SUBJECT: SCIENCE FORM: 5 TOPIC: MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON LIVING THINGS Some living things are big

but some living things are very small(tiny). They are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the eye. They can be seen only under a . We called these tiny living things . are different in , and are found . Microorganisms are things because they carry out processes. There are 4 main types of microorganisms , , and viruses. o Characteristics of various type of microorganisms 1. Bacteria Definition: smallest living things can be seen by microscope, have the simplest , and have the number among the five groups of microbes. Size: Consists only one (about 0.5 to 10 micrometer) Shape: There are general shapes: a) Cocci b) Bacili c) Spirilia Sampai d) Vibrio Structure: Vietnam Cium Baboon

o -

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MICROORGANISMS Type of microorganisms Definition: Tiny living things that be seen by naked eyes, but can be seen by microscopes. They are also known as . Some of microbes are , but some of them are too Classification: There are 5 main groups for microbes: a) Bacteria Beruk b) Protozoa c) Fungi d) Algae e) Viruses Van Pergi Filipina Angkat

Nutrition: Some bacteria have , so they can make their food by process. Some of bacteria dont have chlorophyll, so they have to be: a) - get food from matters b) - get food from living organisms

Respiration: Some of bacteria carry out anaerobic respiration. Reproduction: a) By fission b) By . Habitat: Bacteria live in any 2. Protozoa places.

Reproduction: respiration, and some of them carry out a) By b) By c) By fission reproduction (spore formation) reproduction (conjugation) in any ponds, river, damp soils or in other .

Habitat: Protozoa live organisms, and they lives in Exercise:

Definition: Animals which are made up of only Example: amoeba, paramecium and etc. Size: Consists only cell (about to

cell. They are

1. Name the five main groups of microorganisms 2. Bacteria can live in unfavorable conditions. Under such conditions, they. 3. Size of protozoa is about 4. What is the shape of paramecium? ............................ 3. Fungi shape) Definition: Plants which do not have yeast. They do not have Size: Some of them are moulds and yeast) Shape: Have various shapes: . They include or , moulds and . (i.e

micrometer) shape (no

Shape: Have various shapes, but mostly they have Structure:

(i.e mushroom), and some of them are

Nutrition: Some of protozoa live as food from their make their food. Respiration: All of protozoa carry out

iii- long iii-

ball . -shaped

. E.g: plasmodium. Some of them obtain . E.g: amoeba and paramecium. Some of protozoa

Structure:

respiration

Nutrition: Algae possess photosynthesis. Respiration: Most of fungi carry out Reproduction: Nutrition: Most of fungi live as Respiration: Most of fungi carry out (i.e moulds) or respiration (i.e mucor) .

, so that they can make their own food by

respiration

a) By reproduction ( fission) b) By asexual reproduction ( ) Algae reproduced by breaking a long filament into two. c) By reproduction ( ) Habitat: Algae live in trees. 5. Virus Definition: Smallest microorganisms and it do not products, and do not possess , do not , cell membrane and waste . microscope or rod-shaped water, salt water, damp soil or on damp bark of

Reproduction: a) By . Fungi such a mushrooms form spores within their caps. Mucor form sporangium (containing spores). When it ripe, it bursts open and disperses the spore. b) By .

Habitat: Fungi live in dark habitats. Example: Mucor grows on damp stale bread placed in the dark 4. Algae Definition: Very simple plants which have leaves Size: Some of them are euglena and etc) Shape: Have various shapes: (i.e . Algae do not have , or

Size: About 0.02 0.4 micrometer, and can be seen only by Shape: Have various shapes, maybe in Structure: ,

), and some of them are

(i.e

iiiiiiiv-

ball filaments -shaped -like structure

Nutrition: Viruses live as Habitat: Viruses live only in

in living cell. cell.

Exercise: 1. How do fungi continue its generation under adverse condition? 2. Why algae look greenish? 3. What a different between algae and tree? 5. State 3 properties of viruses which are not characteristics of living things

High temperature will them inactive. 5. pH value

microorganisms, while

temperature makes

Most of microorganisms prefer to live in In very (pH = 1 to 3) and very most of microorganisms will be killed.

medium (pH = 7) (pH = 12 to 14) conditions,

FACTOR WHICH AFFECTS TO THE GROWTH OF MICROORGANISM USEFUL MICROORGANISMS main factors that affect the growth of microorganism: 1. In the Digestion of Food Some bacteria and protozoa help and termites digest their food They produce an called digest cellulose into glucose 2. In Decay (e.g: rabbit, goat, cows and etc) to help herbivores and termites

There are 1. Nutrients

Microorganisms need a) b) c) 2. Humidity . . .

to live, and they get it by being:

2.1 Formation of humus Microorganisms need living place with level of humidity. That means, they need or water to live, and they will if they do not get water for a period of time. However, some bacteria can live in a place without presence by forming spores. For , they form (spore with outer ring). 3. Light Most of , and and some of bacteria prefer dim or dark habitat, while algae and few of bacteria tend to live in place since they have to carry out process. 4. Temperature 3. In Medicine Most suitable temperature for the microorganisms growth and live is about (humans body temperature). 3.1 Antibiotics There are 2 common antibiotics in world, which are: Some of humus bacteria and fungi decompose matter into

2.2 Production of biogas and fertilizers Some of bacteria decompose palm, paddy and coconut) and turn it into 2.3 Disposal of oil spills Some of bacteria break up substance. spills and decompose it into less harmful waste (e.g: waste from oil gas

a) b)

(prepared from penicillium notatum bacteria) (prepared from streptomyces griseus bacteria) bacteria

4.3 Productions of chemicals from algae Some algae used to produce beneficial chemicals for human beings. For the example: a) beta-carotene which has anti cancer properties b) fatty acids which make cholesterol level in humans blood become low

Antibiotics can only

3.2 Vaccines Vaccines are prepared from or very weak used to stimulate the body to produce antibodies. and . It

5. In Industry 5.1 Making breads and cakes Yeast is used in the making breads and cakes. It is mixed with flour, sugar and water; and made into dough Yeast will reacts with sugar to produce energy. By the way, this process is known as (ethanol), . dioxide and

Vaccination refers to an containing certain vaccines that can prevent a person being infected to a certain . Example: BCG injection for dry cough disease. 4. In Agriculture 4.1 Maturing of tobacco leaves Bacteria used to make tobacco leaves mature, so that they can emit desirable smell and taste. 4.2 Nitrogen cycle

Carbon dioxide released makes the dough rise, so that breads and cakes become very soft. 5.2 Making ethanol Yeast is also used to produce alcohol ( 5.3 Production of vinegar, and yoghurt Vinegar ( ethanoic acid. acid) is prepared by using bacteria to change ethanol into ) instead of carbon dioxide.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Denitrifying bacteria

Nitrifying bacteria

Yoghurt (contains Bacteria will reacts with

acid ) is prepared by the action of in milk and turns it into lactic acid.

on milk.

Bacteria of decay 5.4 Production of soy sauce

Figure 4.2- A (Simple nitrogen cycle) Soy sauce is produced from the of a mixture containing mould, yeast, flour and soy beans. Salt is added to make it become salty.

Exercise: 1. List all factors affect to the growth of microorganism 2. Which microorganisms that can live in bright place? 3. Tell the range of air humidity which most of microorganisms are very active.