Name _________________________________ _____________ Chapter 6: Leaves

Seat No ____

Section ______

Date

1. Leaves carry out many roles in a plants life. Give examples of leaves that do the following: a. Provide protection b. Provide support c. Provide storage d. Obtain nitrogen Are leaf structures and metabolisms that are selectively advantageous for one of these functions also advantageous for all of them? 2. What is the most obvious function of foliage leaves? What are some other functions that are often taken for granted?

3. Most leaves can be quite thin. Why? What would be the condition of lower layers in a thick leaf?

4. What is the stalk of a leaf called? What is the broad, flat, thin part? 5. Box 6-1, Plants and People: Leaves, Food, and Death, describes several ways that leaves affect animals. What is the name of the toxic chemical in leaves of poison hemlock and death camas? In leaves of tobacco? Can this poison be absorbed by mucous membranes? Can it be passed across the placenta to an unborn baby? This chemical causes cancer of which parts of our bodies?

6. In many monocots such as grasses and irises, foliage leaves have a shape quite different from that of eudicot leaves. Their shape tends to be (circle two: long, short, tapering, wide). They lack a petiole and instead have a ______________ _____________ that wraps around the stem. Name three monocots that have leaves that are unusual in that they appear to have petioles and laminas. 7. If a leaf has a blade that consists of one piece of tissue, we say the leaf is __________. If the blade consists of several pieces, however, we say it is a ____________ leaf. What type of leaf is shown for a rose in Figure 6-7? For a Virginia creeper? 8. How can you distinguish between a compound leaf and a twig with several simple leaves? Assuming both a simple and a compound leaf have the same texture, which is more easily eaten by an insect larva?

9. Does a plant produce only one type of leaf during its entire life or can some plants produce various types of leaf (hint: Figure 6-11)? Explain.

10. There are two types of venation in the leaves of flowering plants. Describe the type found in eudicot leaves. Describe the type in monocot leaves. 11. What does the abscission zone do in leaves? Would you guess that there are or are not abscission zones in flowers and fruits?

12. In what ways does the upper epidermis of a leaf differ from the lower epidermis? How are these structural differences adaptive?

13. This page is 22 cm wide and 27 cm tall. Calculate its surface area (remember, just like a leaf, it has an upper and lower surface). If this page were a leaf with the same density of stomata as a leaf of sunflower (see Table 6-2), how many stomata would be on the upper side of the page and how many on the lower side? 14. The interior tissues of a leaf are called mesophyll. In most leaves, there is an upper layer of columnar cells called the ____________ _____________ and a lower portion of ____________ _____________ open, loose aerenchyma. In Box 6-2, Botany and Beyond: Leaf Structure, Layer by Layer, Figure (a) shows the upper layer of columnar cells, but they do not look columnar. Why not? Figure (e) in the box shows the lower aerenchymatous layer. Can you tell what the shape of the intercellular spaces is from this two-dimensional micrograph (look at Figure 6-21 before you answer)?

15. Many leaves have a big, obvious vein that runs along their center, and many veins emerge from it. What is the large vein called (and can a leaf have more than one [look at Figure 6-2])? The smaller veins that emerge from it? What are the very smallest of veins of a leaf called? Which veins supply water directly to mesophyll cells the biggest veins or the smallest? 16. What is a bundle sheath in a leaf? 17. Draw a cross-section of a foliage leaf and label each part; be certain to show all the types of vascular tissues in the bundles.

18. Which parts of the leaf in Question 17 would be emphasized and which would be reduced in

each of the following: tendrils, spines, bud scales, scale leaves of a bulb, and succulent leaves of a desert plant?

19. Most petioles are rather small, but they can be either massive or very long. List several examples of unusually large petiole (two are edible).

20. Shoot apical meristems make small groups of cells that protrude upward and develop into leaves. What are these small protrusions of cells called? 21. Look at the cross-sections of leaf primordial in Figure 6-31a (labeled Leaves). Each one wraps completely around the shoot apical meristem. Can you explain why each leaf appears to surround the meristem (hint: this is a micrograph of a grass, a monocot, and thus, it has leaves like those in Figures 6-4b and 6-4c).

22. How does the growth of eudicot and grass leaves differ? Which type would be more capable of recovering from attack by leaf-eating insects or grazing deer? 23. Dormant buds, such as the terminal and axillary buds of twigs in winter, consist of bud scales, young leaves, and leaf primordia. Which were formed by the apical meristem first and which were initiated last? 24. Figure 6-36 shows many plants of the desert plant Lithops. How many leaves does each plant have? (By the way, even if you grow these in ideal conditions, they never have more than this number.) 25. Sclerophyllous foliage leaves like those in holly, barberry (Figure 6-37), and Yucca (Figure 638) have many unusual features. Do they live for 1 year or longer? They are more resistant to animals that might try to eat them. Why? What type of cells do they have that most leaves do not have?

26. Leaves of conifers are perennial. Those of bristlecone pine live for at least ___ years, and their vascular bundles produce new _________every year. Many conifers have needle-shaped leaves, but those of incense cedar are ________ shaped (see Figure 6-39b). 27. The spines of cacti are modified leaves, and as with bud scales, spines have a distinct structure related to their function. Why would the blade of a photosynthetic leaf be useless as a protective device? Cactus spines have no mesophyll parenchyma or vascular tissues. Instead, their mesophyll consists of ______________________. What chemicals do spine cells have in their walls? Are spine cells parenchyma, collenchyma, or sclerenchyma? After spine cells mature, do they remain alive? Look at all your answers to this question: Does this modified leaf have much in common with a foliage leaf?

28. Cacti have ____ types of leaves. The green cactus body has ______________ green leaves, and the clusters of spines are their ____________________. Spines are modified leaves of axillary buds. 29. Several species have leaves that catch and digest insects, obtaining nitrogen fertilizer from their bodies. Describe how each of the following trap leaves function the pitchers of Nepenthes, the flypaper leaves of sundew, the traps of Venus flytrap. Which are active and which are passive?