w2 Java Arrays

Week 2: Review of Java Arrays
Sources: Chapter 2 in Supplementary Book (Murachs Java Programming)

Appendix A in Textbook (Carrano): pages A44-A50
Slide 1
Outline Objectives
Declaration and Initialization array elements Processing arrays Multi-dimensional arrays
Slide 2
Objectives
Applied Given a list of values or objects, write code that creates a onedimensional array that stores those values or objects. Use for loops and enhanced for loops to work with the values or objects in an array. Use the methods of the Arrays class to fill an array, compare two arrays, sort an array, or search an array for a value. Implement the Comparable interface in any class you create. Create a reference to an array and copy elements from one array to another.
Murachs Java Programming, C11
2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.
Slide 4
Objectives (cont.)
Given a table of values or objects, write code that creates a twodimensional array that stores those values or objects. The array can be either rectangular or jagged. Use for loops and enhanced for loops to work with the values or objects in a two-dimensional array. Given the Java code for an application that uses any of the language elements presented in this chapter, explain what each statement in the application does. Knowledge In general, explain what an array is and how you work with it. Describe the operation of the enhanced for loop and explain why its especially useful with arrays. Explain when you need to implement the Comparable interface in a class you create.
Murachs Java Programming, C11 2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 5
Objectives (cont.)
Explain what happens when you assign a new array to an existing array variable. Describe the difference between a rectangular array and a jagged array, and explain the difference in how you create them.
Slide 6
Outline Objectives
Declaration and Initialization Motivation Concept of Arrays Declaration Initialization array attributes Processing arrays Multi-dimensional arrays
Slide 7
Motivation, Concept
Motivation:
Use cases: vectors, matrix algebra, indexed collections, e.g., top-10 list Helps implement other collections, e.g., stack, queue, Performance Provide fast access to elements given index, e.g., 3rd, 10th,
Concept: Arrays is a homogeneous collection

Positive Example: {Joe, Doug, Anne} Positive Example: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} Negative Example: {2, 4, Joe, 8} Negative Example: { (id = 234), (name = John Doe), (age = 42)}
Slide 8
The syntax for declaring and instantiating an array

Two ways to declare an array
type[] arrayName; type arrayName[];
How to instantiate an array

arrayName = new type[length];
How to declare and instantiate an array in one statement

type[] arrayName = new type[length];
Slide 9
Code that declares an array of doubles

double[] prices;
Code that instantiates an array of doubles

prices = new double[4];
Code that declares and instantiates an array of doubles in one statement

double[] prices = new double[4];
Slide 10
An array of String objects

String[] titles = new String[3];
An array of Product objects

Product[] products = new Product[5];
Code that uses a constant to specify the array length

final int TITLE_COUNT = 100; // size set at compile time String[] titles = new String[TITLE_COUNT];
Code that uses a variable to specify the array length

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); int titleCount = sc.nextInt(); // size set at runtime String[] titles = new String[titleCount];
Slide 11
Outline Objectives
Declaration and Initialization Array attributes Elements length Processing arrays Multi-dimensional arrays
Slide 12
The syntax for referring to an element of an array

arrayName[index] // elements at 0, 1, 2, , (index 1)
Code that assigns values to an array of double types

double[] prices = new double[4]; prices[0] = 14.95; prices[1] = 12.95; prices[2] = 11.95; prices[3] = 9.95; //prices[4] = 8.95; // this would throw // ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
Code that assigns values to an array of String types

String[] names[0] names[1] names[2] names = new String[3]; = "Ted Lewis"; = "Sue Jones"; = "Ray Thomas";
Code to assign objects to an array of Product objects

Product[] products = new Product[2]; products[0] = new Product("java"); products[1] = new Product("jsps");
The syntax for creating an array and assigning values in one statement
type[] arrayName = {value1, value2, value3, ...};
Examples that create an array and assign values in one statement

double[] prices = {14.95, 12.95, 11.95, 9.95}; String[] names = { "Ted Lewis", "Sue Jones", "Ray Thomas"}; Product[] products = {new Product("java"), new Product("jsps")};
Exercise: Which are valid array declarations?

(a.) String[] names = new String[5] ; (b.) String names[] = new String[5] ; (c.) String[] names = new String[0]; (d.) String[] names = {one, two}; (e.) All of the above
Slide 14
Outline Objectives
Motivation, Concept, Declaration and Initialization array attributes Elements Length Processing arrays for loop java.util.Array Methods: fill, equals, sort, binarySearch, copyOfRange
Passing array to a function/method
Multi-dimensional arrays
Slide 15
The syntax for getting the length of an array

arrayName.length
Code that puts the numbers 0 through 9 in an array

int[] values = new int[10]; for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) { values[i] = i; }
Q. Which of the following code-segments throw ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException? int[] values = new int[10];
(a.) values[10] = 10 ; (b.) values[values.length] = 3; (c.) for (int i=0; i <= values.length; i++) {values[i] = i ;} (d) all of the above
Slide 16
Code that prints an array of prices to the console

double[] prices = {14.95, 12.95, 11.95, 9.95}; for (int i = 0; i < prices.length; i++) { System.out.println(prices[i]); }
The console output

14.95 12.95 11.95 9.95
Slide 17
Code to computes average of an array of prices

double sum = 0.0; for (int i = 0; i < prices.length; i++) { sum += prices[i]; } double average = sum/prices.length;
Another way to compute the average in a for loop

double sum = 0.0; for (int i = 0; i < prices.length; sum += prices[i++]); average = sum / prices.length;
Slide 18
Outline Objectives
Motivation, Concept, Declaration and Initialization array attributes Processing arrays for loop enhanced for loop java.util.Array Methods: fill, equals, sort, binarySearch, copyOfRange
Slide 19
The syntax of the enhanced for loop

for (type variableName : arrayName) { statements }
Code that prints an array of prices to the console

double[] prices = {14.95, 12.95, 11.95, 9.95}; for (double price : prices) { System.out.println(price); }
The console output

14.95 12.95 11.95 9.95
Slide 20
Code to compute average of the array of prices

double sum = 0.0; for (double price : prices) { sum += price; } double average = sum / prices.length;
Compare with traditional for loop

double sum = 0.0; for (int i = 0; i < prices.length; i++) { sum += prices[i]; } double average = sum/prices.length;
Q. Which for loop is less likely to throw ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException? (a.) Enhanced, e.g., for (int v : values ) { s += v ; } (b.) Traditional, e.g., for (int i=0; i < v.length; i++){s += v[i];} Q. Which code-fragment be easily rewritten using enhanced for loop ? (a.) for (int i=0; i < v.length; i++) {v[i] = i ;} (b.) for (int i=0; i < v.length; i++) {sum += v[i];}
Outline Objectives
Slide 22
The Arrays class

java.util.Arrays
Static methods of the Arrays class

fill(arrayName, value) fill(arrayName, index1, index2, value) equals(arrayName1, arrayName2) copyOf(arrayName, length) copyOfRange(arrayName, index1, index2) sort(arrayName) sort(arrayName, index1, index2) binarySearch(arrayName, value)
Slide 23
Code that uses the fill method

int[] quantities = new int[5]; Arrays.fill(quantities, 1); // all elements are set to 1
Code to use the fill method to fill 3 elements in an array

int[] quantities = new int[5]; Arrays.fill(quantities, 1, 4, 100); // elements 1, 2, and // 3 are set to 100
Slide 24
Code that uses the equals method

String[] titles1 = { "War and Peace", "Gone With the Wind"}; String[] titles2 = { "War and Peace", "Gone With the Wind"}; if (titles1 == titles2) System.out.println("titles1 == titles2 is true"); else System.out.println("titles1 == titles2 is false"); if (Arrays.equals(titles1, titles2)) System.out.println( "Arrays.equals(titles1, titles2) is true"); else System.out.println( "Arrays.equals(titles1, titles2) is false");
The console output

titles1 == titles2 is false Arrays.equals(titles1, titles2) is true
Slide 25
Code that uses the sort method

int[] numbers = {2,6,4,1,8,5,9,3,7,0}; Arrays.sort(numbers); for (int num : numbers) { System.out.print(num + " "); }
The console output

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Slide 26
Code that uses the sort and binarySearch methods

String[] productCodes = {"mcbl", "jsps", "java"}; Arrays.sort(productCodes); int index = Arrays.binarySearch(productCodes, "mcbl"); // sets index to 2
Leading Question: Can sort() be used for array of user-defined objects? Requirement: Its class should implement java.language.Comparable interface
Slide 27
The Comparable interface defined in the Java API

public interface Comparable { int compareTo(Object obj); }
An Item class that implements the Comparable interface

public class Item implements Comparable { private int number; private String description; public Item(int number, String description) { this.number = number; this.description = description; } public int getNumber() { return number;} public String getDescription() { return description; } @Override public int compareTo(Object o) { Item i = (Item) o; if (this.getNumber() < i.getNumber()) return -1; if (this.getNumber() > i.getNumber()) return 1; return 0; } }
Slide 28
Code that sorts an array of Item objects

Item[] items = new Item[3]; items[0] = new Item(102, "Duct Tape"); items[1] = new Item(103, "Bailing Wire"); items[2] = new Item(101, "Chewing Gum"); Arrays.sort(items); for (Item i : items) System.out.println(i.getNumber() + ": " + i.getDescription());
The console output

101: Chewing Gum 102: Duct Tape 103: Bailing Wire
Slide 29
Outline Objectives
Slide 30
How to create a reference to an array

Code that creates a reference to an array
double[] grades = {92.3, 88.0, 95.2, 90.5}; double[] percentages = grades; percentages[1] = 70.2; // changes grades[1] too System.out.println("grades[1]=" + grades[1]); // prints 70.2
Code that reuses an array variable

double[] grades = new double[5]; grades = new double[20]
Exercise. Which of the following are true after given code-fragment?

int[] x = {1, 2, 3}; int[] y = {1, 2, 3}; int[] z = a; (a.) (b.) (c.) (d.) (e.) (x == y) Arrays.equals(x, y) (x == y) Arrays.equals(x, z) (y == z)
2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 31
Passing an array to a function

Arrays are passed by reference to a function
Thus, function can change elements of the passed array!

Example: What is the value of x[1] after the following code fragment?
Public static void main( String[] args) { int[] x = { 92, 88, 81, 72, 89, 78 } ; addOnePointEach ( x ) ; } Public static void addOnePointEach( int[] { { for (int i = 0; i < y.length ; i++ ) { y[i] += 1 ; } } y )
Slide 32
How to copy an array with JDK 1.6 or later

Code that copies the values of an array
double[] grades = {92.3, 88.0, 95.2, 90.5}; // Make an independent copy of entire array double[] percentages = Arrays.copyOf(grades, grades.length); percentages[1] = 70.2; // doesn't change grades[1] System.out.println("grades[1]=" + grades[1]); // prints 88.0
Code that copies part of one array into another array

double[] grades = {92.3, 88.0, 95.2, 90.5}; Arrays.sort(grades); // Copy highest and second highest grades into another array double[] lowest2Grades = Arrays.copyOfRange(grades, 0, 2); // Copy second lowest and lowest grades into another array double[] highest2Grades = Arrays.copyOfRange(grades, 2, 4);
Slide 33
How to copy an array prior to JDK 1.6

The syntax of the arraycopy method of the System class
System.arraycopy(fromArray, intFromIndex, toArray, intToIndex, intLength);
Code that copies the values of an array

double[] grades = {92.3, 88.0, 95.2, 90.5}; double[] percentages = new double[grades.length]; System.arraycopy( grades, 0, percentages, 0, grades.length); percentages[1] = 70.2; // doesn't change grades[1] System.out.println("grades[1]=" + grades[1]); // prints 88.0
How to copy an array prior to JDK 1.6 (cont.)

Code that copies part of one array into another array
double[] grades = {92.3, 88.0, 95.2, 90.5}; Arrays.sort(grades); double[] lowestGrades = new double[2]; System.arraycopy(grades, 0, lowest2Grades, 0, 2); double[] highestGrades = new double[2]; System.arraycopy(grades, 2, highest2Grades, 0, 2);
Review Quiz: Basic Arrays

1. What is the value of v[1] after the following code fragment? int[] v = new int[2]; v[0] = 12; v[1] = 21; v = new int[2]; (a.) 12 (b.) 21 (c.) 0 (d.) none of these.
2. Which of the following gets the number of elements in the array named votes? (a.) votes.length() (b.) votes.length (c.) votes.size() (d.) Arrays.size(votes) 3. What is the value of x[1] after the following code fragment? int[] x = new int[2]; x[0] = 12; x[1] = 21; int[] y = x; x[1] = 33; (a.) 12 (b.) 21 (c.) 33 (d.) none of these. 4. Which of the following performs same task as the given for loop: int[] v = new int[3]; for (int i=0; i < v.length; i++) {v[i] = 2;} (a.) Arrays.fill(votes, 0, 3, 2) (b.) Arrays.fill(votes, 1, 4, 2) (c.) Arrays.fill(votes, 0, 2, 2)
5. Since Arrays.sort() can sort String objects, what must be true about the String class? (a.) it has a sort method (b.) it implements comparable interface (c.) it implements comparable method
6. Which of the following code-segments throw ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException? int[] v = new int[3]; (a.) v[3] = 3 ; (b.) v[v.length] = 3; (c.) for (int i=0; i <= v.length; i++) {v[i] = i;} (d) all three 7. Which of the following are true after given code-fragment? int[] x = {1, 2, 3}; int[] y = {1, 2, 3}; int[] z = a; (a.) (x == y) (b.) Arrays.equals(x, y) (c.) (x == y) (d.) Arrays.equals(x, z)
(e.) (y == z)
8. What is the value of i after the following code fragment? int[] x ={3,6,2}; Arrays.sort(x); int i=Arrays.binarySearch(x, 3); (a.) 0 (b.) 1 (c.) 2 (d.) 3
Slide 35
Outline Objectives
Motivation, Concept, Declaration and Initialization array attributes Processing arrays Multi-dimensional arrays Rectangular Jagged
Slide 36
The syntax for creating a rectangular array

type[][] arrayName = new type[rowCount][columnCount];
A statement that creates a 3x2 array

int[][] numbers = new int[3][2];
Code that creates a 3x2 array and initializes it in one statement

int[][] numbers = { {1,2} {3,4} {5,6} };
Slide 37
The syntax for referring to an element of a rectangular array

arrayName[rowIndex][columnIndex]
The indexes for a 3x2 array

[0][0] [1][0] [2][0] [0][1] [1][1] [2][1]
Code that assigns values to the array

numbers[0][0] numbers[0][1] numbers[1][0] numbers[1][1] numbers[2][0] numbers[2][1] = = = = = = 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6;
Slide 38
Code that processes a rectangular array with nested for loops

int[][] numbers = { {1,2}, {3,4}, {5,6} }; for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < numbers[i].length; j++) System.out.print(numbers[i][j] + " "); System.out.print("\n"); }
The console output

1 3 5 2 4 6
Slide 39
Outline Objectives
Motivation, Concept, Declaration and Initialization array attributes Processing arrays Multi-dimensional arrays Rectangular Jagged
Slide 40
The syntax for creating a jagged array

type[][] arrayName = new type[rowCount][];
Code that creates a jagged array of integers

int[][] numbers = new int[3][]; numbers[0] = new int[10]; numbers[1] = new int[15]; numbers[2] = new int[20];
Code that creates and initializes a jagged array of strings

String[][] titles = {{"War and Peace", "Wuthering Heights", "1984"}, {"Casablanca", "Wizard of Oz", "Star Wars", "Birdy"}, {"Blue Suede Shoes", "Yellow Submarine"}};
Slide 41
Code to create and initialize a jagged array

int number = 0; int[][] pyramid = new int[4][]; for (int i = 0; i < pyramid.length; i++) { pyramid[i] = new int[i+1]; for (int j = 0; j < pyramid[i].length; j++) pyramid[i][j] = number++; }
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Slide 42
Code that uses foreach loops to print a jagged array

for (int[] row : pyramid) { for (int col : row) System.out.print(col + " "); System.out.print("\n"); }
Code to print the contents of the jagged array

for (int i = 0; i < pyramid.length; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < pyramid[i].length; j++) System.out.print(pyramid[i][j] + " "); System.out.print("\n"); }
The console output

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Review Quiz: Two-dimensional Arrays

1. Which of the following is an invalid two-dimensional array definition? (a.) int[][] x = new int[2][8] ; (b.) int x[][] = new int[8][]; (c.) int[][] x = new int[][8]; 2. What is the value of x[2][1] after following declaration: int[][] x = { {1, 2}, {3, 4}, { 5, 6}, {7, 8} }; (a.) 1 (b.) 2 (c.) 3 (d.) 4 (e.) 5 (f.) 6 (g.) 7 (h.) 8 3. What is the value of x[1].length after the given code fragment? int[][] x = new int[4][]; for (int i=0; i < x.length; i++) { x[i] = new int[i+1] ; } (a.) 1 (b.) 2 (c.) 3 (d.) 4
4. Rewrite the for statement in previous question using enhanced for.

5. What is the value of x[2][1] after given code fragment: int[] [] x = new int[5][5]; for (int i=0; (i < x.length); i++) { for (int j=0; (j < x[i].length); j++) {x[i][j] = j + i;} } (a.) 1 (b.) 2 (c.) 3 (d.) 4 6. What is value of String s after execution of following code fragment? int[][] x = { {6,5}, {4,3}, {1,2} }; String s = ; for (int i=0; (i < x.length); i++) { Arrays.sort(x[i]; s + = x[i][0] + x[i][1]; } (a.) 123456 (b.) 654321 (c.) 563412 (d.) 214365
Slide 44

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Week 2: Review of Java Arrays

Sources: Chapter 2 in Supplementary Book (Murachs Java Programming)

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Concept: Arrays is a homogeneous collection

The syntax for declaring and instantiating an array

How to instantiate an array

How to declare and instantiate an array in one statement

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that declares an array of doubles

Code that instantiates an array of doubles

Code that declares and instantiates an array of doubles in one statement

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

An array of String objects

An array of Product objects

Code that uses a constant to specify the array length

Code that uses a variable to specify the array length

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

The syntax for referring to an element of an array

Code that assigns values to an array of double types

Code that assigns values to an array of String types

Code to assign objects to an array of Product objects

Examples that create an array and assign values in one statement

Exercise: Which are valid array declarations?

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

The syntax for getting the length of an array

Code that puts the numbers 0 through 9 in an array

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that prints an array of prices to the console

The console output

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code to computes average of an array of prices

Another way to compute the average in a for loop

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

The syntax of the enhanced for loop

Code that prints an array of prices to the console

The console output

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code to compute average of the array of prices

Compare with traditional for loop

The Arrays class

Static methods of the Arrays class

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that uses the fill method

Code to use the fill method to fill 3 elements in an array

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that uses the equals method

The console output

Murachs Java Programming, C11

2011, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that uses the sort method