Gataia Partos a
Mo ra v

Ba r

Bistra

za va

Iscroni

Moravita
Caras

Cornet
Bahna Rusului

Poiana Tapului
jen ea Tel

Rm .S ar at Bu za u

Botarlau Lungoci Tataru

Ba rla d

Mica nava rn Tar re av a Ma Mihalt Tarnaveni Ta na rn ar

Sancraieni

Dragesti
ret Si

us ot Tr

Galati Racovita Braila Isaccea

Gilo rt

Varadia Bazias

Ce rn a

Timis

Tulcea

Malureni Mioveni Malu cu Flori

ita ov mb Da

a hov Pra

ra Ne

M. Domneasca Adancata Cosereni

Calmatu Calmatui i

Toplet

et lte Olt

Dalboset

ot ru

Turburea Filiasi
Jiu

Harsova Fetesti

Casimcea

Lunguletu

r leo Te

Fata Motrului

Buzesti

Malu Spart
s ge Ar

n ma

Gruia Cetate Calafat

Budesti

Olt

Calarasi

Cernavoda

Dunare a

Six catastrophic flood events were recorded in 2005

i atu sn De

Bals Podari Bechet

Ve dea

ov Calugareni Oltenita ajlov Neajl

Corabia

Alexandria

Teleorman Giurgiu

Tr. Magurele Zimnicea

Tur Turulung Satu Mare Negresti

Vadu Izei
Iz a

Bistra Viseu

Lapusel
s us Lapu
So me s

Domanesti
u rca Ba Salard Oradea

Nepos Dej
Mic

lM su me o S
Bistrita

e ar

Siret Dorohoi Su Brodina ce av a Itcani G. Humorului Mo ldo ld Lespezi va Bi st rit a Frumosu Tupilati

Radauti Prut Ba se Jijia u

JUNE JULY AUGUST

Victoria Ba hlu lui Iasi Ungheni Negresti

na as Cr

Crisul Repede
Tinca Zerind

Holod

Ciucea

Cluj

So me sul

Cr Holod is Talpos ul N Chisineu Cris egru

Crisul A lb

Turda Band

Mu res

Glodeni Sarateni Drangeni

Goioasa

t Pru

Gurahont

s Arie

Ho mo rod

Arad Radna
Beregsau

Strei

he Balint VecChizatau Bega a ga Beg Lugoj

Ba rza ita va ra v o M Moravita
aras Ca C

Faget

Branisca

Rupea Gara

R au lN eg ru

Pischia

Mures

Blaj Cibin

Medias
Olt

Hoghiz

Tg. Ocna
tna Putn

Barlad Oancea

Voislova
a Bistra Bistr

Talmaciu Voineasa Lot ru

Sebes

Feldioara

Reci Tesila Nehoiu

Gataia Partos

Iscroni

Cornet
Bahna Rusului

Poiana Tapului
jen ea Tel

Rm .S ar at Bu za u

Botarlau Lungoci Tataru

Ba rla d

Mica ava Tar n re va Ma Mihalt Tarnaveni Tar nava arn

Sancraieni

Dragesti
ret Si

us ot Tr

Gi il lo ort

Varadia Bazias

C er na

Olt

s ni go Po

Galati Racovita Braila Isaccea

Timis

Tulcea

Malureni Mioveni Malu cu Flori

ita ov mb Da

a hov Pra

ra Ne

M. Domneasca Adancata Cosereni

Calmatui

Toplet

Oltet

Dalboset

M ot ru

Turburea Filiasi
Jiu

Harsova Fetesti

Casimcea

Lunguletu

an rm leo Te

Fata Motrului

Buzesti

Malu Spart
s ge Ar

Gruia Cetate Calafat

Budesti

Calarasi

Cernavoda

Dun una area

i atu sn De

Bals Podari Bechet

Ved ea

v Calugareni Oltenita ov ajlo Ne ajl

Corabia

Alexandria

Teleorman Giurgiu

Tr. Magurele Zimnicea

Reported Flood losses for 2005 floods in Romania

ITEM
560,4 km of national road 9860,63 km of county and commune road 2465,84 km of streets 2644,9 km of forest roads 23,8 km railroad 9113 small and large bridges 630 hydrotechnical units water supply network electrical networks gas pipes sewerage networks other damages (land slides) 93976 houses and annexes 656392 ha agricultural land 1063 social-economic units 90394 fountains Dead animals

LOSS (1000 RON)

948526.4 1,244,398 158,329 61,250 177,716 461,287 1,100,572 23,429 69,824 32,262 83,407 64,710 652,764 734,240 147,946 12,782 1,760

LOSS (MILLION EURO)

271.0 355.5 45.2 17.5 50.8 131.8 314.4 6.7 19.9 9.2 23.8 18.5 186.5 209.8 42.3 3.7 0.5

TOTAL

5,975,201

1,707.2

TIMIS County, 1859, 1912, 2000, 2005 floods

Source: Timis Online

Source: Timis Online

3. 2006, THE HIGHEST FLOOD IN THE RECORDED HISTORY OF DANUBE

2006 DANUBE FLOODS

April-May 2006 flood, the highest in the recorded history with re-constructed maximum discharge of 17,700 m3/sec. Damages: 15,000 persons evacuated, over 30 affected localities

The breaches into the dikes along the Danube River during April-May flood

HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Winter 2005-2006: 1-4 m thick snow cover in the Alps and in the Carpathians Sudden snowmelt in March and April 2005 and rainfall superposed over the snowmelt Maximum, simultaneous discharges of the main tributaries

Comparison of April 2006 flood with other floods

The comparison between the maximum levels in some cross-sections on the Danube River recorded during April-May 2006-flood and the highest levels recoded after the Danube embankment
Cross-section Level recorded before 2006 862 / 1981 802 / 1981 787 / 1981 756 / 1970 795 / 1970 772 / 1970 703 / 1970 708 / 1970 727 / 1970 639 / 1970 435 / 1970 Level recorded in 2006 899 861 845 801 822 809 737 736 764 699 438 The difference between 2006 level and 1970/1981-maximum level (cm) +37 +59 +58 +45 +27 +37 +34 +28 +37 +60 +3 Romanian Waters, 2006

Gruia Calafat Bechet Corabia Giurgiu Oltenita Clrai Cernavod Hrova Brila Tulcea

Crna mai 2006

Nedeia mai 2006