Dytran 2012 Example Problem Manual PDF

Dytran 2012
Example Problem Manual
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Contents
Dytran Example Problems Manual
Contents
Structural Dynamics
Overview 14 Impulsively Loaded Strip 15 Problem Description 15 Dytran Model 15 Results Evaluation 16 Files 17 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 18 Impulsively Loaded Cylindrical Panel Problem Description 20 Dytran Model 21 Results 21 Files 23 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 23 20
Taylor Test (a rod impacted against a rigid wall) Problem Description 25 Johnson-Cook Material Model 25 Theoretical Approach Taylor 25 Dytran Model 26 Dytran Results 26 Tetrahedral Elements 28 Theoretical Taylor 29 Comparison of Shape 30 Comparison of CPU time 31 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 33 Taylor Test with Euler 35 Problem Description 35 Dytran Model 35 Dytran File 38 Hourglassing in Hexahedron Elements Problem Description 40 Dytran Model 40 40
25
4 Dytran Example Problems Manual
Results 42 Files 44 Abbreviated Dytran Input File
45
Structural Contact
Overview 48 Three-plate Contact 49 Problem Description 49 Theoretical Result 50 Dytran Model 50 Results 50 Files 52 Abbreviated Dytran Input File
52
Ball Penetrating a Steel Plate 55 Problem Description 55 Desired Results 57 Dytran Modeling 57 Results 58 Files 60 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 60 Tapered Beam Striking a Rigid Wall Problem Description 63 Desired Results 63 Dytran Modeling 63 Results 64 Files 67 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 67 Impact Loading 70 Problem Description 70 Theoretical Results 70 Dytran Model 71 Results 71 Files 72 Abbreviated Dytran Input File Pipe Whip 76 Problem Description Dytran Model 77 Results 77 76 63
73
Contents 5
Files 78 Abbreviated Dytran Input File
78
Fluid Dynamics
Overview 82 Shock Tube 83 Problem Description 83 Desired Results 84 Dytran Modeling 84 Coarse Model 84 Fine Model 85 Results 85 Coarse Model 85 Model 86 Coarse Mesh 88 Fine Mesh 88 Abbreviated Dytran Input File Blast Wave 90 Problem Description 90 Theoretical Solution 90 Dytran Modeling 91 Results 92 Files 93 Abbreviated Dytran Input File JWL Explosive Test 95 Problem Description 95 Theoretical Background 95 Dytran Model 98 Results 99 Files 100 Abbreviated Dytran Input File
88
93
100 103
Modeling Blast Wave using 1-D Spherical Symmetry Method Problem Description 103 Dytran Modeling 103 Results 106 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 115
Modeling the JWL Explosion using 1-D Spherical Symmetry Problem Description 121 Dytran Modeling 121 Results 123 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 130 JWL Material Model vs. The Ideal Gas Approximation Dytran Modeling 134 Results 134 Dytran Input File 136 References 138 Nonuniformity with MESH,BOX 139 Problem Description 139 Dytran Modeling 139 Results 142 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 144 Water Waves with Cyclic Flow Boundaries Problem Description 146 Dytran Model 147 Results 148 DYTRAN Input files 151 146 133
121
Fluid-structure Interaction
Overview 157 Shock Formation 158 Problem Description 158 Theoretical Background 158 Dytran Model 159 Results 160 Files 162 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 162 Blast Containment in a Luggage Container Problem Description 164 Dytran Modeling 164 Results 165 Files 167 References 167 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 167 164
Contents 7
Multiple Bird-strike on a Cylindrical Panel Problem Description 171 Dytran Model 172 Results 173 Files 176 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 176 Slanted Piston 179 Problem Description 179 Desired Results 180 Dytran Modeling 181 Results 181 Files 183 Abbreviated Dytran Input File Sloshing using ALE Method Problem Description 185 Dytran Model 186 User Subroutine 186 Results 187 Files 188 References 188 Abbreviated Dytran Input File
171
183 185
189
Flow between Two Containers or Airbags 192 Problem Description 192 Theoretical Analysis of the 2-Vessel Flow Problem 192 Dytran Model 197 Results 199 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 199 Blastwave Hitting a Bunker Problem Description 202 Dytran Modeling 202 Results 204 Mine Blast 206 Problem Description 206 Dytran Model 206 Results 212 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 202
213 218
Multiple Bird-strike on a Box Structure Problem Description 218 Dytran Modeling 219
222
Shaped Charge, using IG Model, Penetrating through Two Thick Plates 225 Problem Description 225 Dytran Model 226 Results 229 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 231 Fuel Tank Filling 233 Problem Description 233 Dytran Model 233 Results 240 Abbreviated Dytran Input File
242
Three Methods of Sloshing 246 Problem Description 246 Dytran Model: 247 Results 250 Performance Comparison of the Models (1) Remarks 254 Input Files 255 Postprocessing with ParaView 255 Water Pouring into a Glass Problem Description 264 Dytran Modeling 264 Results 268 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 264
254
269 273
Fluid Flow through a Straight Pipe Problem Description 273 Theoretical Analysis 274 Dytran Model 274 Results 276 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 285
Using Euler Archive Import in Blast Wave Analyses Problem Description 290 Dytran Model 290 General Setup 291 Results 292 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 297
290
Contents 9
Blast Wave with a Graded Mesh 300 Problem Description 300 Dytran Model 301 Results 303 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 308 Bubble Collapse with Hydrostatic Boundary Conditions Dytran Model 311 General Setup 312 Results 315 Dytran Input files 317 Prestressed Concrete Beam Problem Description 321 Analysis Scheme 321 Dytran Model 323 Results 324 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 321 311
328 332
Blast Simulation on Prestressed Concrete Beam Problem Description 332 Analysis Scheme 332 Dytran Model 333 Results 335 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 337 Vortex Shedding with Skin Friction Problem Description 343 Dytran Model 344 Results 345 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 348 343
Geometric Eulerian Boundary Conditions Problem Description 354 Dytran Model 354 Results 357 Cohesive Friction 363 Problem Description 363 Dytran Modeling 363 Results 366 Dytran Input Deck 367
354
Forming
Overview 372 373 Square Cup Deep Drawing Problem Description 373 Dytran Model 375 Results 377 Files 380 Abbreviated Dytran Input File
381 384
Deep Drawing of a Cylindrical Cup Problem Description 384 Dytran Model 385 Results 386 Files 388 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 388 Three-point Bending Test Problem Description 392 Dytran Model 393 Results 395 Files 398 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 392
399
Sleeve Section Stamping 402 Problem Description 402 Dytran Model 403 Files 407 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 407
Occupant Safety
Overview 412 413 Flat Unfolded Air Bag Inflation (GBAG) Problem Description 413 Results 414 Files 416 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 416
Rigid Ellipsoid Dummy Hitting a Passenger Air Bag Problem Description 421 Dytran Model 421
421
Contents 11
425
Sled Test Verification of the Enhanced Hybrid III Dummy (50%) 435 Problem Description 435 Usage of GEBOD to get the Basic Setup of a 50% HYBRID III 436 Completion of the ATB Input File 437 How to Create FEM Entities for ATB Dummy 438 Attaching Dytran Finite Element to ATB Segments 441 Positioning the Dummy with Patran 442 Integrating the Dummy into other FEM Models 444 Defining Lap and Shoulder Belts 445 Applying an Acceleration Field to the Dummy 446 Comparison of the Results with Experiment 447 Appendix A: File EXAMPLE.AIN as generated by GEBOD 448 Appendix B: Complete ATB Input File for Sled Test Calculation 452 Appendix C: File Create_fem_dummy.dat 464 Appendix D: Properties and Materials of Hybrid III Dummy 468 Appendix E: Groups created by Session File for Positioning within MD Patran 471 Side Curtain Air Bag (Courtesy of Autoliv) Problem Description 474 Dytran Model 476 Results 480 Input Deck 482 474
Hybrid III 5th%-tile Dummy 490 Problem Description 490 Model Description 490 Conclusions and Recommendations 502 Input Files 503 Appendix A: Overview of the Hybrid III 5th%-tile Dummy Appendix B: SURFACE and SET1 Definition 515 Appendix C: hyb305 Positioning 516 Reference Database 519 Easy Postprocessing with Adaptive Meshing Problem Description 520 Dytran Modeling 521 Results 522 Dytran Input File 525 520
511
Quasi-static Analysis
Overview 530 Comparison of Quasi-static Dytran to MD Nastran Shell Element Solutions 531 Problem Description 531 Dytran Model 532 Results 532 MD Nastran Results 534 Dytran Results 534 Files 536 Abbreviated Dytran Input File 536
Chapter 1: Structural Dynamics Dytran Example Problem Manual
Structural Dynamics

Overview
14 15 20 25
Impulsively Loaded Strip
Impulsively Loaded Cylindrical Panel
Taylor Test (a rod impacted against a rigid wall) Taylor Test with Euler 35 40
Hourglassing in Hexahedron Elements
14 Dytran Example Problem Manual

Overview
Overview
In this chapter, a number of example problems are presented that show the structural capabilities of Dytran. The user can find in these examples how to model dynamic structural problems, what material models to use, how to apply loads and constraints.
Chapter 1: Structural Dynamics 15


Problem Description
An aluminum strip clamped at its left and right edges is subjected to an impulsive initial velocity (vz = -132 m/sec) over its central portion (one-fourth of the length). The overall dimensions and material properties are shown below: length width thickness density Youngs modulus Poissons ratio yield stress hardening modulus L = 0.254 m W = 0.0305 m t = 0.00318 m
= 2791 kg/m3
E = 7.17 1010 N/m2
= 0.3 y = 2.854 108 N/m2

Eh = 0. N/m2
The purpose is to investigate the sensitivity of the response to Poissons ratio ( =0.01, = 0.3) and to check results against data available from experiments performed at the Air Freight Flight Dynamics Laboratory.
Dytran Model
Due to the symmetry of the problem, only half of the strip needs to be modeled (see Figure 1-1). The left-hand half strip is discretized by a regular mesh of (30x3) quadrilateral elements. The DMATEP and YLDVM entries are used to input the aluminum elastic-plastic material data. Since plastic deformations occur, the PSHELL1 entry is used to specify five integration points across the thickness. The PSHELL entry defaults to three integration points. The SPC entry is used to impose the zero displacement/rotations of the damped left-hand edge and zero out-of-plane displacement/rotations of the right-hand edge (symmetry plane). To better represent the actual experimental conditions, the initial velocity distribution is slightly modified so as to have a smooth transition to the remainder of the strip. The TIC1 entry is used to input initial velocities. Using the PARAM, INISTEP entry, the initial time step is set to 0.1e-6 sec according to the COURANT criterion. The ENDTIME Case Control entry is used to follow the dynamic behavior in the range up to 0.001 seconds.

The Case Control entries TYPE, SAVE, GPOUT, GRIDS, and TIMES are used to build the z-displacement time history of Grid Point 31 (in the plane of symmetry) by saving results every 0.01 msec. The experimental results are available for every 0.1 msec.
Figure 1-1
Numerical Model Layout
Results Evaluation
Calculations have been carried out for two values of the Poissons ratio ( = 0.01, = 0.3). The numerical and experimental results are shown in Figure 1-2. The results demonstrate that the behavior is not sensitive to the value of the Poissons ratio. Furthermore, the numerical and experimental results agree satisfactorily [Ref 1.].

Figure 1-2
Vertical Z-displacement Time History of the (Free) Corner Grid Point (31) of the Half Strip
Files
impulse_a.dat impulse_b.dat IMPULSE_A.OUT IMPULSE_B.OUT IMPULSE_A_ZDIS_0.THS IMPULSE_B_ZDIS_0.THS
Dytran input files Dytran output files Dytran time history files
Reference 1. Balmer, H. A. and Witmer, E. A. Theoretical-experimental Correlation of Large Dynamic and Permanent Deformation of Impulsively Loaded Simple Structure, 1964, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory report FDRTDR-64-108.

Abbreviated Dytran Input File

START CEND TITLE = IMPULSIVE LOADING OF A STRIP OF ALUMINUM (Units = m-Kg-N-sec) CHECK = NO ENDTIME = 0.001 TIC = 1 SPC = 1 $ $Data for Output Control Set 1 $ TYPE(zdis) = TIMEHIS SAVE(zdis) = 99999 GPOUT(zdis) = ZDIS GRIDS(zdis) = 1 SET 1 = 31 TIMES(zdis) = 0tEndb1e-05 $ $ -----------BEGIN BULK -----------SETTING,1,VERSION2 $ PARAM INISTEP 1e-07 $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS BULK DATA $Geometry definition $--------------------$ $ GRID 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 GRID 2 .00423330.0 0.0 . . . $ CQUAD4 1 1 1 2 33 32 CQUAD4 2 1 2 3 34 33 $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE LOADS, CONSTRAINTS, AND CONTROL BULK DATA ENTRIES $Boundary condition $--------------------$ SPC 1 1 123456 SPC 1 32 123456 SPC 1 63 123456 SPC 1 94 123456 SPC 1 31 156 SPC 1 62 156 SPC 1 93 156 SPC 1 124 156 $ $Material Properties $------------------PSHELL1 1 1 Bely Gauss 5 Mid + + .00318 $

YLDVM 1 2.854+8 0.0 $ DMATEP 1 2791. 7.17+10 .01 $ $Initial Conditions $-------------------$ TIC1 1 3 -132. + 31 30 THRU 123 + 122 BY 31 TIC1 1 3 -116. + 31 TIC1 1 3 -100. + 31 26 THRU 119 + 120 BY 31 ENDDATA
31 BY 28 25 BY
THRU 31 THRU THRU 31
124 29 121 118 27
BY THRU BY BY THRU
+ + + + +


Problem Description
A 120 cylindrical panel (see Figure 1-3) is loaded impulsively by imposing a initial velocity normal to the surface over a region along a part of the crown line of the cylinder. The ends of the panel are simplysupported boundaries, while the sides of the panel are fixed.
Figure 1-3
Initial State
The properties and initial conditions are listed below. Material of the Panel (6061 T6 aluminum) density Youngs modulus Poissons ratio yield stress Size of the Panel thickness radius length Initial Load velocity v0 = 5650 in/sec t = 0.125 in R = 2.94 in L = 12.56 in
= 2.5 x 10-4 lb sec2/in4

E = 1.05 x 107 psi
= 0.33 y = 4.4 x 104 psi

Dytran Model
Because the panel is symmetric, only one half of the panel is modeled using 12 x 32 (348) shell elements (CQUAD4). Through the thickness, a five-point Gauss integration is applied to produce sufficient accuracy. Two types of shell formulations are used, Belytschko-Tsay and Key-Hoff ([Ref. 2.]). The initial velocity is defined in a cylindrical coordinate system using the TICGP entry. The cylindrical system is defined by the CORD2C entry.
Results
A time history is used to give the y-displacement at the midpoint of the crown line of the cylinder for both the Belytschko-Tsay and Key-Hoff shell element. The results are shown in (Figure 1-4) and can be compared with the experimental results of Balmer and Witmer (see [Ref. 3.]). The differences between the results of the two shell formulations are small because Key-Hoff only performs better when a significant part of the element is warped. In comparison with the experiments, the results are acceptable. If one takes into account that the experimental edges were not ideally damped ([Ref. 4.])
.
Figure 1-4
Displacement of the Midpoint of the Crown Line
Figure 1-5 shows the deformation and effective plastic strain of the cylindrical panel for the Belytschko-Tsay shell elements at different time steps.

Figure 1-5
Deformation and Effective Plastic Strain of the Cylindrical Panel

Files
cylpan.dat panel_xl.dat CYLPAN.OUT CYLPAN_PANEL_0.ARC CYLPAN_TH_G_24_0.THS Dytran input files Dytran Output File Dytran Archive File Dytran Time History File
References (Continued) 2. Belytschko, T., Wong, B. L., and Chiang, H.-Y. Advances in One-point Quadrature Shell Elements, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 96, 1992, pp. 93107. 3. Balmer, H. A. and Witmer, E. A. Theoretical-experimental Correlation of Large Dynamic and Permanent Deformation of Impulsively Loaded Simple Structure, 1964, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory report FDRTDR-64-108. 4. Morino, L., Leach, J. W. and Witmer, E. A. An Improved Numerical Calculation Technique for Large Elastic-Plastic Transient Deformations of Thin Shell = Part 2 Evaluation and Applications, Journal of Applied Mechanics, June 1971, pp. 429436.

$ $ A 120 degree cylindrical panel is loaded impulsively. It is simply $ supported at the ends. The model consists of half the panel, with 12x32 $ shell elements. The loading is generated by imposing initial velocities $ on the grid points. $ START CEND TITLE = Cylindrical Panel (12x32 - B-T or Keyhoff Shell 5 G-Pts) CHECK = NO ENDSTEP = 10000 ENDTIME = 1.e-3 TIC = 1 SPC = 1 $$ $$ Data for output control Set 1 $$ $$ Time-History plot of the y-displacement of the midpoint along the crown $$ line of the cylinder (grid 209). $$ TYPE(TH_G_24) = TIMEHIS GPOUT(TH_G_24) = YDIS SET 1 = 209

GRIDS(TH_G_24) = 1 TIMES(TH_G_24) = 0 THRU END BY 1.e-5 SAVE(TH_G_24) = 10000 $$ $$ Data for output control Set 15 $$ TYPE(PANEL) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS(PANEL) = 15 SET 15 = 1 THRU 384 ELOUT(PANEL) = EFFPL03,TXX03,TYY03,TXY03,TYZ03,TZX03 ELOUT(PANEL) = EFFST03,EXX03,EYY03,EXY03 TIMES(PANEL) = 0 THRU END BY 1e-4 SAVE(PANEL) = 10000 $ BEGIN BULK $ $ Definition of some parameters. $ ----------------------------PARAM INISTEP 1.e-6 PARAM STEPFCT 0.9 PARAM SHPLAST VECT PARAM HGCOEFF 0.1 PARAM SHTHICK YES $ $ Model geometry and boundary constrain. $ -------------------------------------INCLUDE panel_xl.dat $ $ Shell Properties for the panel(B-T or Keyhoff). $ ----------------------------------------------$PSHELL1 1 1 keyhoff GAUSS 5 1.0 MID +CONT PSHELL1 1 1 bely GAUSS 5 1.0 MID +CONT +CONT .125 $ $ Material and yield model. $ ------------------------DMATEP 1 .00025 1.05e7 .33 10 $ YLDVM 10 44000 0 $ $ Initial condition for gridpoints. $ --------------------------------CORD2C 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 + 0.0 2.94 -6.28 TICGP 1 1 CID1 1 XVEL -5650 SET1 1 14 THRU 339 BY 13 15 + 340 BY 13 16 THRU 341 BY + 17 THRU 342 BY 13 18 THRU + BY 13 19 THRU 344 BY 13 + THRU 345 BY 13 $ ENDDATA
-12.56 THRU 13 343 20
+ + + + +

Taylor Test (a rod impacted against a rigid wall)

Problem Description
The Taylor bar test is an important laboratory test in the science of ballistics. It enables to determine an average value of the dynamic yield stress of a material. It consists of accelerating a cylindrical bar (the velocity being parallel to the axis of symmetry), and then let the bar hit a rigid target. As a result, the bar shortens and the impact side expands radially acquiring a mushroom like shape. Much research work has been done on these impact tests. In this example, the experimental work done by Johnson/Cook is validated with a number of simulations in Dytran with different element types. On top of this work, the results are compared against the theoretical solution developed by Taylor. Johnson and Cook developed a material model that represents a constitutive model for materials subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures. The Dytran implementation is validated for a set of constitutive constants presented in [Ref. 5.].
Johnson-Cook Material Model

This material model is described in the Dytran Reference and User manuals. For more detailed information and data sets for various materials, see [Ref. 5.].
Theoretical Approach Taylor

Taylor developed a simple expression for the final length of the bar,
L0 , Lf ,
as function of the initial length
the impact velocity

2
V,
the yield strength
y ,
and the density .
L f L 0 = exp ( V 2 y )
The assumptions made in this expression are:

There is a stationary yield front near the wall A quasi-steady process is assumed
Figure 1-6
Schematic Overview of the Taylor Impact Test

In this Taylor test, the process stops when all the kinetic energy has converted to plastic work. It is interesting to note that the governing parameters of the process give a non-dimensional quantity, therefore, the result depends on this combination and not on the specific value of each parameter.
Dytran Model
A cylindrical rod with a length of 25.4 mm and a diameter of 3.82 impacts a rigid wall with a velocity of 190 mm/s. The material data:
rho=8.96e-9 tonne/mm3 Bulk modulus K=143e3 MPa Shear modulus G=47.7e3 MPa Two different material models have been used: Johnson/Cook Constant von Mises: y = 600 MPa (elastic-rigid-plastic)
The interface between the wall and the rod are assumed frictionless.
Dytran Results
Hexa Elements As a first step, a comparison is made between an experimental result in [Ref. 5.] and a simulation that uses Johnson-Cooks constitutive model that is presented in the same reference. The simulation performed with Dytran is setup with CHEXA elements. The simulation is done with the widely used one-point Gauss integration scheme.
Figure 1-7
Dytran CHEXA Model Impact of Cylinder - Quarter Model

To be able to compare this result with the other element solvers in Dytran, an equivalent von Mises yield stress is chosen such that a simulation with the von Mises yield criterion gives the same answers. The von Mises yield stress is found to be ~ 600 MPa in order to give the same results as with the Johnson Cook material model. This 600 MPa seems realistic, see Figure 1-8.
Figure 1-8
Armco Iron Material Data Johnson Cook
Next, a simulation is done with the new 2x2x2 CHEXA element in Dytran 2004. This element has a larger reduction in length. The results of the simulations with Dytran are shown in Figure 1-9. In summary: the Hexa one point (von Mises) result is tuned to be on top of the Hexa one point (Johnson Cook) result. The CHEXA 2x2x2 result has the largest length reduction.
Figure 1-9
Comparison of Dytran CHEXA Elements

Tetrahedral Elements
In order to evaluate the new and old tetrahedral elements in Dytran, the model is meshed with CTETRA elements. The old tetrahedral implementation is a 8-noded hexa element with 1 gauss point, degenerated into a tet shape. This element is known to give imprecise answers. This is clearly shown in Figure 1-11 and Figure 1-12. The new 4-noded tetrahedral element gives answers much closer to the hexahedral one point element.
Figure 1-10
Dytran CTETRA Model Impact of Cylinder - Quarter Model
Figure 1-11
Comparison of Different Element Types in Dytran
In Figure 1-12, a detailed section of Figure 1-11 is shown. The results all show an oscillating behavior that is common in all transient dynamic events and is physical. Furthermore, the new 2x2x2 CHEXA

element is deviating from the experimental result. and further developments are targeted to improve the behavior of the new CHEXA element in impact events involving metal plasticity. The 2x2x2 CHEXA element has specifically been implemented and tested to reduce the hour-glassing phenomenon in rubber and foam modeling
Figure 1-12
Detailed Comparison of Different Element Types in Dytran
Theoretical Taylor
In Figure 1-9, Figure 1-11, and Figure 1-12, the theoretical reduction in length according to Taylor is plotted:
L f L 0 = 0.78
This theoretical reduction is based on an assumption of constant yield of 700 MPa.

Comparison of Shape
The shape is compared in Figure 1-13 through Figure 1-17.
Figure 1-13
Dytran Simulation - Johnson Cook Material Model with CHEXA One Point Gauss
Figure 1-14
Dytran Simulation - von Mises Material Model with CHEXA - One Point Gauss
Figure 1-15
Dytran Simulation - von Mises Material Model with CHEXA - 2x2x2

Figure 1-16
Dytran Simulation - von Mises Material Model with CTETRA - Old Element
Figure 1-17
Dytran Simulation - von Mises Material Model with CTETRA - New Element
Comparison of CPU time

Figure 1-18 shows the total CPU time for the various simulations. This doesn't show the performance of each element very clearly, because the total timings for the various runs are still heavily dependent on the physics and modeling used: the deformation and the size of the elements. The number of elements in all models is approximately the same, but the model with the Tet elements contain a few tiny elements which determine the timestep. At the end of the simulation, the time-step of the hex-models is 1.53e-5 msec, while the time-step of the tet-models is 1.28e-5 msec. Therefore, Figure 1-19 shows the timings weighted per element-cycle. This allows a fair comparison of the element's performance. The new tetrahedral element shows a dramatic speed up compared to the old implementation, and is in fact the fastest element available.

Figure 1-18
Comparison of Total CPU Time for Several Dytran Elements
Figure 1-19
Comparison of Timings for the New CHEXA and CTETRA Elements in Dytran
References 5. Johnson, G.R. and Hook, W.H. A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures, April 1983, 7th Ballistic Symposium, The Hague, The Netherlands 6. Wilkins, L.M and Guinan M.W. Impact of cylinders on a rigid boundary, August 1972, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory


START CEND ENDTIME=0.06E-3 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: Hexs-EPM-default-JC TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: Cylinder_Elem TYPE (Cylinder_Elem) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (Cylinder_Elem) = 1 SET 1 = 1 THRU 1224 ELOUT (Cylinder_Elem) = TXX TYY TZZ TXY TYZ TZX EFFSTS PRESSURE EFFPLS SIE TIMES (Cylinder_Elem) = 0 THRU END BY 0.03e-4 SAVE (Cylinder_Elem) = 10000 $ Output result for request: Cylinder_Grid TYPE (Cylinder_Grid) = ARCHIVE GRIDS (Cylinder_Grid) = 2 SET 2 = 1 THRU 1768 GPOUT (Cylinder_Grid) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL RVEL XACC YACC ZACC RACC , XFORCE YFORCE ZFORCE RFORCE TIMES (Cylinder_Grid) = 0 THRU END BY 0.03e-4 SAVE (Cylinder_Grid) = 10000 $ Output result for request: GridTHS TYPE (GridTHS) = TIMEHIS GRIDS (GridTHS) = 3 SET 3 = 1 1735 GPOUT (GridTHS) = XPOS YPOS ZPOS RPOS XVEL YVEL ZVEL RVEL XACC YACC ZACC , RACC TIMES (GridTHS) = 0 THRU END BY 0.06e-5 SAVE (GridTHS) = 10000 $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,INISTEP,5E-9 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK INCLUDE Hexs-EPM-default-JC.bdf $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * Prop_cylinder 2x2x2 * $ PSOLID 1 2 TWO FULL $ $ * Prop_cylinder_VM * $ PSOLID 2 3 $ CORD2R 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1+A000001 +A000001 1 0 0 $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material Cylinder_VM id =2 DMAT 28.96e-09 2 2 2

EOSPOL 2 143000 SHREL 2 47700 YLDVM 2 700 $ $ -------- Material Cylinder_JC id =3 DMAT 38.96e-09 3 3 3 EOSPOL 3 143000 SHREL 3 47700 YLDJC 3 175 380 .32 .06 55 +A000002 1811 293 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ ------- Initial Velocity BC InitialVelocity ----SET1 4 1 THRU 1768 TICGP 1 4 ZVEL -197000 $ $ ------- Rigid Plane BC RigidWall ----WALL 9 0 0 0 0 0 +A000004 PENALTY SET1 5 1 THRU 1768 $ $ ENDDATA
14.52e+08+A000002
5+A000004

Taylor Test with Euler

For most structural problems, the Lagrange approach is the preferred solution. But if deformations become large, the Euler approach can become more accurate. As deformations are increased, the Lagrangian elements are severely distorted affecting the accuracy of the solution. In the Euler approach, severe distortion is irrelevant and does not exist. Eulerian elements are stationary and have a fixed volume; only the material inside the elements can move and is transported over the faces of the stationary Euler elements. In addition, the Euler approach does not need any contact definition when an impactor hits a plate. This example shows how the model from Example1-4 is handled by the multi-material Euler solver with strength. It also illustrates the use of PARAM, AXIALSYM.
Problem Description
The problem is the same as in Example 1-4. A bar impacts a rigid wall. This example will compare the results of a Lagrangian approach using the Johnson-Cook material model as shown in Example 1-4 and an Euler simulation.
Dytran Model
Setup of the Euler Domain To construct the Euler mesh, a pie shape consisting of one layer of elements will be created as shown in Figure 1-20. Because the simulation will assume axi-symmetric behavior the following requirements are imposed on the Euler mesh domain:
For accuracy the angle of this pie should be small, say 5. When creating a pie mesh with Patran, the grid points are written out in single precision,
resulting in very small errors. The small errors are large enough to cause errors in the normals of the faces of Euler faces. A normal that is supposed to point in the circumferential direction gets a very small component in the axial and radial direction. For a problem involving strength, this leads to small dynamics in the circumferential direction. To keep the dynamics small and bounded, the stable time step has also to be based on the circumferential direction. The pie model has a small angle which results in a small mesh size and therefore a small time step. With PARAM, AXIALSYM, these grid points can be slightly corrected resulting in aligned normals. This technique results in a much larger time step. In addition, PARAM, AXIALSYM can be used to create a pie mesh directly from a rectangular block slab of elements. This approach has been followed in this example. First of all, a rectangular Euler mesh consisting of one layer has been defined in the input file. Secondly, PARAM,AXIALSYM transforms this mesh automatically into a pie shape mesh in the Dytran solver. Please refer to the reference manual for further information on this option.

The Euler elements are defined by

MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0.0,0.0,0.0,26.0,0.2,3.82,,,+ +,128,1,44,,,,EULER,1
Figure 1-20
Pie Model
To make this rectangular mesh into a pie-shaped mesh PARAM,AXIALSYM will be used:
PARAM,AXIALSYM,RECT,X,ZX,2.5
The pie-shaped mesh will also be used in the initialization. The time step will only be based on the meshsize in x and z-direction. The mesh size in the y-direction would require a much smaller time step. Since there is no dynamics in the y direction, the mesh size in y-direction can be left out. This is also defined by PARAM,AXIALSYM. Setup of Material and Initialization Data The multi-material Euler with strength solver will be used:
First model: PEULER1,1,, STRENGTH,4 PEULER1,1,, MMSTREN,4
The material is defined by

DMAT,1,8.96e-9,1,1,1,,1 PMINC,1,-1.e+20 EOSPOL,1,143000 SHREL,1,47700 YLDJC ,1,175,380,0.32,0.06,0.55,1,4.52e+008,+ + ,1811,293

The Euler elements are initialized using geometric regions:

TICVAL,3,,XVEL,-197000,DENSITY,8.96e-9 $ $ ------- TICEUL BC init-euler ----TICEUL,4,,,,,,,,+ + ,SPHERE,1,,,1,,,,+ + ,BOX,2,1,3,2,,,,+ SPHERE,1,,0.0,0.0,0.0,100.0 BOX,2,,0.0,-0.3,0.0,25.4,0.6,1.91
Results Results at time 4.8 e-5 sec are shown in Figure 1-21 and Figure 1-22
.
Figure 1-21
FMAT of the metal
Figure 1-22
Plastic strain, Range 0 to 1.08
As in Example 4.1, the rod elongates slightly after 0.48e-5 sec as shown in Figure 1-23. The total length reached at the end is 19.9. This translates into a reduction of length of 0.78. These results compare well with the results presented in Example 1.4 If the compression is more severe or when damage is used it is preferred to add PARAM, EULSTRESS,MASS. With this PARAM, stresses are transported by using mass instead of volume. The mass approach can be more accurate, but for this simulation it is not needed. Running the same problem with the single material strength solver also gives reasonable results, although the material is not as smooth. This is explained by the fact that the transport algorithms of the multi-mat strength solver are currently more sophisticated.

Figure 1-23
Elongation as Function of Time
Figure 1-24
FMAT at Time 4.8e-5 seconds with the Strength Solver
Dytran File
START MEMORY-SIZE = 6500000,6500000 CEND ENDTIME=7.e-5 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: taylor-euler TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: euler TYPE (euler) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (euler) = 1 SET 1 = ALLELEMENTS ELOUT (euler) = DENSITY TEMPTURE EFFSTS , VOID XVEL YVEL ZVEL MASS PRESSURE, FMAT EDIS EFFPLS TIMES (euler) = 0,THRU,END,BY,6.e-6 SAVE (euler) = 10000

$------- Parameter Section -----$ PARAM,INISTEP,5e-9 PARAM,MINSTEP,1e-10 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * peuler1 * PARAM,AXIALSYM,RECT,X,ZX,2.5 $ PEULER1,1,, MMSTREN,4 $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material JC id =1 DMAT,1,8.96e-9,1,1,1,,1 PMINC,1,-1.e+20 EOSPOL,1,143000 SHREL,1,47700 YLDJC ,1,175,380,0.32,0.06,0.55,1,4.52e+008,+ + ,1811,293 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ ------- TICVAL BC init-bar-val ----TICVAL,3,,XVEL,-197000,DENSITY,8.96e-9 $ $ ------- TICEUL BC init-euler ----TICEUL,4,,,,,,,,+ + ,SPHERE,1,,,1,,,,+ + ,BOX,2,1,3,2,,,,+ SPHERE,1,,0.0,0.0,0.0,100.0 BOX,2,,0.0,-0.3,0.0,25.4,0.6,1.91 $ MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0.0,0.0,0.0,26.0,0.2,3.82,,,+ +,128,1,44,,,,EULER,1 ENDDATA


Problem Description
Hourglass modes in simulations with 1-point integration hexahedron and quadrilateral elements are always present. In the past, a lot of research in suppressing these modes have been done in Dytran and other explicit codes. Therefore, nowadays, the hourglass modes are often suppressed to a sufficient level by default. However, in certain occasions, the modes are still persevering and can easily trouble the solution. A rigorous solution for this is the use of fully integrated quadrilateral and/or hexahedron elements. These elements do not exhibit hourglassing modes, and therefore, do not need hourglass suppressing terms in the algorithm. To illustrate the above, a load is applied to a plate modeled with one layer of hexahedron elements. The model has a load (linearly) applied in the top mid center and is supported in the lower corners. It will be shown that the new fully integrated hexahedron element in Dytran does not suffer from hourglassing. Theoretically, this can be proven because no hourglassing modes exist in the solution, contrary to the 1-point integration hexahedron element, which has several hourglassing modes. The model will be run with four different settings, as summarized in Table 1-1. Table 1-1 Case
1 2 3 4
Summary of Analyses Settings Element Integration Method Hourglass Control Method

Stiffness Based (FBS) Stiffness Based (FBS) Viscosity Based (DYNA)
Hourglass Control Coefficient

0.1 0.01 0.1
1-point constant stress 2x2x2 points fully integrated 1-point constant stress 1-point constant stress
The model has the following Dimensions LxB = 5x5 Thickness = 1 Material, Linear Elastic G = 7500 K = 16250 (as a result: = 0.3) r = 1.2e-3 Loads and BC's F = 400, linear in time up to 0.1 [sec] Clamped at bottom corner nodes.
Dytran Model
The hexahedron mesh is shown in Figure 1-25. The model has one element over the thickness, and 64 elements in total. The force is applied on two nodes in the top center and the bottom corner nodes are clamped using a SPC. The force is ramped up linearly in 0.1 seconds to minimize oscillations. The ENDTIME is 0.1 seconds.

Figure 1-25 Case 1
Model
This case is using default settings. Case 2 Starting with the model of Case 1, choosing the following options on the PSOLID entry activates the 2x2x2 fully integrated hexa element: IN = 2 ISOP = FULL Case 3 Starting with the model of Case 1, choosing the following option on the HGSUPPR entry activates the lower hourglass coefficient: HGCSOL = 0.01 Case 4 Starting with the model of Case 1, the overall hourglass control method for solids is modified to the viscous method, by entering the parameter: PARAM, HGCSOLID, DYNA

Results
The results for the four cases are shown in Figure 1-26 through Figure 1-29 below.
Figure 1-26 shows that applying point loads as done in this example introduce hourglass modes when using 1-point integration. Figure 1-27 shows that the hourglass modes do not occur when using the 2x2x2 integration method. Figure 1-28 shows that by lowering the hourglass control coefficient more severe hourglass modes occur. Figure 1-29 shows that the viscous hourglass mode suppression method is not working well in this example. This is understandable, because in general a viscous hourglass mode suppression method is only suited for problems with high velocities.
Note that in all the figures, the displacements are all scaled up in order to show the hourglassing modes more clearly.
Figure 1-26
Case 1: 1-Point Integration Hexa, Hourglassing to a Small Extent in the Bottom and Top Rows Displacements are scaled up.
Note:

Figure 1-27 Note:
Case 2: 2x2x2 Fully Integrated Hexa, No Hourglassing Displacements are scaled up.
Figure 1-28
Case 3: 1-Point Integration Hexa with Lower Stiffness Damping Coefficient (0.01) Displacements are scaled up.
Note:

Figure 1-29
Case 4: 1-Point Integration Hexa with Viscous Hourglassing Suppression, Hourglassing very Clearly Present Displacements are scaled up.
Note:
Files
Case 1: Case 2: Case 3: Case 4: EPM15-default.dat EPM15-2x2x2.dat EPM15-lowcoef.dat EPM15-hg-dyna.dat
References 7. Dytran reference manual, chapter 5, Bulk data description of Hourglass suppression modes HGSUPPR 8. LS-Dyna version 970 Keyword's User Manual, *HOURGLASS


START CEND ENDTIME=0.1 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: Comparison-iso TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: elems TYPE (elems) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (elems) = 1 SET 1 = 1 THRU 64 ELOUT (elems) = TXX TYY TZZ TXY TYZ TZX EFFSTS EFFPLS SIE TIMES (elems) = 0 THRU END BY 0.05 SAVE (elems) = 10000 $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,INISTEP,1e-8 $ $ Case 1: no extra parameters $ $ Case 2: no extra parameters $ $ Case 3: $ PARAM,HGCSOL,0.01 $ $ Case 4: $ PARAM,HGSOLID,DYNA $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ --- SPC-name = Clamp SPC1 1 123 1 9 82 90 $ $ --- Define 162 grid points --$ GRID 1 .00000 .00000 .00000 . GRID 162 5.00000 5.00000 1.00000 $ $ --- Define 64 elements $ $ -------- property set Property --------CHEXA 1 1 1 2 11 10 82 +A000001 92 91 . CHEXA 64 1 71 72 81 80 152 +A000064 162 161 $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ Case 1,3 and 4: $ * Property * $ PSOLID 1 1 $
83+A000001 153+A000064

$ Case 2: $ * Property 2x2x2 Hexa fully integrated * $ $ PSOLID 1 1 2 1 $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material Material-iso id =1 DMAT 1 .0012 1 1 EOSPOL 1 23000 SHREL 1 7500 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ ------- Force BC Force ----TLOAD1 1 5 0 1 FORCE 5 77 0 1 0 -200 0 FORCE 5 158 0 1 0 -200 0 $ $ ================ TABLES ================= $ $ ------- TABLE 1: Table ------TABLED1 1 +A000065 +A000065 0 0 .1 1 ENDT $ ENDDATA
Chapter 2: Structural Contact Dytran Example Problem Manual
Structural Contact

Overview
48 49 55 63
Three-plate Contact
Ball Penetrating a Steel Plate
Tapered Beam Striking a Rigid Wall Impact Loading Pipe Whip 76 70

Overview
Overview
In this chapter, a number of example problems are presented that show the capabilities of Dytran to model structural interaction. Through these examples, the user can learn how to model the interaction between structural parts using the different types of contact available in Dytran.
Chapter 2: Structural Contact 49

Three-plate Contact
Three-plate Contact
Problem Description
Plates 1 and 3 are moving towards a third, resting Plate 2, which is located between them. The initial situation is given in Figure 2-1 below:
Figure 2-1
Initial Situation
The required data is shown below.

Size of all three plates:
width in y-direction width in z-direction thickness
a=2m b=2m t = 0.005 m
Material of the plates (steel):
density Youngs modulus Poissons ratio

Initial conditions:
= 7800 kg/m3
E = 2.1 1011 N/mm2
= 0.3
distance velocity
d = 0.005 m v0 = 15 m/sec
The purpose of this example is to investigate the treatment of contact between structures in Dytran.

Three-plate Contact
Theoretical Result
The conservation of momentum and energy will only be achieved if the plates are reflected with a velocity equal to the initial velocity but with reversed direction. For symmetry reasons, the central plate stays at rest. As shell elements (which are infinitely stiff in their normal direction) are used, the duration of the contact is theoretically approaching zero.
Dytran Model
The plates are modeled by 4 x 4 shell elements. The initial grid point velocities are prescribed using TIC entries. The CONTACT entry refers to SURFACE entries, which define the surfaces by sets of element faces or by property IDs of shell elements. In this example, a CFACE is defined for each shell element. The CFACEs of the plates 1, 2, and 3 are grouped in the face sets IDs 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Three different ways to model the contact are compared. The following table shows how the surfaces and contacts are defined in three cases: Master CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 Contact 1 Contact 2 Contact 1 Contact 2 Contact 1 Contact 3 Contact 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 2,3 1 2 2,3 Slave Single Surface
Time histories for the position and velocities of grid points on each plate are requested for output. In addition, two Contact variables are requested for output. One is the magnitude of Contact force in the x-direction and the other is the smallest distance between slave and master face.
Results
When a contact between two surfaces is defined, the code applies a constraint force pushing the corresponding parts away from each other, as soon as penetration occurs. In the case of the master-slave contact, the grid points of the slave surface are checked for penetration of the faces of the master surface and the force is related to the depth of that penetration. The grid points of the master surface are not checked against the slave surface. In the case of the single surface contact, the algorithm checks all grid points for the penetration of any face of the surface. As the stiffness of the contact (which is a numerical and not a physical entity) is related to the number of penetrating grid points, the single surface contact is stiffer than the master-slave contact. In this example, it should behave exactly as two master-slave contacts with interchanged surfaces.

Three-plate Contact
The time histories of the central plate grid points velocities in x-direction agree with the expectations. The plots of Case 1 (Figure 2-2) and Case 3 (Figure 2-3) show that the energy and momentum are conserved and that symmetry is achieved. The acceleration of the plates during the contact has a finite value according to the finite numerical stiffness of the contact. Comparison of the plots show the stiffer behavior of the single surface contact. As a result of this, in Case 2 (Figure 2-4), there is a delayed exchange of momentum in the master-slave contact causing a part of the momentum to be transferred to the Plate 2.
Figure 2-2
Two Master-slave Contacts Result in a Symmetric Behavior
Figure 2-3
A Single-surface Contact behaves as Stiff as Two Master-slave Contacts Interchanged Surfaces

Three-plate Contact
Figure 2-4
The Combination of a Single Surface Contact with a Single Master-slave Contact produces an Unsymmetric Result
Files
pl3contact1.dat pl3contact2.dat pl3contact3.dat PL3CONTACT1.OUT PL3CONTACT2.OUT PL3CONTACT3.OUT PL3CONTACT1_GRXPV_1.THS PL3CONTACT2_GRXPV_1.THS PL3CONTACT3_GRXPV_1.THS PL3CONTACT1_CONT_DIS_0.THS PL3CONTACT2_CONT_DIS_0.THS PL3CONTACT3_CONT_DIS_0.THS
Dytran input file for the three cases
Dytran output files for the three cases
Dytran time history files for grid point output for the three cases Dytran time history files for contact output for the three cases

TITLE = Three Plate Contact ENDSTEP = 40 TIC = 1 $ $ --------- Requesting the Position and Velocity of one $ TYPE(grxpv) = TIMEHIS

Three-plate Contact
SAVE(grxpv) = 9999 GRIDS(grxpv) = 1 SET 1 = 12t62b25 STEPS(grxpv) = 1t100b1 GPOUT(grxpv) = XPOS,XVEL $ $ --------- Contact distance output vars $ TYPE(cont_dis) = TIMEHIS CONTS(cont_dis) = 2 SET 2 = ALLCONTACTS CONTOUT(cont_dis) = DMIN,XFORCE STEPS(cont_dis) = 0,THRU,END,BY,1 SAVE(cont_dis) = 9999 $ BEGIN BULK PARAM INISTEP 1e-05 $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS BULK DATA $ $ GRID 1 -.005 -1. -1. GRID 2 -.005 -.5 -1. GRID 3 -.005 0.0 -1. GRID 4 -.005 .5 -1. . . . GRID 72 .005 -.5 1. GRID 73 .005 -4.44-161. GRID 74 .005 .5 1. GRID 75 .005 1. 1. $ CQUAD4 1 1 1 2 7 CQUAD4 2 1 2 3 8 CQUAD4 3 1 3 4 9 CQUAD4 4 1 4 5 10 . . CQUAD4 45 1 66 67 72 CQUAD4 46 1 67 68 73 CQUAD4 47 1 68 69 74 CQUAD4 48 1 69 70 75 $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE LOADS, CONSTRAINTS, $ ENTRIES $ $ TIC 1 1 1 15. TIC 1 2 1 15. TIC 1 3 1 15. TIC 1 4 1 15. . . TIC 1 51 1 -15. TIC 1 52 1 -15. TIC 1 53 1 -15. TIC 1 54 1 -15. $ $
6 7 8 9 71 72 73 74 AND CONTROL BULK DATA

Three-plate Contact
$ THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE DEFINED FEFACES OF ELEMENTS $ $ CFACE 1 1 1 1 CFACE 2 1 2 1 CFACE 3 1 3 1 CFACE 4 1 4 1 . . . $ PSHELL 1 1 .005 $ DMATEP 1 7800. 2.1+11 .3 $ SURFACE 1 SEG 1 SURFACE 2 SEG 2 SURFACE 3 SEG 3 $ CONTACT 1 SURF SURF 1 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 + Both Full + 0.0 .1 Distance1.+20 1.1 .1 Distance0.002 + 0.0 1.+20 On On 1.+20 CONTACT 2 SURF SURF 2 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 + Both Full + 0.0 .1 Distance1.+20 1.1 .1 Distance0.002 + 0.0 1.+20 On On 1.+20 ENDDATA
+ + + + + +


Problem Description
Consider the situation where a rigid steel ball with a weight of 2.6 kg strikes a square steel plate with a thickness of 0.005 m at a velocity of 230 m/sec. The ball hits the center of the plate perpendicularly. Two alternative models of the plate have been computed [Ref. 1.]. In the first model, the plate is composed of individual shell elements without any grid points in common. the connection between adjacent elements is defined by constraints (BJOINS), which are eliminated when the average plastic strain of the connected elements exceeds a specified value (see Figure 2-5). Additionally, when the ball penetrates the plate, the elements that break off do not go to pieces but remain in the Dytran model, as is shown in Figure 2-6. This approach might be used to simulate. e.g. welding lines.
Figure 2-5
BJOINS: Connection Fails if 1/4
( p 1 + p 2 + p 3 + p 4 ) > p = 0.5
The second model concerns a plate composed of shell elements with a failure criterion (eroding elements). Input data are equal as for the first model. As is shown in Figure 2-7, the failed elements vanish if they lose their stiffness. The mass and momentum at the grid points is retained. An advantage of this approach is that the CPU time is about five times smaller than for the first model. The properties of the plate and ball are listed below. Plate material Youngs modulus Poissons ratio yield stress percent of elongation thickness length width steel E = 2. 1011 N/m2 = 0.3 = 4. 108 N/m2 50% t = 0.005 m L = 0.3 m W = 0.3 m

Ball material density mass radius velocity steel (rigid body) = 7850 kg/m3 m = 2.617 kg R = 0.043 m v = 230 m/sec
Figure 2-6
Ball Penetrating Plate using BJOINS

Figure 2-7
Ball Penetrating Plate without using BJOINS
Desired Results
The two models will be compared with respect to the failure of the plate. In the BJOIN model, the elements should break off without failing themselves and they should remain visible in the Dytran model. In the eroding element model, the failed elements are only used in the calculation but should be invisible to the user.
Dytran Modeling
The ball is modeled as a rigid body using the RIGID entry. The outer surface of the ball consists of 1000 CQUAD4 dummy elements, which are defined as such by the PSHELL1 entry. The elements are covered by CFACEs so that by using the SURFACE entry, the outer surface can be both defined as a rigid surface that is needed in the RIGID entry as well as a Lagrangian interface in the contact with the plate. There are no constraints imposed on the ball, but it is given an initial velocity of 230 m/sec in the RIGID entry. The plate is modeled using 30 x 30 (900) Belytschko-Tsay shell elements (CQUAD4). Furthermore, a nonuniform mesh with smaller elements is used near the center, where the impact takes place. By using the SPC entry, the boundary of the plate is fixed in all directions.

In the BJOIN model, there are 4 x 900 (3600) different grid points defined, since the 900 elements have no grid points in common. Constraints are imposed on the grid points, using the BJOIN entry to tie the elements together, and a user-written subroutine exbrk.f to define the failure mechanism (see Figure 2-5). For the BJOIN entry, you must define an input set that contains all the joined grid point pairs, while the subroutine exbrk.f causes the connection of a set of tied nodes to break when the average plastic strain of the four adjacent elements surrounding this set of nodes exceeds 50%. The entire plate is defined as a Lagrangian interface by the SURFACE entry. Finally, the Lagrangian interaction between ball and plate is established by the CONTACT entry, where the ball is defined as master and the plate as slave. Note that the plate must be a slave surface since the elements (segments of the SURFACE) are separate during the contact, which will cause problems with sliding. In the eroding element case (normal failure criterion), there are again 900 elements but only 961 grid points for defining the plate. Instead of the BJOIN entry, the FAILMPS entry is used and the maximum plastic strain is set to 0.5. The results are shown in Figure 2-7.
Results
Figure 2-6 and Figure 2-7 show the penetration of the ball through a plate modeled with BJOIN and modeled with eroding elements, respectively. In the BJOIN case, the elements that break off remain visible, whereas in the eroding element case, the failed elements disappear as was expected. In Figure 2-8, the velocity of the ball, the kinetic energy, and the internal energy of the plate are compared for both models. In the BJOIN case, the ball loses more kinetic energy during the impact than in the eroding element case. Finally, the BJOIN case consumes about five times more CPU time than the eroding element case.

Figure 2-8
Difference in the Velocity of the Ball, and the Kinetic and Internal Energy Plate between both Cases. The Thick (Upper) Curve is made using BJOIN

Files
ball_plate.dat ball_plate_adap.dat ball_xl.dat non_equi_plate.dat bjoin_grid_set.dat fail_plate_xl.dat BALL_PLATE.OUT BALL_PLATE_ADAP.OUT BALL_PLATE_BALL_0.ARC BALL_PLATE_PLATE_0.ARC BALL_PLATE_ADAP_BALL_0.ARC BALL_PLATE_ADAP_PLATE_0.ARC BALL_PLATE_RIGID_BALL_0.THS BALL_PLATE_ENERGY_0.THS BALL_PLATE_ADAP_RIGID_BALL_0.THS BALL_PLATE_ADAP_ENERGY_0.THS exbrk.f
Dytran input file for BJOIN case Dytran input file for the eroding element case Geometry input file for ball Geometry input file for BJOIN_plate BJOIN grid_pairs file Geometry input file for plate for eroding element case. Dytran Input Files Dytran output files Dytran archive files (BJOIN case) Dytran archive files (eroding element) Dytran time history files (BJOIN case) Dytran time history files (eroding element) User subroutine used for BJOIN case
Reference 1. Gere, James M., and Timoshenko, Stephen P., Mechanics of Materials, 1985, Wadsworth International.

START CEND TITLE = Ball penetrating a steel plate CHECK = NO ENDSTEP = 1100 TLOAD = 1 TIC = 1 SPC = 1 $$ $$ Data for output control Set 1 $$ TYPE (Ball) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (Ball) = 8 SET 8 = ALLDUMQUAD ELOUT (Ball) = ZUSER STEPS (Ball) = 0,THRU,END,BY,100 SAVE (Ball) = 10000 $$ $$ Data for output control Set 2

$$ TYPE (Plate) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (Plate) = 7 SET 7 = ALLSHQUAD ELOUT (Plate) = EFFPL-MID,EFFST-MID STEPS (Plate) = 0,THRU,END,BY,100 SAVE (Plate) = 10000 $$ $$ Data for output control Set 3 $$ TYPE (Rigid_Ball) = TimeHis RIGIDS (Rigid_Ball) = 9 SET 9 = 200 RBOUT (Rigid_Ball) = XCG, YCG, ZCG, XVEL, YVEL, ZVEL STEPS (Rigid_Ball) = 0 THRU END BY 2 SAVE(Rigid_Ball) = 10000 $$ $$ Data for output control Set 4 $$ TYPE (Energy) = TimeHis MATS (Energy) = 12 SET 12 = 100 MATOUT (Energy) = EKIN, EINT, EDIS STEPS (Energy) = 0 THRU END BY 2 SAVE(Energy) = 10000 $ $ BEGIN BULK SETTING,1,VERSION2 PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-7 PARAM,BULKL,0.06 PARAM,BULKQ,1.44 $ $ Model geometry. $ --------------INCLUDE ball_xl.dat $ INCLUDE non_equi_plate.dat $ $ Definition of joined grid points. $ --------------------------------BJOIN,1,229,1.E-5,USER,,EXBRK,,,+ +,,,,,YES $ INCLUDE bjoin_grid_set.dat $ $ Dummy elements to build the ball. $ --------------------------------PSHELL1,200, ,DUMMY $ $ Define the ball as a rigid body. $ -------------------------------RIGID,200,2,2.617,,.15,.15,.044,,+ +,,0.0,0.0,-230.,,,,,+ +,,.124767,0.0,0.0,.124767,0.0,.124767 $ $ Structural elements to build the steel plate. $ --------------------------------------------PSHELL,100,100,.005 YLDVM,222,4.+8,0.0

DMATEP,100,7850.,2.+11,.3,,,222 $ $ Contact surface on the plate. $ ----------------------------SURFACE,1,,ELEM,111 SET1,111,1,THRU,900 $ $ Surface for defining the ball as a rigid body, $ which is also used as contact surface. $ ---------------------------------------SURFACE,2,,SEG,1 $ $ Contact surface for master (ball) - slave (plate). $ -------------------------------------------------CONTACT,1,SURF,SURF,1,2 $ ENDDATA

Tapered Beam Striking a Rigid Wall

Problem Description
In the case of an impact between a moving object (given an initial velocity v0) and a rigid stationary wall, it is common for the user to request forces, stresses, and deformations resulting from this impact. In some cases, it might be easier to consider an equivalent problem where the object has no initial velocity and where the rigid wall is given a constant velocity v(t) = v0. The resulting forces, stresses, and deformations are exactly equal for both cases since the first problem is identical to the second problem if the frame of reference is moving with the same velocity v0. To verify that Dytran is consistent with this theoretical result, two alternative analyses are used to model the impact of a tapered beam (made of steel with a length of 1 m and a weight of 40.71 kg) with a rigid plate. In the first case, the beam is given an initial velocity of 100m/sec while the plate is fixed. In the second case, the plate is given a constant velocity of 100 m/sec while the beam has no initial velocity but is free to move. The properties of the beam are as follows: Beam material density mass bulk modulus shear modulus yield stress spall pressure steel
= 7830 kg/m3
m = 40.71 kg K = 1.64 1013 N/m2 G = 8.18 1012 N/m2
= 1.4 1011 N/m2

ps = 3.8 109 N/m2
Desired Results
The two alternative analyses should yield the same results with respect to forces, stresses, and deformations. Furthermore, the resulting velocities and momentum of the tapered beam for both cases should differ by exactly 100 m/sec and 100 kg m/sec for every time step, respectively.
Dytran Modeling
The plate is modeled using 5 x 5 (25) Belytschko-Tsay shell elements (CQUAD4) covered by CFACEs. Using the PSHELL1 (with the DUMMY option), the SURFACE, and the RIGID entries, the plate is defined as a rigid body as well as a Lagrangian contact surface. Using the TLOAD1 entry (TYPE = 12) and the FORCE entry, the plate is given a constant velocity of 0 m/sec and 100 m/sec in the first and second case, respectively. The tapered beam is built from 4 x 20 (80) nonuniform CHEXA elements that get smaller towards the one end. The PSOLID entry together with the DMAT, EOSPOL, SHREL, YLDVM, and PMINC entries

define a steel material property for the beam. The front part of the beam, which is in contact with the plate, is covered by CFACEs to define a Lagrangian contact surface. In the first case, all the grid points of the beam are given an initial velocity of 100 m/sec by using the TICGP entry. Finally, the CONTACT entry defines the contact between the beam (slave) and the plate (master).
Results
As shown in Figure 2-9 through Figure 2-14, the results are identical for both cases, as expected.
Figure 2-9
Moving Beam - Effective Stress Contour of the Deformed Beam after 1200 Cycles
Figure 2-10
Moving Plate Effective Stress Contour of the Deformed Beam after 1200 Cycles

Figure 2-11
Z-Forces for a Grid Point on the Front of the Beam The Curves are identical for both Cases
Figure 2-12
Z-velocities for Grid Point on the Front of the Beam The Upper Curve is derived from the Moving Beam Case

Figure 2-13
Z-momentum averaged over all the Grid Points of the Beam The Upper Curve is derived from the Moving Beam Case
Figure 2-14
Average Kinetic Energy of all the Grid Points of the Beam The Thick Curve is derived from the Moving Beam Case

Files
tapered_beam1.dat tapered_beam2.dat tapered_beam_xl.dat TAPERED_BEAM1.OUT TAPERED_BEAM2.OUT TAPERED_BEAM1_BEAM_0.ARC TAPERED_BEAM1_PLATE_0.ARC TAPERED_BEAM2_BEAM_0.ARC TAPERED_BEAM2_PLATE_0.ARC TAPERED_BEAM1_VEL_0.THS TAPERED_BEAM1_ENERGY_0.THS TAPERED_BEAM2_VEL_0.THS TAPERED_BEAM2_ENERGY_0.THS
Dytran input files (case 1) Dytran input files (case 2) Dytran output files Dytran archive files (BJOIN case) Dytran archive files (eroding element) Dytran time history files (BJOIN case) Dytran time history files (eroding element)

START CEND TITLE = Moving beam strikes fixed wall. CHECK = NO ENDSTEP = 1200 TLOAD = 1 TIC = 1 SPC = 1 $$ $$ Data for output control Set 1 $$ TYPE (BEAM) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (BEAM) = 8 SET 8 = 1t80 ELOUT (BEAM) = EFFSTS,PRESSURE,EFFPLS STEPS (BEAM) = 0,THRU,END,BY,50 SAVE (BEAM) = 10000 $$ $$ Data for output control Set 2 $$ TYPE (PLATE) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (PLATE) = 17 SET 17 = ALLDUMQUAD ELOUT (PLATE) = ZUSER STEPS (PLATE) = 0,THRU,END,BY,50 SAVE (PLATE) = 10000 $$ $$ Data for output control Set 3 $$ TYPE (VEL) = TIMEHIS GRIDS (VEL) = 9 SET 9 = 229 GPOUT (VEL) = XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,ZFORCE STEPS (VEL) = 0,THRU,END,BY,2 SAVE (VEL) = 10000

$$ $$ Data for output control Set 4 $$ TYPE (ENERGY) = TIMEHIS MATS (ENERGY) = 13 SET 13 = 1 MATOUT (ENERGY) = EKIN, EINT, EDIS,XMOM,YMOM,ZMOM STEPS (ENERGY) = 0,THRU,END,BY,2 SAVE (ENERGY) = 10000 $ BEGIN BULK SETTING,1,VERSION2 PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-7 $ $ Model geometry. $ All entities are measured in cm. $ -------------------------------INCLUDE tapered_beam_xl.dat $ $ Define plate. $ ------------PSHELL1,2,,DUMMY $ $ A surface is needed to define the plate as a rigid body and $ to define a Lagrangian contact surface. $ --------------------------------------SURFACE,2,,SEG,2 $ $ Plate is rigid. In this case v=(0,0,0). $ --------------------------------------RIGID,2,2,50.,,5.,5.,101.,,+ +,,0.,0.,0.,,,,,+ +,,1.e20,0.,0.,1.e20,0.,1.e20 $ $ Plate is fixed in space for this case. $ By changing the data in the Force-entry, the plate can be $ given a constant velocity. $ -------------------------TLOAD1,1,2,,12 $ FORCE,2,2,,0.,0.,0.,1. $ $ Initial velocity beam is 10000 cm/s for this case. $ The TICGP-entry is skipped when the plate is given a velocity. $ -------------------------------------------------------------TICGP,1,5,ZVEL,10000. $ SET1,5,45,THRU,233 $ $ Properties beam: $ --------------PSOLID,1,1 $ $ Material beam is steel. $ ----------------------DMAT,1,0.007830,1,1,1,,1 $ EOSPOL,1,1.64e9 $ SHREL,1,8.18e8

$ YLDVM,1,1.4e7 $ PMINC,1,-3.8e7 $ $ A contact surface is needed for the beam. $ ----------------------------------------SURFACE,1,,SEG,1 $ $ Contact between beam (slave) and plate (master): $ -----------------------------------------------CONTACT,1,SURF,SURF,1,2 $ ENDDATA

Impact Loading
Impact Loading
Problem Description
A simple elastic bar is subjected to an impact load on one end and supported on the other end. The impact load on the elastic bar is applied by a rigid body with mass m = 0.00311 lbs2/in and an initial velocity v0= 240 in/s. The elastic bar has the following properties: Cross sectional area A = 0.2025 in2 Elastic modulus Material density Bar length E = 10.5 x 106 psi = 0.000262 lb.s2/in4 L = 6.00 in.
The purpose of this model is to study the response of the simple elastic bar to impact loading and to check the results against theoretical data.
Theoretical Results
The contacted end of the elastic bar experiences an impulse, which causes an internal force locally in the bar. This pulse starts traveling down the length of the bar and the force in the bar at any point away from the impacted end remains zero until the distortional pulse reaches that point. The distortional pulse (stress wave) travels with at a fixed velocity equal to the speed of sound in solids, which is a function of material density and stiffness. The magnitude of the initial pulse is given by
P pul se = A 0 E = 2,549 lb
The fixed velocity of the distortional pulse is given by

c = E = 2000,322 in/s
The time required by the pulse to traverse the entire length of the bar is given by
L - = 0.03 ms t = -c
From the conservation of energy, the magnitude of peak load in the bar is
P max = EAm ------------ x 0 = 7967 lb L

Impact Loading
Dytran Model
Due to one-dimensional problem, a simple mesh is set up (see Figure 2-15). The rigid body is modeled as a single Lagrangian solid CHEXA element of dimension 0.5 in 0.5 in 0.5 in. The elastic bar is modeled as 1 40(40) equidistant Lagrangian solid CHEXA elements for the entire length of 6 inches and all the nodes at one end of the bar is constrained in all directions. All the nodes of the rigid body are given an initial velocity of 240 in/s. A cross-section is defined at the center of the bar using SECTION option to monitor the axial force at the center of the bar.
Figure 2-15
Numerical Problem Layout showing CHEXA Lagrangian Solid Elements
Results
The plot for the axial cross-sectional force at the center of the bar is shown in Figure 2-16. It can be seen from the plot that the time taken for the stress wave to travel the entire length of the bar is t = 0.03ms. After the stress wave reaches the fixed ends of the bar, it gets reflected as a compressive wave traveling back towards the impactor. Because the initial pulse did not impart the entire impact energy to the bar, the impactor is still moving forward. Therefore, a secondary compressive pulse is initiated with a slightly lower magnitude than the initial pulse because the velocity of the impactor is slightly reduced. This secondary pulse adds directly to the reflected initial pulse. This process continues with the addition of ever diminishing pulse magnitudes until all the impact energy has been absorbed. The correlation between the theoretical values and the numerical values obtained from the Dytran result plots are very good.

Impact Loading
Figure 2-16
Plot for Axial Force at the Center of the Bar
Files
bar.dat BAR.OUT BAR_ELEMENT_0.ARC BAR_SEC_0.THS
Dytran input file Dytran output file Dytran archive file Dytran time history file
References (Continued) 2. Jones, Rodney H., Hethcock, J. Donn, and Mullins, B. R., Analysis and Design of Dynamically Loaded Fittings American Helicopter Society 57th Annual Forum (2001).

Impact Loading

START CEND ENDTIME=0.0007 ENDSTEP=999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: bar TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ $Output request for the stress distribution in the elastic bar $ TYPE (element) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (element) = 1 SET 1 = 1 THRU 40 ELOUT (element) = EFFSTS STEPS (element) = 0 thru end by 20 SAVE (element) = 10000 $ $Output request for the forces on the cross-sections of the bar $ TYPE (sec) = TIMEHIS CSECS (sec) = 5 SET 5 = 1 2 3 CSOUT (sec) = XFORCE YFORCE ZFORCE FMAGN STEPS (sec) = 0 thru end by 1 SAVE (sec) = 10000 $ $ $------- Parameter Section -----$ PARAM,INISTEP,1e-7 PARAM,CONTACT,VERSION,V4 PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,CONTACT,GAP,0.0 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------$ BEGIN BULK $ SECTION 1 99 999 SET1 99 161 THRU 164 SET1 999 40 $ SECTION 2 88 888 SET1 88 81 THRU 84 SET1 888 20 $ SECTION 3 77 777 SET1 77 1 THRU 4 SET1 777 1 $ $ $ --- SPC-name = fixed_ends $ SPC1 1 123 161 THRU 164 $

Impact Loading
$ --- Define 172 grid points --$ GRID 1 .0000000.0000000.0000000 : : : GRID 172 .4750000.4750000.0250000 $ $ --- Define 41 elements$ $ $ -------- property set rigid --------$ CHEXA 41 1 165 166 168 167 +A000049 172 171 $ $
169
170+A000049
$ -------- property set bar --------$ CHEXA 1 2 1 2 4 3 5 6+A000050 +A000050 8 7 . .CHEXA 40 2 157 158 160 159 161 162+A000089 +A000089 164 163 $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * rigid * $ PSOLID 1 1 $ $ * bar * $ PSOLID 2 2 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ -------- Material bar_mat id =1 DMATEL 2 0.000262 1.05e+007 0.33+A000090 +A000090 $ $ -------- Material rigid id =2 MATRIG 1 .00311 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ ------- Initial Velocity BC initial_velocity ----$ SET1 1 165 THRU 172 TICGP 1 1 ZVEL -240 $ $ -------- Contact : contact $ $ CONTACT 3 SURF SURF 1 2 +A000091 +A000091 V4 BOTH SLAVE+A000092 +A000092 +A000093 +A000093 ON

Impact Loading
$ $ Slave contact surface for contact $ $ SURFACE 1 SEG 1 CFACE 1 1 1 2 . . CFACE 162 1 40 3 $ $ Master contact surface for contact $ SURFACE 2 SEG 2 CFACE 163 2 41 2 CFACE 164 2 41 5 CFACE 165 2 41 1 CFACE 166 2 41 6 CFACE 167 2 41 4 CFACE 168 2 41 3 $ $ ENDDATA

Pipe Whip
Pipe Whip
Problem Description
A tubular pipe that rotates with an initial velocity of 200 radians/s around one end hits another tubular pipe that is clamped on both ends:
Figure 2-17
Initial Configuration of Pipe Whip Model
The overall dimensions and material properties of both pipes are the same, and are shown below: Radius Length Thickness Density Young's modulus Poissons Ratio Yield Stress R = 0.1778 m L = 1.524 m t = 0.01097 m
= 7827 kg/m3
E = 2.07E11 Pa
= 0.3 y = 3.1E11 Pa *
*A very high Yield Stress has been defined to mimic almost elastic behavior. This will result in a quick rebound of the rotating pipe, and is meant for demonstration purposes only. The center of rotation of the rotating pipe is equal to the center point of its one rear end. The impact point is at the middle of the stationary pipe and for the rotation pipe, it is at a distance of 0.9144 m from the rotation center. The initial rotational velocity is 200 radians/s. The calculation is carried out from the time just before the impact until the time that the rotating pipe begins to reverse. The Problem Time is 3 msec.

Pipe Whip
Dytran Model
The pipes are modeled with quadrilateral shell elements, and a contact is defined between the rotating pipe and the stationary pipe. An additional self-contact is defined for the rotating pipe. A DMATEP with YLDVM is used to define the material. In order to easily apply the rotational boundary condition, a plate closes off the pipe, and an SPC is applied to the center node. This plate is given a thickness 10 times higher than the thickness of the pipe itself. This mimics a rigid connection between all the nodes in the rotation plane. The entire analysis from modeling to postprocessing is carried out by using the Dytran Preference of Patran. The complete description for this step-by-step Patran based Analysis performance is reported in the workshop 12. For quick reproduction of this model in Patran, two session files are available: Pipe_Whip_1.ses: From modeling to submission of the Dytran Job Pipe_Whip_2.ses: From reading the result files to postprocessing
Results
From the Time History of the Kinetic Energy of Material_1, it can be seen that the rotating pipe has bounced back around 2.5 mseconds.
Figure 2-18
Kinetic Energy of Rotating and Stationary Pipe
The deformation of the pipes at 3 msec is shown in the Figure 2-19

Pipe Whip
Figure 2-19
Deformed Shape at 3 msec.
Files
Pipe_Whip.dat Pipe_Whip.bdf PIPE_WHIP.OUT PIPE_WHIP_LAG_0.ARC PIPE_WHIP_MAT_0.THS Pipe_Whip_1.ses Pipe_Whip_2.ses
Dytran input file Dytran input file Dytran output file Dytran ARC file Dytran THS file MD Patran session file: Modeling & Job Submission MD Patran session file: Postprocessing

START CEND ENDTIME=0.3E-2 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: Pipe_Whip TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: Lag TYPE (Lag) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (Lag) = 1 SET 1 = 1 THRU 7896 ELOUT (Lag) = EFFST-MID TIMES (Lag) = 0 THRU END BY 0.3E-3 SAVE (Lag) = 10000

Pipe Whip
$ Output result for request: Mat TYPE (Mat) = TIMEHIS MATS (Mat) = 2 SET 2 = 1 2 MATOUT (Mat) = EKIN EINT EDIS STEPS (Mat) = 0 THRU END BY 10 SAVE (Mat) = 10000 $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 PARAM,LIMCUB,5500 PARAM,MINSTEP,1.E-15 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK INCLUDE Pipe_Whip.bdf $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * p.11 * $ PSHELL 11 1 .1097 $ $ * p.1 * $ PSHELL 1 1 .01097 $ $ * p.2 * $ PSHELL 2 2 .01097 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material m1 id =1 DMATEP 1 78272.07e+11 .3 YLDVM 1 3.1e+11 $ $ -------- Material m2 id =2 DMATEP 2 78272.07e+11 .3 YLDVM 2 3.1e+11 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ -------- Contact : Contact1 $ CONTACT 5 SURF SURF 1 2 +A000001 V4 TOP $ $ Slave contact surface for Contact1 $ SURFACE 1 SUB 1 SUBSURF 1 1 ELEM 3 SET1 3 3988 THRU 4011 4023 +A000002 THRU 4081 4093 THRU 4116 . . . $
+A000001
THRU 4128
4046 THRU
4058+A000002 4151+A000003

Pipe Whip
$ Master contact surface for Contact1 $ SURFACE 2 SUB 2 SUBSURF 2 2 ELEM 4 SET1 4 73 THRU 98 115 THRU +A000043 THRU 182 199 THRU 224 241 . . . $ $ -------- Contact : Contact2 $ CONTACT 6 SURF 3 +A000084 V4 BOTH $ $ Self Contact Surface for Contact2 $ SURFACE 3 SUB 3 SUBSURF 3 3 ELEM 5 SET1 5 73 THRU 98 115 THRU +A000085 THRU 182 199 THRU 224 241 . . . $ $ ------- Initial Rotational Velocity: Inivel ----TIC3 1 1 1 +A000126 0 0 0 0 200 0 . . . $ $ ENDDATA
140 THRU
157+A000043 266+A000044
+A000084
140 THRU
157+A000085 266+A000086
+A000126 +A000127
Chapter 3: Fluid Dynamics Dytran Example Problem Manual
Fluid Dynamics

Overview Shock Tube Blast Wave
82 83 90 95
JWL Explosive Test
Modeling Blast Wave using 1-D Spherical Symmetry Method 103 Modeling the JWL Explosion using 1-D Spherical Symmetry JWL Material Model vs. The Ideal Gas Approximation Nonuniformity with MESH,BOX 139 146 133 121
Water Waves with Cyclic Flow Boundaries

Overview
Overview
In this chapter, a number of example problems are presented that show the fluid dynamics capabilities of Dytran. The user can find in these examples how to model the dynamic behavior of fluids and gasses using Eulerian technology in Dytran, what material models to use, and how to apply loads and constraints. The use of materials includes high energy explosive materials.
Chapter 3: Fluid Dynamics 83

Shock Tube
Shock Tube
Problem Description
The propagation of shock waves is an important consideration for many Dytran application areas. Shock tube gas dynamics constitute a relatively simple process and as such a closed form solution can be found by analytical means. For one-dimensional plane shock, two adjacent regions of gas are initialized at time = 0 and there is a single discontinuity at the boundary between them
.
Figure 3-1
One-Dimensional Plane Shock
At time > 0, the situation is much more complex. At point b, the expansion front of the compressed material has a velocity Ub, the sound speed of the compressed material. Point c is the contact front between the compressed and uncompressed materials and has a velocity Uc, and point s is the shock front with velocity Us. In the region between c and s, the material variables are constant (, P, Uc) with a local sound speed. This time region is therefore useful for the study of hypervelocity events.
Figure 3-2
Density and Velocity Profiles in a Shock Tube

Shock Tube
Desired Results
For this example, the ideal gas equation of state is used. The initial conditions are: High Pressure =1 u=0 e = 2.5 P=1 Low Pressure = 0.125 u=0 e = 2.0 P = 0.1
A time > 0, the analytical technique produces ([Ref. 1.] to [Ref. 3.]), the following results: P Pc = 3.03130 = 0.303130
R = 0.265574 L = 0.426319 eR eL = 2.85354 = 1.77760
Uc = 0.927453 (peak flow velocity: at point c)
Dytran Modeling
Two models were analyzed with different mesh densities. In both models, hydrodynamic Euler elements are used, and the gas regions are initialized using a TICEUL entry. (See Chapter 2, Eulerian Elements of the Dytran Users Guide.)
Coarse Model
The shock tube is modeled using 2500 (5 x 5 x 100) CHEXA elements. The numerical mesh is given in Figure 3-3.

Shock Tube
Figure 3-3
Coarse Finite Element Mesh
Fine Model
The shock tube is modeled using 5000 (5 x 5 x 200) CHEXA elements.
Results
The sharpness of the steps in the graph as produced by a Dytran analysis is dependent on how fine a mesh is used. This effect can be seen by comparing the graphs produced from the two analyses.
Coarse Model
The results are plotted in Figure 3-4 and Figure 3-5 show that the variation of material variables along the length of the shock tube. A selective number of elements along the axis of the shock tube were selected for this purpose.

Shock Tube
Figure 3-4
Length along the Shock Tube plotted against Material Density
Figure 3-5
Length along the Shock Tube plotted against Material Sound Speed and Material Velocity
Model
The fine model shows the effect of a finer mesh on the resolution of the results graphs (see the graphs shown in Figure 3-6 and Figure 3-7).

Shock Tube
Figure 3-6
Length Along the Shock Tube Plotted against Material Density
Figure 3-7
Length along the Shock Tube plotted against Material Sound Speed and Material Velocity

Shock Tube
Coarse Mesh
eul1_coarse.dat EUL1_COARSE.OUT EUL1_COARSE_TUBE_0.ARC
Dytran input files Dytran output files Dytran archive files
Fine Mesh
eul1_fine.dat EUL1_FINE.OUT EUL1_FINE_TUBE_0.ARC
Dytran input file Dytran output files Dytran archive files
References 1. Buis, J. P., Analysis of shock Tube Calculations Performed by the PISCES-2DELK/V4 Code, 1967, PISCES International B.V. 2. Harlow, F. H., and Amsden, A. A., Fluid Dynamics, 1971, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Monograph. 3. Jardin, S. C., and Hoffman, R., Simulation of Explosive Processes in PISCES-1DL, 1972, Physics International Company.

START CEND TITLE = Shock Tube #1 ENDTIME = 0.138 ENDSTEP = 100 TIC = 1 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 1 $$ TYPE(tube) = ARCHIVE SAVE(tube) = 9999 ELOUT(tube) = XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE,SSPD STEPS(tube) = 0,End ELEMENTS(tube) = 1 SET 1 = 13t2488b25 BEGIN BULK PARAM INISTEP 0.0005 PARAM MINSTEP 0.0001 $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS BULK DATA $ Model Geometry: gridpoints and elements $-----------------------------------------$ GRID 1 .05 0.0 0.0 . .

Shock Tube
. . GRID 3636 -.05 -1.39-161. $ CHEXA 1 1 1 37 38 + 44 8 . . . CHEXA 2500 1 3593 3629 3630 + 3636 3600 $ $Property,material and equation of state data $-------------------------------------------PEULER1 1 Hydro 1 $ DMAT 1 1. 1 $ EOSGAM 1 1.4 $ $Allocation of material to geometric regions. $-------------------------------------------TICEUL 1 + ELEM 1 1 11 1. + ELEM 2 1 12 2. SET1 1 1251 THRU 2500 SET1 2 1 THRU 1250 $ $Initial material data $----------------------TICVAL 11 density .125 zvel TICVAL 12 density 1. zvel ENDDATA
43
3594
3599
3635
+ +
0.0 0.0
sie sie
2. 2.5

Blast Wave
Blast Wave
Problem Description
The effect of a detonation on the environment can be simulated by assuming that the detonated material can be idealized by a sphere of hot gas with a homogeneous density and specific internal energy. This approach is suited for problems in which the processes inside of the explosive material are not to be investigated. In this example, the propagation of a blast wave will be simulated starting from the initial shock front radius R0 = 0.05 m at the time t = 0 sec until it reaches a radius of R = 10 R0. Both, the gas in the sphere and the surrounding environment behave as an ideal gas ( = 1.4). The initial conditions are: Blast Products (r < R0) specific internal energy density e1 = 1.29 1010 Joule/kg 1 = 7.74 kg/m3
Environment (Air at Room Temperature, r > R0) specific internal energy density e0 = 1.938 105 Joule/kg 0 = 1.29 kg/m3
The index 1 denotes values at the shock front and the index 0 values in the ambient atmosphere.
Theoretical Solution
A theoretical solution is available for a spherical blast wave originating from a point source (Taylors similarity solution; see [Ref. 3.]). Assuming 1 >> 0, the evaluation of the Rankine-Hugoniot relations deliver in the case of a blast wave:
1 +1 ----- = ----------0 1
(3-1)
This relation has been considered in the given problem setup. Assuming a point source and internal energy E, the pressure 1 at the shock front (r = R) should be
= 0.155 E 0 r
3
(3-2)

Blast Wave
Inserting the initial conditions yields

4 3 - R = 1.6641 E7 J E = e 1 1 -3 0
(3-3)
and
1 ( R ) = 2.58E6 J R
3
(3-4)
Figure 3-8
Radial Pressure Distribution for several Time Steps and the Theoretical Maximal Pressure
The results of the simulation should converge to this solution as the radius of the shock front increases. The analysis should generate an x-y plot of the pressure distribution along the x-axis and compare it with the theoretical solution. Also, a contour plot should be produced to check the spherical shape of the expanding pressure front.
Dytran Modeling
The motion of the gas is radial. Therefore, only a part of the area of interest need to be analyzed. Here, a mesh of 20 x 20 x 20 hexahedral Eulerian elements has been used for investigating the volume (0 < x < 0.3 m, 0 < y < 0.5 m, 0 < z < 0.5 m). The center of the blast wave is located at the origin of the global coordinate system. As discussed in Chapter 2, Eulerian Elements of the Dytran Users Guide, TICEUL entry can be used for describing the initial conditions. A higher level has to be used to indicate the higher priority of the spherical condition. The value for the parameter INISTEP has to be below the minimal time step that follows from the Courant Criterion:

Blast Wave
l t = S ---c0
(3-5)
where l denotes the smallest element dimension, c0 the initial speed of sound, and S is a safety factor Dytrans default value is 2/3). With l = 10 R 0 20 = 0.025 m and c 0 = ( 1 ) e 1 Equation (3-5) yields for the time step seconds. Therefore, the value 1.96E-7 sec is used for the INISTEP parameter.
t = 1.96 E-7
Results
Figure 3-9 shows pressure profiles in the elements 1 to 20, which are located along the edge y = z = 0 m
of the control volume. The theoretical value of the shock front pressure is also included in this plot. Though this mesh is very coarse, the analysis results is a fairly good approximation of the theoretical values. Note that at t = 0, element 2 is not completely inside of the sphere of high energy gas. Therefore, its pressure is below that of element 1 at t = 0 sec.
Figure 3-9
Pressure Contour Plot for Step 50
The contour plot of the pressure in Figure 3-9 shows an almost spherical shape of the shock front. Deviations are due to the fact that mass transport takes place along element faces only. Thus, the relief of pressure is hampered for the elements on the diagonal.

Blast Wave
Files
blast.dat BLAST.OUT BLAST_PROFILE_0.ARC BLAST_CONTOUR_50.ARC
Dytran input file Dytran output file Dytran archive files
Reference (Continued) 4. Baker, W. E., Explosions in Air, University of Texas Press, 1973, Austin and London.

START CEND TITLE = Blast Wave CHECK = NO ENDSTEP = 60 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 1 $$ TYPE(profile) = ARCHIVE SAVE(profile) = 99999 ELEMENTS(profile) = 1 SET 1 = 1t20 STEPS(profile) = 0,5,10,15,20,30,40,50,60 ELOUT(profile) = PRESSURE $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 2 $$ TYPE(contour) = ARCHIVE SAVE(contour) = 999999 ELEMENTS(contour) = 2 SET 2 = 1t8000 STEPS(contour) = 50 ELOUT(contour) = PRESSURE BEGIN BULK PARAM INISTEP 1.5e-07 $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS BULK DATA $ $ GRID 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 GRID 2 .025 0.0 0.0 GRID 3 .05 0.0 0.0 GRID 4 .075 0.0 0.0 . . . . GRID 9258 .425 .5 .5 GRID 9259 .45 .5 .5 GRID 9260 .475 .5 .5 GRID 9261 .5 .5 .5 $

Blast Wave
CHEXA + CHEXA + CHEXA + CHEXA + . . . . CHEXA + CHEXA + CHEXA + CHEXA + $ $ PEULER1 $ DMAT $ EOSGAM $ TICEUL + + SET1 $ TICVAL TICVAL $ SPHERE ENDDATA
1 464 2 465 3 466 4 467
1 23 1 24 1 25 1 26
1 2 3 4
442 443 444 445
443 444 445 446
2 3 4 5
22 23 24 25
463 464 465 466
+ + + +
7997 9258 7998 9259 7999 9260 8000 9261 1 1 1 1 SPHERE ELEM 1 1 2 1
1 8817 1 8818 1 8819 1 8820
8795 8796 8797 8798
9236 9237 9238 9239
9237 9238 9239 9240
8796 8797 8798 8799
8816 8817 8818 8819
9257 9258 9259 9260
+ + + +
Hydro 1. 1.4 1
+ 1 1 1 1 1 THRU 1 2 8000 10. 5. sie sie 0.0 1.29+10 193800. .05 +
density 7.74 density 1.29 0.0 0.0

JWL Explosive Test
JWL Explosive Test

Problem Description
A slab of explosive, COMPOSITION B, 1 cm x 50 cm, is detonated at one end. The explosive material data is shown below:
JWL equation of state parameters
A B
= 5.24229 1011 = 0.07678 1011
R1 = 4.2 R2 = 1.1 = 0.34
density 0 = 1717 kg/m3 specific chemical energy q0 = 4.95 106 Joule/kg detonation velocity D = 7980 m/sec
The purpose of this example is to model the detonation of the explosive and to check the pressure behind the detonation front (peak pressure) against the theoretical Chapman-Jouguet value.
Theoretical Background
Detonation of High Explosives (HE) Detonation is the mechanism by which the HIGH EXPLOSIVE materials release their chemical energy:
The chemical reaction, causing the energy release, takes place in a narrow zone (reaction zone)
which propagates at high speed through the explosive that transforms the solid explosive into hot compressed gasses. The reaction zone is then a form of discontinuous wave, like a shock wave, with physical behavior that is governed solely by the properties of the unreached and completely reacted material on either side of the wave. This means that a hydrodynamic approach of detonation can be used. Hydrodynamic Theory of Steady-state Plane Detonation The model of the plane, steady-state reaction zone propagating at constant speed D through the explosive is depicted in Figure 3-10.

JWL Explosive Test
Figure 3-10
Plane Reaction Zone Propagating at Constant Speed
The Rankine-Hugoniot relations, which express the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in the material stream flowing through the reaction zone, are used to relate the hydrodynamic variable across the reaction zone. Conservation of mass and momentum
D p p 0 = -----( V0 V ) 2 V0
2
(3-6)
Conservation of energy
1 - ( p + p0 ) ( V0 V ) + q0 e e 0 = -2
(3-7)
Equation (3-6) describes a straight line (Rayleigh line) defining the locus of all possible final states (p,V) attainable by a discontinuous transition from the initial state (p0, V0) consistent with conservation of mass and momentum. Equation (3-7) is purely thermodynamic from which, with a given equation of state p = p (V, e) for the detonation products, the energy term may be eliminated, resulting in the Hugoniot curve of the explosive. The Hugoniot curve defines a concave downward curve locus of all possible final states (p, V) attainable by a discontinuous transition from the initial state (p0, V0) consistent with conservation of energy. (See Figure 3-11.)

JWL Explosive Test
Figure 3-11
Hugoniat Curve and Rayleigh Line
The forms of the Rayleigh line and Hugoniot curve are such that their interaction permits the existence of any detonation speed D above a minimum value and each value of D is consistent with two possible final states for the detonation products. One further condition is therefore required. Chapman and Jouquet added the following condition to conservation of mass, momentum, and energy:
The detonation speed D is such that the Rayleigh line is tangent to the Hugoniot curve of the
explosive (or the detonation speed is the minimum velocity consistent with the RankineHugoniot relations). this process is shown in Figure 3-12.
Figure 3-12 Hugoniot Curve and Rayleigh Line for Detonation Process

JWL Explosive Test
According to the above considerations if the ideal gas equation of state (with constant specific heat ratio ) is used to model the detonation products, the following formulas result:
P cj = 2 ( 1 ) q 0 0 -V V cj = ----------+1 0
(3-8) (3-9)
These relations are applicable also when using the JWL equation of state (with variable specific heat ratio) if measuring cj at the Chapman-Jouguet state ( P cj, V cj ) behind the detonation front.
Dytran Model
Steady-state Detonation Modeling with Dytran Dytran use the programmed burn technique to model the detonation of high explosives (HE). The basic assumption of this technique is that the reaction zone propagates in all directions at a constant speed equal to the Chapman-Jouguet detonation velocity D cj . As the reaction zone reaches and proceeds into an element, the chemical energy is proportionally released into that element over its burn time. The arrival and burn times of each element are computed according to Figure 3-13 below:
Figure 3-13
Arrival Times of Detonation Wave
The following input entries are required when modeling detonation:

EOSJWL TICEL DETSPH
Defines equation of state of detonation products. Is used to assign the specific chemical energy as initial specific internal energy of each element. Defines the ignition point, ignition time and speed of a spherical detonation front.

JWL Explosive Test
Preparing Input Due to symmetry, the reaction zone (detonation front) is a plane traveling along the length of the slab. Therefore, it is sufficient to model only a portion of the slab with all boundary faces closed to transport. A mesh of 200 elements along the 50 cm of slab length is used (element thickness of 0.25 cm).
Figure 3-14
Geometrical Layout of Explosive and Detonation Point
At the start time, all the elements are filled with explosive material. Therefore, they all reference a EOSJWL equation of state defined by a DMAT entry. The specific chemical energy q0 is assigned as the initial specific internal energy of the explosive by using the TICEL entry. The Chapman-Jouguet detonation velocity Dcj, the ignition point, and the ignition time are specified by the DETSPH entry. The ignition time is taken as the start time of the analysis and the ignition point is the center of the left face of the mesh. (See Figure 3-14.) The duration of the analysis is set to 60 sec necessary to burn the slab (50 cm) at a detonation speed of 7980 m/sec. Edits of pressure profiles are requested every 10 sec.
Results
The solution of the detonation analysis is shown in Figure 3-15. The peak pressure of each profile corresponding to the pressure behind the detonation front is depicted in Figure 3-15 in terms of the Chapman-Jouguet pressure fraction. From the hydrodynamic theory of steady-state plane detonation for a -law gas, the CJ pressure is
P cj = 2 ( cj 1 ) q 0 0
(3-10)
with cj = 2.706 for TNT, this leads to

P cj = 2.9 * 10 P a
10
(3-11)

JWL Explosive Test
The code needs about 60 elements to build up the detonation front at which time the pressure reaches approximately 0.85 of Pcj. Subsequently, the front propagates with only a small increase of pressure. These results are acceptable if the fact is taken into account that Dytran is a first-order code that smears the shock front over a number of elements (always conserving momentum and energy). The result of that will be a reduction in peak pressure
.
Figure 3-15
Peak Pressure Profiles at Different Distances
Files
jwl.dat JWL.OUT JWL_P_0.ARC
Dytran input file Dytran output file Dytran archive file

START CEND TITLE = HE DETONATION TEST CHECK = NO ENDTIME = 6e-05 TIC = 1 $$

JWL Explosive Test
$$ Data for Output Control Set 1 $$ TYPE(p) = ARCHIVE SAVE(p) = 99999 ELEMENTS(p) = 1 SET 1 = 1t200 ELOUT(p) = PRESSURE TIMES(p) = 0tEndb3e-06 $--------------------------------BEGIN BULK $--------------------------------PARAM INISTEP 2e-07 $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS BULK DATA $ $------------------mesh geometry $ GRID 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 GRID 2 0.0 .01 0.0 GRID 3 0.0 0.0 .01 GRID 4 0.0 .01 .01 . . . . GRID 801 .5 0.0 0.0 GRID 802 .5 .01 0.0 GRID 803 .5 0.0 .01 GRID 804 .5 .01 .01 $ CHEXA 1 1 1 5 6 2 + 8 4 CHEXA 2 1 5 9 10 6 + 12 8 CHEXA 3 1 9 13 14 10 + 16 12 CHEXA 4 1 13 17 18 14 + 20 16 . . . . CHEXA 197 1 785 789 790 786 + 792 788 CHEXA 198 1 789 793 794 790 + 796 792 CHEXA 199 1 793 797 798 794 + 800 796 CHEXA 200 1 797 801 802 798 + 804 800 $ $------------------all elements filled with HE material $ $ PEULER 1 100 Hydro $ DMAT 100 1717. 100 $ EOSJWL 100 5.242+117.6783+94.2 1.1 .34 $
3 7 11 15
7 11 15 19
+ + + +
787 791 795 799
791 795 799 803
+ + + +

JWL Explosive Test
$------------------initial state of HE material $ DETSPH 1 100 0.0 .01 .01 7980. 0.0 $ $------------------detonation characteristics $ TICEL 1 1 density 1717. sie 4950000. SET1 1 1 THRU 200 ENDDATA

Modeling Blast Wave using 1-D Spherical Symmetry Method

Problem Description
In many blast applications, the explosive is spherically symmetric and small compared to the distance from ignition point to target. An efficient method is developed to reduce the computation time significantly by initializing the spherical blast wave by constructing a 1-D model first, and then as the wave progresses and expands, the pressure wave is mapped to a full 3-D model just before the blast wave reaches the structure. The pressure in the wave front should be adequately maintained during the mapping process by avoiding excessive coarse mesh. This limits the amount of mesh coarsening one can apply. To validate mapping, the 1-D mesh and the 3-D mesh will have comparable mesh-sizes. In addition, mapping on a coarser mesh is also considered. To model the blast, ideal gas is used. The initial radius of the sphere will be R0=0.1 m. Ideal gas model: Blast Products (r<R0) Specific internal energy = 9.E+6 Joule/kg Density Gamma Environment (r>R0) Specific internal energy = 3.E+5 Joule/kg Density = 1 kg/m3 = 10 kg/m3 = 1.4
The simulation will be run for 0.843 ms. Remapped results will be compared with results that do not use remapping.
Dytran Modeling
The Spherical model The Euler region is defined and initialized as follows: MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0,-0.001,-0.001,0.5,0.002,0.002,,,+ +,15,1,1,,,,EULER,1

This defines one row of Euler elements. To make the mesh suitable for spherical symmetric analyses PARAM SPHERSYM is added PARAM,SPHERSYM,RECT,X,2.0 This transforms the rectangular 1-D mesh into a wedge-shaped mesh. In addition, only the radial mesh size will be taken into account in the time step computation. In the 1-D spherical modeling technique, the analysis has to be terminated as soon as the material starts leaving the 1-D mesh model. In this example, the last cycle (cycle 48, t=0.11 ms,) where the material is still inside the domain, is considered. To import the 1-D result into the 3-D simulation, the following steps can be followed.
Read in the Euler archives in Patran and select a cycle in which the material has not left the
domain yet.
In Patran Click Results->Graph Set as target entries the centers of the Euler elements and select variables. After apply, a graph
is shown
Converting the graph to a text file (.xyd file):
a. Click XYPOT. b. Select Create->XYwindow and create a new window. c. Click POST> Curve. Select a curve and Apply. d. Click Modify->Curve. e. Select the Curve and Apply. f. Select Data from Keyboard . g. Check Write XY Data to file and apply. This writes out a text file. For the remap, text files have to be created for density, specific internal energy (SIE), and radial velocity. These are called rho.xyd, sie.xyd, and vel.xyd. The follow-up 3-D model: The Euler region is defined and initialized as follows: MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-1,-1,-1,2,2,2,,,+ +,60,60,60,,,,EULER,1 TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,100,9,2.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0 SPHERE,4,,0.0,0.0,0.0,20.0 TICVAL,8,RADIAL,X-CENTER,0,Y-CENTER,0,Z-CENTER,0,+ +,R-VEL,400,density,200,SIE,300 TICVAL,9,,DENSITY,1.0,SIE,3e+5 $ TABFILE,200,rho.xyd

TABFILE,300,sie.xyd TABFILE,400,vel.xyd
TABFILE allows defining a table from a text file.
The full 3-D model: To check the integrity of the remapped results, a full 3-D model will also be simulated and results will be compared to the previous method. The Euler region is defined and initialized as follows: MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-1,-1,-1,2,2,2,,,+ +,60,60,60,,,,EULER,1 The material initialization is identical to the spherical 1-D model. The follow-up 3-D model coarse model: The Euler region is defined and initialized as follows: MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-1,-1,-1,2,2,2,,,+ +,30,30,30,,,,EULER,1 In this example, the following calculations have been performed. 1. Spherical Model 2. Follow-up 3-D Model 3. Full 3-D Model 4. Follow-up 3-D Coarse model

Results
Spherical Model The mesh and the results of the spherical symmetric model are shown in the following figures.
Mesh
Density at Time = 0.11 ms
SIE at Time = 0.11 ms
Radial Velocity at Time = 0.11 ms

The remap data are shown in the following figures.
Rho.xyd
SIE.xyd
V el.xyd

Follow-up 3-D Model The initial conditions of the follow-up 3-D model at cycle 1 closely resemble the spherical symmetric solution results at cycle 48 as shown in the following figures.
3-D Mesh (60 x 60 x 60)
Density at Cycle 1
SIE at Cycle 1
Velocity Magnitude at Cycle 1

The validation of the 1-D to 3-D remap is shown in the following figures.

The following figure shows the pressure at time = 0.733 ms (cycle 76). This time represents the total problem time of 0.843 ms (1D + 3D=0.773+0.11).
Full 3-D Model The results of the full 3-D model at Time = 0.11 ms (cycle 48) is shown in the following figure. This time is equivalent to the time of cycle 1 of the 3-D remap run.

The use of an orthogonal mesh is clearly visible in the square shape. The following figure shows the pressure profile comparison with the 3-D remap run at cycle 1.
The following figure shows the pressure distribution at time = 0.836 ms. This compares well with the 3-D results using remap. The pressures in the wave front are very similar.

Follow-up 3-D Coarse Model
3-D Coarse Mesh (30 x 30 x30)

Comparing initial conditions at cycle 1 with 1-D result.

Pressure distribution and radial pressure profile at Time = 0.877 ms
Comparison pressure profiles Run 2, 3, and 4


Spherical Symmetric Model
START CEND ENDSTEP = 100 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: sphersym TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL, FMAT,MASS,DENSITY,FMATPLT, FVUNC STEPS(ALLEULER) = 0,thru,end,by,3 SAVE (ALLEULER) = 10000 $ $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ -----------------------------------------------------------------$ PARAM,SPHERSYM,RECT,X,2.0 $ * Euler.300 * $ PARAM,MICRO,30 PEULER1,1,,HYDRO,19 $ EOSGAM,2,1.4 $ DMAT 100 100 2 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,100,9,6.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,0,10000 SPHERE,4,,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.1 TICVAL,8,,density,1,sie,3e+5 TICVAL,9,,density,10,sie,9e+6 $ MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0,-0.001,-0.001,0.5,0.002,0.002,,,+ +,15,1,1,,,,EULER,1 $ $ ENDDATA

3-D Model with Mapping

MEMORY-SIZE=16000000,12000000 START CEND ENDSTEP = 100 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: undex-2d TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL, FMAT,MASS,DENSITY,FMATPLT, FVUNC STEPS(ALLEULER) = 0,1,thru,end,by,15 SAVE (ALLEULER) = 10000 $ $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ -----------------------------------------------------------------$ $ * Euler.300 * $ PEULER1,1,,HYDRO,19 $ EOSGAM,2,1.4 $ DMAT 100 100 2 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,100,9,2.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0 SPHERE,4,,0.0,0.0,0.0,20.0 TICVAL,8,RADIAL,X-CENTER,0,Y-CENTER,0,Z-CENTER,0,+ +,R-VEL,400,density,200,SIE,300 TICVAL,9,,DENSITY,1.0,SIE,3e+5 $ TABFILE,200,rho.xyd TABFILE,300,sie.xyd TABFILE,400,vel.xyd MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-1,-1,-1,2,2,2,,,+ +,60,60,60,,,,EULER,1 $

$ ENDDATA
3-D Reference Model

MEMORY-SIZE=16000000,12000000 START CEND ENDSTEP = 100 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: undex-2d TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL, FMAT,MASS,DENSITY,FMATPLT, FVUNC STEPS(ALLEULER) = 0,thru,end,by,6 SAVE (ALLEULER) = 10000 $ $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ -----------------------------------------------------------------$ $ * Euler.300 * $ PEULER1,1,,HYDRO,19 $ EOSGAM,2,1.4 $ DMAT 100 100 2 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,100,9,6.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,0,10000 SPHERE,4,,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.1 TICVAL,8,,density,1,sie,3e+5 TICVAL,9,,density,10,sie,9e+6 $ $TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ $+,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0,,,,+ $+,SPHERE,4,100,9,2.0 $SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0 $SPHERE,4,,0.0,0.0,0.0,20.0 $TICVAL,8,RADIAL,X-CENTER,0,Y-CENTER,0,Z-CENTER,0,+

$+,R-VEL,400,density,200,SIE,300 $TICVAL,9,,DENSITY,1.0,SIE,3e+5 $$ $TABFILE,200,rho.xyd $TABFILE,300,sie.xyd $TABFILE,400,vel.xyd MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-1,-1,-1,2,2,2,,,+ +,60,60,60,,,,EULER,1 $ $ ENDDATA
Coarse Model with Remap

MEMORY-SIZE=16000000,12000000 START CEND ENDSTEP = 100 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: undex-2d TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL, FMAT,MASS,DENSITY,FMATPLT, FVUNC STEPS(ALLEULER) = 0,1,thru,end,by,15 SAVE (ALLEULER) = 10000 $ $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ -----------------------------------------------------------------$ $ * Euler.300 * $ PEULER1,1,,HYDRO,19 $ EOSGAM,2,1.4 $ DMAT 100 100 2 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,100,9,2.0

SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0 SPHERE,4,,0.0,0.0,0.0,20.0 TICVAL,8,RADIAL,X-CENTER,0,Y-CENTER,0,Z-CENTER,0,+ +,R-VEL,400,density,200,SIE,300 TICVAL,9,,DENSITY,1.0,SIE,3e+5 $ TABFILE,200,rho.xyd TABFILE,300,sie.xyd TABFILE,400,vel.xyd MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-1,-1,-1,2,2,2,,,+ +,30,30,30,,,,EULER,1 $ $ ENDDATA
Rho.xyd .016666668 0.17599975 0.050000001 0.11755728 0.083333336 0.13820617 0.11666667 0.17730692 0.15000001 0.23573031 0.18333334 0.30357549 0.21666668 0.41232908 0.25 0.69994283 0.28333333 1.3444314 0.31666666 1.8983461 0.34999999 1.5142108 0.38333333 1.0990304 0.41666669 1.0090078 0.45000002 1.0003828 0.48333335 1.0000119 Sie.xyd 0.016666668 1644110.4 0.050000001 1521182.6 0.083333336 1650291.4 0.11666667 1871300.8 0.15000001 2126423. 0.18333334 2316476.3 0.21666668 2376442.8 0.25 2337180. 0.28333333 2127134.5 0.31666666 1557344.5 0.34999999 738252.38 0.38333333 328480.25 0.41666669 301103.97 0.45000002 300045.94 0.48333335 300001.44 Vel.xyd 0.016666668 551.55115 0.050000001 343.2377

0.083333336 417.90549 0.11666667 592.59894 0.15000001 727.58636 0.18333334 765.23682 0.21666668 778.4917 0.25 932.18738 0.28333333 1135.2539 0.31666666 1092.1925 0.34999999 602.56567 0.38333333 125.99188 0.41666669 9.3862505 0.45000002 0.3385168 0.48333335 0.010169516

Modeling the JWL Explosion using 1-D Spherical Symmetry

Problem Description
The JWL model requires very fine mesh to reach the correct peak pressure. After sufficient expansion of the blast wave, fine elements are no longer useful and it would be very computationally efficient to replace the fine mesh by a coarse mesh. Furthermore, the initial stages of the explosion are spherical symmetric and allows the use of a 1D model. As in the previous example, the spherical initialization is done by constructing a 1-D model and results are remapped on a first quadrant 3-D model. The air outside the explosive will also be modeled. The multi-material Eulerian solver is used. The initial radius of the sphere will be R0=0.25 m. Blast Products (r<R0) JWL model, refer to section 4 of Chapter 3: JWL Explosive Test. Environment (r>R0) Ideal gas Density gamma 1.4 = 1 kg/m3
Specific internal energy = 3.E+5 Joule/kg
The simulation will be run for 2.5 ms.
Dytran Modeling
Spherical Symmetric Model The Euler region is defined and initialized as follows: MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0,-0.001,-0.001,4,0.002,0.002,,,+ +,1600,1,1,,,,EULER,1 This defines one row of Euler elements. To make the mesh suitable for spherical symmetric analyses PARAM SPHERSYM is added PARAM,SPHERSYM,RECT,X,1.0 This transforms the rectangular 1-D mesh into a wedge shaped mesh. Also, in the time step computation, only the radial mesh-size will be taken into account.

To allow outflow of air, a transmitting boundary condition is added: FLOWDIR,4,MMHYDRO,22,POSX,,,,,+ +,FLOW,OUT As soon as material is starting to leave the 1-D mesh, the analysis has to be terminated. In this example cycle 3000 and time 1.1 ms will be taken for the remap. For details as how to import the 1-D results into the 3-D simulation refer to the previous example. For the remap text files have to be created for air density, JWL density, air specific internal energy (SIE), JWL SIE and radial velocity. These are called rhoa.xyd, rhoj.xyd, siea.xyd, siej.xyd, and velj.xyd. In the files containing density information the entries with zero densities have to be removed. Follow-up 3-D Model for the First Quadrant The Euler region is defined and initialized as follows: MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0,0,0,5,5,5,,,+ +,75,75,75,,,,EULER,1 Using the material fraction the position of the interface between JWL material and air in the 1-D run can be computed. This interface is at 2.83244 m. This is used in SPHERE to define a sphere of explosive products. TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,2.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,200,9,4.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,0.0,10.0 SPHERE,4,,0.0,0.0,0.0,2.83244 TICVAL,8,RADIAL,X-CENTER,0,Y-CENTER,0,Z-CENTER,0,+ +,R-VEL,100,density,200,SIE,300 TICVAL,9,RADIAL,X-CENTER,0,Y-CENTER,0,Z-CENTER,0,+ +,R-VEL,100,density,400,SIE,500 $ TABFILE,100,velj.xyd TABFILE,200,rhoa.xyd TABFILE,300,siea.xyd TABFILE,400,rhoj.xyd TABFILE,500,siej.xyd $ To allow outflow of air, a transmitting boundary condition is added: FLOWDIR,4,MMHYDRO,22,POSX,,,,,+ +,FLOW,OUT FLOWDIR,4,MMHYDRO,22,POSY,,,,,+ +,FLOW,OUT FLOWDIR,4,MMHYDRO,22,POSZ,,,,,+ +,FLOW,OUT $ Here, a geometric boundary condition has been used. Otherwise a CHEXA mesh and CFACES would have to be made with Patran.

All JWL material should have a burn factor of 1 at cycle 1. To enforce this, the VEL field of the DETSPH entry is set to a sufficiently large value: DETSPH 1 200 .0 .0 .0 1E+12 0.0
Results
Spherical Model The mesh and the results of the spherical symmetric model are shown in the following figures.
Mesh (1600 elements)

Density Explosive Material at Time = 1.0951 ms (cycle 3000)
SIE Explosive Material at Time = 1.0951 ms (cycle 3000)

Radial Velocity Explosive Material at Time = 1.0951 ms (cycle 3000)
Pressure Explosive Material at Time = 1.0951 ms (cycle 3000)

Follow-up 3-D Model The initial conditions of the follow-up 3-D model are equal to the remapping result at cycle1 as shown in the following figures.
Mesh (75 x 75 x75)

Pressure at cycle 1
Comparison with 1-D
Density at cycle 1
Comparison with 1-D

SIE at cycle 1
Comparison with 1-D
Radial Velocity at cycle 1
Comparison with 1-D

The following figure shows the pressure at time = 0.799 ms (cycle 76). This time represents the total problem time of 1.894 ms (1D + 3D).
The following figure shows the pressure at time = 1.431 ms (cycle 100). This time represents the total problem time of 2.526 ms (1D + 3D).

Abbreviated Dytran Input File Spherical Symmetric Model

START CEND ENDSTEP = 4000 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: sphersym TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL, FMAT100,DENSITY100,SIE100, FMAT200,DENSITY200,SIE200,FBURN STEPS(ALLEULER) = 0,thru,end,by,50 SAVE (ALLEULER) = 10000 $ $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ -----------------------------------------------------------------$ PARAM,SPHERSYM,RECT,X,1.0 $ * Euler.300 * $ PARAM,MICRO,30 PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,19 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ EOSGAM,100,1.4 $ DMAT 100 1.29 100 $ DMAT 200 1717. 200 $ EOSJWL 200 5.242+117.6783+94.2 1.1 .34 $ DETSPH 1 200 .0 .0 .0 7980. 0.0 $ $ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,200,9,6.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,0,10000 SPHERE,4,,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.25 TICVAL,8,,density,1,sie,3e+5 TICVAL,9,,density,1717.,sie,4950000. $

MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0,-0.001,-0.001,4,0.002,0.002,,,+ +,1600,1,1,,,,EULER,1 $ $FLOWDEF,25,,MMHYDRO FLOWDIR,4,MMHYDRO,22,POSX,,,,,+ +,FLOW,OUT $ ENDDATA
3-D Model with Mapping

MEMORY-SIZE=40000000,40000000 START CEND ENDSTEP = 100 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: undex-2d TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,FBURN, FMAT100,FMAT200, DENSITY100,SIE100, DENSITY200,SIE200 STEPS(ALLEULER) = 0,1,thru,end,by,15 SAVE (ALLEULER) = 10000 $ $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ -----------------------------------------------------------------$ $ * Euler.300 * $ PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,19 $ EOSGAM,100,1.4 $ DMAT 100 1.29 100 $ DMAT 200 1717. 200 $ EOSJWL 200 5.242+117.6783+94.2 1.1 .34 $ DETSPH 1 200 .0 .0 .0 1E+12 0.0 $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $

TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,2.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,200,9,4.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,0.0,10.0 SPHERE,4,,0.0,0.0,0.0,2.83244 TICVAL,8,RADIAL,X-CENTER,0,Y-CENTER,0,Z-CENTER,0,+ +,R-VEL,100,density,200,SIE,300 TICVAL,9,RADIAL,X-CENTER,0,Y-CENTER,0,Z-CENTER,0,+ +,R-VEL,100,density,400,SIE,500 $ TABFILE,100,velj.xyd TABFILE,200,rhoa.xyd TABFILE,300,siea.xyd TABFILE,400,rhoj.xyd TABFILE,500,siej.xyd $ MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0,0,0,5,5,5,,,+ +,75,75,75,,,,EULER,1 $ FLOWDIR,4,MMHYDRO,22,POSX,,,,,+ +,FLOW,OUT FLOWDIR,4,MMHYDRO,22,POSY,,,,,+ +,FLOW,OUT FLOWDIR,4,MMHYDRO,22,POSZ,,,,,+ +,FLOW,OUT $ ENDDATA

JWL Material Model vs. The Ideal Gas Approximation

In blast wave simulations the choice of the material model of the explosive is quite important. Some explosive material models (EOSJWL,EOSIG) require very fine meshes to give useful results while others (EOSGAM) can give inaccurate results close to the explosive. The following example gives and illustrates a guideline for choosing the optimal material model for the explosive. The material models that can be used for modeling explosives are EOSIG, EOSJWL, and EOSGAM. EOSIG is closest to the physics of detonation and should be used when there is any question whether the explosive will ignite. EOSIG will ignite if the explosive material reaches locally a critical density. For use of EOSIG refer to Chapter 4: Fluid-structural Interaction, Shaped Charge, using IG Model, Penetrating through Two Thick Plates. If ignition is certain, then EOSJWL or EOSGAM can be used. They assume that the explosive will ignite and that the burn front will expand in space. EOSJWL allows to model the propagation of burning zone within the explosive by use of the DETSPH entry. EOSGAM does not model the burning process but assumes that the entire explosive is fully ignited instantaneously and that the explosive products are at rest. EOSGAM then allows modeling the expansion of these explosive products. Of all models, EOSIG will be the most accurate, but often the accuracy of EOSJWL suffices. And even in many instances, the accuracy of EOSGAM is more than sufficient from the engineering point of view. The disadvantage of EOSJWL and of EOSIG over EOSGAM is that EOSJWL and EOSIG require very fine meshes to function properly. This demands much longer computation time. If the distance between target and explosive is sufficiently large, EOSGAM can be a good alternative. To justify the use of EOSGAM note that in a large space it is not important to resolve the detonation process in great detail, and therefore we may use a so-called "static" detonation model, or the "constant volume" detonation model. This model can be described as detonating an explosive charge within a virtual rigid box and letting the detonation products reach an equilibrium state characterized by a uniform density, a uniform specific internal energy, and zero velocity. Then, the virtual rigid box is removed and the detonation products are allowed to interact with the surrounding medium. This static detonation model gives the ideal gas approximation of blast waves. Therefore a good criterion when the use of EOSGAM is sufficiently accurate can save much CPU time. Close to the explosive EOSJWL will give substantially more accurate results than EOSGAM. As a rule of thumb, the EOSGAM approximation becomes less accurate for scaled ranges
13
RW
13
(where
is the
range and W is the mass of the high explosive) below about 0.9 m kg . The simulations below will illustrate this rule. This rule is accepted in the field of blast wave simulations and can be used as a guideline to choose between EOSJWL or EOSGAM. By choosing a negative detonation time on the DETSPH, EOSJWL will act as an EOSGAM. Here the ideal gas constant of EOSGAM is given by = 1 + , where is the last of the JWL parameters. Furthermore, the burn logic is replaced by instantaneously ignition. In this example, EOSGAM is specified as an EOSJWL with negative detonation velocity. As an example we choose a charge of 1 kg Composition C-4, and we compare incident pressure time history and impulse (The integral of over-pressure with time for the positive phase of the wave), at three ranges from the charge center: 1m, 0.5m, 0.25m.

In the simulation below spherical symmetry will be used and the meshes will be 1-D. This is to keep run time limited. Repeating the same calculations with 3-D meshes will give the same findings. In principle, these 1-D spherical solutions can be mapped on to a 3-D mesh as illustrated int this chapter in Modeling the JWL Explosion using 1-D Spherical Symmetry.
Dytran Modeling
The modeling of this problem follows closely that of Modeling the JWL Explosion using 1-D Spherical Symmetry in this chapter. However, the units here are (m, kg, ms), so that the pressure is given in MPa, the specific internal energy in MJ/kg and the velocity in m/ms. First, an Euler mesh is defined by the MESH command and the associated SPHERSYM parameter: MESH,2,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0.,-0.01,-0.01,2.01005,0.02,0.02,,,+ +,200,1,1,,1,1,EULER,1 PARAM,SPHERSYM,RECT,X,2.0 The material EOS are an EOSGAM for the surrounding air and EOSJWL for the explosive. The data for the explosive are those for Composition C-4. DMAT,1,1.25,1 EOSGAM,1,1.4 $ C4 Explosive DMAT,2,1601.,2 EOSJWL,2,598155.,13750.,4.5,1.5,0.32,0.1 DETSPH,2,2,0.,0.,0.,8.50,0. It is important to provide the correct initial conditions for the explosive and the surrounding air, using TICVAL entries. The explosive needs also a DETSPH card for its ignition. TICVAL,1,,DENSITY,01.25,SIE,0.20833333 TICVAL,2,,DENSITY,1601.,SIE,5.434 DETSPH,2,2,0.,0.,0.,8.5,0. Finally, we note that in order to get instantaneous detonation, the detonation velocity in the DETSPH card should be negative. (Alternatively, one may use an Ideal Gas EOS with GAMMA=1+OMEGA, OMEGA being the fifth parameter on the EOSJWL card).
Results
Running this file produces three time histories of the pressure, at ~0.25m, 0.5m, and 1.0m distance from the charge center. The over-pressure and impulse histories are shown in Figure 3-16. To show the accumulative effect of the blast wave the graph software tool DPLOT was used. This tool allows to integrate the over-pressure time history. For more information on DPLOT refer to http://www.dplot.com/index.htm.

1.0m range
0.5m range
0.25m range
Figure 3-16
Comparison Between the "JWL" Algorithm and the "Static Detonation" Model

At the far range of 1.0m, the simplified Static Detonation model agrees very well with the JWL algorithm in terms of both peak pressure (less than 1%) and impulse (~1% up to 1ms, taking into account the time shift). For the intermediate range of 0.5m, the peak pressure agrees within ~7% but the impulse is still within 1%, which is still acceptable as a practical engineering approximation. But for the short range of 0.25m, the peak pressure of the simplified model is under-predicted by as much as 25%, and the impulse is over-predicted by 15%, an unacceptable approximation in most cases. In practice, it can be an option to use for both the explosive products and the air the same provided they are sufficiently close. This would allow the use of the first and second-order single material solvers. (If there are no other Eulerian materials). The accuracy would decrease a little because of the changed , but would also increase somewhat because only one Eulerian material is modeled. Then the small inaccuracies that come with modeling the multi-material interface between explosive product and air are avoided. The computed results compare well with experimental results predicted by the ConWep experimental data base for the one meter range. For the closer ranges, the differences between the calculated and the ConWep values become more pronounced, as is shown in Table 1. Refining the mesh is expected to improve the agreement. Table 3-1 Comparison Between Calculated and Experimental Peak Over-pressures JWL 1.075 4.23 10.0 Ideal Gas 1.081 3.94 7.47 ConWep 1.12 4.55 13.1
RANGE, m/ Peak, MPa 1.0 0.4975 0.246
Dytran Input File

START TIME=1000. MEMORY-SIZE=120000000,110000000 CEND ENDTIME=1.5 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE=Spherical Detonation with JWL Algorithm, dr=0.01m $ UNITS: m, kg, ms; Pressure: MPa, Energy: MJ TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: gage TYPE (gage) = TIMEHIS ELEMENTS (gage) = 4 SET 4 = 25 50 100 ELOUT (gage) = PRESSURE STEPS (gage) = 0 THRU END BY 1 SAVE (gage) = 100000

$------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,0.0001 PARAM,MICRO,20 PARAM,SPHERSYM,RECT,X,2.0 PARAM,FMULTI,0.5 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK MESH,2,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0.,-0.01,-0.01,2.01005,0.02,0.02,,,+ +,200,1,1,,1,1,EULER,1 $ * GAS * PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,13 TICEUL,13,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,1,1,1,1,,,,+ +,SPHERE,2,2,2,2 SPHERE,1,,0.,0.,0.,1000. SPHERE,2,,0.,0.,0.,0.0530282 TICVAL,1,,DENSITY,01.2,SIE,0.20833333 TICVAL,2,,DENSITY,1601.,SIE,5.434 DETSPH,2,2,0.,0.,0.,8.5,0. $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========= $ -------- Material AIR id =1 DMAT,1,1.25,1 EOSGAM,1,1.4 $ C4 Explosive DMAT,2,1601.,2 EOSJWL,2,598155.,13750.,4.5,1.5,0.32,0.1 DETSPH,2,2,0.,0.,0.,8.50,0. $ DETSPH,2,2,0.,0.,0.,-8.50,0.$ For the Static Detonation Option ENDDATA An example of the convergence of the peak over-pressure with mesh resolution is shown in Fig.2. The calculations are for 1kg TNT explosive charge at a range of 1m. Increasing the mesh resolution improves the agreement between the computed results and the experimental estimates. Note that the experimental estimates are taken from two sources: ConWep [1] and Kinney [2], and there is about 8% difference between the two sources. Such differences between experimental results are common in the field of blast wave measurements.

1.2 1 Over-Pressure, MPa 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6
Pressure-200 cells/m Pressure-400 cells/m Pressure-800 cells/m 0.9349 MPa, ConWep 1.0078 MPa Kinney
1kg TNT at 1m Range
0.7 0.8 0.9 TIME, ms
1.1
1.2
Figure 3-17
Over-pressure Time-history as Function of Mesh Resolution
References
1. [1] Hyde, D. W.: "ConWep, A computerized version of the Tri-Service Manual TM5-855-1", WES/SS Report, 17 April 1990. 2. [2] Kinney, G.F. and Graham, K.J.: "Explosive Shocks in air", second edition, springer-Verlag, p.94.

Nonuniformity with MESH,BOX

MESH,BOX allows the user to create nonuniform block meshes. These meshes were traditionally constructed only by preprocessors such as Patran. A uniform Euler block consists of a number of planes in each direction. These are at fixed distances. MESH, BOX has a functionality that allows full control over the locations of the planes. This functionality is activated by defining BIAS entries and using them on the MESH entry. The BIAS entries specify the locations of the planes.
Problem Description
If the explosive is small and the object far away, it is often necessary to use a non-uniform mesh that is fine near the explosive and coarse further away. This example problem illustrates the use of nonuniform meshes created by MESH,BOX. To model the blast, ideal gas will be considered. The initial radius of the sphere will be R0=0.2 m. Ideal gas model Blast Products (r<R0) Specific internal energy = 9.E+6 Joule/kg Density Gamma Environment (r>R0) Specific internal energy = 3.E+5 Joule/kg Density = 1 kg/m3 = 10 kg/m3 = 1.4
The simulation will be run for 9 ms.
Dytran Modeling
First, consider an Euler mesh without biasing that is defined by MESH,1,BOX,,,,0,0,7.5,+ +,-5,-0.12,-5,10,0.24,10,,,+ +,30,1,30,,123000,345000,EULER,1,+ By defining three BIAS entries, this MESH entry will be extended to create a nonuniform mesh. After the extension, the number of elements like 30 and 1 will be overruled by the BIAS definition.

The locations of planes in x-direction are specified by giving growth factors and number of elements for a series of subsequent intervals. These interval make up the x-range of [-5, 5] that is specified on the MESH,BOX. The biasing per interval reads INTERVAL 1 2 3 4 5 6 BEGIN -5 -2 -2 0 1 2 END -2 -1 0 1 2 5 GROWTH 0.5 1 0.5 2 1 2 N 14 7 10 10 7 14
Here BEGIN and END are, respectively, the begin coordinate and end coordinate of each interval. N is the number of elements inside the interval and GROWTH is the growth factor between two subsequent elements within the interval. In translating this to the BIAS entry, only the begin points are put in the BIAS entry. The end points of an interval follow from the begin point of the next interval. For the x-direction the bias definition reads: BIAS,100,,,,,,,,+ +,-5,0.5 ,14,,,,,,+ +,-2 ,1 ,7,,,,,,+ +,-1 ,0.5 ,10,,,,,,+ +, 0 ,2 ,10,,,,,,+ +, 1 ,1 ,7,,,,,,+ +, 2 ,2 ,14 The OUT file list these planes as: PLANE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X GROWTH -5.000E+00 -4.704E+00 -4.423E+00 -4.157E+00 -3.904E+00 -3.665E+00 -3.438E+00 -3.223E+00 -3.019E+00 ELMSIZE 0.000E+00 2.962E-01 2.808E-01 2.662E-01 2.524E-01 2.393E-01 2.269E-01 2.151E-01 2.039E-01
1.000E+00 9.481E-01 9.481E-01 9.481E-01 9.481E-01 9.481E-01 9.481E-01 9.481E-01 9.481E-01
The third column shows the growth of element size in between planes. This growth is well within the [0.7,1.3] range. Growth factors outside this range should be avoided. By slightly changing the growth or N this can easily be achieved. The fourth column lists the element size of the elements that are to the immediate left of a plane. The first plane has no elements to the left and ELMSIZE = 0.

For the y-direction: INTERVAL 1 BEGIN -0.12 END 0.12 GROWTH 1 N 1
For the y-direction, there is no need to specify a bias because the definition on the mesh entry already contains all information. Defining a bias for the y-direction is BIAS,200,,,,,,,,+ +,-0.12,,1 For the z-direction, planes are given by INTERVAL 1 2 3 4 BEGIN -5 -4 -3 -2 END -4 -3 -2 5 GROWTH 0.5 1 2.0 3 N 6 8 8 20
and the bias definition reads BIAS,300,,,,,,,,+ +,-5, 1 ,6,,,,,,+ +,-4, 0.5,8,,,,,,+ +,-3, 2.0,8,,,,,,+ +,-2, 3.0,20 Using these three BIAS definitions gives the MESH entry MESH,1,BOX,,,,0,0,7.5,+ +,-5,-0.12,-5,10,0.24,10,,,+ +,30,1,30,,123000,345000,EULER,1,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,100,200,300 Material and initial condition are defined by PEULER1,1,,HYDRO,19 DMAT 3 2 2 EOSGAM,2,1.4 $ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,3,8,4.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,3,9,6.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,0,10000 SPHERE,4,,0.0,0.0,-3,0.2 TICVAL,8,,density,1,sie,3e+5 TICVAL,9,,density,10,sie,9e+6

At the bottom of the Euler domain, a wall will be specified. This is done by using a geometric boundary conditions WALLDIR,120,HYDRO,,NEGZ All boundary faces pointing in the negative z-direction will get the WALLET definition. The remaining boundaries should be transmitting and a FLOWDEF is added: FLOWDEF,25,,HYDRO
Results
Pressures are shown for cycle numbers 60, 100,160 and 300. The mesh is finest at the blast and coarsens away from the blast and wall. The cycle 100 result shows the reflection at the wall. The cycle 300 result show that the lateral boundaries are transmitting.



START CEND ENDSTEP = 600 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: non-uniform TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,FVUNC STEPS(ALLEULER) = 0,thru,end,by,20 SAVE (ALLEULER) = 10000 $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK PARAM,BULKL,0.1

$ -----------------------------------------------------------------$ $ * Euler.300 * $ PARAM,MICRO,30 PEULER1,1,,HYDRO,19 $ DMAT 3 2 2 EOSGAM,2,1.4 $ $ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,3,8,4.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,3,9,6.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,0,10000 SPHERE,4,,0.0,0.0,-3,0.2 TICVAL,8,,density,1,sie,3e+5 TICVAL,9,,density,10,sie,9e+6 $ BIAS,100,,,,,,,,+ +,-5,0.5 ,14,,,,,,+ +,-2 ,1 ,7,,,,,,+ +,-1 ,0.5 ,10,,,,,,+ +, 0 ,2 ,10,,,,,,+ +, 1 ,1 ,7,,,,,,+ +, 2 ,2 ,14 BIAS,200,,,,,,,,+ +,-0.12,,1 BIAS,300,,,,,,,,+ +,-5, 1 ,6,,,,,,+ +,-4, 0.5,8,,,,,,+ +,-3, 2.0,8,,,,,,+ +,-2, 3.0,20 $ MESH,1,BOX,,,,0,0,7.5,+ +,-5,-0.12,-5,10,0.24,10,,,+ +,30,1,30,,123000,345000,EULER,1,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,100,200,300 $ FLOWDEF,25,,HYDRO WALLDIR,120,HYDRO,,NEGZ $ ENDDATA


Problem Description
Cyclic flow boundaries are useful for turbo machine simulations with rotational symmetry. In this example, it is used to model the propagation of a water wave moving through a infinitely long channel. A water wave inside a rectangular box is created by initializing the Euler mesh with a MATINI surface. Furthermore, a constant initial velocity is put on the water that causes the water to move from left to right. Since the water wave extends across the whole length of the Euler domain, water will move out of the Euler domain leading to a fast degradation of the water wave. To prevent this and to keep the water wave moving, use is made of cyclic flow boundaries. The water will move out at the right and will re-enter the Euler domain at the left . As a result the water-wave can be maintained and will not significantly degrade. This problem will be modeled with water and void.
The water properties are

Reference density = 1000 kg/m3 Bulk modulus K = 2.2e+6 Pa The bulk modulus has been scaled down to allow for shorter run times. This is acceptable since the compressibility effects can be ignored here. The initial shape of the water wave is shown in Figure 3-18.
Figure 3-18
Initial Water Level

Dytran Model
The water wave will flow inside a rectangular box with an height of 0.053 m, a length of 0.152 m and a width of 0.0012 m. This gives as definition for the Euler domain: MESH + + + + EULER 6 -.001 152 BOX 0.02 0.0000 1 3+ 0.152 0.0012 53 .053
The initial water wave profile is created by a MATINI and a TICEUL entry: TICVAL 3 DENSITY $ $ ------- TICEUL BC Region ----TICEUL 4 + SPHERE 1 1000 XVEL 10 + 1 2 0 ON 22083 THRU THRU 13962 22488 .2 +
+ SURF 2 1 3 SPHERE 1 0 0 $ $ ------- Shape/Surface Wave_surf ----MATINI 2 1 INSIDE ON $ SURFACE 1 ELEM 2 SET1 2 22489 THRU 22556 21677+ ... + 13963 THRU 14368 13557
The water level profile will move with a velocity of 10 m/s to the right. Without further boundary definitions the default wall boundary would be used. This would block the water wave and will give rise to large pressures. Using a transmitting flow boundary will not give any pressure rises and will let allow the water to flow out, but still the water-wav will degrade. To maintain the water level as water moves out the Euler domain two cyclic flow boundaries are used: FLOWCDR,4,MMHYDRO,1,NEGX,5 FLOWCDR,5,MMHYDRO,2,POSX,4 Here both FLOWCDR entries refer to each other. Here FLOWCDR5 imposes a cyclic flow boundary condition on the right side of the Euler mesh whereas FLOWCDR4 imposes a cyclic flow boundary condition on the left side. The inflow of FLOWCDR 4 will be taken from the outflow of FLOWCR5. This allows to maintain the water wave as it exists at the right side of the Euler domain and allows it reenters again at the left. In addition a gravity loading is defined TLOAD1 GRAV 1 444 444 9.8 0 0 0 -1

To show the periodicity in the water wave propagation time histories will be made. There are several possibilities for making time histories. One can make a material time history but that would be for all the water and would not be useful. Another option would be to make time histories of certain elements. But this is too local. Here it is of interest what happens inside a column of water. Especially the mass and average material fraction in a column of water is of interest. This output for columns can be created by using the MATBX entry as follow: TYPE (ARCMATBX) = TIMEHIS MATBOUT (ARCMATBX) = FMAT,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,MASS,DENSITY MATBX (ARCMATBX) = 60 SET 60 = 210,220 STEPS (ARCMATBX) = 0,THRU,END,BY,1 SAVE (ARCMATBX) = 99999 BOX,210,,0.0345,-1,-1,0.002,2,2 BOX,220,,0.1085,-1,-1,0.002,2,2 As result time histories are available for the columns of water between x=0.0345 and x=0.0365 and between x=0.1085 and x=1.105.
Results
The simulation is run for 30 ms. The water level is shown after 0.6 period, one period, and two periods (see Figure 3-19). The water level is reasonably maintained. Of course, there is also gravity at work.

9 ms
15 ms
30 ms
Figure 3-19
Water Level at 9. 15, and 30 ms

To show the periodicity the time histories for the columns are shown below
F mat
Mass
Figure 3-20
Matrix

DYTRAN Input files
START CEND ENDTIME= 0.03 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: new_ciclic TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: Eyler TYPE (Euler) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (Euler) = 1 SET 1 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT (Euler) = XVEL ZVEL MASS DENSITY PRESSURE VOID FMAT TIMES (Euler) = 0 THRU END BY 0.003 SAVE (Euler) = 10000 $ TYPE (ARCMATBX) = TIMEHIS MATBOUT (ARCMATBX) = FMAT,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,MASS,DENSITY MATBX (ARCMATBX) = 60 SET 60 = 210,220 STEPS (ARCMATBX) = 0,THRU,END,BY,1 SAVE (ARCMATBX) = 99999 $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,COSUBCYC,1 PARAM,COSUBMAX,30 PARAM,FASTCOUP PARAM,INISTEP,1.0E-7 PARAM,MINSTEP,1.0E-9 PARAM,VELMAX,10000 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK INCLUDE water-wave.bdf $ ------- GRAVITATION ----TLOAD1 1 444 0 GRAV 444 9.8 0 0 -1 $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * pshell.2 * $ PSHELL 2 2 .001 $ $ * Peuler1 * $ PEULER1 3 MMHYDRO 4 $ $

$ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material Water id =1 DMAT 1 1000 1 EOSPOL 1 2e+06 $ $ -------- Material Matrig id =2 MATRIG 2 7850 .33 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ boxes used in output BOX,210,,0.0345,-1,-1,0.002,2,2 BOX,220,,0.1085,-1,-1,0.002,2,2 $ $ ------- TICVAL BC InitVal ----TICVAL 3 DENSITY 1000 XVEL $ $ ------- TICEUL BC Region ----TICEUL 4 + SPHERE 1 1 2 0 ON 22083 21676 THRU 18835 18428 THRU 15587 15180 THRU
10 + + .2
+ SURF 2 1 3 SPHERE 1 0 0 $ $ ------- Shape/Surface Wave_surf ----MATINI 2 1 INSIDE ON $ SURFACE 1 ELEM 2 SET1 2 22489 THRU 22556 21677+ + THRU 22082 21271 THRU 21270+ + 20459 THRU 20864 20053 THRU+ + 20052 19241 THRU 19646 18429+ + THRU 18834 18023 THRU 18022+ + 17211 THRU 17616 16805 THRU+ + 16804 15993 THRU 16398 15181+ + THRU 15586 14775 THRU 14774+ + 13963 THRU 14368 13557 $ $ ------- Mesh Box: Euler_mesh $ MESH 6 BOX
THRU 20865 20458 THRU 17617 17210 THRU 14369 13962
22488 THRU 19647 19240 THRU 16399 15992 THRU

-.001
0.02 0.0000
0.152 0.0012
.053
+ 152 1 53 EULER 3+ $-------$-------$-------$-------$-------$-------$-------$-------$------$------$ FLOWCDR,4,MMHYDRO,,NEGX,5 FLOWCDR,5,MMHYDRO,,POSX,4 ENDDATA

Chapter 4: Fluid-structural Interaction Dytran Example Problem Manual
Fluid-structure Interaction

Overview
157 158 164 171
Shock Formation
Blast Containment in a Luggage Container Multiple Bird-strike on a Cylindrical Panel Slanted Piston 179 185
Sloshing using ALE Method
Flow between Two Containers or Airbags Blastwave Hitting a Bunker Mine Blast 206 202
192
Multiple Bird-strike on a Box Structure
218
Shaped Charge, using IG Model, Penetrating through Two Thick Plates 225 Fuel Tank Filling 233 246 264 273 290
Three Methods of Sloshing Water Pouring into a Glass
Fluid Flow through a Straight Pipe
Using Euler Archive Import in Blast Wave Analyses Blast Wave with a Graded Mesh 300
Prestressed Concrete Beam
321 332
Blast Simulation on Prestressed Concrete Beam Vortex Shedding with Skin Friction 343 354
Geometric Eulerian Boundary Conditions Cohesive Friction 363
Chapter 4: Fluid-structural Interaction 157

Overview
Overview
In this chapter, a number of example problems are presented that show the fluid-structure interaction capabilities of Dytran. The user can find in these examples how to model the interaction of fluids and gasses with structural parts using the general coupling and ALE-Coupling techniques of Dytran. These examples include the modeling of an explosion inside a structure and a birdstrike on a panel.

Shock Formation
Shock Formation
Problem Description
Given a column of ideal gas at rest, up = 0 m/sec. A rigid piston at one end of the gas is instantaneously accelerated to the velocity up = 1180 m/sec that is subsequently maintained
.
density specific internal energy pressure ratio of specific heats
0 = 0.001 kg/m3 e0 = 2.5 106 Joule/kg p0 = 1000 N/m2 = 1.4
The purpose of this example is to model the propagation of the (shock) perturbation inside the gas and to check results against one-dimensional theoretical data.
Theoretical Background
Relative to one-dimensional dynamics, where the shock perturbation travels in only one direction in a medium (plane shock front). the following steady-state Hugoniot relations can be applied: First Hugoniot relation
0 - = c0 u s -------------
(4-1)
Second Hugoniot relation

p p0 = 0 us u
(4-2)
Third Hugoniot relation

0 e e p = 0.5 ( p + p 0 ) ------------- 0
(4-3)
where , e, p, and u, respectively, represent the shocked values of material density, specific internal energy, pressure, and velocity, c0 is the sound speed, and us is the speed of the shock front. Together with the equation of state for the medium (which in this case is treated as an ideal gas),
p = ( 1) e
(4-4)
The four equations define uniquely the values of the four variables of the dynamic, namely , e, p, and us (the value of u is known and represents the excitation in the current problem).

Shock Formation
Dytran Model
Due to the one-dimensional behavior of the problem, a simple mesh is set up (see Figure 4-1 and Figure 4-2):
The piston is modeled as a single Lagrangian solid CHEXA element of 0.02 m x 0.02 m. A row of Eulerian cells, each of 0.01 m x 0.01 m x 0.01 m, is used to model the one-dimensional
flow of the gas.
Figure 4-1 Geometrical Problem Layout To simulate the steady-state shock excitation of the gas from rest to the velocity u = 1180 m/sec, the piston modeled as RIGID is COUPLED with the Eulerian mesh and a prescribed constant velocity of 1180 m/sec is enforced.
The RIGID entry of Dytran references a SURFACE entry that defines a surface wrapped around
the part to be made rigid. All grid points on this surface are treated as being part of the rigid body.
The COUPLE entry references a SURFACE entry that defines a surface wrapped around
the Lagrangian mesh. This surface acts as a constraint (moving boundary condition) to the material flow in the Eulerian mesh and at the same time is itself loaded by the pressure in the Eulerian mesh.
The TLOAD1 entry is used to enforce a prescribed constant velocity on the rigid body
center of gravity.

Shock Formation
Figure 4-2 Numerical Problem Layout
Results
The pressure and density profiles of the column of gas are shown in Figure 4-3 and Figure 4-4.
Figure 4-3
Pressure Profile along the Tube at Different Times

Shock Formation
Figure 4-4
Density Profile along the Tube at Different Times
Note the steady-state values of the pressure and density behind the shock front
p = 3.49 e N m
3 3 2
(4-5)
3
= 2.25 e k g m
(4-6)
From the Hugoniot Equations (4-1) to (4-3), the theoretical values of these variables can be derived
p = p 0 + 0 u s u = 3.46 e N m us 3 3 - = 2.3 e k g m = 0 ------------us u
3 2
(4-7) (4-8)
There is agreement between the theoretical and computed values. The left vertical part of each graph represents the position of the piston while the right quasi-vertical part represents the position of the shock front. Note that their relative distance during the dynamic is growing due to the difference in velocity of the piston (1180 m/sec) and the shock front (2087 m/sec). The theoretical value of the shock front speed can be derived from the Hugoniot Equations (4-1) to (4-4):
+1 -u + u s = ----------4 + 1 2 2 1 ----------- u + p 0 ----- = 2087 m sec 4 0
(4-9)

Shock Formation
Files
shock.dat SHOCK.OUT SHOCK_GAS_1.ARC
Dytran input file Dytran output file Dytran archive file

START CEND TITLE = SHOCK PROPAGATION (Units = m-kg-N-sec) ENDSTEP = 80 TIC = 1 TLOAD = 1 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 1 $$ TYPE(GAS) = ARCHIVE SAVE(GAS) = 99999 ELOUT(GAS) = XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE ELEMENTS(GAS) = 1 SET 1 = 1t50 STEPS(GAS) = 1tEndb16 BEGIN BULK PARAM INISTEP 1e-06 PARAM,FASTCOUP $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS BULK DATA $ $ GRID 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 GRID 2 0.0 .01 0.0 GRID 3 0.0 0.0 .01 GRID 4 0.0 .01 .01 . . . . GRID 209 .015 -.005 -.005 GRID 210 .015 .015 -.005 GRID 211 .015 -.005 .015 GRID 212 .015 .015 .015 $ CHEXA 1 1 1 5 6 2 3 7 + 8 4 CHEXA 2 1 5 9 10 6 7 11 + 12 8 CHEXA 3 1 9 13 14 10 11 15 + 16 12 CHEXA 4 1 13 17 18 14 15 19 + 20 16 . . . . CHEXA 48 1 189 193 194 190 191 195
+ + + +

Shock Formation
+ 196 192 CHEXA 49 1 193 197 198 194 195 199 + 200 196 CHEXA 50 1 197 201 202 198 199 203 + 204 200 CHEXA 51 2 205 209 210 206 207 211 + 212 208 $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE LOADS, CONSTRAINTS, AND CONTROL BULK DATA $ ENTRIES $ $ FORCE 1 1 0 1180. 1. 0.0 0.0 $ $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE DEFINED FEFACES OF ELEMENTS $ $ CFACE 1 1 51 3 CFACE 2 1 51 1 CFACE 3 1 51 2 CFACE 4 1 51 5 CFACE 5 1 51 4 CFACE 6 1 51 6 $ PSOLID 2 2 $ PEULER 1 1 Hydro $ DMAT 1 .001 1 $ DMATEL 2 1. 1. 0.0 $ EOSGAM 1 1.4 $ TLOAD1 1 1 12 $ TICEL 1 1 DENSITY .001 SIE 2500000. SET1 1 1 THRU 50 $ SURFACE 1 SEG 1 $ COUPLE 1 1 Inside On On $ RIGID 1 1 1. 0.0 .005 .005 + 1180. 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 + 10000. 0.0 0.0 10000. 0.0 10000. ENDDATA
+ + +
+ +

Blast Containment in a Luggage Container

Problem Description
The purpose of this example is to demonstrate the application of ALE Euler and ALE coupling to a practical problem, in this case, an explosion in the baggage hold of an aircraft. The problem consists of a generic luggage container as would typically be found in a commercial passenger aircraft (see Figure 4-5).
Figure 4-5
Aircraft Baggage Container (Dimensions in Meters)
The analysis makes use of a symmetry line and therefore half the container and its surrounding environment is modeled. The Dytran model consists of an ALE Eulerian region for the expanding explosive gasses, which is coupled to a shell structure, and represents the aluminum container. The structural and fluid parts of the analysis are connected using ALE coupling. The explosive event is modeled using the blast wave approach ([Ref. 1.] to [Ref. 3.]); a sphere of high density, high energy gas is used to represent the detonation products of the explosive. The consequence of this is that the single material hydrodynamic formulation can be used for the Eulerian region. This reduces computation times compared to other more complex Eulerian formulations. This approach is discussed in Chapter 3: Fluid Dynamics in the Blast Wave problem.
Dytran Modeling
The explosive/air region is modeled using 5370 Eulerian elements and the EOSGAM equation of state. The container is modeled with 1417 CQUAD4 shell elements. The numerical model is shown in Figure 4-6.

Figure 4-6
Lagrangian Shell Element Mesh
The grid points of the Lagrangian and Eulerian elements at the interface are coincident but distinct. ALE coupling is used to define the interaction between these two surfaces. Each Eulerian grid point follows the Lagrangian grid point with which it is coincident at time = 0. The remaining Eulerian grid points (excluding those constrained on the symmetry axis) have their position updated each time step. In simple terms, each grid point is moved to the midpoint of all its neighbors. The use of the ALE approach, in this case, is appropriate due to the smooth nature of the deformation that results from the pressure loading on the structure and is very efficient in terms of CPU usage.
Results
The results of the analysis at an event time of 3 msec are given in Figure 4-7. body 4-7 shows the deformed Eulerian mesh and the pressure of the expanding gas. This is a good example of the type of deformation that the ALE coupling can be used for. In this case, the original box-like structure expands, becoming more rounded as the analysis proceeds. The Dytran Users Guide states that if ALE coupling is to be used, then the deformation must be smooth. This type of transition from undeformed to deformed shape is typical of what is meant by smooth deformation.

Figure 4-7
Deformed Pressure Contour Plot of Eulerian Mesh at Time = 3 msec
Figure 4-8 shows the deformed Lagrangian mesh at the same time, 3 msec. Superimposed on the deformed geometry is a contour of the effective plastic strain in the structure.
Figure 4-8
Deformed Plastic Strain Contour Plot of Lagrangian Mesh at Time = 3 msec

Files
container.dat CONTAINER.OUT CONTAINER_EUL_XX.ARC CONTAINER_SH_0.ARC CONTAINER_STRAIN_0.THS
Dytran input file Dytran output file Dytran archive files Dytran time history file
References
1. Kivity, Y. and Feller, S., Blast Venting from a Cubicle, 1986, 22nd DoD Explosives Safety Seminar. 2. Kivity, Y., Florie, C., and Lenselink, H., The Plastic Response of a Cylindrical Shell Subjected to an Internal Blast Wave with a Finite Width Shock Front, 1993, 33rd Israel Conference on Aviation and Aeronautics. 3. Kivity, Y., Florie, C., and Lenselink, H., Response of Protective Structures to Internal Explosions with Blast Venting, 1993, MSC World Users Conference.

START CEND TITLE = Container Demo CHECK = no ENDSTEP = 4000 ENDTIME = 0.003 SPC = 1 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 1 $$ TYPE(eul) = ARCHIVE SAVE(eul) = 1 ELOUT(eul) = PRESSURE ELEMENTS(eul) = 1 SET 1 = 538t5907 TIMES(eul) = 0tEndb0.0005 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 2 $$ TYPE(sh) = ARCHIVE SAVE(sh) = 9999 ELOUT(sh) = EFFPL2,EFFST2 ELEMENTS(sh) = 2 SET 2 = 1t537,5908t6787 TIMES(sh) = 0tEndb0.0005 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 3 $$ TYPE(strain) = TIMEHIS SAVE(strain) = 9999 ELOUT(strain) = EFFPL2

ELEMENTS(strain) = 3 SET 3 = 6402,6672,5953,6243,6503 STEPS(strain) = 0tEndb50 $-------------------------------------------------------BEGIN BULK $-------------------------------------------------------SETTING,1,VERSION2 $ PARAM STRNOUT YES PARAM INISTEP 2e-06 PARAM MINSTEP 1e-06 $ $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS BULK DATA $ $ GRID 1 0.0 .42 .8 GRID 2 .07 .35 .8 . . . GRID 8245 1.921 0.0 .96 GRID 8246 1.921 0.0 .88 $ $ $ CQUAD4 1 801 6501 6502 6506 6505 CQUAD4 2 801 6502 6503 6507 6506 . . . . CQUAD4 6786 801 8245 8246 7366 7365 CQUAD4 6787 801 8246 6556 6557 7366 $ $ $ CHEXA 538 1 1 2 6 5 681 682 + 683 684 CHEXA 539 1 2 3 7 6 682 685 + 686 683 . . . CHEXA 5906 1 5913 5915 5918 5916 6495 6497 + 6500 6498 CHEXA 5907 1 5915 5869 5872 5918 6497 6451 + 6454 6500 $$-------------------------------------------------------$ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE LOADS, CONSTRAINTS, AND CONTROL BULK DATA $ ENTRIES $ $ SPC 1 7181 345 SPC 1 7192 345 . . . .
+ +
+ +

SPC 1 8226 345 SPC 1 8237 345 $ $-------------------------------------------------------$ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE DEFINED FEFACES OF ELEMENTS $ $ CFACE 1418 8 1 1 CFACE 1419 8 2 1 . . . . CFACE 2833 8 6786 1 CFACE 2834 8 6787 1 $ $ CFACE 1 7 538 1 CFACE 2 7 538 2 . . . CFACE 1416 7 5905 5 CFACE 1417 7 5906 5 $ $-------------------------------------------------------$ ALEGRID 1 0.0 1. SPECIAL COMPUTED + 1 THRU 16 18 THRU 20 22 + 24 26 THRU 28 30 THRU 32 + THRU 40 42 THRU 44 46 THRU . . . + THRU 679 681 THRU 6500 $ $-------------------------------------------------------$ PSHELL 801 801 .001 $ PEULER1 1 Hydro 11 $ YLDVM 801 1.2+8 1.+9 $ FAILMPS 801 9 $ $-------------------------------------------------------$ DMAT 2 1.25 2 $ DMATEP 801 10800. 4.+10 .33 801 $ EOSGAM 2 1.408 $ TICEUL 11 + SPHERE 1 2 10 10. + ELEM 1 2 1 1. SET1 1 538 THRU 5907 $
THRU 38 48
+ + + +
801
+ + +

TICVAL TICVAL $ SPHERE $ SURFACE SURFACE $ ALE $ $ ENDDATA
1 10 1 77 88 1 88
DENSITY 1.25 DENSITY 40. 1.0125 SEG SEG 77 .774 7 8
SIE SIE 1.6
200000. 5625000. .109124

Multiple Bird-strike on a Cylindrical Panel

Problem Description
Landing and climbing aircraft sometimes encounter difficulties with bird swarms, since an impact of several birds at high velocity can cause severe damage to the aircraft structure. Therefore, this problem considers a situation where two birds strike a curved titanium plate at arbitrary time (see Figure 4-9). Bird 1 hits the plate perpendicularly, while Bird 2 hits the plate with the lower side at an angle of 25. The birds are modeled as cylindrical slugs of jelly. The plate is constrained in such a way that the edges can only move in radial direction.
Figure 4-9
Initial Situation
The properties and initial conditions of the plate and birds are as follows: Plate material density bulk modulus Poissons ratio yield stress thickness radius length titanium = 4527 kg/m3 K = 1.03 1011 N/m2
= 0.314
ij = 1.38 108 N/m2 t = 0.0015 m R = 0.25 m L = 0.25 m

Bird 1 material density speed of sound mass velocity Bird 2 material density speed of sound mass velocity jelly = 930 kg/m3 c = 1483 m/sec m = 0.285 kg v = 200 m/sec jelly = 930 kg/m3 c = 1483 m/sec m = 0.360 kg v = 150 m/sec
Dytran Model
The curved plate is modeled using 33 x 16 (528) Belytschko-Tsay shell elements (CQUAD4). The boundary conditions applied at the edges of the plate are defined within a cylindrical coordinate system, where the local z-axis is aligned with the length axis of the plate. The cylindrical system is defined by a CORD2C entry. The two birds are modeled in an Eulerian frame of reference, which is built from 33 x 16 x 14 (7392) CHEXA elements. The birds are modeled as cylinders using the TICEUL entry where the remaining part of the mesh initially is void. The material is allowed to flow out of the Eulerian mesh by defining an outflow boundary condition to all free faces of the mesh by means of a FLOWDEF entry. From this description, it is clear that the user easily can define any number of arbitrarily shaped birds in an Eulerian mesh with each having its own initial conditions. The structure and the fluid (birds) are allowed to interact at the fluid-structure interface. For birdstrikes, the Arbitrary-Lagrange-Euler interaction is the most efficient FSI to use. To define the FSI, an ALE interface is defined, consisting of a Lagrangian and an Eulerian surface. The structural plate serves as an interface by defining CFACEs on the elements of the plate. The CFACEs then are used to define a Lagrangian SURFACE. The Eulerian mesh coincides with the plate and in the plane of coincidence the faces of the Eulerian mesh are covered with CFACEs that define an Eulerian SURFACE. Both SURFACEs are defined to be used as the ALE interface. To propagate the interface motion into the Eulerian mesh, the Eulerian grid points are defined as ALEGRIDs. The type option on the ALEGRID entry is set to SPECIAL in which case Dytran will automatically use corrections on the Eulerian grid point motion depending on the boundary condition in which the point is included.
Figure 4-10 shows the model with the fluid (birds) inside the mesh. The birds are shown by plotting the material fraction (FMAT) for elements.

Figure 4-10
Cross Section of the Eulerian Mesh with the Fluid (Birds) in the Initial Situation
Results
A theoretical check on the results is the peak pressure of the impact. For the maximum pressure of the impact can be written as
P max = c V
(4-10)
In this way, the maximum pressure of the impact of Bird 1 is

P max = 207 MP a
(4-11)
and the maximum pressure of the impact of the lower side of Bird 2, (where one has to take the angle of 25 into account) is given as:
P max = 117 MP a
(4-12)
In the Figure 4-11 and Figure 4-12, both peak pressures are presented in a time-history format. The maximum pressures are lower than the theoretical values. This is because of two reasons. First, the Dytran Euler processor is first order and therefore smears out the peak pressures. This gives lower pressure peaks, but the momentum is the same. Second, the impact causes a dent in the plate and, because of the interaction, the Eulerian elements near the plate will change in volume, thus causing cavitation in which case the pressure drops. This second aspect shows stronger for the impact of Bird 1, because the plate deformation is larger.

Figure 4-11
Pressure Time History for the Impact of Bird 1
Figure 4-12
Pressure Time History for the Impact of Bird 2
A picture of the cross section of the deformed Eulerian mesh with the remainders of the birds at Time Step 500 (0.8345 msec) is shown in Figure 4-13.

Figure 4-13
Cross Section of the Deformed Eulerian Mesh with the Fluid on Time Step 500 (0.8345 msec)
Figure 4-14 shows the deformed shape of the plate at Time Step 500 with the effective stress at integration Layer 2 superimposed on it.
Figure 4-14
Effect Stress at Integration Layer 2 of the Plate on Time Step 500

Files
mbird.dat grid_xl.dat MBIRD.OUT MBIRD_BIRD_XX.ARC MBIRD_PLATE_XX.ARC MBIRD_PRESSURE_0.THS
Dytran input file Dytran output file Dytran archive files Dytran time history file

START CEND TITLE = Multiple bird strike using Lag-Eul ale coupling ENDSTEP = 1000 ENDTIME = .002 TIC = 1 SPC = 1 $$ $$ Data for output control Set 1 $$ TYPE(plate) = ARCHIVE SAVE(plate) = 1 STEPS(plate) = 0tEndb100 ELEMENTS(plate) = 1 SET 1 = 7393t7920 ELOUT(plate) = EFFST01,EFFST02,EFFST03,EFFPL01,EFFPL02,EFFPL03 $$ $$ Data for output control Set 2 $$ TYPE(bird) = ARCHIVE SAVE(bird) = 1 STEPS(bird) = 0tEndb100 ELEMENTS(bird) = 2 SET 2 = 1t7392 ELOUT(bird) = MASS,DENSITY,PRESSURE,FMAT,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL $$ $$ Data for output control Set 3 $$ TYPE(pressure) = TIMEHIS SAVE(pressure) = 10000 ELEMENTS(pressure) = 3 TIMES(pressure) = 0tEndb1e-6 SET 3 = 7105,7119 ELOUT(pressure) = PRESSURE,DENSITY,ENERGY $ BEGIN BULK PARAM INISTEP 1e-6 PARAM MINSTEP 1e-7 $ $ Model geometry. $ --------------INCLUDE grid_xl.dat $ $ =====

$ EULER $ ===== $ $ Definition of ALE motion. $ ------------------------ALEGRID 1 .0 1e20 SPECIAL + 1 THRU 8670 $ $ Flow boundary, property, material and equation of state data. $ ------------------------------------------------------------FLOWDEF 1 HYDRO + MATERIAL3 FLOW OUT $ PEULER1 1 HYDRO 10 $ DMAT 3 930 3 $ EOSPOL 3 2.2e9 $ $ Allocation of material to geometric regions. $ -------------------------------------------TICEUL 10 + CYLINDER1 3 1 3 + CYLINDER2 3 2 2 + ELEM 4 1 $ CYLINDER1 -.1381 .125 .26 -.2381 .125 + .035 CYLINDER2 .13 .125 .2252 .17 .125 + .035 $ SET1 4 1 THRU 7392 $ $ Initial material data. $ ---------------------TICVAL 1 XVEL 200 TICVAL 2 XVEL -75 ZVEL -129.9 $ $ ======== $ LAGRANGE $ ======== $ $ Property, material and yield model. $ ----------------------------------PSHELL1 2 2 Bely Gauss 3 .83333 Mid + .0015 $ DMATEP 2 4527 .314 1.03e11 1 $ YLDVM 1 1.38e8 $ $ Boundary constrain. $ -------------------CORD2C 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.25 + 0.0 0.125 0.25 $ SPC3 1 1 23456 + 8671 THRU 8704 8705 THRU 9181 BY + 8738 THRU 9214 BY 34 9215 THRU $
+ + + .26 .2944 + +
0.0
+ + +
34 9248

$ ============ $ ALE COUPLING $ ============ $ SURFACE 1 SURFACE 2 $ ALE 1 $ ENDDATA
SEG SEG 2 1
1 2

Slanted Piston
Slanted Piston
Problem Description
This is a simple coupled Euler/Lagrange problem that uses the general coupling algorithm. A box of gas of 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm, modeled with Eulerian elements, is intersected by a piston of the same dimension that is modeled with Lagrangian elements. The piston is initially at rest but will start to accelerate because of the pressure exerted on it by the gas. Eventually, the piston will leave the box. However, no gas will leave the box because the piston uncovers wall boundaries as it recedes. In the following figures, twodimensional representation of the problem (Figure 4-15) and a three-dimensional representation of the problem (Figure 4-16) illustrate how the pressure of the gas will accelerate the piston.
Figure 4-15
Two-dimensional Representation of the Problem

Slanted Piston
Figure 4-16
Three-dimensional Problem to be Modeled in Dytran
Desired Results
For this example, the initial conditions are: Gas = 0.1 g/cm3 e = 0.25 108 J/kg = 0.001 Mbar = 1.4 The symmetry of the problem can be checked by comparing the velocity profiles of the piston in the three component directions. These profiles should be identical. Also, the gas will expand approximately adiabatically and, therefore, if e is the gas internal energy and V is the volume of the gas, the following result is obtained:
d e = pd V
Piston = 7.85 g/cm3 e = 21.109 N/m2 = 0.3
(4-13)
and combining this with the equation of state

p = ( 1)e V dV de ----- = ( 1 ) -----V e
(4-14) (4-15)

Slanted Piston
V 0 e ---- = ---- V e0
( 1)
(4-16)
The gas internal energy will be converted into piston kinetic energy, KE, (gas kinetic energy and piston internal energy are not included), therefore,
e K E = e 0 e = 1 ---e0
(4-17)
Using Equation (4-17), the following result is obtained for the kinetic energy:
V 0 E K ------- = 1 ---- V e0
( 1)
(4-18)
The initial volume of gas is one-third covered by the piston. When the piston has completely left the box,
V0 1 ----- = -3 V
and the process stops.
Dytran Modeling
The gas is modeled using 1000 (10 x 10 x 10) Eulerian elements and the EOSGAM equation of state. A single Lagrangian element is used to model the piston, and a high elastic modulus restricts any deformation.
Results
As this is a symmetrical problem, the results can be checked for symmetry in the three component directions of the basic coordinate system. Also, the decrease in the internal energy of the gas should be equal to the increase in the kinetic energy of the piston. The velocity profile of the piston in the x, y, and z directions is shown in Figure 4-17 and confirms the symmetry of the analysis.

Slanted Piston
Figure 4-17
Velocity Components of Piston
The change in internal energy of the gas and in kinetic energy of the piston is shown in Figure 4-18. The results confirm that the energy lost by the gas is equal to the energy gained by the piston.
Figure 4-18
Energy Changes

Slanted Piston
Files
slp.dat SLP.OUT SLP_GAS_0.ARC SLP_GRD_0.ARC SLP_PISTON_0.THS SLP_NRG_0.THS
Dytran input file Dytran output file Dytran archive files Dytran time history files

START CEND TITLE = Slanted Piston ENDTIME = 250 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 1 $$ TYPE(gas) = ARCHIVE SAVE(gas) = 9999 ELOUT(gas) = XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,PRESSURE,FMAT ELEMENTS(gas) = 1 SET 1 = 2t1001 TIMES(gas) = 0tEndb20 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 2 $$ TYPE(piston) = TIMEHIS SAVE(piston) = 9999 ELOUT(piston) = TXX,TYY,TZZ ELEMENTS(piston) = 2 SET 2 = 1 TIMES(piston) = 0tEndb5 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 3 $$ TYPE(grd) = ARCHIVE SAVE(grd) = 9999 GRIDS(grd) = 3 SET 3 = 1t8 GPOUT(grd) = XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL TIMES(grd) = 0tEndb20 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 4 $$ TYPE(nrg) = TIMEHIS SAVE(nrg) = 9999 MATS(nrg) = 4 SET 4 = 1,10 MATOUT(nrg) = XMOM,YMOM,ZMOM,EKIN,EINT TIMES(nrg) = 0tEndb5 BEGIN BULK PARAM INISTEP 0.1 PARAM MINSTEP 0.005 $

Slanted Piston
$ THIS SECTION CONTAINS BULK DATA $ $ GRID 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 GRID 2 0.0 0.0 1. . . GRID 1338 1.633333.7333333.7333333 GRID 1339 1.666667.6666667.6666667 $ CHEXA 1 1 1 5 6 2 3 + 8 4 CHEXA 2 10 9 130 131 10 20 + 142 21 . . . CHEXA 1001 10 1206 1327 1328 1207 1217 + 1339 1218 $ $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE DEFINED FEFACES OF ELEMENTS $ $ CFACE 1 1 1 3 CFACE 2 1 1 1 CFACE 3 1 1 2 CFACE 4 1 1 5 CFACE 5 1 1 4 CFACE 6 1 1 6 $ PSOLID 1 1 $ PEULER1 10 Hydro 10 $ DMAT 10 .1 1 $ DMATEL 1 7.85 210. .3 $ EOSGAM 1 1.4 $ TICEUL 10 + ELEM 1 10 1 1. SET1 1 2 THRU 1001 $ TICVAL 1 density .1 sie .025 $ SURFACE 5 SEG 1 $ COUPLE 1 5 Inside On On ENDDATA
7 141
+ +
1338


Problem Description
Many spacecraft, such as satellites, contain liquid fuel containers. Sloshing in these partially filled containers can have a large influence on spacecraft stability and control. An experimental setup to investigate sloshing phenomena in space is called Sloshsat. This example is a schematic representation of the liquid motion in the Sloshsat tank. The tank itself consists of two spherical endcaps with a cylindrical middle part. In this example it is composed of aluminium. The tank is partially filled with a fluid (water); the rest of the tank is filled with nitrogen gas. For simplicity only the tank itself is modeled, not the surrounding spacecraft structure. The tank mass is adjusted so the tank still has a weight representative of the whole satellite. This way, not only the fluid motion but also the motion of the satellite as a whole can be calculated.
Figure 4-19
(a) Proposed Sloshsat System (b) Tank Dimensions

Dytran Model
A full three-dimensional model is set up, with the x-axis pointing along the length of the tank. The tank itself is modeled using CQUAD4 shell elements. The inside of the tank, that must contain the fluid and gas, is defined by 736 CHEXA solid elements. To be able to define a coupling surface, additional dummy shell elements are defined on the surface of the solids. Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler (ALE) coupling is used to connect the Euler and Lagrange meshes. Because the deformation of the tank will be smooth this is allowable. ALE coupling means the nodes on the coupling surface move with the Lagrange mesh. For this coupling, it is necessary that all nodes of the Euler coupling surface have a corresponding node on the Lagrange surface. In essence, this means the mesh on both surfaces must be the same. To ensure the interior Euler nodes also follow the motion of the tank (so the Euler mesh stays inside) the ALEGRID option is used. The 736 Euler elements use a multi-material PEULER1 formulation so they can contain both water and gas. Results have shown major discrepancies in case the gas is not taken into consideration. Different regions as indicated on the TICEUL specify the fluid and gas location. TICVAL entries give each region different initial conditions. The 256 shell elements that make up the tank use the default PSHELL formulation. The elements of the ALE coupling surface also use PSHELL, but with a thickness set to 9999. These elements will be converted to surface segments by Dytran automatically. In order to obtain a faster analysis, a technique known as bulk scaling is used. By reducing the elastic moduli of the tank and the fluid, Dytran uses a smaller timestep for the problem, reducing computational costs. The fluid bulk modulus is therefore reduced by a factor of 1000 to 2.2 MPa, the tank modulus of elasticity is reduced by a factor of 100 to 0.724 GPa. A TLOAD1 entry with subsequent FORCE descriptions is used to prescribe a velocity profile to the tank. See Figure 4-21
Figure 4-20
(a) Euler Mesh (b) Surface Mesh
User Subroutine
To obtain results for the center of mass of the Eulerian fluid, a EEXOUT user subroutine was used. This subroutine can be used to request user-specified output. In this case, the mass and location of each

Euler element are obtained. Knowing this, the location of the center of mass of the fluid as a whole can be computed.
Figure 4-21
COMFLO and Dytran Calculations of the Liquid Center of Mass Trajectory
Results
The fluid is initially at rest in one end of the tank. The tank is subjected to a constant deceleration to bring the fluid from one end of the tank to the other. This deceleration along the X-axis is 0.002G, or 0.0196 m/s2. A small lateral acceleration is also applied along the Z-axis; the magnitude of this is 0.01 times the longitudinal acceleration, or 0.00002G. The end time for the simulation is taken as 30 s. Fluid motion is checked against predictions made with the CFD package COMFLO. Figure 4-21 shows the X- and Z-coordinate of the water c.o.m. for both calculation methods. The results can be seen to be in good agreement, especially in the x-direction.

Figure 4-22
Positions of Liquids in the Tank at Different Times in the Analysis
Files
sloshsat.dat sloshsat.bdf eexout_com.f (user-subroutine) SLOSHSAT.OUT COMEEUL.OUT (refer user-subroutine) SLOSHSAT_TANK_0.ARC SLOSHSAT_WATER_0.ARC SLOSHSAT_MONITOR_0.THS
Dytran input files
Dytran output files Dytran archive files Dytran time history file
References
4. Simulation of Liquid Dynamics onboard Sloshsat FLEVO, NLR-TP-99236


START CEND ENDTIME= 30.01 ENDSTEP=99999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: slosh TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ $ Output result for request: monitor $ TYPE (monitor) = TIMEHIS GRIDS (monitor) = 1 SET 1 = 14 40 44 83 117 181 GPOUT (monitor) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL XDIS YDIS ZDIS TIMES (monitor) = 0 THRU END BY 1. SAVE (monitor) = 10000 $ $ Output result for request: tank $ TYPE (tank) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (tank) = 2 SET 2 = 1 THRU 256 ELOUT (tank) = EFFPL EFFST TIMES (tank) = 0 THRU END BY 1. SAVE (tank) = 100000 $ $ Output result for request: water $ TYPE (water) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (water) = 3 SET 3 = 1001 THRU 1736 ELOUT (water) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL DENSITY PRESSURE TIMES (water) = 0 THRU END BY 1. SAVE (water) = 100000 $ $ Output to user subroutine $ ELEXOUT (ceegee) ELEMENTS (ceegee) = 99 SET 99 = 1001 THRU 1736 TIMES (ceegee) = 0 THRU END BY 1. SAVE (ceegee) = 10000 $ TYPE (step) = STEPSUM STEPS (step) = 1 THRU END BY 250 $ TYPE (mat) = MATSUM STEPS (mat) = 1 THRU END BY 250 $ $------- PARAMETER SECTION -----$ PARAM,INISTEP,1E-8 PARAM,MINSTEP,1E-9 PARAM,TOLCHK, 1.E-9 PARAM, FMULTI, 1.0

PARAM, ROMULTI, 1.E-15 PARAM, VELMAX, 30., NO PARAM, VELCUT, 1.E-10 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK INCLUDE slosh.bdf $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * tank * $ PSHELL, 1, 2, 0.002 $ $ * dummy * $ PSHELL, 2, 3, 9999 $ * water * $ PEULER1, 3, , MMHYDRO, 1 TICEUL, 1, , , , , , , , +AAAA02 +AAAA02, ELEM, 7, 7, 7, 1.0, , , , +AAAA03 +AAAA03, ELEM, 5, 1, 1, 2.0 TICVAL, 7, , DENSITY, 1.29, SIE, 1.94E5 TICVAL, 1, , DENSITY, 1000. $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ -------- Material water id =1 $ DMAT, 1, 1000, 1 EOSPOL, 1, 2.2E6 $ $ -------- Material air (nitrogen) id =7 $ DMAT, 7, 1.29, 7 EOSGAM, 7, 1.4 $ $ -------- Material aluminium id =2 $ DMATEP, 2, 36.5E3, 7.24E8, 0.33, , , 2, YLDVM, 2, 3.45E8 $ $ $ $ ======== LOAD CASES ======================== $ $ ------- Velocity BC tankvel ----TLOAD1,1,6,,2,2 $ $ FORCE,6,1,0,1,1,0,0.01 FORCE,6,2,0,1,1,0,0.01 : : FORCE,6,257,0,1,1,0,0.01 FORCE,6,258,0,1,1,0,0.01 $ $

TABLED1, 2, , , , , , , , +XXX01 +XXX01, 0., 0., 30., -0.5886, 30.00001, FREE, ENDT $ 0.002G accel, 0-30s $----------- SETS -----------$ $Setname: alegrid with Set ID: 3 contains Nodes $ SET1, 3, 1001, THRU, 1885 $ $Setname: euler_init with Set ID: 5 contains Elements $ SET1,5,1001,THRU,1068,1093,1097,1101,1105,+A000002 +A000002,1109,1113,1117,1121,1185,THRU,1252,1277,+A000003 +A000003,1281,1285,1289,1293,1297,1301,1305,1369,+A000004 +A000004,THRU,1436,1461,1465,1469,1473,1477,1481,+A000005 +A000005,1485,1489,1553,THRU,1620,1645,1649,1653,+A000006 +A000006,1657,1661,1665,1669,1673 $ $ $Setname: shell_surf with Set ID: 6 contains Properties $ SET1, 6, 1 $ $Setname: euler with Set ID: 7 contains Elements $ SET1, 7, 1001, THRU, 1736 $ SURFACE, 1, , PROP, 6 SURFACE, 2, , SEG, 2 $ ALE, 1, 1, 2 $ ALEGRID1, 1, 3 $ ENDDATA

Flow between Two Containers or Airbags

Problem Description
Flow between containers or airbags occurs in
Multi-compartment airbags, including airbags with strips Explosive blast wave containment
For simplicity, this problem examines the flow between two rigid, stationary containers, without failure. The problem and Euler element meshing is shown in Figure 4-23. Both containers consists of a box of dimensions of 0.1 m by 0.1 m by 0.1 m and one half of a hose. This hose has dimension 0.02 m by 0.02 m by 0.04 m. Both containers are filled with gas. The left container is initialized with density 0.2 kg/m3 and specific energy 400000 J/kg and the container on the right is initialized with a density of 1.9 kg/m3 and with the same specific energy as the left one. This corresponds to a pressure of 0.04136 Mpa in container 1, and 0.39292 Mpa in container 2.
Figure 4-23
Dytran Model
In the analysis, gas will flow across the hole.
Theoretical Analysis of the 2-Vessel Flow Problem

This part contains the following sections:
A) Data Summary B) Equations Summary C) Analytical Estimates on Computed Results

A) Data Summary Let us briefly summarize the initial states of the two vessels: V1 = 1.E-3 m3 1 = 0.2 kg/m3 E1 = 4.E5 J/kg V2 = 1.E-3 m3 2 = 1.9 kg/m3 E2 =4.E5 J/kg volume density specific internal energyE2 volume density specific internal energy
The Euler fluid is modeled by means of an ideal gas equation of state: P with g = (g-1) * * E = 1.517
Given these data, the following initial values are derived: P1 c1 P2 c2 = 0.4136E5 N/m2 = 560.10 m/sec = 3.9292E5 N/m2 = 560.10 m/sec pressure sound speed mass pressure sound speed mass
M1 = 2.E-4 kg
M2 = 1.9E-3 kg
The connection between the two vessels has a cross-section area of 4.E-4 m2 and a length of 4.E-2 m. For the purpose of the analysis, the length of this 'hose' connecting the vessels will be neglected. B) Equations Summary During the initial flow developing from V2 into V1, a critical flow will develop. Below is a brief summary of equations governing critical flow, using the 'upstream' high-pressure data as the reference: Pc c cc Tc = P2 * [2/(g+1)] ** [g/(g-1)] = 2 * [2/(g+1)] ** [1/(g-1)] = c2 * sqrt[2/(g+1)] = T2 * [2/(g+1)] critical pressure critical density critical sound speed critical temperature

Using the defined value for g = 1.517, then the critical ratios can be computed as: Pc / P2 = 0.509 c / 2 = 0.641 cc / c2 = 0.8914 Tc / T2 = 0.7946 We now have sufficient data to analytically estimate the correctness of the calculated transient results. C) Analytical Estimates on Computed Results The blowdown transient from the high-pressure volume V2 through the hose into the low-pressure volume V1 has three stages. The initial stage is a 'shock-tube' stage, which exists only for a very short duration inside the hose, where the high and low pressure regions are adjacent and an imaginary wall is assumed to be instantaneously removed at time t=0. The duration of this stage is very short, typically of duration of half the hose length divided by the sound speed. Beyond that time, pressure reflections at both larger volumes will cause a step-wise increase of the flow through the hose, until critical flow conditions are reached. The duration is estimated as: tau_st = 0.02 / 500 = 4.E-5 sec, or 40 microsec. The pressure reflections in each volume have a typical run time of the vessel length divided by the sound speed, or: tau_v = 0.1 / 500 = 2.E-4 sec, or 0.2 msec. Oscillations with this period can be observed in the flowrate plot Figure 4-24b during the first few millisecs in the transient. Over the first 2 msec some 10 oscillations can be seen, giving the average oscillation period of 0.2 msec.

Figure 4-24
Function of Time
The second stage is the 'critical flow' stage. This can be considered as a gradual blowdown of the highpressure volume, where the flowrate is restricted to the critical flow in the hose. Most high-frequency oscillations following from the initial shock formation and reflections, have meanwhile been dissipated. The critical flow is estimated as follows: dM / dt = rhoc * uc * A, where: A uc =cc is the hose cross-section, for critical flow the velocity at critical flow is the velocity of sound.
This would be the theoretical maximum flowrate if the critical flow conditions would exist ideally at time=0. The actual run in Figure 4-24b shows a max peak of approximate 0.2 kg/sec. This is slightly lower due to the following effects:
neglecting energy effects in the flow, and pressure/energy coupling neglecting flowrate during the initial 'shock-tube' stage
Both these effects are included in the calculation but are not taken into account in the above analytical estimate.

When neglecting the pressure/energy dependency for simplicity's sake, we can also estimate the rate of pressure drop: dP / dt = (g-1) * E2 * drho2/dt Rewriting drho2 / dt as (1/V2) * dM / dt, we obtain: dP / dt = (1/V2) * (g-1) * E2 * dM / dt = 5.0293E7 N/m2 per second. This means, the pressure P2 drops at a rate of 5.0293E4 N/m2 per msec. Figure 4-24a shows the pressure P2 to drop from 4.E5 down to 3.5E5 N/m2 during the first millesec, so this is in good agreement with the estimated rate of pressure drop. Simultaneously, the lower pressure P1 will rise with the same rate, from 0.4E5 up to 0.9E5 N/m2 during the first millisec, as shown in Figure 4-24a. The flowrate itself reduces during the critical flow, not so much by a change in the flow velocity but primarily because the upstream density reduces when the upstream pressure drops. Note that the critical sound speed, equaling the critical flow velocity, only depends on the gamma value and is dependent on upstream pressure only as a square-root of (slowly varying) upstream energy. Estimating the reduction of critical density change then as: drhoc / dt = 1./[(g-1)*E2] * dP2 / dt, it follows that drhoc / dt = 1./(2.068E5) * 5.0293E7 = -234.2 kg/[m3.sec] Since the change in rhoc is directly proportional to the critical flowrate (discounting the small change in cc), it follows that the flowrate reduces by approximate 0.234 kg/sec. Observation of the flowrate Figure 4-24b shows that during the first 2 msec, the flowrate drops from approximate -0.2 down to -0.14 kg/sec, which is in good agreement with the estimate. Let us now estimate when the critical flow stage is completed. This is the case when the downstream pressure P1 has risen up to the level of critical pressure Pc which, in turn, drops proportional to the drop in upstream pressure P2. Using slightly rounded numbers for simplicity, we recapitulate: P2 P1 dP / dt Pc = 4 bar = 0.4 bar = 0.5 bar/msec = 0.51 * P2
We can now compute the following equality: P1(t) = Pc(t), where P1(t) = P1(0) + dP / dt * tcf Pc(t) = 0.51 * [ P2(0) - dP / dt * tcf ] and solve for time tcf in millisec. It follows that: tcf = 2.17 msec,

which is the time at which the critical flow stage ends. In the flowrate plot of Figure 4-24b, this point in time can be recognized by the change in slope of the flowrate. When the critical flow ends, then the flow velocity is no longer a more or less constant value but starts to become dependent on pressure differences across the hose. The transient has now reached the 'sub-critical flow' stage. In this stage, the flow solution is no longer determined mainly by the upstream values, but by both the upstream and downstream values, requiring e.g., a Riemann solution, to determine pressure and flowrate for the remaining part of the blowdown transient. A detailed analytical solution of the subcritical stage will not be presented here, but the following observations are interesting. Since both density and flow velocity are now reducing in proportion to the pressure difference, the slope in mass flowrate reduction is now twice as large as during the critical flow stage. Final pressure reduction is now also seen more clearly to follow a quadratic curve. The final oscillations in flowrate and pressures are physical rather than numerical in nature. Upon reaching pressure equality, there is still some fluid motion. This motion causes pressure overshoot and reverse flow, much like a pendulum. Of course, due to dissipation this oscillatory flow quickly vanishes, after 6 msec. In reality, dissipation originates from friction and viscous effects, while in the calculation residual numerical viscosity causes a similar dissipative effect.
Dytran Model
This model could have been modeled as one coupling surface but to illustrate the flow between coupling surfaces, the two containers will be modeled as two separate coupling surfaces. These two surfaces are connected by a hole that is located half way down the hose. This hole is modeled as a surface consisting of either quads or trias that are fully porous. In this case, the hole is modeled by one quad. The elements in the surface of the hole connect the two coupling surface and are included in the definition of both coupling surfaces. The first coupling surface consists of:
The cube on the left The left half of the hose The surface modeling the hole, this is a square
Taking only the first two surfaces does not give a closed surface. The missing part is exactly the third surface. These three objects form a closed surface. The second coupling surface similarly is defined as:
The cube on the right The right half of the hose The surface modeling the hole

In the input deck listed, the container to the left and the left half of the hole make up property set 1. The container on the right and the other half of the hole make up property set 2. The hole is property set 3. So property set 3 has to be used by both coupling surfaces as follows: COUPLE,10,25,OUTSIDE,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,22 COUPLE,20,50,OUTSIDE,,,11,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,23 SURFACE,25,,PROP,1 SET1,1,1,3 SURFACE,50,,PROP,2 SET1,2,2,3 There are two options to create the Euler mesh: 1. MESH with TYPE=BOX This method should be used when the coupling surface does not deform, and there is no need for the Euler Domain to adapt itself. When using this method to create the Euler domains, one needs to ensure that the two Euler domains have at least one element overlapping at the hole. Also, one needs to ensure that holes are not precisely on the Euler element faces. 2. MESH with TYPE=ADAPT This method should be used when the coupling surface moves and deforms, and there is a need for the Euler Domain to adapt itself. Since the coupling surfaces are stationary in this model, the TYPE=BOX option has been used. To activate the hole between the coupling surfaces, the following needs to be entered:
The MESHID must be referenced from the COUPLE entry Define a suitable flow model for the hole. This can be either the PORFLCPL entry or the PORFCPL entry. Note that latter one is only meant for small holes.
In this case, we used a PORFLCPL entry that is suited for large holes. This entry with the corresponding COUPOR entry reads COUPOR,2,11,31,PORFLCPL,82,,1.0 PORFLCPL,82,,,BOTH,10 SUBSURF,31,50,ELEM,250 SET1,250,32 Here the SUBSURF consists of the element in property set 3, that is element 32. In defining the coupling surface, the elements constituting the hole were formatted as a property set but it can also be formatted in all ways supported by SURFACE.

Results
The problem has been run with a problem time of 0.01s. Figure 4-24a shows the pressure in both containers as function of time and Figure 4-24b shows the mass flow rate across the hole as function of time.

START CEND ENDTIME = 0.01 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: flow TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 PARAM,FASTCOUP PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------$ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL TIMES (ALLEULER) = END SAVE (ALLEULER) = 1 $ TYPE(Container1)=TIMEHIS SURFACES(Container1)=155 SET 155=25 SURFOUT(Container1)=PRESSURE,MASS, MFL,MFLR,MFL-POR,MFLR-POR STEPS(Container1)=0 THRU END BY 6 SAVE(Container1)=9999999 $ TYPE(Container2)=TIMEHIS SURFACES(Container2)=156 SET 156=50 SURFOUT(Container2)=PRESSURE,MASS, MFL,MFLR,MFL-POR,MFLR-POR STEPS(Container2)=0 THRU END BY 6 SAVE(Container2)=9999999 $ TYPE(HOLES) = TIMEHIS SUBSOUT(HOLES) = MASS,MFLR-POR,MFL-POR,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL, DENSITY,MFLR,MFL,PRESSURE SUBSURFS(HOLES) = 88 SET 88 = 31 STEPS(HOLES) = 0 THRU END BY 5 SAVE(HOLES) = 1000000 $ BEGIN BULK $ --- Define 24 grid points --$ $

$ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material id =0 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ -------- Material Ideal_Gas id =3 DMAT 3 1.167 3 $ | $ -> density $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ GRID 57 .140000.0600000.0400000 GRID 58 .140000.0600000.0600000 GRID 61 .140000.0400000.0400000 GRID 68 .140000.0400000.0600000 GRID 71 .120000.0600000.0400000 GRID 72 .120000.0600000.0600000 GRID 78 .120000.0400000.0600000 GRID 84 .120000.0400000.0400000 $ $ --- Define 28 elements $ $ -------- property set Pset1.1 --------CQUAD4 1 1 1 2 4 CQUAD4 2 1 3 4 8 CQUAD4 3 1 1 3 7 CQUAD4 4 1 2 1 11 CQUAD4 5 1 7 18 20 CQUAD4 6 1 21 18 7 CQUAD4 7 1 21 8 15 CQUAD4 8 1 8 4 2 CQUAD4 9 1 20 27 15 CQUAD4 24 1 18 21 72 CQUAD4 26 1 21 27 78 CQUAD4 28 1 27 20 84 CQUAD4 30 1 20 18 71 $ -------- property set Pset2.2 --------CQUAD4 10 2 37 38 40 CQUAD4 11 2 38 42 44 CQUAD4 12 2 42 46 48 CQUAD4 13 2 44 48 39 CQUAD4 14 2 46 37 39 CQUAD4 15 2 57 58 42 CQUAD4 16 2 61 57 38 CQUAD4 17 2 37 46 68 CQUAD4 18 2 46 42 58 CQUAD4 25 2 71 72 58 CQUAD4 27 2 72 78 68 CQUAD4 29 2 78 84 61 CQUAD4 31 2 84 71 57 $ -------- property set Pset3.3 --------CQUAD4 32 3 72 78 84 $ -------- property set flowfaces1 --------$ -------- property set flowfaces2 --------$ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ==========
3 7 11 15 11 8 27 15 11 71 72 78 84 39 40 44 40 48 38 37 61 68 57 58 68 61 71

$ $ $ PSHELL1 $ $ $ PSHELL1 $ $ $ PSHELL1 $ ENDDATA
* Pset1.1 * 1 * Pset2.2 * 2 * Pset3.3 * 3 DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

Blastwave Hitting a Bunker

Problem Description
The purpose is to demonstrate application of multi-Euler domains to failing coupling surfaces. The problem simulates a bunker, located on the ground, that is open at the sides and is surrounded by air. Gas can flow freely through the sides of the bunker. A blast wave is ignited close to the bunker and expands into the air. When by the impact of the blast wave, the bunker surface fails gas will flow trough the bunker surface
.
Figure 4-25
Bunker Model
Dytran Modeling
The bunker and the ground consist of cquad4 shell elements. The elements of the bunker are Lagrangian deformable shells and the ground is modeled as rigid, using a MATRIG. The explosive/air region is modeled by two Euler meshes. The first domain models the inside of the bunker and the second one models the outside of the bunker. For the interaction between the bunker and an Euler domain, a unique coupling surface has to be used, therefore, two coupling surfaces are needed. The first coupling surface, for modeling the inside of the bunker, consists of the following facets:
The 180 degrees cylindrical surface and the two open sides of the bunker. The two open sides are
represented by dummy shell elements. These are elements 1 to 2240.

The top of the ground that lies within the bunker. This is a square and is formed by elements
2241 to 3280. These facets make up a closed coupling surface, as shown in Figure 4-26:

Figure 4-26
Coupling Surface 1
This coupling surface contains gas inside, and therefore Euler elements outside the coupling surface should not be processed and so the COVER is OUTSIDE. The second coupling surface consists of the following facets:
The 180 degrees cylindrical surface and the two open sides of the bunker. These are elements 1 to 2240. The top of the ground inside the bunker is not part of the second COUPLE. The top of the ground that is outside the bunker and 5 dummy surfaces of the ground that are
used to close the coupling surfaces. These are formed by the elements 3413 to 4012, 4095 to 4340, 4505 to 4709, 4894 to 7904. These facets make up a closed coupling surface, as shown in the Figure 4-27:
Figure 4-27
Coupling Surface 2
This coupling surface is used for simulating the gas outside the coupling surface. So Euler elements inside the coupling surface should not be processed and the COVER has to be set to INSIDE. The second

coupling surface uses the second Euler mesh and serves as inner boundary surface for this Euler mesh. The outside boundary of this mesh is where the Euler domains ends and boundary conditions for this boundary are provided by a FLOWDEF. The FLOWDEF is chosen as nonreflecting. Waves exit the Euler domain with only little reflection. To get an accurate expansion of the blast wave, the diffusion should be kept at a minimum, and therefore the Roe solver with second-order is used. Interactive failure will be used for the bunker structure, while porosity will be used for the open sides:
The bunker elements itself can fail and gas will flow through the failed elements from outside the bunker into the bunker. All elements of the bunker itself are assigned to a SUBSURF, and occur in both coupling surfaces. They are able to fail interactively, using the COUP1FL entry.
These parts are formed by elements 1 to 1600. The nodes of the failed elements are constrained in space by using PARAM, NZEROVEL, YES, to preserve the geometry of the coupling surfaces from severe distortion.
Since gas can flow through the two sides without any obstruction, these two areas are modeled with SUBSURF entries, and are opened by using a PORFLCPL entry. These sides are modeled
with dummy shell elements and consist of elements 1601 to 2400. The couple cards refer to mesh-number. The first mesh for the Euler elements inside the bunker is created and initialized by: PEULER1,301,,2ndOrder,111 MESH,2,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-430.,0.,-1287.,837.,480.,1296.,,,+ +,24,16,30,,,,EULER,301 The value 2ndOrder activates the Roe solver with second-order accuracy. The property ID is the link between the TICEUL card 101 and the mesh card. The second Euler mesh for the Euler elements outside the bunker is created and initialized by: PEULER1,201,,2ndOrder,101 MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-647.,0.,-1293.,1057.,447.,1293.,,,+ +,33,23,37,,,,EULER,201 Euler archive output is generated using: ELEMENTS (AIR) = 1 SET 1 = ALLEULHYDRO
Results
Figures Figure 4-28 and Figure 4-29 show a fringe plot and an isosurface. Figure 4-29 has been created by Ensight.

Figure 4-28
Deformed Effective Stress Plot of the Bunker
Figure 4-29
Isosurfaces Created using SIE Variable for the Two Euler Domains

Mine Blast
Mine Blast
Problem Description
This is a simulation of an explosion under a vehicle. The vehicle has triggered a mine that is exploding underneath the bottom shield. In this example, the actual explosion of the mine will not be modeled. Instead, the simulation will be started moments after the mine has exploded. This is called the blast wave approach. At the location of the mine, a high density and high specific energy is assumed in the shape of a small sphere. During the simulation, this region of high density, energy and therefore also high pressure, will expand rapidly. The blast wave will interact with the bottom shield and cause an acceleration of parts of the flexible body. The intent of this simulation is to find the location and the value of the maximum acceleration.
Dytran Model
An outline of the basic numerical model is shown in the Figure 4-30 below. It is composed of the following main components: A. Vehicle Structure B. Euler Domain 1 - air outside vehicle and compressed air (explosive) C. Euler Domain 2 - air inside vehicle D. Ground E. Fluid Structural Coupling
Figure 4-30
Outline of Basic Numerical Model

Mine Blast
The Vehicle: Vehicle structure is modeled by QUAD, TRIA shell elements and some BAR elements.
Figure 4-31
Vehicle Structure
Material properties are taken as follows: Density Modulus of elasticity Poison ratio Yield stress 7.85E-9 210000. 0.3 250. tonne/mm/s2 tonne/mm3 tonne/mm/s2
Assumed that there will be no failure of the structure. In a part of the structure, there is a hole through which air and pressure waves can freely flow. This hole will be modeled with dummy shell elements. Euler Domain 1: The first Euler domain is the air on the outside of the vehicle. The properties of air at rest are: Density Gamma Specific Internal Energy 1.29E-12 1.4 1.9385E8 tonne-mm2/s2 tonne/mm3

Mine Blast
In the input deck: DMAT,230,1.29e-12,203,,,,,,+ +,,1.01 TICVAL,5,,DENSITY,1.29E-12,SIE,1.938e11 At the location of the mine, a small region will be modeled with high density and specific internal energy equivalent to TNT of 7kg when the sphere has a radius of .25 meter: Density Specific Internal Energy The input deck will show: TICVAL,4,,DENSITY,107E-12,SIE,3.9e12 SPHERE,400,,1797.5,0.,-450.,250. The Euler region will be modeled by using the MESH card. The region will have to be large enough to contain the entire vehicle, including when the vehicle is in motion: MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-2623.,-1403.,-903.,6100.,2800.,2150.,,,+ +,30,10,10,,,,EULER,201 For the most accurate blastwave simulations, it is advised to use the Second-order Euler solver of Dytran. This is activated by specifying the second-order option on the Euler property card and specifying the parameter to use the second-order Range Kutta integration method: PARAM,RKSCHEME,3 PEULER1,201,,2ndOrder,101 To initialize the whole first Euler mesh, a TICEUL card will be defined. To initialize the Euler domain, other than within the sphere of the explosion, a 2nd large sphere is used. Because it has lower priority, the Euler elements within the mine blast sphere will still be initialized with high density and energy: TICEUL,101,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,400,230,4,20.,,,,+ +,SPHERE,501,230,5,1. SPHERE,501,,0.,0.,-5000.,10000. The Euler domain has infinite boundaries. This can be achieved by defining a zero gradient flow boundary on the outside of the Euler mesh. Use an empty FLOWDEF card: FLOWDEF,202,,HYDRO,,,,,,+ +,FLOW,BOTH 107E-12 4.9E12 tonne/mm3 mm2/s2

Mine Blast
Euler Domain 2: The second Euler region represents the air inside the vehicle. Also for the second Euler region, a MESH card is used. The air is at rest again, so the same properties apply: PEULER1,202,,2ndOrder,102 TICEUL,102,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,502,230,5,5. SPHERE,502,,0.,0.,-5000.,10000. Many of the previous cards will be used to initialize the density and energy (TICVAL) and material (DMAT/EOSGAM) in this Euler region. The Ground: The ground is modeled as rigid body using dummy QUAD elements. It is used to close the Euler boundary under the vehicle so the blast wave will reflect on this boundary: PSHELL1,999,,DUMMY SURFACE,999,,PROP,999 SET1,999,999 $ RIGID,999,999,1.0E10,,0.00,0.00,-800.,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,1.E10,,,1.E10,,1.E10 The motion of the ground is constrained by specifying zero velocities: TLOAD1,1,2000, ,12 FORCE ,2000,999, ,0.0,1.0,1.0,1.0 MOMENT,2000,999, ,0.0,1.0,1.0,1.0 Fluid Structure Interaction: In order to make fluid structure interaction possible, a closed volume needs to be defined. The car model itself is not closed, so a dummy boundary will be defined to close the volume. This extra surface consists of three parts: Part 1 resides on the back, Part 2 is the top cover, and Part 3 is the vent on the bottom of the vehicle. For all these parts, dummy shell elements are defined and hole definitions will be defined.

Mine Blast
Figure 4-32
Dummy Shell Elements Defined to Close the Volume
The input for dummy shell elements: PSHELL1,900,,DUMMY PSHELL1,910,,DUMMY PSHELL1,920,,DUMMY With this closed volume, the coupling surface can be defined. For each Euler domain, a separate surface is required. However, in this model, the interaction surface consists of the same elements, except for the extra ground elements (pid=999) for the outer Euler domain region 1. The surface definition will make use of the properties of the elements. The outer surface: SURFACE,97,,PROP,27 SET1,27,60,61,62,110,135,150,900,+ +,910,920,999 The inner surface: SURFACE,98,,PROP,28 SET1,28,60,61,62,110,135,150,900,+ +,910,920 Now the coupling surfaces can be defined. For the outer region, all elements inside the volume are not active. The covered option will, therefore, be set to INSIDE. Attached to this surface will be the first Euler MESH: COUPLE,1,97,INSIDE,ON,ON,11,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,1 The inner Euler domain is constrained by surface 2. For this volume, the outer Euler elements will be covered: COUPLE,2,98,OUTSIDE,ON,ON,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,2

Mine Blast
As discussed before, there are holes in the coupling surface. To this end, a flow definition is required for one of the coupling surfaces. In this example, the flow cards are referenced from the first coupling surface. The input to define flow between the regions is: COUPOR,1,11,1,PORFLCPL,84,CONSTANT,1.0 SUBSURF,1,97,PROP,301 SET1,301,900 Also, for each of the other two flow surfaces, these set of cards are repeated. Finally, the flow definition itself prescribes that the Euler region from coupling surface 1 is interacting with the Euler region from coupling surface 2: PORFLCPL,84,,,BOTH,2 Miscellaneous: a. Because this model uses the coupling surface interface, the time step safety factor for Eulerian elements has to be .6. However, the Lagrangian elements (the quadratic and triangular elements) determine the time-step, and it is beneficial to use a higher time step safety factor for the Lagrangian elements: PARAM,STEPFCTL,0.9 b. To show the stress on the structure, the following output request was added: TYPE (Vehicle) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (Vehicle) = 3 SET 3 = {list of the element numbers of the vehicle} ELOUT (Vehicle) = EFFST TIMES (Vehicle) = 0,thru,end,by,0.0002 SAVE (Vehicle) = 10000 c. In order to find the location of the maximum acceleration a gridpoint archive output request will be created. In this case, location and also the approximate value of the acceleration can be visualized in the postprocessor: TYPE (Surface) = ARCHIVE GRIDS (Surface) = 4 SET 4 = {list of the gridpoints of the vehicle} GPOUT (Surface) = RACC, RVEL TIMES (Surface) = 0,thru,end,by,0.0002 SAVE (Surface) = 10000

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Results
The Figure 4-33 below shows the location, value, and time of the maximum acceleration. The stress distribution at this time is also in Figure 4-34.
Figure 4-33
Acceleration Plot
Figure 4-34
Stress Distribution Plot

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START CEND ENDTIME=0.005 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: test (mm/tonne/s/K) TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ $ ========= OUTPUT REQUEST FOR AIR ========= $ TYPE (AIR1) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (AIR1) = 1 SET 1 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (AIR1) = PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,SIE,DENSITY TIMES (AIR1) = 0,thru,end,by,.0002 SAVE (AIR1) = 20000 $ CPLSURFS(BAGHT1)=300 SET 300 = 97 CPLSOUT(BAGHT1)=PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL TIMES (BAGHT1)= 0,thru,end,by,.0002 TYPE (BAGHT1)=ARCHIVE SAVE (BAGHT1)=1000000 $ CPLSURFS(BAGHT2)=301 SET 301 = 98 CPLSOUT(BAGHT2)=PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL TIMES (BAGHT2)= 0,thru,end,by,.0002 TYPE (BAGHT2)=ARCHIVE SAVE (BAGHT2)=1000000 $ $ ========= OUTPUT REQUEST FOR STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ========= $ TYPE (VEHICLE) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (VEHICLE) = 3 SET 3 = 2, THRU, 105, 129, THRU, 1697, 1702, THRU, 1736, 1758, THRU, 1851, 2460, THRU, 2536 ELOUT (VEHICLE) = EFFST TIMES (VEHICLE) = 0,thru,end,by,.0002 SAVE (VEHICLE) = 99999 $ TYPE (GP) = ARCHIVE GRIDS (GP) = 4 GPOUT (GP) = RACC, RVEL TIMES (GP) = 0,thru,end,by,.0002 SAVE (GP) = 99999 SET 4 = 1,thru,176 189,thru,202 218,thru,225, 253,thru,259 272,thru,285 294,thru,389, 414,thru,421 471,thru,489 500,thru,543, 545,thru,563 575,thru,578 595,thru,643, 776,thru,1137 1149,thru,1284 1301,thru,1308, 1343,thru,1361 1364,thru,1479 1492,thru,1593, 1630,thru,1687 1908 1909 2038 2124, 2227 2304 2343 2448 2526 2702,thru,2727, 2755,thru,2762 2807,thru,2825 2838,thru,2878,

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2907,thru,2910 2944,thru,2962 2969,thru,2972, 2988,thru,3007 3016,thru,3030 3037,thru,3044, 3049,thru,3052 3056,thru,3060 3064,thru,3077, 3087,thru,3090 3094,thru,3097 3101,thru,3104, 3107,thru,3150 3313,thru,3374 3651,thru,3705, 3707,thru,3714 3718,thru,3729 $ $------- Parameter Section -----$ PARAM,RKSCHEME,3 PARAM,FASTCOUP PARAM,STEPFCTL,0.9 PARAM,INISTEP,.5E-7 PARAM,MINSTEP,1.E-13 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-2623.,-1403.,-903.,6100.,2800.,2150.,,,+ +,30,10,10,,,,EULER,201 $ MESH,2,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-2621.,-1201.,-251.,5900.,2400.,1250.,,,+ +,30,10,10,,,,EULER,202 $ PEULER1,201,,2ndOrder,101 TICEUL,101,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,400,230,4,20.,,,,+ +,SPHERE,501,230,5,1., SPHERE,400,,1797.5,0.,-450.,250. SPHERE,501,,0.,0.,-5000.,10000. $ PEULER1,202,,2ndOrder,102 TICEUL,102,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,502,230,5,5. SPHERE,502,,0.,0.,-5000.,10000. $ TICVAL,4,,DENSITY,107E-12,SIE,3.9e12 TICVAL,5,,DENSITY,1.29E-12,SIE,1.938e11 $ DMAT,230,1.29e-12,203,,,,,,+ +,,1.01 EOSGAM,203,1.4 $ FLOWDEF,202,,HYDRO,,,,,,+ +,FLOW,BOTH $ COUPLE,1,97,INSIDE,ON,ON,11,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,1 SURFACE,97,,PROP,27 $ $ Define flow thru the holes $ COUPOR,1,11,1,PORFLCPL,84,CONSTANT,1.0 SUBSURF,1,97,PROP,301 SET1,301,900 $ COUPOR,2,11,2,PORFLCPL,84,CONSTANT,1.0

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SUBSURF,2,97,PROP,302 SET1,302,910 $ COUPOR,3,11,3,PORFLCPL,84,CONSTANT,1.0 SUBSURF,3,97,PROP,303 SET1,303,920 $ PORFLCPL,84,,,BOTH,2 $ COUPLE,2,98,OUTSIDE,ON,ON,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,2 SURFACE,98,,PROP,28 $ SET1,27,60,61,62,110,135,150,900,+ +,910,920,999 $ SET1,28,60,61,62,110,135,150,900,+ +,910,920 $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * pbar.9988 * $ PBAR 9988 222 3600.1000000.1000000.2000000. $ $ * pbar.9989 * $ PBAR 9989 222 100000. 3.E+8 3.E+8 6.E+8 $ $ * pbar.9990 * $ PBAR 9990 222 3000. 200000.2500000.3000000. $ $ * pbar.9993 * $ PBAR,9993,111,459.96,25066.,55282.,16543. $ $ * pbar.9996 * $ PBAR,9996,111,895.52,309450.,55349.,48782. $ $ * pbar.9999 * $ PBAR,9999,111,736.,490275.,827555.,2095137. $ $ * pshell.30 * $ PSHELL 30 111 3 $ $ * pshell.40 * $ PSHELL 40 111 4 $ $ * pshell.50 * $ PSHELL 50 111 5 $ $ * pshell.60 * $

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PSHELL 60 111 6 PSHELL 61 111 6 PSHELL 62 111 6 $ * pshell.80 * $ PSHELL 80 111 8 $ $ * pshell.110 * $ PSHELL 110 111 11 $ $ * pshell.120 * $ PSHELL 120 111 12 $ $ * pshell.135 * $ PSHELL 135 111 13.5 $ $ * pshell.150 * $ PSHELL 150 111 15 PSHELL 151 111 15 $ $ * pshell.200 * $ PSHELL 200 111 20 $ $ * pshell.450 * $ PSHELL 450 111 45 $ $ dummy elements for coupling surface $ fail immediately $ hole PSHELL1,900,,DUMMY $ top cover PSHELL1,910,,DUMMY $ side cover PSHELL1,920,,DUMMY $ $ ground PSHELL1,999,,DUMMY SURFACE,999,,PROP,999 SET1,999,999 RIGID,999,999,1.0E10,,0.00,0.00,-800.,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,1.E10,,,1.E10,,1.E10 $ constrain the motion of the ground TLOAD1,1,2000, ,12 FORCE ,2000,999, ,0.0,1.0,1.0,1.0 MOMENT,2000,999, ,0.0,1.0,1.0,1.0 $ $ * conm2 * $ CONM2,5000,1145,,1.5 CONM2,5001,1146,,1.7 $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $

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DMATEP,111,7.85e-09,210000.,.3,,,111 YLDVM,111,250E10 $ DMATEP,222,7.85e-09,210000.,.3 $ INCLUDE model.bdf INCLUDE ground.dat $ ENDDATA


Problem Description
Bird strike on a box structure is a typical problem in aircraft industries. The box structure simulates the leading edge of lifting surfaces, e.g. wing, vertical, and horizontal stabilizers. The box can be simplified to consist of a curve leading edge panel and a front spar. The acceptable design criteria for bird strike is that the leading edge panel may fail but the front spar strength may not degrade to a certain level. In this example, two cylindrical panels are put in parallel. Two birds strike the upper panel. One bird strikes in horizontal direction and the second one vertically. The second bird will perforate the first panel and impact the second one. The problem is based on the model described in the example Multiple Birdstrike on a Cylindrical Panelwhere an ALE feature of Dytran is used. Due to the introduction of failure in the structure (coupling surface), the standard Euler solver will be used. In this example, the emphasis is given on the modeling technique. The relative positions of the birds to the upper plate and their initial velocities are shown in Figure 4-35. The data for analysis are given in Table 4-1.
Figure 4-35
Geometry of the Upper Plate and Position of the Birds Relative to the Plate

Table 4-1
Material Data and Initial Conditions Plate Ambience Air 1.1848 Bird 1 Jelly 930 2.2e9 Bird 2 Jelly 930 2.2e9
Material Density (kg/m3) Bulk modulus (Pa) Poissons ratio Yield stress (Pa) Gamma Thickness (m) Radius (m) Length (m) Mass (kg) Initial velocity (m/s) Fail (equiv. Plas. Strain)
Titanium 4527 1.03e11 0.314 1.38e8
1.4 0.0015 0.25 0.25 0.36 150 0.1 0.285 200
Dytran Modeling
Each curved plate is modeled using 33x16 BLT-shells. The boundary conditions applied at the edges of the plate are defined within a cylindrical coordinate system, where the local z-axis is aligned with the length axis of the plate. The cylindrical system is defined using a CORD2C entry. To create a closed surface, required by COUPLING option, the two plates are connected with dummy quad elements. The two birds and air are modeled using Multi Material Eulerian (FV) elements, also known as MMHYDRO. The location of the bird in the Euler domain is defined using TICEUL option. The material for the birds and air are modeled using EOSPOL and EOSGAM, respectively. To allow the bird perforating the first plate and impact the second one, several modeling techniques can be used. One of them is using two Eulerian domains and two coupling surfaces. Both the Eulerian domains and the coupling surfaces have to be logically different. Each coupling surface associates with one Eulerian domain. In this model the two coupling surfaces share the same physical space. By specifying that one domain is covered outside and the other inside, the Eulerian domain represents the correct physical space. The two Eulerian domains cannot interact with each other except through coupling surfaces. When coupling surfaces share the same shell elements, and some or all shells fail, then material can flow from one Eulerian domain into another one. The interaction between the Eulerian domains is activated using COUP1INT option and PARAM, FASTCOUP, INPLANE, FAIL. The rest of the Euler domain is filled with Air. Please notice that when the effect of air is neglected then the rest of the Eulerian domain should be filled with void. It will speed up the analysis. The first domain is associated with a coupling surface that is INSIDE covered. Therefore, it cannot be adaptive and is defined using MESH,,BOX option. The second domain is adaptive and defined using

MESH,,ADAPT. The ADAPT option lets Dytran create and update the Eulerian domain to minimize
memory allocation and consequently lowered CPU time. The default Eulerian boundary condition is set to that only outflow is allowed using FLOWDEF option. In this case, a bird that reaches the free face boundary will flow out of the domain. The initial velocity of the birds is defined using TICVAL option. The finite element model of the upper and lower plates, the Eulerian domains and the initialization of the birds are shown in Figure 4-36. The dummy quad elements used to create closed coupling surfaces are not shown in this figure
.
Figure 4-36
Finite Element Model and Finite Volume Domains
Results
In this simulation, the time history of total z-force on the coupling surface is requested as shown in Figure 4-37. This force is the sum of all z-forces on the nodes that belong to both the upper and the lower plate. From this figure, it is obvious that there are three large impact forces occurring on the plate. The first one is when the first bird impacts the upper plate, which is subject to a significant damage. The second one is when the second bird impacts the upper plate. The last peak is caused by the first bird impacting the lower plate. Snapshots of the motion of the two birds and the deformation of the plates are shown in Figure 4-38 at various time steps of the simulation. Figure 4-38a is the initial condition. Figure 4-38b is at the moment when the first bird penetrates the upper plate and second bird touches the plate. This corresponds with the first peak in the time history plot shown in Figure 4-37. Figure 4-38c is at the moment when the second bird penetrates the upper plate. It corresponds with the second peak of the time history plot. Figure 4-38d is at the moment when the second bird has left the plate and the first bird penetrates the lower plate. This corresponds with the third peak in the time history plot

Figure 4-37
Time History of the Total Z-force on the Plates
Figure 4-38
Snapshots of Simulation Results Showing the Motion of the Birds and Plates
Files
Ep4d9.dat Ep4d9.bdf Ep4d9_C1_0.THS Ep4d9_BIRD_xx.ARC
Dytran input files Dytran time history file Dytran archive files


START CEND TITLE = Multiple bird strike using Multi-Material-FVSurfer ENDSTEP = 1200 ENDTIME = .0025 TIC = 1 SPC = 1 $ TYPE(plate) = ARCHIVE SAVE(plate) = 1 STEPS(plate) = 0,200,400,1200 ELEMENTS(plate) = 1 SET 1 = 7393 THRU 8448 ELOUT(plate) = EFFST01,EFFST03,FAIL $$ $$ Data for output control Set 2 : the 2 birds TYPE(bird) = ARCHIVE SAVE(bird) = 1 STEPS(bird) = 0,200,400,1200 ELEMENTS(bird) = 2 SET 2 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT(bird) = XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,FMAT3,FMAT5 $ TYPE(C1) = TIMEHIS SAVE(C1) = 10000 STEPS(C1) = 0tEndb10 CPLSURFS(C1) = 3 SET 3 = 1 CPLSOUT(C1) = XFORCE,YFORCE,ZFORCE,RFORCE $ type(out)=stepsum steps(out)=0tendby10 type(mat)=matsum steps(mat)=0tendb10 $ BEGIN BULK PARAM INISTEP 1e-7 PARAM MINSTEP 1e-8 PARAM,FASTCOUP,INPLANE,FAIL PARAM,FMULTI,1.0 PARAM,NZEROVEL,YES PARAM,FAILOUT,NO param,stepfctl,0.9 $ INCLUDE ep4d9.bdf $ $ domain 1 $ MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-0.26,-0.015,-0.05,0.50,0.28,0.44,,,+ +,50,28,44,,,,EULER,1 $ $ COUPLING SURFACE 1 COUPLE 1 1 INSIDE ON ON +A000002 +A000002 1 $
+A000002 +A000002

SURFACE 1 ELEM 11 SET1 11 7393 THRU 8448 13729 THRU 14048 14577+ + THRU 15236 $ $ Flow boundary, property, material and equation of state data. FLOWDEF 1 MMHYDRO + + FLOW OUT $ PEULER1 1 MMHYDRO 11 $ $--------Material Bird -----------------------------------DMAT 3 930 3 EOSPOL 3 2.2e9 DMAT 5 930 5 EOSPOL 5 2.2e9 $ $ Allocation of material to geometric regions. TICEUL 11 + + CYLINDER1 3 1 3 + + CYLINDER2 5 2 2 + + SPHERE 4 4 5 1 $ CYLINDER1 .13 .125 .2252 .17 .125 .2944 + + .035 CYLINDER2 -.1381 .125 .26 -.2381 .125 .26 + + .035 SPHERE,4,,-.1381, .125, .26, 1000 $ $ Initial material data. TICVAL 1 XVEL -75 ZVEL -129.9 TICVAL 2 XVEL 200 $ $ Property, material and yield model. PSHELL1 2 2 Blt Gauss 3 .83333 Mid + + .0015 DMATEP 2 4527 .314 1.03e11 1 1 YLDVM 1 1.38e8 FAILMPS 1 0.1 $ PSHELL1,3,,DUMMY PSHELL1,4,,DUMMY $ $ Boundary constrain. $ -------------------CORD2C 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.25 0.0 + + 0.0 0.125 0.25 $ $ -------- Material Air id =4 DMAT 4 1.1848 4 EOSGAM,4,1.4 $ $ Domain 2 PEULER1,6,,MMHYDRO,12 TICEUL,12,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,7,4,5,1.0,,,,+ SPHERE,7,,0.0,0.0,0.0,500.0 TICVAL,5,,SIE,2.1388E5,DENSITY,1.1848 $ $===Coupling Surface 2 $

COUPLE,2,2,OUTSIDE,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,2 $ SURFACE 2 ELEM SET1 12 7393 THRU + THRU 15236 MESH,2,ADAPT,0.01,0.01,0.01,,,,+ +,-0.26,-0.015,-0.05,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,6 $ $ coupling interaction COUP1INT,2,2,1 $ ENDDATA
12 8448
13729
THRU
14048 14577+

Shaped Charge, using IG Model, Penetrating through Two Thick Plates
Problem Description
When a metal cone is explosively collapsed onto its axis, a high-velocity rod of molten metal, the jet, is ejected out of the open end of the cone. The cone, called a liner, is typically made of copper. The jet has a mass approximately 20 percent of the cone mass, and elongates rapidly due to its high velocity gradient. This molten rod is followed by the rest of the mass of the collapsed cone, the slug. Typical shaped charges have liner slope angles of less than 42 ensuring the development of a jet; with jet velocities ranging from 3000 to 8000 m/s. A typical construction of a shaped charge is shown in Figure 4-39.
Figure 4-39
A Typical Construction of a Shaped Charge

An example simulation of shaped charge formation is carried out to demonstrate the ability of Dytran to perform such a simulation. A simplified axisymmetric model of explosives and a copper liner is created in a finite volume Euler mesh. Explosive are detonated starting from a point on the axis of symmetry at the end of the explosives. The simulation is carried out for 60 s after detonation of the explosives. The jet is formed and penetrates two thick plates. Please see Figure 4-40 for the model layout
.
Figure 4-40
Dytran Model Setup
Typical shaped charges are axisymmetric. However, aiming at higher velocity, 3-D designs are targeted. 3-D simulation of shaped charge formation would be necessary to avoid excessive experimental work. Dytran has full abilities to perform such a 3-D simulation.
Dytran Model
The model is simplified as shown in Figure 4-40. The aluminum casting is replaced with a rigid body. Detonation is assumed to start at a point on the axis at the rear end of the explosives. The liner shape is slightly simplified as shown in the figure. The retaining ring is assumed rigid and is modeled as a wall boundary for the Euler Mesh (WALLET). SI units are used in this example. Euler Mesh and Liner: A triangular prismatic Finite Volume Euler mesh is used with head angle of 5 degrees as shown in
Figure 4-41. A very fine mesh is used to accurately simulate the behavior of the extremely thin liner. The
liner is placed in this Euler mesh. Symmetry conditions (closed boundary, default Euler boundary condition) are imposed on the two rectangular faces of the prism to create an axisymmetric behavior.

Figure 4-41
Euler Mesh
The liner material pressure density relationship is modeled with EOSPOL model. The liner is made of copper and the constants are taken as follows: a1 a2 a3 b1 b2 b3 1.43E11 0.839E11 2.16E9 0.0 0.0 0.0 N/m2 N/m2 N/m2
Material yield strength is modeled with a Johnson-Cook yield model. The constants are taken as follows: A B C n m
0
1.2E8 1.43E9 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 1356.0 293.0 399.0
N/m2 N/m2
Tmelt Troom Cv
K K J/kg

Other liner material properties of liner are as follows: Density Constant shear model Constant spallation model In the input deck: DMAT 701 8960. 711 712 713 EOSPOL, 711, 1.43+11, 0.839+11, 2.16+9 SHREL,712,0.477E11 $ Johnson-Cook $ A B n C m EPS0 Cv YLDJC,713, 1.2E8, 1.43E9, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 399.0,+ $ TMELT TROOM +, 1356.0, 293.0 $ PMINC,714,-2.5E10 714 8960 0.477E11 -2.5E10 kg/m3 N/m2 N/m2
It is very easy to define the shape and position of the liner by using the method of geometrical regions when creating the initial conditions of the liner material. CYLINDER, 1,, -0.5391, -0.56, 0., 2.0, 0.4147, 0.,+ +,0.2958 CYLINDER, 2,, -0.5391, -0.56, 0., 2.0, 0.4147, 0.,+ +,0.2939 CYLINDER, 3,, 0.2, 2.0406, 0., 0.2047, 2.0406, 0.,+ +,2.0019 TICVAL,2,,DENSITY,8960. Casting and Retaining Ring: The casting is assumed to be rigid. It is modeled by the default Eulerian boundary condition (closed boundary). The retaining ring is also assumed to be rigid and is modeled by a wallet. Plates: Two thick plates are placed in this Euler mesh. Plate material is defined as steel: DMAT 801 7830. EOSPOL, 811, 1.64E+11 SHREL,812,0.818E11 YLDVM,813,1.4E9 PMINC,814,-3.8E9 811 812 813 814
The shapes and positions of the plates are defined by using the method of geometrical regions. CYLINDER, 4,, 0.22, 2.0406, 0., 0.223, 2.0406, 0.,+ +,2.05 CYLINDER, 5,, 0.27, 2.0406, 0., 0.273, 2.0406, 0.,+ +,2.05

TICVAL,3,,DENSITY,7830. Explosive: The explosive is modeled by ignition and growth equation of state. The explosive is placed in this Euler mesh. EOSIG,100,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,99,,MCOMPB,SI The explosive material is taken from the database that is build into Dytran. To initialize the whole Euler mesh, a TICEUL option will be defined. TICEUL 1 + ELEM 1 100 1 + CYLINDER1 701 2 + CYLINDER2 + CYLINDER3 701 2 + CYLINDER4 801 3 + CYLINDER5 801 3 $ SET1 1 1 THRU 15342 TICVAL,1,,DENSITY,1630.,SIE,4.29E6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. + + + + + +
Results
The figure below shows the initial position of the copper liner and two thick plates at 0s, snap shots of liner collapse, jet formation and plates penetrated at 10 s, 20 s, 30 s, 40 s, 50 s and 60 s.

Figure 4-42
Initial Position of the Copper Liner and Two Thick Plates, Snap Shots of Liner Collapse, Jet Formation and Plates Penetrated (Courtesy Postprocessing by
CEI Ensight)
Figure 4-43 shows the velocity field of explosive gases, liner, and jet at 20 s. A jet velocity of about 6000 m/s is achieved.
Figure 4-43
Velocity Field of Explosive Gases, Liner, and Jet


START CEND TITLE = SHAPED CHARGES TEST (m/kg/s/K) CHECK = NO ENDTIME = 6.E-5 TIC = 1 $$ $$ TYPE(EULER1) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS(EULER1) = 11 SET 11 = 1,THRU,15342 ELOUT(EULER1) = XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,EFFSTS,EFFPLS, TXX, TYY, TZZ, TXY, TYZ, TZX, PRESSURE, SIE, FMAT100,FMAT701,DENSITY100,DENSITY701, FMAT801,DENSITY801,FMAT,DENSITY SAVE(EULER1) = 999999 TIMES(EULER1) = 0.0, THRU, END, BY, 2.E-6 $ BEGIN BULK PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-11 PARAM,MINSTEP,1.E-13 PARAM,GEOCHECK,ON PARAM,VELMAX,20.0E+03 $ $ THIS SECTION CONTAINS BULK DATA $ INCLUDE model.bdf INCLUDE wall.dat $ $ PEULER1, 1 ,, MMSTREN, 1 $ $ EXPLOSIVE $ DMAT 100 1630. 100 101 102 EOSIG,100,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,99,,MCOMPB,SI SHREL,101,3.E9 YLDVM,102,2.E8 $ $ $ COPPER $ DMAT 701 8960. 711 712 713 EOSPOL, 711, 1.43+11, 0.839+11, 2.16+9 SHREL,712,0.477E11 $ Johnson-Cook $ A B n C m EPS0 Cv YLDJC,713, 1.2E8, 1.43E9, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 399.0,+ $ TMELT TROOM +, 1356.0, 293.0 $ PMINC,714,-2.5E10 $ $ STEEL
714

$ DMAT 801 7830. 811 812 EOSPOL, 811, 1.64E+11 SHREL,812,0.818E11 YLDVM,813,1.4E9 PMINC,814,-3.8E9 $ TICEUL 1 + ELEM 1 100 1 + CYLINDER1 701 2 + CYLINDER2 + CYLINDER3 701 2 + CYLINDER4 801 3 + CYLINDER5 801 3 $ SET1 1 1 THRU 15342 CYLINDER, 1,, -0.5391, -0.56, 0., 2.0, +,0.2958 CYLINDER, 2,, -0.5391, -0.56, 0., 2.0, +,0.2939 CYLINDER, 3,, 0.2, 2.0406, 0., 0.2047, +,2.0019 CYLINDER, 4,, 0.22, 2.0406, 0., 0.223, +,2.05 CYLINDER, 5,, 0.27, 2.0406, 0., 0.273, +,2.05 $ TICVAL,1,,DENSITY,1630.,SIE,4.29E6 TICVAL,2,,DENSITY,8960. TICVAL,3,,DENSITY,7830. $ $ DUMMY QUAD TO MODEL THE WALLET $ PSHELL1,2,,,,,,,,+ +,9999. WALLET,1,2 $ $ ENDDATA
813
814
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 0.4147, 0.,+ 0.4147, 0.,+ 2.0406, 0.,+ 2.0406, 0.,+ 2.0406, 0.,+
+ + + + + +

Fuel Tank Filling
Fuel Tank Filling
Problem Description
The process of filling up an automobile fuel tank must be easy and comfortable for the customer. Effects like the gasoline pump prematurely switching off or the back splashing of fuel must be avoided. Furthermore, the legal requirements must be met. The space available for the whole system is constantly being minimized, leading to additional difficulties in fulfilling the above criteria. Usually costly and time-consuming experiments are necessary for this optimization. Numerical simulation is a desirable tool to avoid excessive experimental work. The purpose is to demonstrate application of Multiple Adaptive Euler Domains for Multiple Material to fuel tank filling process. The problem simulates a fuel tank that contains a filling pipe and a vent pipe. Tank is full with fuel up to 80 mm from the bottom. The rest is full with air. In the simulation, the fuel is made to flow into the tank through the inlet of the filling pipe. The air and the fuel escape out of the tank through the outlet of the vent pipe.
Dytran Model
Tank and pipes are modeled as rigid bodies. The fuel/air region is modeled by three Euler meshes. The first domain models the inside of the tank, the second domain models the inside of the filling pipe, and the third domain models the inside of vent pipe. For the interaction between the structure and Euler domains, three coupling surfaces are needed.
Units
Length = mm, Mass = kg and Time = second

Tank and Pipes Figure 4-44 shows the structure mesh. All elements are defined as dummy shell elements. A surface is created and defined as a rigid body. The tank is fixed in position by defining zero velocity in all directions and zero rotation in all directions.

Fuel Tank Filling
Figure 4-44 Tank and Piping Structure Mesh

Euler domain 1
The first Euler domain has the fuel and air inside of the tank. The properties of fuel are: Density Bulk modulus 8.5E-7 2.0E+4 kg/ mm3 KPa
This is a reduced bulk modulus (1/100) to increase the time step and reduce CPU time. In the input deck: DMAT 2 EOSPOL 2 The air properties are: Density Gamma Specific internal energy In the input deck: DMAT 1 1.29E-9 1 EOSGAM 1 1.4 TICVAL,21,,DENSITY,1.29E-9,SIE,1.938E11 The Euler region is modeled by using the MESH card. The ADAPT option is used: PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,100 $ MESH,1,ADAPT,8.,8.,8.,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,1 8.5E-7 20000 2
1.29E-9 1.4 1.938E11
kg/ mm3 mm2/s2

Fuel Tank Filling
To initialize the whole first Euler mesh, a TICEUL option is defined. Tank is full with fuel up to 80 mms from the bottom. The rest is full with air. Initial air pressure is set to 100 KPa. Fuel hydrostatic pressure is defined starting from 100 KPa at the surface and increasing going down. The four layers with different pressures are defined: TICEUL,100,,,,,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,31,1,21,1.0,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,32,2,22,2.0,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,33,2,23,3.0,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,34,2,24,4.0,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,35,2,25,5.0 $ CYLINDER,31,,-350.,150.,-10000.,50.,150.,-10000.,+ +,20000. CYLINDER,32,,-350.,150.,-10000.,50.,150.,-10000.,+ +,10020. CYLINDER,33,,-350.,150.,-10000.,50.,150.,-10000.,+ +,10040. CYLINDER,34,,-350.,150.,-10000.,50.,150.,-10000.,+ +,10060. CYLINDER,35,,-350.,150.,-10000.,50.,150.,-10000.,+ +,10080. $ TICVAL,22,,DENSITY,8.54254E-7,SIE,0 TICVAL,23,,DENSITY,8.5426E-7,SIE,0 TICVAL,24,,DENSITY,8.54268E-7,SIE,0 TICVAL,25,,DENSITY,8.54275E-7,SIE,0 Euler domain 2 The second Euler region represents the fuel and air inside the filling pipe. For smooth start of the simulation, the part near the inlet of the filling pipe is initially filled with fuel. The rest is full with air. For the second Euler region a MESH option is used: PEULER1,2,,MMHYDRO,200 $ MESH,2,ADAPT,8.,8.,8.,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,2 TICEUL,200,,,,,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,51,2,41,1.0,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,52,1,21,2.0 $ CYLINDER,51,,-150.,150.,-10000.,250.,150.,-10000.,+ +,10260. CYLINDER,52,,-150.,150.,-10000.,250.,150.,-10000.,+ +,10205. $ TICVAL,41,,DENSITY,8.5425E-7,SIE,0

Fuel Tank Filling
Euler domain 3
The third Euler region represents the fuel and air inside the vent pipe. The vent pipe is initially full with air. For the third Euler region, a MESH option is used: PEULER1,3,,MMHYDRO,300 $ MESH,3,ADAPT,8.,8.,8.,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,3 TICEUL,300,,,,,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,51,1,21,1.0 Fluid structure interaction For each Euler domain, a separate surface is required. The surface definition makes use of the properties of the elements. 1) Tank surface: SURFACE,101,,PROP,101 SET1,101,7,8,12,THRU,16 The surface has been closed to constitute valid coupling surface (Figure 4-45).
Figure 4-45 Coupling Surface of Euler Domain 1 The Euler domain 1 is constrained by surface 101. All elements outside the volume are not active. The covered option is, therefore, set to OUTSIDE. Attached to this surface is the first Euler MESH: COUPLE,1,101,OUTSIDE,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,1 2) Filling pipe surface: SURFACE,201,,PROP,201 SET1,201,4,THRU,8 The surface has been closed to constitute valid coupling surface (Figure 4-46).

Fuel Tank Filling
Figure 4-46 Coupling Surface of Euler Domain 2 (filling pipe) The Euler domain 2 is constrained by surface 201. For this volume, the outer Euler elements are covered: COUPLE,2,201,OUTSIDE,,,22,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,2 Surface 101 and surface 201 share some elements (with property number 7, 8). A hole is modeled as a sub-surface consisting of quads (with property number 8) that are fully porous. The elements in this subsurface connect the two coupling surface and are included in the definition of both coupling surfaces. A flow definition is required for one of the coupling surfaces. The flow card is referenced from the second coupling surface. The input to define flow between the two regions: COUPOR,2,22,2,PORFLCPL,2,,1.0 PORFLCPL,2,,,BOTH,1 SUBSURF,2,201,PROP,250 SET1,250,8 3) Vent pipe surface: SURFACE,301,,PROP,301 SET1,301,9,THRU,14 The surface has been closed to constitute valid coupling surface (Figure 4-47).

Fuel Tank Filling
Figure 4-47 Coupling Surface of Euler Domain 3 (vent pipe) The Euler domain 3 is constrained by surface 301. For this volume, the outer Euler elements are covered: COUPLE,3,301,OUTSIDE,,,33,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,3 Surface 101 and surface 301 share some elements (with property number 12, 13, 14). A hole is modeled as a sub-surface consisting of quads (with property number 14) that are fully porous. The elements in this sub-surface connect the two coupling surface and are included in the definition of both coupling surfaces. A flow definition is required for one of the coupling surfaces. The flow card is referenced from the third coupling surface. The input to define flow between the two regions: COUPOR,3,33,3,PORFLCPL,3,,1.0 PORFLCPL,3,,,BOTH,1 SUBSURF,3,301,PROP,350 SET1,350,14 Inlet and outlet Two flow boundaries are defined to the coupling surface (pipe ends, see Figure 4-48). The first is to define fuel flow into the tank at a predefined flow rate (velocity area). The second is to allow air (or fuel) to escape out of the tank. Pressure at the second boundary is defined as 1.0 at (100 KPa).

Fuel Tank Filling
Figure 4-48 Flow Boundaries 1) Inlet The flow card of inlet is referenced from the second coupling surface. As input, the velocity is defined such that the flow rate keeps 2.0 liter/second over 2 seconds. Since the area of the inlet hole is 1256 mm2, the velocity is 1592 mm/s. COUPOR,21,22,21,PORFLOW,21,,1.0 PORFLOW,21,,XVEL,-1592.,DENSITY,8.5425E-7,FLOW,IN,+ +,YVEL,0.,ZVEL,0.,MATERIAL,2,,,+ +,SIE,0 SUBSURF,21,201,PROP,251 SET1,251, 4 Note: 1. In the case of material flow into a multi-material Euler mesh, the density and specific energy have to be set. 2. Prescribing both pressure and velocity may lead to the instabilities. 2) Outlet The flow card of outlet is referenced from the third coupling surface. COUPOR,31,33,31,PORFLOW,31,,1.0 PORFLOW,31,,MATERIAL,1,DENSITY,1.29e-9,SIE,1.938e+11,+ +,PRESSURE,100. SUBSURF,31,301,PROP,351 SET1,351, 9 Note: a) Since tank flow is in general subsonic, a prescribed pressure condition to the flow condition is necessary. The boundary condition without the prescribed pressure actually assumes that flow is supersonic. b) When material flows out of a multi-material Euler mesh, it is assumed that each of the materials present in the outflow Euler element contributes to the out flow of mass. The materials are transported in proportion to their relative volume fractions.

Fuel Tank Filling
Miscellaneous
a) Fast coupling is to used: PARAM,FASTCOUP b) Gravity is applied to the whole model: TLOAD1 1 444 0 GRAV 444 -9800 1 c) Since the tank is stationary and rigid, large subcycling intervals are used to offer significant CPU savings: PARAM,COSUBMAX,1000 PARAM,COSUBCYC,100 d) To show the behavior of fuel and air, the following output request was added: TYPE (euler) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (euler) = 1 SET 1 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT (euler) = XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,PRESSURE, FMAT1,DENSITY1,MASS1,SIE1, FMAT2,DENSITY2,MASS2,SIE2, FMAT ,DENSITY ,MASS ,SIE TIMES (euler) = 0 THRU END BY 10E-3 SAVE (euler) = 10000 e) In order to output results of the flow boundaries, a history request is created: TYPE SUBSURFS SET 3 SUBSOUT STEPS SAVE (SUB) = TIMEHIS (SUB) = 3 = 21, 31 (SUB) = PRESSURE,AREA,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL (SUB) = 0 THRU END BY 100 (SUB) = 100000
Results
Figure 4-49 show isosurfaces of the fuel and air. The images are created with CEI.Ensight. Figure 4-50 show time history curves of the velocities on the flow boundaries. XVEL-SUB21 is the X-Velocity of the inlet and XVEL-SUB31 is the X-Velocity of the outlet. The outflow velocity is much higher, because the outlet vent is small. At 1.45 seconds fuel starts to vent out.

Fuel Tank Filling
Figure 4-49
Isosurfaces of FMAT

Fuel Tank Filling
Figure 4-50
Velocities on the Flow Boundaries

$ UNIT: mm/Kg/s/K START TIME=99999 CEND ENDTIME=2000E-3 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: tank_filling TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: euler TYPE (euler) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (euler) = 1 SET 1 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT (euler) = XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,PRESSURE, FMAT1,DENSITY1,MASS1,SIE1, FMAT2,DENSITY2,MASS2,SIE2, FMAT ,DENSITY ,MASS ,SIE TIMES (euler) = 0 THRU END BY 10E-3 SAVE (euler) = 10000 $ Output result for request: Euler Boundary TYPE (SUB) = TIMEHIS SUBSURFS (SUB) = 3 SET 3 = 21, 31 SUBSOUT (SUB) = PRESSURE,AREA,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL STEPS (SUB) = 0 THRU END BY 100 SAVE (SUB) = 100000 $ TYPE (Shells) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (Shells) = 8 SET 8 = ALLDUMQUAD ELOUT (Shells) = ZUSER TIMES (Shells) = 0 THRU END BY 10.E-3 SAVE (Shells) = 100000 $

Fuel Tank Filling
$------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,FASTCOUP, PARAM,INISTEP,1E-7 PARAM,MINSTEP,1E-8 PARAM,COSUBMAX,1000 PARAM,COSUBCYC,100 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK INCLUDE tank.bdf $ $1111111222222223333333344444444555555556666666677777777 TLOAD1 1 444 0 GRAV 444 -9800 1 $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * Shell_1 * $ PSHELL1 4 DUMMY PSHELL1 5 DUMMY PSHELL1 6 DUMMY PSHELL1 7 DUMMY PSHELL1 8 DUMMY PSHELL1 9 DUMMY PSHELL1 10 DUMMY PSHELL1 11 DUMMY PSHELL1 12 DUMMY PSHELL1 13 DUMMY PSHELL1 14 DUMMY PSHELL1 15 DUMMY PSHELL1 16 DUMMY $ $ $ -------- Material air_mat id =1 $ DMAT 1 1.29E-9 1 EOSGAM 1 1.4 $ $ -------- Material oil_mat id =2 $ DMAT 2 8.5E-7 2 EOSPOL 2 20000 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ RIGID,1,1,10. SURFACE,1,,PROP,1 SET1,1,5,THRU,8,10,THRU,16 $---------Tload1-tank---------------TLOAD1,1,1,,12 FORCE,1,1,,0.,1.0,1.0,1.0 MOMENT,1,1,,0.,1.0,1.0,1.0 $ $-----------------------------Domain 1-----------------------------PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,100 $ MESH,1,ADAPT,8.,8.,8.,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,1 $ COUPLE,1,101,OUTSIDE,,,,,,+

Fuel Tank Filling
+,,,,,,,,,+ +,,1 $ SURFACE,101,,PROP,101 SET1,101,7,8,12,THRU,16 $ $---------Euler initial condition--------------TICEUL,100,,,,,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,31,1,21,1.0,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,32,2,22,2.0,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,33,2,23,3.0,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,34,2,24,4.0,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,35,2,25,5.0 $ CYLINDER,31,,-350.,150.,-10000.,50.,150.,-10000.,+ +,20000. CYLINDER,32,,-350.,150.,-10000.,50.,150.,-10000.,+ +,10020. CYLINDER,33,,-350.,150.,-10000.,50.,150.,-10000.,+ +,10040. CYLINDER,34,,-350.,150.,-10000.,50.,150.,-10000.,+ +,10060. CYLINDER,35,,-350.,150.,-10000.,50.,150.,-10000.,+ +,10080. $ TICVAL,21,,DENSITY,1.29E-9,SIE,1.938E11 TICVAL,22,,DENSITY,8.54254E-7,SIE,0 TICVAL,23,,DENSITY,8.5426E-7,SIE,0 TICVAL,24,,DENSITY,8.54268E-7,SIE,0 TICVAL,25,,DENSITY,8.54275E-7,SIE,0 $ $-----------------------------Domain 2-----------------------------PEULER1,2,,MMHYDRO,200 $ MESH,2,ADAPT,8.,8.,8.,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,2 $ COUPLE,2,201,OUTSIDE,,,22,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,2 $ SURFACE,201,,PROP,201 SET1,201,4,THRU,8 $ COUPOR,2,22,2,PORFLCPL,2,,1.0 PORFLCPL,2,,,BOTH,1 SUBSURF,2,201,PROP,250 SET1,250,8 $ COUPOR,21,22,21,PORFLOW,21,,1.0 PORFLOW,21,,XVEL,-1592.,DENSITY,8.5425E-7,FLOW,IN,+ +,YVEL,0.,ZVEL,0.,MATERIAL,2,,,+ +,SIE,0 SUBSURF,21,201,PROP,251 SET1,251,4 $ $---------Euler initial condition--------------TICEUL,200,,,,,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,51,2,41,1.0,,,,+

Fuel Tank Filling
+,CYLINDER,52,1,21,2.0 $ CYLINDER,51,,-150.,150.,-10000.,250.,150.,-10000.,+ +,10260. CYLINDER,52,,-150.,150.,-10000.,250.,150.,-10000.,+ +,10205. $ TICVAL,41,,DENSITY,8.5425E-7,SIE,0 $-----------------------------Domain 3-----------------------------PEULER1,3,,MMHYDRO,300 $ MESH,3,ADAPT,8.,8.,8.,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,3 $ COUPLE,3,301,OUTSIDE,,,33,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,3 $ SURFACE,301,,PROP,301 SET1,301,9,THRU,14 $ COUPOR,3,33,3,PORFLCPL,3,,1.0 PORFLCPL,3,,,BOTH,1 SUBSURF,3,301,PROP,350 SET1,350,14 $ COUPOR,31,33,31,PORFLOW,31,,1.0 PORFLOW,31,,MATERIAL,1,DENSITY,1.29e-9,SIE,1.938e+11,+ +,PRESSURE,100. SUBSURF,31,301,PROP,351 SET1,351,9 $ $---------Euler initial condition--------------TICEUL,300,,,,,,,,+ +,CYLINDER,51,1,21,1.0 $ $ ENDDATA

Three Methods of Sloshing

Problem Description
This Demo Example demonstrates three modeling techniques for simulating sloshing in a fuel tank: 1. General method: one Static Euler domain enclosed by a moving tank 2. Sophisticated method: one adaptive Euler domain enclosed by a moving tank. For postprocessing purposes, a Static Output option to the Euler domain is requested. 3. New method: one static Euler domain enclosed by a stationary tank. The movement of the fuel is excited by an acceleration field using the new entry BODYFR1. The fuel tank is partially filled with water and the remaining volume with air. In the first two methods, the tank is moved to and fro by applying the imposed velocity motion loading to the nodes or the rigid bodies by using the TLOAD1 entry. In the third method the tank is held unmoved and an acceleration field is applied to the Euler Domain by using the new entry BODYFR1. To get the same effect in this latest simulation the values of the acceleration field should be equal to the differential values of the velocity from the first two methods.
Side View
Front View
Figure 4-51
View of Model
Velocity
Acceleration
Figure 4-52
Velocity and Acceleration Plots

Dytran Model:
1. General Method: One Static Euler Domain Enclosed by a Moving Tank The tank is modeled as a moving rigid coupling surface and the viscous fluid by a block Eulerian Mesh.
$ Shell property tank $ PSHELL 2 1 MATRIG 1 7880. $ $ Coupling Surface $ SURFACE 5 ELEM SET1 9 1 $ $ Enforced movement of the tank $ TLOAD1 1 2 FORCE 2 MR1 1. 0. $ TLOAD1 1 1002 MOMENT 1002 MR1 0. 0. $ $ Velocity Time Table $
TABLED1 + + 3.00000 + 6.91667 + 8.91667 + 7.50000 + 2.00000 + 2.00000 + 5.25000 + 5.83333 + 1.83333 + 3.00000 + 6.91667 + 8.91667 + 7.50000 + 1.66667 + 3.66667 + 4 0.00000 + 0.00200 + 0.00400 + 0.00600 + 0.01000 + 0.01300 + 0.01500 + 0.01700 + 0.02000 + 0.02400 + 0.02600 + 0.02800 + 0.03000 + 0.03400 + 0.03733 + 0.04 -5. ENDT 0.33333 0.03800 -1.00000 0.03867 -2.33333 0.03933 6.33333 0.03500 4.83333 0.03600 3.00000 0.03667 9.00000 0.03100 8.83333 0.03200 8.33333 0.03300 7.66667 0.02850 8.25000 0.02900 8.66667 0.02950 4.00000 0.02650 5.00000 0.02700 6.00000 0.02750 0.00000 0.02450 1.00000 0.02500 2.00000 0.02550 -5.33333 0.02100 -4.50000 0.02200 -3.33333 0.02300 -5.66667 0.01750 -5.91667 0.01800 -6.00000 0.01900 -3.00000 0.01550 -3.91667 0.01600 -4.66667 0.01650 1.00000 0.01350 0.00000 0.01400 -1.00000 0.01450 6.33333 0.01100 4.83333 0.01200 3.00000 0.01250 9.00000 0.00700 8.83333 0.00800 8.33333 0.00900 7.66667 0.00450 8.25000 0.00500 8.66667 0.00550 4.00000 0.00250 5.00000 0.00300 6.00000 0.00350 0.00000 0.00050 1.00000 0.00100 2.00000 0.00150
2.5E-03 2e+11
.3
9 THRU 1974
12 1 12 1 0. 1.
$ $ Eulerian MESH Type BOX $ MESH 17 BOX + + 0.46481 0.5 + 49 16 EULER 5 $ $ Coupling Surface $
0.973335 25
0.37313
1.7422 +
0.64

COUPLE 9 5 OUTSIDE ON STANDARD + + + + 17 $ $ Eulerian property and materials $ PEULER1 5 $ $ -------- Material air id =5 DMAT 5 1.25 EOSGAM 5 1.4 $ $ -------- Material water id =6 DMAT 6 1000. EOSPOL 6 2.2e+09 $ $ Eulerian Region and Initial conditions $ $ ---Initial value air ----$ TICVAL 13 DENSITY 1.25
ON
MMHYDRO
15
SIE
200000.
$ $ --Initial value water ----$ TICVAL 14 DENSITY 1000 $ $ ------- TICEUL BC inner_reg_def ----$ 15 TICEUL + 13 1 + SPHERE 12 5 + + CYLINDER 11 6 14 $ SPHERE 12 2.0319 0.173335 0.39813 $ CYLINDER 11 2.0319 0.173335 0 .273132 2.0319 0.493132 + + 3. $ $---Gravity loading $ TLOAD1 1 444 0 GRAV 4 -9.8 0.0 0.0
2 3.0 0.173335
1.
$ $---Define Markers for the time history output of the Euler Domain $ $-------------Markers------------------------------------------------------PMARKER 500001 FIXED $ GRID 500001 1.82 1.237 0.40 GRID 500002 1.46 1.237 0.40 GRID 500003 1.18 1.237 0.40 GRID 500004 0.92 1.237 0.40 GRID 500005 0.64 1.237 0.40 $ $-----------------------------------------CMARKN1 500001 500001 500001 CMARKN1 500002 500001 500002 CMARKN1 500003 500001 500003

CMARKN1 500004 500001 500004 CMARKN1 500005 500001 500005 $--------------------------------------------------------------------------ENDDATA
2. Sophisticated Method: One Adaptive Euler Domain with Static Output Request Enclosed by a Moving Tank The same input deck as Method 1. The only difference is the Euler MESH definition. Change the MESH definition from Method 1 with the following:
$ ------- Adaptive Mesh $ MESH 17 ADAPT .0355 .04 .7333 .3732 + + + + EULER 5 + + NONE + + + + 0.46489 0.97333 0.37313 0.17422
.02
.4649
0.64
0.5
3. New Method: One Static Euler Domain Enclosed by a Stationary Tank The movement of the fuel is excited by an acceleration field using the new entry BODYFR1 The following entries of Method 1 should be replaced:
A. Replaced the velocity table in X and Y direction equal to other directions (zero velocities)
TLOAD1 FORCE 1. $ $ TLOAD1 FORCE 0. $ 1 2 0. With: 1 2 0. 2 MR1 1 12 0. 2 MR1 1 12 1. 4
B. Delete velocity table 4 C. Add EULFOR1 with the corresponding Activation Box region and Acceleration Table
$-------------Enforced Acceleration motion to Euler---------------------------$ BODYFR1 11 + + BOX 17 6 1 1 1. BOX 17 0. 0. 0. 3. 3. 3. $ $ ------- TABLE 1: EULFOR1 ------TABLED1 1 +

+ 0. + -2000. + +2000. $
0. 0.012 0.015 0.027 0.030 ENDT
-2000. +2000. +2000. -2000. 0.
.003 + .018 + .036
-2000. 0. +2000.
.006 .024 .040
Results
Isosurface plots at Time = 0.000 s and 0.010 s Method 1: Mesh BOX
Method 2: Mesh ADAPT

Method 3: BODYFR1
Isosurface plots at Time = 0.030 s and 0.040 s Method 1: Mesh BOX
Method 2: Mesh ADAPT

Method 3: BODYFR1
A. Coupling Surface OUTPUT: Forces are almost equal Legend: Red = Adaptive XFORCE Blue = Box Mesh Pink = BODYFR1

YFORCE
Markers Time History Results:
Markers location close to the bottom on the tank
Eulfor1 loading: X and Y acceleration
SPCD2 loading: Integrated X and Y velocity

The resulting of X and Y velocities from BODYFR1 model are matching to the reaction values of the loading velocity from TLOAD1 model.
Performance Comparison of the Models (1)

Model Mesh Box with minimum size (2.) Loading Option Lagrange (Tank) Moving Moving CPU (3) 142 sec 125 sec
Velocity to Lagrange tank TLOAD1
Adaptive Mesh with minimum Velocity to Lagrange tank TLOAD1 size (2.) Static Output Box Mesh with minimum size (3.) Acceleration to Euler BODYFR1
Stationary
55 sec
Remarks
1 DMP run with 4 CPUs on Windows 7 Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU W3690 @ 3.47GHz 3.47GHz 2. Minimum MESH size for moving Tank : 1.7422 x 0.64 x 0.5 m (Element number : 49 x 1 x 25)
3. Minimum MESH size for stationary Tank : 1.6000 x 0.48 x 0.4 m (Element number : 45 x 12 x 20)

Input Files
Files EP422_model.bdf EP422_velo.dat EP422_adapt.dat EP422_bodyfr1.dat Model Include file Input file Method1: Euler Box with moving tank Input file Method2: Adaptive Euler with moving tank Input file Method3: Euler Box with BODYFR1 acceleration Description
Postprocessing with ParaView

Read Result Files a. Read the Euler result File : Click File > Open b. Browse to the working directory, select *_EULER_0.pvd and click OK
c. After the selected file is showing up on the Pipeline Browser, click Apply.
d. Change Density to Solid color and Display opacity to 0.5.

e. Read the Lagrange result file : Repeat a to c for *_TANK_0.pvd.
f. Change Surface to wireframe. Mouse control: CNTRL Middle Button: Rotate. CNTRL Right Button: Zoom. SHIFT Right Button: Translate. g. Change color: Click Display and Solid Color > select brown > click OK.
Filtering Euler Data a. Click *_Euler_0.pvd on Pipeline Browser. b. Click Filters > Alphabetical > c. select Cell Data to Point Data.

d. After Cell Data to Point Data is showing up click Apply.
Create IsoSurface a. Change Density to Solid Color and click Contour Icon. b. Contour1 is showing up on the Pipeline Browser. c. Select Contour By = FMATPLT6. d. Scroll down to Isosurface Value Range.
e. Click Delete all.

f. Click New value. g. Fill in 0.5. h. Click Apply.
Create animation and sequential result plots a. Animation click play arrow b. Sequential plots : Click double arrow at right top corner and select time or step.

Create Time History plots a. File > Open and select *.csv file > Click OK.
b. *.csv file name is showing up in the Pipeline browser. c. Click Apply > a table is shown. d. Click Split view horizontal button.

e. Chart menu is shown on the right view. f. Click Line Chart. g. Click maximum view button.
h. Click Display and visible button.
i. The chart is showing up.

j. Add Chart Title and Text > click Edit View Button
k. Click General and add to Chart Title Text : BODYFR1 > click Apply l. Click Left Axis and Change Notation to Scientific > Click Apply m. Click arrow in front of Left Axis n. Click Title o. Add Text : Force (N) and click Apply

p. Repeat for Bottom Axis q. Add Text : TIME (s) r. Click OK
s. Select chart to show: select X Axis > Use Data Array: Time t. Select variables: XFORCE and YFORCE

Water Pouring into a Glass
Problem Description
This problem demonstrates the use of multiple Euler domains that can interact with each other when porosity is defined to the coupling surfaces associated with them. This problem simulates the water pouring into a glass. A bottle that is partially filled with water is rotated allowing water to flow out into a glass. The Euler domains in this model handle multiple hydrodynamic materials (air and water).
Dytran Modeling
The bottle and the glass are modeled with cquad4 elements. The elements of the bottle and the glass are modeled as rigid using MATRIG material model. The bottle is partially filled with water and air. The C.G of the bottle is constrained in global X, Y, Z translations, and X, Y rotations. An enforced rotation about global Z direction is defined. The glass is fixed in space in all directions and is initialized with air. A gravitational force defined in the negative Y direction applies to the entire model. The material properties used in the model are listed below. Glass and Bottle: Density: 0.9E-6 kg/mm3 Young's Modulus: 1.4 GPa Poisson's Ratio: 0.4 Water: Density: 1E-6 kg/mm3 Bulk Modulus: 2.2 GPa

Air: Density: 1.28E-9 kg/mm3 Gas Constant: 1.4 The bulk stiffness scaling technique is used to speed up the calculation. By reducing the water bulk modulus by a factor of 1000, Dytran uses a larger time-step for the problem reducing computational cost. There are three coupling surfaces associated with three Euler domains in the model. The first coupling surface is shown in Figure 4-53. This coupling surfaces is used to simulate fluid outside the bottle and glass so Euler elements inside the coupling surface should not be processed and the COVER in the COUPLE definition is set to INSIDE. The couple card refers to a mesh number. The first mesh for the Euler elements is created and initialized by PEULER1,2,,MMHYDRO,13 MSEH,10,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-63,-250,-65,147,300,130,,,+ +,21,42,19,,,,EULER,2
Figure 4-53
Coupling Surface 1
The second coupling surface is shown in Figure 4-54. This coupling surface is used to model the fluid inside the bottle. So all elements outside the coupling surface should not be processed and the COVER in the COUPLE definition is set to OUTSIDE.

The couple card refers to a mesh number. The second Euler domain is an adaptive Euler domain created and initialized by PEULER1,3,,MMHYDRO,12 MSEH,11,ADAPT,7,7,7,,,,+ +, , , , , , ,,,+ +, , ,,,,,EULER,3,+ +,NONE
Figure 4-54
Coupling Surface 2
The third coupling surface and its Euler domain are shown in Figure 4-55. This coupling surface is used to model the fluid inside the glass. So all elements outside the coupling surface should not be processed and the COVER in the COUPLE definition is set to OUTSIDE. The couple card refers to a mesh number. The third Euler domain is an adaptive Euler domain created and initialized by PEULER1,2,,MMHYDRO,13 MESH,12,ADAPT,7,7,7,,,,+ +, , , , , , ,,,+ +, , ,,,,,EULER,2,+ +,NONE

Figure 4-55
Coupling Surface 3
Coupling Surface 1 interacts with Coupling surface 2 through porosity defined to the bottle top through COUPOR/PORFLCPL/SUBSURF entries below. The elements of the coupling surface that define porosity are defined in the SET1 entry below. PORFLCPL,95,,,BOTH,9 COUPOR,15,30,46,PORFLCPL,95,,1.0 SUBSURF,46,1,ELEM,59 SET1,59,12,THRU,63,317,THRU,368,501,+ +,THRU,552,685,THRU,736 Coupling Surface 3 interacts with Coupling surface 1 through porosity defined to the glass top through COUPOR/PORFLCPL/SUBSURF entries below. The elements of the coupling surface that define porosity are defined in the SET1 entry below. PORFLCPL, 96,,,BOTH,8 COUPOR,16,31,47,PORFLCPL,96,,1.0 SUBSURF,47,3,ELEM,60 SET1,60,3358,THRU,3490 The Euler element output is requested using ALLMULTIEULHYDRO. Also since adaptive Euler mesh is used, SAVE=1 is used as shown below. TYPE (euler) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (euler) = 12 SET 12 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT (euler) = DENSITY PRESSURE SIE FMAT2 FMAT3 TIMES (euler) = 0.0,THRU,END,BY,10 SAVE (euler) = 1

Results
The simulations results at 0, 1.0 and 2.0 seconds are shown in the below figures. FMAT of water was used to create the isosurface
.
Figure 4-56
Isosurface of FMAT at 0.0s
Figure 4-57

Figure 4-58

START CEND ENDTIME=2000 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: water pouring in to a glass TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 TYPE(detail) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS(detail) = 2 SET 2 = ALLSHQUAD TIMES(detail) = 0.0,THRU,END,BY,10 ELOUT(detail) = MASS SAVE(detail) = 1000 $ $TYPE (euler) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (euler) = 12 SET 12 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT (euler) = DENSITY SIE PRESSURE FMAT FVUNC FMATPLT , VOLUME XVEL YVEL ZVEL XMOM YMOM ZMOM TEMPTURE FMAT2 FMAT3 TIMES (euler) = 0.0,THRU,END,BY,10 SAVE (euler) = 1 $ TYPE (restat) = RESTART TIMES (restat) = 0 THRU END BY 2000 SAVE (restat) = 1 $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,FASTCOUP PARAM,INISTEP,1e-3 $------- BULK DATA SECTION -------

BEGIN BULK INCLUDE water_pouring1.bdf INCLUDE glass.dat $ ------- GRAVITATION ----TLOAD1 1 444 0 GRAV 444 -0.0098 1 $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * prop.1 * $ PSHELL 1 1 1.5 $ $ * outer_euler * $ PEULER1 2 MMHYDRO 13 $ $ * inner_euler * $ PEULER1 3 MMHYDRO 12 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material DMATEP.1 id =1 MATRIG 1 9e-07 1.4 .4 $ $ -------- Material air id =2 DMAT 21.28e-09 2 EOSGAM 2 1.4 $ $ -------- Material water id =3 DMAT 3 1e-06 3 $ $ Due to bulk scaling bulk modulus is reduced by a factor of 1000. $ This results in larger time step and lower computational cost. $ EOSPOL 3 2.2e-03 $EOSPOL 3 2.2 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ ------- TICVAL BC air_ini ----TICVAL 5 DENSITY1.28e-09 SIE 194000 $ $ ------- TICVAL BC water_ini ----TICVAL 6 DENSITY 1e-06 $ $ ------- General Coupling: couple_bottle_glass ----$ COUPLE 8 1 INSIDE ON ON 30 STANDARD+A000001 +A000001 +A000002 +A000002 10 $ SURFACE 1 ELEM 1 SET1 1 2325 THRU 2704 1744 THRU 2324 1163+A000003 +A000003 THRU 1743 582 THRU 1162 1 THRU 581+ + 3000 THRU 3576

$ $ ------- General Coupling: couple_bottle----$ COUPLE 9 2 OUTSIDE ON ON STANDARD+A000004 +A000004 +A000005 +A000005 11 $ SURFACE 2 ELEM 2 SET1 2 2526 THRU 2704 1945 THRU 2525 1364+A000006 +A000006 THRU 1944 783 THRU 1363 202 THRU 782+A000007 +A000007 1 THRU 201 $ $ ------- General Coupling: couple_glass ----$ COUPLE 10 3 OUTSIDE ON ON 31 STANDARD+ +A000004 + +A000005 12 $ SURFACE 3 ELEM 3 SET1 3 3000 THRU 3576 $ $ ------- Mesh Box: outer_box_euler_mesh_for_bottle_glass $ MESH 10 BOX +A000008 +A000008 -63 -250 -65 147 300 130 +A000009 +A000009 21 42 19 EULER 2 $ $ ------- Mesh Adap: inner_adapt_euler_mesh_for_bottle $ MESH 11 ADAPT 7 7 7 +A000010 +A000010 +A000011 +A000011 EULER 3+A000012 +A000012 NONE $ $ ------- Mesh Adap: inner_adapt_euler_mesh_for_glass $ MESH 12 ADAPT 7 7 7 +A000010 +A000010 +A000011 +A000011 EULER 2+A000012 +A000012 NONE $ $ ------- TICEUL BC inner_reg_def ----TICEUL 12 +A000013 +A000013 SPHERE 3 2 5 1 +A000014 +A000014 BOX 4 3 6 2 SPHERE 3 0 0 0 1000 BOX 4 -80 -145 -60 270 133 120 $ $ ------- TICEUL BC outter_reg_def ----TICEUL 13 +A000016 +A000016 SPHERE 2 2 5 1 SPHERE 2 0 0 0 1000 $ $ ------- Rigid Body Object rbo ----$ ---- No reference node is used. $ ---- enforced rotational velocity of the C.G of the bottle TLOAD1 1 16 12 FORCE 16 MR1 1 0 0 0 TLOAD1 1 1016 12 6 MOMENT 1016 MR1 1 0 0 1

$ $ ------- Rigid Body Object rbo1 ----$ ---- No reference node is used. $ ---- fix the glass in space in all directions TLOAD1 1 1 12 FORCE 1 MR4 1 0 TLOAD1 1 1001 12 MOMENT 1001 MR4 1 0 $ ================ TABLES ================= $ $ ------- TABLE 6: rotational_table ------TABLED1 6 +A000017 0 .0379 40 .0379 40.0001 +A000018 ENDT $ $ $ Porosity of the botte top $ PORFLCPL,95,,,BOTH,9 COUPOR,15,30,46,PORFLCPL,95,,1.0 SUBSURF 46 1 ELEM 59 SET1 59 12 THRU 63 317 + THRU 552 685 THRU 736 $ $ Porosity for the glass top $ PORFLCPL,96,,,BOTH,8 COUPOR,16,31,47,PORFLCPL,96,,1.0 SUBSURF 47 3 ELEM 60 SET1 60 3358 THRU 3490 $ ENDDATA
0 0
0 0
2000
+A000017 0+A000018
THRU
368
501+


Problem Description
This problem demonstrates a viscous fluid flow through a pipe with a prescribed inlet flow and with prescribed pressure at the end of the pipe. The pipe is modeled by two approaches, see Figure 4-59.
Model 1: Rectangular Euler mesh with coupling surface Model 2: A general Euler mesh. The boundary of the Euler mesh forms the pipe.
Figure 4-59 Model Setup Fluid properties are: 1. Reference density: 9.53E-5 lbf/inch3 2. EOSTAIT with A0=0, A1=2E+5, G=1 3. Initial pressure 0 psi 4. Dynamic viscosity of 0.001 lb.s/inch2 The pipe has a diameter of 0.844 inch and a length of 17.1 inches. At the inflow boundary, a constant velocity of 200 inch/s is prescribed. The inflow material has a density of 9.76E-5 lbf/inch3. At the outflow boundary, a pressure of 0 psi is used.

Theoretical Analysis
To obtain a good representation of the viscous boundary layer, there should be at least a few elements across its thickness. To estimate this size, the Reynolds number is computed. This is given by
9.52*10 *0.44*200 de nsi t y * di am et e r *v e l oc it y - = ------------------------------------------------- = 16 R e = --------------------------------------------------------------------------d yd na mi c vi s cos i ty 0.001
5
This means that the size of the boundary layer is in the order of
1 ---------- di am et e r = 0.84 --------4 Re
Inch=0.2 inch.
Therefore, it is acceptable to use about 10 elements across the diameter. If the Reynolds number had been larger, then more elements would have been needed to capture the viscous boundary layer. note that in flow with high Reynolds numbers, it is not always necessary to capture the viscous boundary layer. Model 1 will be meshed with 11*11*80 Euler elements. Model 2 will be meshed by 2900 Euler elements. The flow rate
is coupled to the pressure difference across the pipe

= ur
2
by Poiseuille's law:
r -P , = -------8l
while the volumetric flow rate itself is defined by

8l l 8*0.001*17.1 - = 8 -------- 200 = 153.6 p si P = -------u = -------------------------------4 2 0.422*0.422 r r
. Hence substitution yields
Here v denoted dynamic viscosity, r the radius, l the length, u the inflow velocity. The shear stress is given by
0.422*153.6 rP - = 1.896 p si yz = zx = ---------- = ----------------------------2*1.71 2l
The resulting axial wall force exerted by the fluid on the pipe is:
F = r P = 85.93 l bf
2
Dytran Model
Model 1: The pipe is modeled as a coupling surface and the viscous fluid by a block Eulerian mesh. In addition, the pipe surface is modeled as rigid: RIGID SURFACE TLOAD1 FORCE MOMENT $ 1 12 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1. ELEM 3 12 0. 0.
1 1
1 1
1 1
The viscous fluid is modeled as Eulerian material using EOSTAIT. DMAT EOSTAIT 19.53e-05 1 0 1 200000 19.529e-5 .001

and the Euler mesh is created by MESH: MESH +A000004 +A000004 +A000005 +A000005 $ 9 -.45 11 BOX -.45 11 -.05 80 .9 .9 17.2 EULER 2
Initialization of Eulerian element is done via TICEUL and TICVAL TICVAL 10 DENSITY9.53e-05 $ $ ------- TICEL BC Simple ----$ $ ------- TICEUL BC Region ----TICEUL 13 +A000006 +A000006 SPHERE 12 1 10 SPHERE 12 0 0 $
1 0
20
To couple the Eulerian material to the pipe, the COUPLE option is used: $ COUPLE 8 1 OUTSIDE STANDARD+A000001 +A000001 +A000002 +A000002 9 $ SURFACE 1 SUB $ $ General Coupling Subsurface: SUB1 $ SUBSURF 1 1 ELEM SET1 3 1 THRU $ SUBSURF 2 1 ELEM SET1 4 457 THR $ $ SUBSURF 3 1 ELEM SET1 5 515 THRU ON ON 8
SUB
SUB
3 456 4 514 5 572
Since the Eulerian material is inside the pipe, the COVER field on the COUPLE option is OUTSIDE. Boundary conditions are imposed by the PORFLOW entry $ COUPOR $ PORFLOW 05+A000003 +A000003 $ 1 1 XVEL 0 8 2 PORFLOW METHODVELOCITY YVEL 0 1CONSTANT FLOW ZVEL 1
IN DENSITY9.76e-200MATERIAL 1

SUBSURF SET1
2 4
1 457
ELEM THRU
4 514
Note that COUPOR is referenced from the COUPLE option $ General Coupling Subsurface: SUB3 $ COUPOR 2 8 3 PORFLOW $ PORFLOW 2 METHODVELOCITY +A000009 +A000009MATERIAL 1 $ SUBSURF 3 1 ELEM 5 SET1 5 515 THRU 572
2CONSTANT FLOW
OUTPRESSURE 0.
The time histories of inflow pressure and velocity show significant oscillations. They occur because the fluid inside the pipe is initially at rest and is subjected to a step-change of inflowing material. To avoid oscillatory transients, the inflow can be made time dependent. Inflow starts at zero and grows linearly until it reaches the stationary target value. The time at which the switch from linear to constant takes place should be sufficiently large to enable flow to settle down. This time is generally given by
Le ng th - = 0.0015 . This 4 * -------------------------------sou nd spe e d
is the time it takes for acoustic waves to travel four times the length of the
pipe. This yields the PORFLOWT model: COUPOR $ PORFLOWT + + TABLED1 + Model 2: Euler elements are defined by CHEXAs, and boundary conditions are imposed by use of FLOW. This model has also been run with a time depended flow model by replacing the inflow FLOW by a FLOWT model: FLOWT + + TABLED1 + 7 3 IN TABLE 100 1CONSTANT 9.76e-5 100 0.0 0.0 0.0015 + + + 200 1.0 200.0 1 8 2PORFLOWT 1CONSTANT 1 + + 0.0 + 1.0 200.0
1 IN TABLE 100 1CONSTANT 9.76e-5CONSTANT 100 0.0 0.0 0.0015 200
Results
Results and comparisons to theory are shown for the standard HYDRO solver, MMHYDRO solver, and the Roe solver. Also shown is that by using time dependent flow models oscillations in pressure and velocity are significantly reduced. As a result, the steady state flow condition is reached within a much shorter problem time. See example on the following page.








Figure 4-60
Model 1 with Time Dependent Flow and HYDRO Solver Inflow and Outflow Results
Figure 4-61
Model 2 with Time Dependent Flow and HYDRO Solver Inflow and Outflow Results

Figure 4-62 Table 4-2
Model 1 with Time Dependent Flow Model: Axial Force Force on the Pipe, TYX is extrapolated to the Wall Pressure Diff TYZ 1.896 1.98 (+4.4%) 1.84 (-3.0%) 1.98 (+4.4%) 1.84 (-3.0%) 1.91 (+0.7%) 1.887 (-1.3%) Z-Force 85.93 N.A. 83.38 (-3.0%) N.A. 83.38 (-3.0%) N.A. 85.46 (-0.5%)
THEORY HYDRO HYDRO (FSI) MMHYDRO MMHYDRO (FSI) HYDRO ROE HYDRO (FSI) ROE
153.6 159.2 (+3.6%) 151.1 (-1.6%) 159.1 (+3.6%) 151.1 (-1.6%) 170.2 (+10.8%) 165.9 (+8.0%)

Model 1 START CEND ENDTIME=0.02 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: Cyl TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: elem TYPE (elem) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (elem) = 1

SET 1 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (elem) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL DENSITY SIE PRESSURE Q TXY TYZ TZX TIMES (elem) = 0 THRU END BY 0.005 SAVE (elem) = 10000 $ Output result for request: ths TYPE (ths) = TIMEHIS ELEMENTS (ths) = 2 SET 2 = 633,637,10192,10196 ELOUT (ths) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL DENSITY SIE PRESSURE TZX TYZ TIMES (ths) = 0 THRU END BY 0.0001 SAVE (ths) = 10000 $ TYPE (Coup) = TIMEHIS RIGIDS(Coup) = 3 SET 3 = 1 RBOUT (Coup) = XFORCE YFORCE ZFORCE TIMES (Coup) = 0 THRU END BY 0.0001 SAVE (Coup) = 10000 $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-7 PARAM,FASTCOUP,INPLANE $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ $ --- Define 574 grid points --$ GRID 1 .422000 .00000 .00000 .. .. GRID 641 .319874-.177903 .00000 $ $ --- Define 572 elements $ $ -------- property set pipe --------CQUAD4 1 1 1 2 27 26 .. .. CQUAD4 572 1 617 618 641 616 $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * pipe * $ PSHELL1 1 DUMMY $ $ * Peuler * $ PEULER1 2 HYDRO 13 $ $ RIGID 1 12 1. SURFACE 12 ELEM 3 TLOAD1 1 1 12

FORCE 1 1 0. 1 1 1 MOMENT 1 1 0. 1 1 1 $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material euler id =1 DMAT 19.53e-05 1 EOSTAIT 1 0 200000 19.529e-5 .001 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ ------- General Coupling: Couple ----$ COUPLE 8 1 OUTSIDE ON ON 8 STANDARD+A000001 +A000001 +A000002 +A000002 9 $ SURFACE 1 SUB 1 SUB 2 SUB 3 $ $ General Coupling Subsurface: SUB1 $ SUBSURF 1 1 ELEM 3 SET1 3 1 THRU 456 $ $ General Coupling Subsurface: SUB2 $ COUPOR 1 8 2 PORFLOW 1CONSTANT 1 $ PORFLOW 1 METHODVELOCITY FLOW IN DENSITY9.76e05+A000003 +A000003 XVEL 0 YVEL 0 ZVEL -200MATERIAL 1 $ SUBSURF 2 1 ELEM 4 SET1 4 457 THRU 514 $ $ General Coupling Subsurface: SUB3 $ COUPOR 2 8 3 PORFLOW 2CONSTANT 1 $ PORFLOW 2 METHODVELOCITY FLOW OUTPRESSURE 0. +A000009 +A000009MATERIAL 1 $ SUBSURF 3 1 ELEM 5 SET1 5 515 THRU 572 $ $ ------- Mesh Box: MESH1 $ MESH 9 BOX +A000004

+A000004 +A000005 +A000005 $ $ ------TICVAL $ $ ------$ $ ------TICEUL +A000006 +A000006 SPHERE $ $ ENDDATA Model2
-.45 11
-.45 11
-.05 80
.9
.9
17.2 EULER 2
TICVAL BC INIT ----10 DENSITY9.53e-05 TICEL BC Simple ----TICEUL BC Region ----13 SPHERE 12 12 1 0 10 0 1 0 20
START CEND ENDTIME=2.E-2 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: cyls TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: elem TYPE (elem) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (elem) = 1 SET 1 = 1 THRU 2900 ELOUT (elem) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL DENSITY PRESSURE TYZ TZX TIMES (elem) = 0 THRU END BY 0.01 , 0.005 SAVE (elem) = 10000 $ Output result for request: ths TYPE (ths) = TIMEHIS ELEMENTS (ths) = 2 SET 2 = 1 47 2843 2889 ELOUT (ths) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL DENSITY SIE PRESSURE TIMES (ths) = 0 THRU END BY 0.0001 SAVE (ths) = 10000 $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-7 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK INCLUDE cyls.bdf $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * PEUL * $

PEULER 1 1 HYDRO $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material eul id =1 DMAT 19.53e-05 1 EOSTAIT 1 0 200000 19.529e-5 0.001 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ ------- Flow BC INFLOW ----TLOAD1 1 7 4 FLOW 7 3MATERIAL 1 XVEL 0 YVEL 0+A000001 +A000001 ZVEL -200 DENSITY9.76e-05 CFACE 1 3 1 1 .. .. CFACE 58 3 58 1 $ $ ------- Flow BC OUTFLOW ----TLOAD1 1 10 4 FLOW 10 4 FLOW OUTMATERIAL 1PRESSURE 0+A000002 +A000002 DENSITY9.53e-05 CFACE 59 4 2900 4 .. .. CFACE 116 4 2843 4 $ $ ------- TICEL BC TIC ----SET1 5 1 THRU 523 2790 THRU 2900 2209+A000003 +A000003 THRU 2789 1628 THRU 2208 1047 THRU 1627+A000004 +A000004 524 THRU 576 577 THRU 1046 TICEL 1 5 DENSITY9.53e-05 $ $ ENDDATA

Using Euler Archive Import in Blast Wave Analyses

In blast wave analyses, the distance between the structure and the blast is often large resulting in excessive CPU time for the blast wave to reach the structure. In addition, the simulation may have to be repeated several times for different structures or for different positions of the structure. To reduce the CPU time, the simulation is split up in two parts. In the first simulation, the structure is omitted. In the subsequent runs, the result can be imported into a simulation which includes the structure. The blast wave will almost immediately hit the structure at the start of the run, without using a lot of cpu time. In addition, importing the Euler archive also allows mapping the fine mesh to a coarser mesh. This can also save much time. Importing an Euler Archive is done by means of the File Management Section (FMS) entry EULINIT, which is similar to the SOLINIT entry for Prestress Analysis. An import archive should include several required variables and can also include several cycles. On the EULINIT entry, the user specifies which cycles need to be imported. This example demonstrates the method of importing the results of an Euler archive in a blast wave analysis. Three simulations will be shown. The first run simulates the propagation of a blast wave only. In the two follow up runs, the structure is added and the simulation is started at the time when the blast wave starts to hit the structure. The first follow up run uses the same Euler mesh and the second run uses a coarser mesh.
Problem Description
A blast wave hits a box shaped shell structure. A 2-D model is used with an Euler mesh of 10 x 10 m and an element thickness of 0.24 m. The shock front is located at the center of the model and it has an initial radius of R0 = 1 m at time t = 0 seconds. The initial conditions are: Explosive Properties (r < R0) Specific Internal Energy = 9.E+5 Joule/kg Density = 1 kg/m3 Environment (r > R0) Specific Internal Energy = 3.E+5 J/kg Density = 1 kg/m3
Dytran Model
Three models will be used. The first two models will use an Euler mesh that is created by MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0,-0.12,0.0,10,0.24,10,,,+ +,40,1,40,,,,EULER,1

The Euler mesh of the third model is created by MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0,-0.12,0.0,10,0.24,10,,,+ +,30,1,30,,,,EULER,1 The models are summarized as follows: 1. An initial run without structure 2. A second run using results from the first run by means of the EULER import functionality. The structure is included. 3. The same as model 2 but now the results of the initial run (without structure) will be imported and mapped onto a coarser mesh.
General Setup
The following entries apply to all three models. The solver, material and initialization are given as PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,19 DMAT, 100, 1, 2 EOSGAM,2,1.4 PARAM, BULKL,0.1 $ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,100,9,6.0 SPHERE,3,,5.0,0.0,5.0,10000 SPHERE,4,,5.0,0.0,5.0,1 TICVAL,8,,density,1,sie,3e+5 TICVAL,9,,density,1,sie,9e+5 PARAM,MICRO,30 Non-reflecting boundary conditions will be applied FLOWDEF,24,,MMHYDRO To speed up the coupling surface computation the following PARAMs are added PARAM, COSUBMAX,100 PARAM,COSUBCYC,100 Specific Setup for Model 1 The first model is stopped when the blast wave front reaches the model boundary. This occurs after about 100 cycles. In the output request the variables DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,FMAT,MASS have to be included to assure a full continuation in the follow up run.

Specific Setup for Model 2 and Model 3 For the follow up runs the input file of model 1 is used with the following additions: To import the Euler archive GAS2_ALLEULER_0.ARC that was created by the initial model 1 run, an EULINIT entry is added to the File Management Section START EULINIT,GAS2_ALLEULER_0.ARC,60 CEND As a result Cycle 60 will be imported. The follow-up runs are only run for one additional cycle to check if the import of the result variables is done correctly. ENDSTEP = 61
The structure which is hit by the blast wave is modeled with dummy CQUAD4 elements.
GRID CQUAD4 CQUAD4 5 6 2 2 4 3 8 6 6 5 3 1 1 7.50001-5.49900 7.4999
To enable interaction between blast wave and structure, a closed coupling surface is needed. This coupling surface serves as a transmitter of data between the Euler solver and the Lagrange solver. The shell element of the structure will be taken for that COUPLE,100,200,INSIDE,ON,ON SURFACE,200,,PROP,2 PSHELL1 2 DUMMY SET1,2,2
Results
Model 1: Only the Blast wave and No Structure The following three figures show the pressure distribution at cycles 3, 60, and 100.


The pressure profiles along the X-axis across the center of the model is shown in the following picture.

Model 2: Follow-up Run with Structure and Using the Same Mesh The pressure distribution at cycle 60 (the first cycle in this run) is shown in the following picture.
The pressure profile along the X-axis across the center point of the model is shown in the following picture.

Model 3: Follow Run-up with Structure and Using a Coarser Mesh The pressure distribution at cycle 60 (the first cycle in this run) is shown in the following picture
.
The pressure profile along the X-axis across the center point of the model is shown in the following picture.


$---Blast wave analysis-----------------START CEND ENDSTEP = 100 CHECK=NO TITLE= Blast Wave Analysis TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL, FMAT,MASS STEPS(ALLEULER) = 0,THRU,END,BY,3 SAVE (ALLEULER) = 10000 $ TYPE (ARCMAT) = TIMEHIS MATS (ARCMAT) = 15 SET 15 = 100 MATOUT (ARCMAT) = EKIN,MASS,ZMOM,XMOM,YMOM STEPS (ARCMAT) = 0,THRU,END,BY,10 SAVE (ARCMAT) = 99999 $ $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK PARAM,BULKL,0.1 PARAM,COSUBMAX,100 PARAM,COSUBCYC,100 $ -----------------------------------------------------------------$ PARAM,MICRO,30 PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,19 $ $ DMAT, 100, 1, 2 EOSGAM,2,1.4 $ $ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,100,9,6.0 SPHERE,3,,5.0,0.0,5.0,10000 SPHERE,4,,5.0,0.0,5.0,1 TICVAL,8,,density,1,sie,3e+5 TICVAL,9,,density,1,sie,9e+5 $ MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0,-0.12,0.0,10,0.24,10,,,+ +,40,1,40,,,,EULER,1 $

FLOWDEF,24,,MMHYDRO $ $ ENDDATA
$----Follow up run 2--------------------------------------------------------START EULINIT,GAS2_ALLEULER_0.ARC,60 CEND ENDSTEP = 61 CHECK=NO TITLE= Blast Wave Analysis TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL, FMAT,MASS STEPS(ALLEULER) = 0,THRU,END,BY,3 SAVE (ALLEULER) = 10000 $ TYPE (ARCMAT) = TIMEHIS MATS (ARCMAT) = 15 SET 15 = 100 MATOUT (ARCMAT) = EKIN,MASS,ZMOM,XMOM,YMOM STEPS (ARCMAT) = 0,THRU,END,BY,10 SAVE (ARCMAT) = 99999 $ $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK PARAM,BULKL,0.1 PARAM,COSUBMAX,100 PARAM,COSUBCYC,100 $ -----------------------------------------------------------------$ $ PARAM,FASTCOUP PARAM,MICRO,30 PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,19 $ $ $ EOSGAM,2,1.4 $ DMAT 100 1 2 $ $ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+

+,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,100,9,6.0 SPHERE,3,,5.0,0.0,5.0,10000 SPHERE,4,,5.0,0.0,5.0,1 TICVAL,8,,density,1,sie,3e+5 TICVAL,9,,density,1,sie,9e+5 $ MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,0,-0.12,0.0,10,0.24,10,,,+ +,30,1,30,,,,EULER,1 $ $ COUPLE,100,200,INSIDE,ON,ON $ SURFACE,200,,PROP,2 $ PSHELL1 2 DUMMY SET1,2,2 $ $ GRID 1 7.50001-5.49900 GRID 2 8.99999-5.49900 GRID 3 7.50001 5.49900 GRID 4 8.99999 5.49900 GRID 5 7.50001-5.49900 GRID 6 7.50001 5.49900 GRID 7 8.99999-5.49900 GRID 8 8.99999 5.49900 $ $ --- Define 6 elements $ CQUAD4 1 2 1 2 CQUAD4 2 2 5 6 CQUAD4 3 2 5 7 CQUAD4 4 2 2 7 CQUAD4 5 2 4 8 CQUAD4 6 2 3 6 $ ENDDATA
7.4999 7.4999 7.4999 7.4999 2.0001 2.0001 2.0001 2.0001
4 8 2 8 6 5
3 7 1 4 3 1

Blast Wave with a Graded Mesh

The effect of a blast wave on a structure will be simulated using the graded mesh technique. To get accurate results for the initial expansion of the blast wave, small mesh-sizes are needed. This is especially true if EOSJWL or EOSIG are used. These Equations of states simulate the actual detonation of the explosive in detail, but they do require a small mesh size in the vicinity of the explosive. This means that this approach is only efficient if the target is close. If the distance between the explosive and target is large, then the simulation takes a lot of CPU time. Moreover, after the initial expansion, the blast wave becomes larger in radius and less steep as it propagates; thus making the finer elements in the mesh less effective to predict the physics of problem. To run the simulation more efficiently, part of the fine mesh can be replaced by a coarser mesh. The initial stage of the expansion takes place in a small fine mesh. This mesh is then glued to a larger mesh with coarser elements by using the graded mesh capability.
Problem Description
The effect of a detonation on the environment can be simulated by assuming that the detonated material can be idealized by a sphere of hot gas with a homogenous density and specific internal energy. This approach is suited for problems in which the processes inside the explosive material are not investigated. The technique is called the Blast Wave approach. In this example, the propagation of the blast wave will be simulated starting from the initial shock front radius R0 = 1 m at the time t = 0 second until it reaches a radius of about R = 10 R0. During the expansion the blast wave will hit a box structure at a distance of 8.475 m from the center point of the explosion. Both the gas in the sphere and the surrounding environment behave as an ideal gas (Gamma = 1.4). The initial conditions are: Explosive properties (r < R0) Specific internal energy = 9.E+5 Joule/kg Density Environment (r > R0) Specific internal energy Density = 3.E+5 J/kg = 1 kg/m3 = 1 kg/m3
The material of the structure (box) is steel: Density = 7800 kg/m3 Youngs modulus = 2.1E+11 Pa Poisons ratio = 0.3 Yield Stress = 2.E+8 Pa

Dytran Model
For the purpose of illustrating the graded mesh technique, a 2-D mesh will be used. A coarse and a fine mesh are created and then glued/connected together. The connecting process requires that one mesh fits nicely into the other. Connecting a coarse mesh with a fine mesh results in a number of nodes that are only part of the fine mesh but not part of the coarse mesh. These free hanging nodes are allowed in the model. In Figure 4-63, the node directly below the top right marked node is a hanging node. For meshes created by MESH, BOX, the only requirement for connecting coarse and fine meshes is that the eight corner points of the smaller MESH-box coincide with nodes of the largest mesh.
Figure 4-63
Coarse mesh with Fine Mesh and the Target
The coarse and fine meshes are given by: Finer mesh covering a small region for the initialization of the blast sphere (18, 1, 18): (-1.5 < X < 3.75 ; -0.18 < Y < 0.18 ; 5 < Z < 10) Coarse mesh covering the entire model (48, 1, 30): (-4.5 < X < 13.5 ; -0.18 < Y < 0.18 ; 0 < Z < 15) By gluing these meshes, a new mesh will be created that is shown in Figure 4-63. Four locations have been marked. For gluing to work, both meshes need to have a grid point at each of these four locations. The four grid points of the coarse mesh do not need to be exactly on top of the grid points of the fine mesh. A tolerance is used to equivalence these grid points in the Dytran solver.

The two meshes are defined as follows: MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-4.5,-0.18,0.0,18,0.36,15,,,+ +,48,1,30,,,,EULER,1 MESH,2,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-1.5,-0.18,5,5.25,0.36,5,,,+ +,18,1,18,,,,EULER,1 To activate the Graded Mesh method the following parameter is added to the input file: PARAM,GRADED-MESH All coarse elements that are completely covered by fine elements will be made inactive. In addition, special faces will be made that connect elements of the fine mesh to elements of the coarse mesh. The multi-material Euler solver will be used. PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,19 The initialization is given by TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +, SPHERE, 3, 100, 8, 4.0,,,,+ +, SPHERE, 4,100, 9, 6.0 SPHERE, 3,, 0.0,0.0,0,10000 SPHERE, 4, 1.125, 0.0, 7.5,1 TICVAL,8,,density,1,sie,3e+5 TICVAL,9,,density,1,sie,9e+5 $ DMAT, 100, 1, 2 EOSGAM, 2, 1.4 $ PARAM,MICRO,30 When the blast wave reaches the boundary of the Euler mesh no reflections should occur. Reflections can be avoided by defining a zero gradient flow boundary on the outside of the Euler mesh. This is defined by means of a FLOWDEF entry: FLOWDEF,1,,MMHYDRO,,,,,,+ +,FLOW,OUT The target structure as shown in Figure 4-63 is modeled by QUAD shell elements. PSHELL1, 5, 5, GAUSS,,,,,,+ +, .003 $ DYMAT24, 5, 7800, 2.1e+11, .3,,,,,+ +, 2e+08 To hold the structure stationary, constraints are given to the four corner points of the back side of the box: SPC1, 1, 123456, 11, 12, 101, 102

To enable interaction of the blast wave with the structure, a coupling surface needs to be defined. Since the structure itself is closed (box), all the elements can serve as the coupling surface. COUPLE,200,300,INSIDE,ON,ON, SURFACE,300,,PROP,5 SET1, 5,5 PARAM,FASTCOUP To get optimal performance, a set of switches is added to redo the coupling surface computation only after significant movement of the structure. PARAM,COSUBMAX,30 PARAM,COSUBCYC,30
Results
To assess the accuracy of the graded mesh simulation, results of the fine mesh will also be examined. The figure below shows the pressure distribution at the beginning of the analysis.

For comparison, the result with a fine mesh is shown in the following picture
The pressure distribution at the time when the blast wave is crossing the interface between the coarse and fine mesh is shown in the following picture
.

For comparison, the results for the fine mesh are shown below.
The result at the time that the blast wave hits the structure is shown in the figure below.

For comparison, the result for the case with a fine mesh is shown in the figure below.
The figure below shows the pressure profiles along the model at different times. It also shows that the pressure profiles propagate smoothly from the fine to the coarse mesh (at X = -1.5 and X = 3.75).

For comparison, the results with the fine mesh are shown in the following figure.

The figure below compares the time history of the deflection of the structure at a point in the center area for the two cases
.

START CEND ENDSTEP = 660 CHECK=NO TITLE= Blast wave Graded Mesh TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL, FMATPLT STEPS(ALLEULER) = 0,THRU,END,BY,20 SAVE (ALLEULER) = 10000 $ TYPE (BOX) = ARCHIVE CPLSURFS (BOX) = 3 SET 3 = 300 CPLSOUT (BOX) = PRESSURE,XVEL STEPS (BOX) = 0,THRU,END,BY,20 SAVE (BOX) = 10000 $ TYPE (LAG) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (LAG) = 4

SET 4 = ALLSHQUAD ELOUT (LAG) = EFFST-MID,EFFPL-MID STEPS (LAG) = 0,THRU,END,BY,20 SAVE (LAG) = 10000 $ TYPE (ARCMAT) = TIMEHIS MATS (ARCMAT) = 15 SET 15 = 100 MATOUT (ARCMAT) = EKIN,MASS,ZMOM,XMOM,YMOM STEPS (ARCMAT) = 0,THRU,END,BY,10 SAVE (ARCMAT) = 99999 $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ ============ Euler ================================== $ PARAM,BULKL,0.1 PARAM,COSUBMAX,100 PARAM,COSUBCYC,100 $ PARAM,FASTCOUP PARAM,MICRO,30 $ PARAM,GRADED-MESH PARAM,FLOW-METHOD,FACET $ $ --- Material definitions --$ PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,19 $ DMAT,100,1,2 $ EOSGAM,2,1.4 $ $ --- Initial conditions --$ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,4,100,9,6.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,0,10000 SPHERE,4,,1.125,0.0,7.5,1 TICVAL,8,,density,1,sie,3e+5 TICVAL,9,,density,1,sie,9e+5 $ MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-4.5,-0.18,0.0,18,0.36,15,,,+ +,48,1,30,,,,EULER,1 $ MESH,2,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-1.5,-0.18,5,5.25,0.36,5,,,+ +,18,1,18,,,,EULER,1 $ $ --- Boundary conditions --------$ FLOWDEF,1,,MMHYDRO,,,,,,+ +,FLOW,OUT $

$ COUPLE,200,300,INSIDE,ON,ON, SURFACE,300,,PROP,5 SET1,5,5 $ $=========== Structure ================ $ $ --- Material properties --$ PSHELL1, 5, 5,,GAUSS,,,,,+ +,.003$ DYMAT24, 5, 7800, 2.1e+11 ,.3,,,,,+ +, 2e+08 $ $ --- Boundary condition --$ SPC1, 1, 123456, 11, 12, 101, 102 $ $ --- Define 1012 grid points --$ GRID 11 11.8500-.190000 0.90000 GRID 12 11.8500 .190000 0.90000 GRID 13 11.8500-.190000 1.28889 CQUAD4 1018 5 145 146 606 CQUAD4 1019 5 146 147 607 CQUAD4 1020 5 147 148 608 $ ENDDATA
605 606 607

Bubble Collapse with Hydrostatic Boundary Conditions

A weak explosion is ignited in the ocean. Initially the bubble, formed due to chemical explosion, expands. During this expansion water is pushed away towards the boundaries. This will result in higher pressure levels in the water until the equilibrium state, where the pressure inside the bubble and water pressure outside the bubble are the same. During the equilibrium, the bubble expansion stops and then reverses itself because the displaced water, now moves back again resulting in severe compression of the bubble. Due to momentum of the water the compression causes a large pressure build up in the bubble. The bubble pressure becomes so large that a second blast wave is ignited. During the entire expansion and contraction event, the bubble does not reach the water surface. The explosion will be modeled by a blast wave approach. The initial conditions of the hot gas inside the initial region of the blast wave are: Specific energy = 3.E+5 J/kg Density The water properties are: Reference density = 1000 kg/mm3 Bulk modulus K = 2.2e+9 Pa = 100kg/m3
Dytran Model
The ocean will be modeled by a container of water. The top of the container is two meters below the surface and the bottom is 13 meters below the surface. The water will be initialized by a hydrostatic pressure profile. Using a wall as boundary would give undesirable reflections. A transmitting boundary condition allows water to flow out of the mesh but prevents the inflow of water back into the container. Therefore, a special boundary condition is defined on the side walls of the container that enables back flow of water into the container. This special boundary condition prescribes a hydrostatic pressure profile on the boundary of the container. The density of material flowing back is computed from the hydrostatic pressures. A container of water can be modeled by a block of Euler elements. On the boundary of the block of elements, a hydrostatic pressure profile is imposed. This approach suffices in general. But, if the effect of the blast wave on a structure is to be studied in more detail, it may be necessary to allow for water to enter the structure in case of ruptures. In this case, multiple Euler domains with coupling surfaces have to be used. This means that the block of Euler is wrapped with a structural surface that is fully porous. The porosity model will be of the hydrostatic type. This structural surface has to consist of dummy shell elements and is used as coupling surface for the Euler domain.

Therefore, there are two models to consider: 1. The general approach using a flow definition to impose a boundary condition. 2. A coupling surface with a porosity model.
General Setup
First, the entries are discussed that apply to both models
.
Figure 4-64
Models
The Euler mesh is created by using a MESH,BOX entry: MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-5.5,-0.12,0,11,0.24,11,,,+ +,41,1,41,,,,EULER,1 and the multi-material Euler solver will be used: PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,19 Two materials representing air and water are defined as: DMAT 4 $ EOSPOL 1 $ DMAT 3 EOSGAM,2,1.4 $ DMAT 100 1.e3 2.2e9 2 100 2 2 1

The initial conditions will be defined by using geometric regions: TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,BOX,1,4,6,2.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0 BOX,1,,-100,-100,0.0,200,200,20.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,4.652,0.25 TICVAL,6,,SIE,0.,DENSITY,1000.0 TICVAL,8,,density,100,sie,3e+5 PARAM,MICRO,30
Figure 4-64a shows the initial conditions. The two elements that are colored red are initialized as gas, the other elements are water. The blast is ignited at a depth of 13 m-4.6 m = 8.4 m.
Gravity is applied on water and air regions as follow: TLOAD1,1,444,,0 GRAV,444,,9.8,,,-1 Because of the gravity, a hydrostatic pressure profile will develop. To effectively simulate a blast wave in water, the hydrostatic pressure profile should be present at cycle 1. To do this, the HYDSTAT option will be used. HYDSTAT,123,4,,,0,0,13.00,104000 The water level will be at a height of 13 meters. The HYDSTAT functionality changes the density initialization as specified by the previous TICVAL entry such that the element pressure equals the hydrostatic pressure. Figure 4-65 shows the pressure at cycle 1. At the center, several elements with large pressure have been hidden to make the hydrostatic pressure initialization visible.
Figure 4-65
Pressure at Cycle 1: Hydrostatic Pressure Profile

There are two methods to set up the model: Model 1 The boundary condition will be given by FLOWDEF,25,,MMHYDRO,,,,,,,, ,HYDSTAT,23 The boundary conditions will be taken from HYDSTAT entry 123.
FLOWDEF will also work on the front and back faces, but this will not make any contributions to the
elements, since there is no transport over these front and back faces. Model 2 The water and fluid are enclosed by a coupling surface as shown in Figure 4-64b. COUPLE,100,200,OUTSIDE,ON,ON,120 COUPOR,1,120,,PORHYDST,75 PORHYDST 75 SURFACE,200,,PROP,2 PSHELL1 2 DUMMY SET1,2,2 $ GRID 1 -5.49990-5.49990 GRID 2 5.49990-5.49990 GRID 3 -5.49990 5.49990 GRID 4 5.49990 5.49990 GRID 5 -5.49990-5.49990 GRID 6 -5.49990 5.49990 GRID 7 5.49990-5.49990 GRID 8 5.49990 5.49990 $ $ --- Define 6 elements $ -------- property set pdum --------CQUAD4 1 2 1 2 CQUAD4 2 2 5 6 CQUAD4 3 2 5 7 CQUAD4 4 2 2 7 CQUAD4 5 2 4 8 CQUAD4 6 2 3 6 The boundary conditions are: COUPOR,1,120,,PORHYDST,75 PORHYDST 75 For the boundary condition, the HYDSTAT will be taken that is referenced by the COUPLE entry.
10.9999 10.9999 10.9999 10.9999 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
4 8 2 8 6 5
3 7 1 4 3 1

Results
Both models yield almost identical results as shown in Figure 4-66. Detailed results are only shown for Model 1.Figure 4-66 also shows that after 0.2 seconds, a considerable amount of mass has left the domain. When the bubble starts to collapse (from 0.2 to 0.4 seconds), the water flows back into the domain through the hydrostatic boundary.
Figure 4-66
Total Mass of Water in the Container for Model 1 (Red) and Model 2 (Blue)
Figure 4-67 shows the bubble rise and collapse. After 0.23 sec the expansions stops and the bubble is compressed. Also it starts to rise.

Figure 4-67
Bubble Rise and Collapse
After 0.44 seconds, the bubble has collapsed. Due to the momentum of the water, the gas has been severely compressed and a second blast occurs results in the subsequent phase.

Dytran Input files

Model 1
START CEND ENDTIME = 0.5 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: undex-2d TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL, FMAT4,MASS4,DENSITY4,FMATPLT4, FMATPLT,FMAT100,FLUXVOL, FVUNC FMAT100,MASS100,DENSITY100,SIE100,SIE4,HMAT TIMES(ALLEULER) = 0,1E-8,thru,end,by,0.01 SAVE (ALLEULER) = 10000 $ TYPE (ARCMAT) = TIMEHIS MATS (ARCMAT) = 15 SET 15 = 4 MATOUT (ARCMAT) = EKIN,MASS,ZMOM,XMOM,YMOM STEPS (ARCMAT) = 0,THRU,END,BY,10 SAVE (ARCMAT) = 99999 $ $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK PARAM,BULKL,0.1 $ -----------------------------------------------------------------$ $ * Euler.300 * $ PARAM,MICRO,30 PARAM,FMULTI,1.0 PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,19 $ DMAT 4 1.e3 1 $ EOSPOL 1 2.2e9 $ DMAT 3 2 2 EOSGAM,2,1.4 $ DMAT 100 100 2 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ ======== Load Cases ========================

$ $ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,BOX,1,4,6,2.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0 BOX,1,,-100,-100,0.0,200,200,20.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,4.652,0.25 TICVAL,6,,SIE,0.,DENSITY,1000.0 TICVAL,8,,density,100,sie,3e+5 $ MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-5.5,-0.12,0,11,0.24,11,,,+ +,41,1,41,,,,EULER,1 $ TLOAD1,1,444,,0 GRAV,444,,9.8,,,-1 $ $ HYDSTAT,123,4,,,0,0,13.00,104000 $ FLOWDEF,25,,MMHYDRO,,,,,,+ +,HYDSTAT,123 $ ENDDATA Model 2 START CEND ENDSTEP = 5000 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: undex-2d TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE (ALLEULER) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (ALLEULER) = 2 SET 2 = ALLMULTIEULHYDRO ELOUT (ALLEULER) = DENSITY,SIE,PRESSURE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL, FMAT4,MASS4,DENSITY4,FMATPLT4, FMATPLT,FMAT100,HMAT, FVUNC FMAT100,MASS100,DENSITY100,SIE100,SIE4 STEPS(ALLEULER) = 0,1,thru,end,by,100 SAVE (ALLEULER) = 10000 $ TYPE (ARCMAT) = TIMEHIS MATS (ARCMAT) = 15 SET 15 = 4 MATOUT (ARCMAT) = EKIN,MASS,ZMOM,XMOM,YMOM STEPS (ARCMAT) = 0,THRU,END,BY,10 SAVE (ARCMAT) = 99999 $ TYPE (SHELL) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (SHELL) = 4 SET 4 = 1,THRU,6 ELOUT (SHELL) = ZUSER STEPS(SHELL) = 0,1 SAVE (SHELL) = 10000 $ $------- Parameter Section ------

PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-8 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK PARAM,BULKL,0.1 PARAM,COSUBMAX,100 PARAM,COSUBCYC,100 $ -----------------------------------------------------------------$ $ * Euler.300 * $ PARAM,MICRO,30 PARAM,FMULTI,1.0 PEULER1,1,,MMHYDRO,19 $ DMAT 4 1.e3 1 $ EOSPOL 1 2.2e9 $ DMAT 3 2 2 EOSGAM,2,1.4 $ DMAT 100 100 2 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,BOX,1,4,6,2.0,,,,+ +,SPHERE,3,100,8,4.0 BOX,1,,-100,-100,0.0,200,200,20.0 SPHERE,3,,0.0,0.0,4.652,0.25 TICVAL,6,,SIE,0.,DENSITY,1000.0 TICVAL,8,,density,100,sie,3e+5 $ MESH,1,BOX,,,,,,,+ +,-5.5,-0.12,0,11,0.24,11,,,+ +,41,1,41,,,,EULER,1 $ TLOAD1,1,444,,0 GRAV,444,,9.8,,,-1 $ $ HYDSTAT,1,4,,,0,0,13.00,104000 $ COUPLE,100,200,OUTSIDE,ON,ON,120 COUPOR,1,120,,PORHYDST,75 PORHYDST 75 SURFACE,200,,PROP,2 $ PSHELL1 2 DUMMY SET1,2,2 $ GRID 1 -5.49990-5.49990 10.9999 GRID 2 5.49990-5.49990 10.9999 GRID 3 -5.49990 5.49990 10.9999

GRID 4 5.49990 5.49990 GRID 5 -5.49990-5.49990 GRID 6 -5.49990 5.49990 GRID 7 5.49990-5.49990 GRID 8 5.49990 5.49990 $ $ --- Define 6 elements $ $ -------- property set pdum --------CQUAD4 1 2 1 2 CQUAD4 2 2 5 6 CQUAD4 3 2 5 7 CQUAD4 4 2 2 7 CQUAD4 5 2 4 8 CQUAD4 6 2 3 6 ENDDATA
10.9999 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
4 8 2 8 6 5
3 7 1 4 3 1


Problem Description
This problem demonstrates how to prestress a concrete beam prior to transient loading condition. Prestressed concrete is an architectural and structural member providing great strength. Generally, concrete has a big advantage in compression, but is naturally weak in tension. In typical reinforced concrete, the concretes great compressive strength is combined with the high tensile strength of steel to create a structural member that is strong in both compression and tension. The concept in prestress concrete is that compressive stresses induced by high strength steel tendons in the concrete structure prior to actual loading will offset and balance the tensile stresses that are subjected to the member during service.
Analysis Scheme
The example consists of two jobs: Prestress and Transient. The analysis scheme is explained by a flow chart as Figures Figure 4-68 and Figure 4-69.
Figure 4-68
Analysis Scheme of Prestressed Beam

Figure 4-69
Analysis Models and Behavior at Each Step

Dytran Model
There are two different material properties defined for concrete and the tendon. The details of two materials and applied loads are explained below. Each input deck will show: Concrete: Cross area: 40000 mm2 Youngs modulus = 21 GPa Density = 2400 kg/m3 Length = 2 m Tendon: Cross area: 1390 mm2 (Using ten 15.2mm class 2 relaxation standard strands) Youngs modulus = 200 GPa Density = 7850 kg/m3 Length = 2 m Applied velocity End time of simulation Final applied displacement = 0.12 m/seconds = 0.1 second = 0.120.1 = 0.012 m (equivalent to 1670 kN as force)
DMATEL,2,2400,21.e+9,0.2,, PSOLID,2,2 MAT1,1,200e+9,,0.3,7850. PBEAM,1,1,.00139,0.1,0.1 TLOAD1,1,3,,2 FORCE,3,21,0,1,1.2e-1,, (a) Prestress Model

PRESTRESS entry in File Management Section (FMS) shows that this job is the prestress one.
PRESTRESS
SOLUOUT entry in File Management Section (FMS) specifies an output file to which the solution data
is written at the end of a prestress analysis. Output file of this example is GDIL.SOL. SOLUOUT=GDIL.SOL
PARAM, VDAMP is for control on the global damping in the dynamic.
PARAM,VDAMP,0.001 A dynamic relaxation is defined to dampen the solution and to prevent high frequency oscillations. For this purpose, NASINIT entry is used. Relaxation phase lasts 0.1 second. NASINIT,100,yes,.1,0.001

To connect the tendon and concrete, RBE2 is used as below. RBE2, 1, 2,23,1002 ... (b) Transient Model The transient analysis starts with START entry. The results from the prestress analysis which are stored in GDIL.SOL are used as a pre-condition for transient run by using the SOLINIT entry. START SOLINIT=GDIL.SOL
PARAM, VDAMP is for control on the global damping in the dynamic.
PARAM,VDAMP,0.001 The RBE2 definition at the end is now changed by defining additional restraint in the z-direction for ensuring a common behavior for tendon and concrete. RBE2,20,21,123, 626
Results
Analytical results are used to match the simulation results. If there is no local deformation at the end, the theoretical results can be obtained by following scheme.
Pc + Pt = 0
(Equilibrium: no external loading) (Compatibility: total deformation is the same as the sum of deformations of each
c = t = 0.012
element) where
Pc Pt c t
is the force on the concrete beam is the force on the tendon is the deformation of the concrete beam is the deformation of the tendon
Ec Ac - P c = ----------Lc c Et A t P t = ---------- c Lt

where
Ec Et Ac At Lc Lt
is Youngs modulus of the concrete beam is Youngs modulus of the tendon is the cross area of the concrete beam is the cross area of the tendon is the original length of the concrete beam is the original length of the tendon
Substituting the P c and P t into Equilibrium and Compatibility equations, the compressive stresses in concrete can be obtained.
E t At ---------Ec Lt c = ----- ------------------------------ 0.012 Lc E c Ac E t A t ----------- + ---------Lc Lt
where
c
is the compression Stress of the concrete beam
Substituting the material properties of tendon and concrete in the equation above, the computed concrete stress is 3.14 107. This value is the same as the xx-stress result in Figure 4-70b. The value of Figure 4-70a is little different from the theoretical value due to the local deformation at the end where the loading is applied and stress is concentrated. Other results with local deformation allowed at each step are shown in Figure 4-71.

Figure 4-70
Two Results of xx-stress at the Beam

Figure 4-71
Results at Each Step


Prestress Job Input
PRESTRESS $BULKOUT=GRID.DAT NASTDISP=ZERO SOLUOUT=GDIL.SOL TIME=100000 MEMORY-SIZE=50000000,40000000 CEND ENDTIME=0.1 ENDSTEP=10000000 TITLE= Jobname is: pre TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: DISP TYPE (DISP) = TIMEHIS GRIDS (DISP) = 1 SET 1 = 1 6 11 16 21 626 GPOUT (DISP) = XPOS XVEL XFORCE XDIS TIMES (DISP) = 0 THRU END BY 1e-5 SAVE (DISP) = 10000 $ Output result for request: LAG TYPE (LAG) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (LAG) = 2 SET 2 = ALLLAGSOLID ELOUT (LAG) = TXX EFFSTS PRESSURE TIMES (LAG) = 0 THRU END BY 0.01 SAVE (LAG) = 10000 $ Output result for request: STRESS TYPE (STRESS) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (STRESS) = 3 SET 3 = ALLELEM1D ELOUT (STRESS) = xFORCE TIMES (STRESS) = 0 THRU END BY 0.01 SAVE (STRESS) = 10000 $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,INISTEP,0.0001 PARAM,VDAMP,0.001 PARAM,INITNAS,PATRAN PARAM,INISTEP,1e-8 PARAM,MINSTEP,1e-8 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ INCLUDE pre.bdf NASINIT,100,yes,0.1,0.001 $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * GID * $ PBEAM,1,1,.00139,0.1,0.1 $ $ * Conc * $

PSOLID,2,2 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material Barzel id =1 MAT1,1,200e+9,,0.3,7850. $ $ -------- Material DEBESH id =2 DMATEL,2,2400,21.e+9,0.2,,,, $ $ ------- Velocity BC VELO ----TLOAD1,1,3,,2 FORCE,3,21,0,1,1.2e-1,, $ RBE2, 1, 2,23,1002 RBE2, 2, 3,23,1003 RBE2, 3, 4,23,1004 RBE2, 4, 5,23,1005 RBE2, 5, 6,23,1006 RBE2, 6, 7,23,1007 RBE2, 7, 8,23,1008 RBE2, 8, 9,23,1009 RBE2, 9,10,23,1010 RBE2,10,11,23,1011 RBE2,11,12,23,1012 RBE2,12,13,23,1013 RBE2,13,14,23,1014 RBE2,14,15,23,1015 RBE2,15,16,23,1016 RBE2,16,17,23,1017 RBE2,17,18,23,1018 RBE2,18,19,23,1019 RBE2,19,20,23,1020 RBE2,20,21,23, 626 $ ENDDATA
Transient Job Input

START SOLINIT=GDIL.SOL TIME=100000 MEMORY-SIZE=50000000,40000000 CEND ENDTIME=0.1 ENDSTEP=10000 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: tra TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: DISP TYPE (DISP) = TIMEHIS GRIDS (DISP) = 1 SET 1 = 1 6 11 16 21 626 153 258 468 573 GPOUT (DISP) = XPOS XVEL XFORCE XDIS TIMES (DISP) = 0 THRU END BY 1e-4 SAVE (DISP) = 10000

$ Output result for request: LAG TYPE (LAG) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (LAG) = 2 SET 2 = ALLLAGSOLID ELOUT (LAG) = TXX EFFSTS PRESSURE TIMES (LAG) = 0 THRU END BY 1.e-3 SAVE (LAG) = 10000 $ Output result for request: STRESS TYPE (STRESS) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (STRESS) = 3 SET 3 = ALLELEM1D ELOUT (STRESS) = xFORCE TIMES (STRESS) = 0 THRU END BY 1.e-3 SAVE (STRESS) = 10000 $ Output result for request: DISP TYPE (LOCAL) = TIMEHIS ELEMENTs (LOCAL) = 4 SET 4 = 111 THRU 411 BY 20 ELOUT (LOCAL) = TXX EFFSTS PRESSURE TIMES (LOCAL) = 0 THRU END BY 1e-4 SAVE (LOCAL) = 10000 $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,INISTEP,1e-8 $=================================damping====== PARAM,VDAMP,0.01 $================================== $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK INCLUDE pre.bdf $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * GID * $ PBEAM,1,1,0.00139,.1,.1 $ $ * Conc * $ PSOLID,2,2 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ -------- Material Barzel id =1 MAT1,1,200e+9,,0.3,7850. $ $ -------- Material DEBESH id =2 DMATEL,2,2400,21.e+9,0.2,, $ RBE2, 1, 2,23,1002 RBE2, 2, 3,23,1003 RBE2, 3, 4,23,1004 RBE2, 4, 5,23,1005 RBE2, 5, 6,23,1006 RBE2, 6, 7,23,1007 RBE2, 7, 8,23,1008 RBE2, 8, 9,23,1009 RBE2, 9,10,23,1010 RBE2,10,11,23,1011

RBE2,11,12,23,1012 RBE2,12,13,23,1013 RBE2,13,14,23,1014 RBE2,14,15,23,1015 RBE2,15,16,23,1016 RBE2,16,17,23,1017 RBE2,17,18,23,1018 RBE2,18,19,23,1019 RBE2,19,20,23,1020 RBE2,20,21,123, 626 $ ENDDATA

Blast Simulation on Prestressed Concrete Beam

Problem Description
This problem is a continuation of the Prestressed Concrete Beam example and demonstrates how to apply a blast load on the beam. To model the explosive, blast technique is used where the Eulerian elements inside the explosive region are given high density and internal energy values. In this analysis, the explosive properties are defined by ideal gas model.
Analysis Scheme
The example consists of two jobs: Prestress and Transient. The analysis scheme is explained by a flow chart as shown in Figure 4-72. The additional steps to prestress run are highlighted in bold italics.
Figure 4-72
Analysis Scheme of Blast Simulation on Prestressed Beam

Dytran Model
The material properties of concrete and tendon and the applied load in tendon are the same as Prestressed Concrete Beam example. The material models of explosive and air are explained below. In this simulation the explosive is defined as a compressed hot gas with the same as air. Explosive (sphere shape with 0.1 radious: Explosive center distance from the bear: 1 m Total mass = 500 kg Density = 1.592 x 104 kg/m3 Specific internal energy = 4.765 x 106 J/kg Air: Density = 1.2 kg/m3 Specific internal energy = 1.94 x 105 J/kg
= 1.4
Figure 4-73
Simulation Model
Both prestressed and transient runs include the following Euler definitions: DMAT* 5 1.2 EOSGAM 5 1.4 TICVAL,18,,DENSITY,1.592+4,SIE,4.765E6 TICVAL,19,,DENSITY,1.2,SIE,1.94E+05 TICEUL,20,,,,,,,,+ + ,SPHERE,4,5,19,1,,,,+ + ,SPHERE,17,5,18,5,,, SPHERE,4,,0,0,0,5000 SPHERE,17,,1,0,1.,0.1 5

Prestress Model The Prestress model is identical with the Prestress Concrete Beam example except the definition of Eulerian parts. The Eulerian part is explained in Transient model. Transient Model The Lagrangian part is the same as the Prestress Concrete Beam example. Here, the explanation of Eulerian parts is added. To decrease simulation time, Euler elements and coupling are active only for 0.001 seconds after they become activated in 0.006 seconds. In Prestressed Concrete Beam example, the vibration from the Prestress Run is diminished after 0.006 seconds. ACTIVE,1,ELEMENT,EULHYDRO,,,,,,+ +,TABLE,100 ACTIVE,2,INTERACT,COUPLE,,,,,,+ +,TABLE,100 TABLED1,100,,,,,,,,+ +,0,-1,0.006,-1,0.006,1,0.007,1,+ +,0.007,-1,.5,-1 To couple the Euler material to the concrete beam, the COUPLE entry is used COUPLE +A000012 +A000012 +A000013 +A000013 61 2 INSIDE ON ON
63
The Euler mesh is generated by MESH entry. MESH +A000020 +A000020 +A000021 +A000021 63 -1 41 BOX -2 41 -1 41 4 4 4 EULER 5

Results
Figure 4-74
Blast on Concrete Beam at Various Steps
Figure 4-75
Displacement and Effective Stress at the Center of the Beam

Figure 4-76
Deformation of Prestressed Concrete Beam


Prestress Job Input
PRESTRESS NASTDISP=ZERO SOLUOUT=GDIL.SOL TIME=100000 MEMORY-SIZE=50000000,40000000 CEND ENDTIME=0.1 ENDSTEP=10000000 TITLE= Jobname is: pre TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: DISP TYPE (DISP) = TIMEHIS GRIDS (DISP) = 1 SET 1 = 1 6 11 16 21 626 GPOUT (DISP) = XPOS XVEL XFORCE XDIS TIMES (DISP) = 0 THRU END BY 1e-5 SAVE (DISP) = 10000 $ Output result for request: LAG TYPE (LAG) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (LAG) = 2 SET 2 = ALLLAGSOLID ELOUT (LAG) = TXX EFFSTS PRESSURE TIMES (LAG) = 0 THRU END BY 0.01 SAVE (LAG) = 10000 $ Output result for request: STRESS TYPE (STRESS) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (STRESS) = 3 SET 3 = ALLELEM1D ELOUT (STRESS) = xFORCE TIMES (STRESS) = 0 THRU END BY 0.01 SAVE (STRESS) = 10000 $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,INISTEP,0.0001 PARAM,VDAMP,0.001 PARAM,INITNAS,PATRAN PARAM,FASTCOUP,INPLANE,FAIL PARAM,INISTEP,1e-8 PARAM,MINSTEP,1e-8 $PARAM,LIMITER,ROE $PARAM,RKSCHEME,3 $PARAM,INITFILE,V1 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $flow out of all faces of outer euler FLOWDEF,1,,HYDRO,,,,,,+ +,FLOW,BOTH,MATERIAL,5 ACTIVE,1,ELEMENT,EULHYDRO,,,,,,+ +,TABLE,100 ACTIVE,2,INTERACT,COUPLE,,,,,,+ +,TABLE,100 TABLED1,100,,,,,,,,+ +, 0, -1, 11, -1

$ PARAM,FAILOUT,NO PARAM,NZEROVEL,YES INCLUDE pre.bdf NASINIT,100,yes,0.1,0.001 $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * GID * $ PBEAM,1,1,.00139,0.1,0.1 $ $ * Conc * $ PSOLID,2,2 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material Barzel id =1 MAT1,1,200e+9,,0.3,7850. $ $ -------- Material DEBESH id =2 DMATEL,2,2400,21.e+9,0.2,,,, $ $ $ ------- Velocity BC VELO ----TLOAD1,1,3,,2 FORCE,3,21,0,1,1.2e-1,, $ RBE2, 1, 2,23,1002 RBE2, 2, 3,23,1003 RBE2, 3, 4,23,1004 RBE2, 4, 5,23,1005 RBE2, 5, 6,23,1006 RBE2, 6, 7,23,1007 RBE2, 7, 8,23,1008 RBE2, 8, 9,23,1009 RBE2, 9,10,23,1010 RBE2,10,11,23,1011 RBE2,11,12,23,1012 RBE2,12,13,23,1013 RBE2,13,14,23,1014 RBE2,14,15,23,1015 RBE2,15,16,23,1016 RBE2,16,17,23,1017 RBE2,17,18,23,1018 RBE2,18,19,23,1019 RBE2,19,20,23,1020 RBE2,20,21,23, 626 $ $ PEULER1 5 HYDRO 20 $ $ DMAT* 5 1.186 EOSGAM 5 1.4 $ $

$ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ ------- TICVAL BC initblast ----TICVAL,18,,DENSITY,1.61e+1,SIE,3.88E+05 $ $ ------- TICVAL BC air_steady ----TICVAL,19,,DENSITY,1.2,SIE,1.94E+05 $ $ ------- TICEUL BC out_euler ----TICEUL,20,,,,,,,,+ + ,SPHERE,4,5,19,1,,,,+ + ,SPHERE,17,5,18,5,,, SPHERE,4,,0,0,0,5000 SPHERE,17,,1,0,1.,0.1 $ COUPLE 61 2 INSIDE ON ON +A000012 +A000013 63 $ SURFACE 2 SEG 100 $ MESH 63 BOX +A000020 -1 -2 -1 4 4 +A000021 41 41 41 $ CFACE1,1011,100,101,102,122 $ ... $ ENDDATA
+A000012 +A000013
4 EULER
+A000020 +A000021 5
Transient Job Input

START SOLINIT=GDIL.SOL TIME=100000 MEMORY-SIZE=50000000,40000000 CEND ENDTIME=0.03 ENDSTEP=1000000 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: tra TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: DISP TYPE (DISP) = TIMEHIS GRIDS (DISP) = 1 SET 1 = 1 6 11 16 21 626 111 THRU 342 BY 21 GPOUT (DISP) = XPOS XVEL XFORCE XDIS ZPOS TIMES (DISP) = 0 THRU END BY 0.00001 SAVE (DISP) = 10000 $ Output result for request: LAG TYPE (LAG) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (LAG) = 2 SET 2 = ALLLAGSOLID ELOUT (LAG) = TXX EFFSTS PRESSURE TIMES (LAG) = 0 THRU END BY 0.001

SAVE (LAG) = 10000 $ Output result for request: STRESS TYPE (STRESS) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (STRESS) = 3 SET 3 = ALLELEM1D ELOUT (STRESS) = xFORCE TIMES (STRESS) = 0 THRU END BY 0.001 SAVE (STRESS) = 10000 $ Output result for request: DISP TYPE (LOCAL) = TIMEHIS ELEMENTs (LOCAL) = 4 SET 4 = 111 THRU 411 BY 20 ELOUT (LOCAL) = TXX EFFSTS TIMES (LOCAL) = 0 THRU END BY 0.00001 SAVE (LOCAL) = 10000 $ TYPE (AIR) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (AIR) = 5 SET 5 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (AIR) = DENSITY SIE PRESSURE FMAT FVUNC FMATPLT , VOLUME XVEL YVEL ZVEL TIMES (AIR) = 0.006 THRU 0.007 BY 0.00001 SAVE (AIR) = 10000 $ Output result for request: LAG1 TYPE (LAG1) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (LAG1) = 7 SET 7 = ALLLAGSOLID ELOUT (LAG1) = EFFSTS TIMES (LAG1) = 0.006 THRU 0.007 BY 0.00001 SAVE (LAG1) = 10000 $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,FASTCOUP,INPLANE,FAIL PARAM,INISTEP,1e-8 PARAM,MINSTEP,1e-8 PARAM,LIMITER,ROE PARAM,RKSCHEME,3 PARAM,VDAMP,0.01 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $flow out of all faces of outer euler FLOWDEF,1,,HYDRO,,,,,,+ +,FLOW,BOTH ACTIVE,1,ELEMENT,EULHYDRO,,,,,,+ +,TABLE,100 ACTIVE,2,INTERACT,COUPLE,,,,,,+ +,TABLE,100 TABLED1,100,,,,,,,,+ +,0,-1,0.006,-1,0.006,1,0.007,1,+ +,0.007,-1,.5,-1 $ PARAM,FAILOUT,NO PARAM,NZEROVEL,YES INCLUDE pre.bdf $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * GID * $ PBEAM,1,1,.00139,0.1,0.1

$ $ * Conc * $ PSOLID,2,2 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material Barzel id =1 MAT1,1,200e+9,,0.3,7850. $ $ -------- Material DEBESH id =2 DMATEL,2,2400,21.e+9,0.2,,,, $ RBE2, 1, 2,23,1002 RBE2, 2, 3,23,1003 RBE2, 3, 4,23,1004 RBE2, 4, 5,23,1005 RBE2, 5, 6,23,1006 RBE2, 6, 7,23,1007 RBE2, 7, 8,23,1008 RBE2, 8, 9,23,1009 RBE2, 9,10,23,1010 RBE2,10,11,23,1011 RBE2,11,12,23,1012 RBE2,12,13,23,1013 RBE2,13,14,23,1014 RBE2,14,15,23,1015 RBE2,15,16,23,1016 RBE2,16,17,23,1017 RBE2,17,18,23,1018 RBE2,18,19,23,1019 RBE2,19,20,23,1020 RBE2,20,21,123, 626 $ $ PEULER1 5 HYDRO 20 $ $ DMAT* 5 1.2 EOSGAM 5 1.4 $ $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ ------- TICVAL BC initblast ----TICVAL,18,,DENSITY,1.592+4,SIE,4.765E6 $ $ ------- TICVAL BC air_steady ----TICVAL,19,,DENSITY,1.2,SIE,1.94E+05 $ $ ------- TICEUL BC out_euler ----TICEUL,20,,,,,,,,+ + ,SPHERE,4,5,19,1,,,,+ + ,SPHERE,17,5,18,5,,, SPHERE,4,,0,0,0,5000 SPHERE,17,,1,0,1.,0.1 $

COUPLE 61 2 INSIDE +A000012 +A000013 63 $ SURFACE 2 SEG $ MESH 63 BOX +A000020 -1 -2 -1 +A000021 41 41 41 $ $ CFACE1,1011,100,101,102,122 ... $ ENDDATA
ON
ON
+A000012 +A000013
100 4 4 4 EULER +A000020 +A000021 5

Vortex Shedding with Skin Friction

To illustrate the use of skin friction, the flow of gas around a 2-D cylinder will be simulated. For information on boundary layers and the Reynolds number, see the Dytran Users Guide, Chapter 3: Constraints and Loading, Viscosity and Skin Friction in Euler. By default shear stresses at walls are derived from the difference between tangential Euler element velocity and wall velocity. If the characteristic element size is larger than the boundary layer then the wall shear stress is underestimated. An estimate of the size of this layer can be obtained using the Reynolds number as described in chapter 3. If the boundary layer is too small it is preferred to base the shear stress on the skin friction coefficient as given by:
tw C f = -----------1 2 -- u 2
Here, t w is the local shear stress, p and u are, respectively, the element density and the relative tangential velocity in the Euler element adjacent to the wall.
Problem Description
For this example flow conditions are chosen such that the Reynolds number is about 144444. For such a high Reynolds number the boundary layer is much smaller than the size of an Euler element and therefore skin friction is required to get a realistic shear stress at the surface of the cylinder. Friction coefficients have to be taken from literature, experiment or fine tuning. Here the Friction coefficient will be taken from literature. At the Reynolds number of 144444 a realistic value for the drag coefficient C D is about 1.2. The drag coefficient is defined as:
D C D = ----------------1 -- U2 d 2
where D is the 2-D drag force, U the main stream velocity and d is the diameter of the cylinder. It is not possible to specify the drag coefficient directly in Dytran. Instead, the skin friction can be specified. To determine the skin friction coefficient, a few trial runs are made to adjust the C f until the drag force approximately reaches C D = 1.2 . After a few runs, it is found out that using C f = 0.095 results in C D = 1.30 which is approximate enough for the purpose of this example. The shedding of the vortices becomes visible when the flow has reached steady state. Vortices are then alternatively shed from the top and bottom half of the cylinder. This gives rise to a periodically varying force operating in a direction perpendicular to the flow direction. The flow direction is taken as + x .

Dytran Model
For this example, a 2-D model is used with an Euler Mesh of 0.8 x 0.8 m and element thickness of 0.01 m. The number of elements in X and Y directions is 90. The diameter of the cylinder is 0.1 m. The cylinder is modeled as a rigid coupling surface that cant move. The initial conditions in the Euler region are: Density = 1.3 kg/m3 Specific Internal Energy = 2.E+5 J/kg The boundary conditions at the borders of the Euler mesh are as follows:
At the left side, an Inflow boundary with the following data: Density = 1.3 kg/m3, Specific Internal Energy = 2.E+5 J/kg, X-Velocity = 20 m/s Y-Velocity = 0
and Z-Velocity =0
At the right side, a transmitting Outflow boundary At the top and the bottom side, no boundaries are defined which means that these sides are
modeled as walls.

The material properties of Air are as follows: Density = 1.3 kg/m3 Dynamic Viscosity = 18.E-6 Pa s Gamma value = 1.4 -------- Material GAS id =2 DMAT 2 1.3 2 EOSGAM 2 1.4 PMINC 2 0. The initial values for the Euler region are as follows: $ ------- TICVAL BC init ----TICVAL 28 DENSITY $ 1.3 SIE 200000.
2 18.E-6
The coupling surface is similar to a wall and for coupling surface segments shear stresses can be computed using a skin friction coefficient. The skin friction factor C f of 0.095 is specified on the COUPLE option as: COUPLE 1 1 INSIDE ON STANDARD+ + + + The flow boundary conditions are: $ ------- Flow BC flowin ----TLOAD1 1 29 4 FLOW 29 1 FLOW INMATERIAL + SIE 200000. XVEL 20. $ ------- Flow BC flowout ----TLOAD1 1 32 FLOW 32 2 FLOW ON
.095
2 DENSITY
1.3+
4 OUT
Results
The figures below show the velocity plots at two different times around 0.5 second. In these plots, the shedding of vortices is visible.

Similar plots at the time of about 1 second.

The Time History plots of the FORCE is shown in the following picture
The X-force slowly increases. A representative value is 0.34. This given a

D 0.34 0.01 34 - = ------------------------------------------------------ = ----- = 1.3 C D = ----------------1 0.5 1.3 20 20 0.1 26 -- pU 2 A 2
CD
of
The Y-Force oscillates due to the alternate shedding of vortices. The time period of this oscillation is 0.021 s. To compare this with experiment the Strouhal number given by
nd d - = ------S t = ----U TU
is computed. Here n is the frequency of the vortex shedding, d the diameter, U the main flow velocity and T the time period of the vortex shedding. For this simulation the value is 0.23. This is close to the value of 0.21 found in literature.


START CEND ENDTIME=1.0 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: skin TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: EUL TYPE (EUL) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (EUL) = 1 SET 1 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (EUL) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL DENSITY SIE PRESSURE, TXX TYY TXY EFFSTS TIMES (EUL) = 0 THRU END BY 0.005 SAVE (EUL) = 10000 $ Output result for request: COUP TYPE (COUP) = ARCHIVE CPLSURFS (COUP) = 2 SET 2 = 1 CPLSOUT (COUP) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL DENSITY PRESSURE, TXX TYY TXY EFFSTS TIMES (COUP) = 0 THRU END BY 0.005 SAVE (COUP) = 10000 $ $ Output result for request: COUPTHS TYPE (COUPTHS) = TIMEHIS CPLSURFS (COUPTHS) = 3 SET 3 = 1 CPLSOUT (COUPTHS) = XFORCE YFORCE ZFORCE RFORCE TIMES (COUPTHS) = 0 THRU END BY 0.001 SAVE (COUPTHS) = 10000 $ TYPE (PROF) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (PROF) = 4 SET 4 = 4231 THRU 4320 ELOUT (PROF) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL DENSITY PRESSURE, TXX TYY TXY EFFSTS TIMES (PROF) = 0 THRU END BY 0.001 SAVE (PROF) = 10000 $ TYPE (MAT) = TIMEHIS MATS (MAT) = 5 SET 5 = 2 MATOUT (MAT) = MASS, EKIN, EINT TIMES (MAT) = 0 THRU END BY 0.001 SAVE (MAT) = 10000 $ $ Output result for request: COUP THS $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,EULTRAN,IMPULSE PARAM,FASTCOUP PARAM,BULKL,0.2 PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-7 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK

INCLUDE skin.bdf $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * p1 * $ PSHELL 1 1 .001 $ $ * peul * $ PEULER1 2 HYDRO 31 $ $ * p2 * $ PSHELL1 3 DUMMY $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material matrig id =1 MATRIG 1 7800 2.1e+11 .3 $ $ -------- Material GAS id =2 DMAT 2 1.3 2 2 EOSGAM 2 1.4 18.E-6 PMINC 2 0. $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ ------- General Coupling: coup ----$ COUPLE 1 1 INSIDE ON ON STANDARD+ + + .095 $ SURFACE 1 ELEM 2 SET1 2 1 THRU 180 $ $ ------- Rigid Body Object MR1 ----$ ---- Reference Node for Rigid body is 122 TLOAD1 1 20 12 FORCE 20 MR1 0 1 1 1 TLOAD1 1 1020 12 MOMENT 1020 MR1 0 1 1 1 $ $ ------- TICVAL BC init ----TICVAL 28 DENSITY 1.3 SIE 200000. $ $ ------- Flow BC flowin ----TLOAD1 1 29 4 FLOW 29 1 FLOW INMATERIAL 2 DENSITY 1.3+ + SIE 200000. XVEL 20. CFACE 1 1 181 3 CFACE 2 1 271 3 CFACE 3 1 361 3 CFACE 4 1 451 3 CFACE 5 1 541 3 CFACE 6 1 631 3

CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
721 811 901 991 1081 1171 1261 1351 1441 1531 1621 1711 1801 1891 1981 2071 2161 2251 2341 2431 2521 2611 2701 2791 2881 2971 3061 3151 3241 3331 3421 3511 3601 3691 3781 3871 3961 4051 4141 4231 4321 4411 4501 4591 4681 4771 4861 4951 5041 5131 5221 5311 5401 5491 5581 5671 5761 5851 5941 6031
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

CFACE 67 1 6121 CFACE 68 1 6211 CFACE 69 1 6301 CFACE 70 1 6391 CFACE 71 1 6481 CFACE 72 1 6571 CFACE 73 1 6661 CFACE 74 1 6751 CFACE 75 1 6841 CFACE 76 1 6931 CFACE 77 1 7021 CFACE 78 1 7111 CFACE 79 1 7201 CFACE 80 1 7291 CFACE 81 1 7381 CFACE 82 1 7471 CFACE 83 1 7561 CFACE 84 1 7651 CFACE 85 1 7741 CFACE 86 1 7831 CFACE 87 1 7921 CFACE 88 1 8011 CFACE 89 1 8101 CFACE 90 1 8191 $ $ ------- TICEUL BC reg ----TICEUL 31 + SPHERE 2 2 SPHERE 2 0 $ $ ------- Flow BC flowout ----TLOAD1 1 32 FLOW 32 2 FLOW $ CFACE 91 2 270 CFACE 92 2 360 CFACE 93 2 450 CFACE 94 2 540 CFACE 95 2 630 CFACE 96 2 720 CFACE 97 2 810 CFACE 98 2 900 CFACE 99 2 990 CFACE 100 2 1080 CFACE 101 2 1170 CFACE 102 2 1260 CFACE 103 2 1350 CFACE 104 2 1440 CFACE 105 2 1530 CFACE 106 2 1620 CFACE 107 2 1710 CFACE 108 2 1800 CFACE 109 2 1890 CFACE 110 2 1980 CFACE 111 2 2070 CFACE 112 2 2160 CFACE 113 2 2250 CFACE 114 2 2340 CFACE 115 2 2430 CFACE 116 2 2520
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 + 28 0 4 OUT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 0 10

CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE
117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2610 2700 2790 2880 2970 3060 3150 3240 3330 3420 3510 3600 3690 3780 3870 3960 4050 4140 4230 4320 4410 4500 4590 4680 4770 4860 4950 5040 5130 5220 5310 5400 5490 5580 5670 5760 5850 5940 6030 6120 6210 6300 6390 6480 6570 6660 6750 6840 6930 7020 7110 7200 7290 7380 7470 7560 7650 7740 7830 7920
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

CFACE CFACE CFACE CFACE $ $ ENDDATA
177 178 179 180
2 2 2 2
8010 8100 8190 8280
6 6 6 6

Geometric Eulerian Boundary Conditions

Problem Description
For many applications, the Euler modeling can be simplified by using the MESH Generator entry. However this method has some shortcomings with regard to the definition of the boundary conditions at the boundaries of the Euler meshes. In the past if flow boundaries were required one had to create CFACES with Patran. Since CFACES only support CHEXAs, the only way to define flow boundaries for MESH,BOX was to define a PORFLOW entry and a COUPLE entry. Geometric Euler Boundary Condition entries allow to directly prescribing boundary conditions on the boundaries of the Euler domain. This functionality also supports Euler domains consisting of CHEXAs. Running the simulation with different mesh-sizes is much easier, since the creation of CHEXAs and CFACES by Patran can be avoided. The geometric boundary entries are FLOWDIR, WALLDIR, FLOWSQ, and FLOWTSQ. The first two allow the assignment of a boundary condition to all Eulerian boundary faces pointing in a certain direction. FLOWDIR allows a general flow boundary condition, whereas WALLDIR applies a WALLET boundary condition. The FLOWSQ and FLOWTSQ assign flow and time dependent flow conditions to all parts of Eulerian boundary faces that are within a given square. Geometric boundary condition can only apply to the boundary of the domain. Internal WALLETs cannot be defined by geometric boundary conditions.
FLOW, FLOWDIR, and FLOWDEF can be used in one input deck. If a face is referred to by multiple boundary conditions, then the FLOWSQ overrules all others, If it not present, FLOWDIR and WALLDIR overrule the FLOW, WALLET, FLOWDEF definitions for the face under consideration. Also the example Modeling Blast Wave using 1-D Spherical Symmetry Method in Chapter 3 illustrates the use of FLOWDIR.
This example illustrates use of Geometric Euler Boundary condition in the Vortex shedding with skin friction calculation. For a description of the problem, refer to Example Problem 4.17.
Dytran Model
For this example, a 2-D model is used with an Euler Mesh of 0.8 x 0.8 m and element thickness of 0.01 m. The number of elements in X and Y directions is 90. The diameter of the cylinder is 0.1 m. The cylinder is modeled as a rigid coupling surface that cant move. The initial conditions in the Euler region are: Specific internal energy = 2.E+5 J/kg Density = 1.3 kg/m3

The boundary conditions at the borders of the Euler mesh are as follows:
At the left side, an Inflow boundary with the following data:
Specific internal energy = 2.E+5 J/kg Density X-Velocity Y-Velocity Z-Velocity = 1.3 kg/m3 = 20 m/s = 0 = 0
At the right side, a transmitting Outflow boundary. At the top and the bottom side, no boundaries are defined which means that these sides are
modeled as walls.
FLOW: IN XVEL = 20 m/s YVEL = 0 m/s SIE = 2.E+5 J/kg DENSITY= 1.3 kg/m3
The material properties of Air are as follows: Density = 1.3 kg/m3 Dynamic Viscosity = 18.E-6 Pa s Gamma value = 1.4 $ -------- Material GAS id =2 DMAT 2 1.3 2 EOSGAM 2 1.4 PMINC 2 0. $ 2 18.E-6

The Euler Mesh and the initial values for the Euler region are as follows: $ MESH 22 BOX + -.40 -.40 0.0 + 90 90 1 $ $$ ------- TICEUL BC reg ----TICEUL 31 + SPHERE 2 2 SPHERE 2 0 $ $ ------- TICVAL BC init ----TICVAL 28 DENSITY $ + + 2 + 28 0 1.3 SIE 5 0 10 200000.
.80
.80
.01 EULER
The coupling surface is similar to a wall and for coupling surface segments shear stresses can be computed using a skin friction coefficient. The skin friction factor of 0.095 is specified on the COUPLE option as: $ ------- General Coupling: coup ----$ COUPLE 1 1 INSIDE ON + + $ SURFACE SET1 $ 22 1 2 1 ELEM THRU 2 180
ON
STANDARD+ + .095
The Geometric boundary conditions are defined as followed: The inflow boundary condition has to be put on all Euler boundary faces that point in the negative xdirection. So one has to go over all Euler boundary faces. Compute the normal and if it points in the negative x direction than the face gets the inflow boundary condition. The following geometric boundary condition just does this. FLOWDIR, 7, HYDRO, 22, NEGX,,,,,+ +,FLOW,IN,MATERIAL,2,DENSITY,1.3,SIE,200000.,+ +, XVEL, 20. Here NEGX means in the negative x-direction. Other allowed values on this field are POSX, NEGY, POSY, NEGZ, and POSZ. The area of boundary faces pointing in the negative x-direction is 0.01*0.8 = 0.008. This can be checked with the OUT file that gives as message PRESCRIBED FLOW BOUNDARY FLOWDR7 ------------------------

ALL FACES IN THE NEGATIVE X DIRECTION TOTAL AREA BOUNDARY FACES: 8.0000E-03
The OUTFLOW boundary condition has to be put on all boundary faces that point in the positive x-direction. This is done by FLOWDIR, 8, HYDRO, 22, POSX,,,,,+ +, FLOW, OUT The boundary faces pointing in the negative and positive y-direction are assigned a WALLET condition by: WALLDIR, 5, HYDRO, 22, NEGY WALLDIR, 6, HYDRO, 22, POSY To illustrate the use of FLOWSQ entry, the FLOWDIR entry used to define the inflow could be replaced by: FLOWSQ,6,MMHYDRO,,,,,,,+ +,-0.4,,-0.4,0.4,0,0.1,,,+ +, FLOW,IN,MATERIAL,2,DENSITY,1.3,SIE,200000.,+ +, XVEL, 20. This specifies a flow condition for the square (x=-0.4, y=-0.4 to y=0.4 and z=0 to 0.01). The FLOWSQ condition is imposed by going over all boundary faces. Compute the intersection of each Euler face with the square and assign to any non empty intersection the condition. Also, here the total area assigned to the boundary condition is written out in the OUT file.
Results
The figures below show the velocity plots at time around 0.25 and 0.50 seconds. For comparison, at the right side the reference result plots from the Example Problem 4.17 have been added.

New model with Mesh and Geometric BC
Old model with Grids and Chexas
Results at the time around 0.495 seconds.

New model with Mesh and Geometric BC Old model with Grids and Chexas
Results at the time around 0.500 seconds.

The Time History plots of the FORCE and the Mass are shown in the following pictures:
New model with Mesh and Geometric BC Old model with Grids and Chexas

The figures above show that this new modeling method gives exactly the same results as those of the old traditional method.

START CEND ENDTIME=0.5 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: skin TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ $ $ Output result for request: EUL TYPE (EUL) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (EUL) = 1 SET 1 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (EUL) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL DENSITY SIE PRESSURE, TXX TYY TXY EFFSTS TIMES (EUL) = 0 THRU END BY 0.005 SAVE (EUL) = 10000 $ Output result for request: COUP TYPE (COUP) = ARCHIVE CPLSURFS (COUP) = 2 SET 2 = 1 CPLSOUT (COUP) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL DENSITY PRESSURE, TXX TYY TXY EFFSTS TIMES (COUP) = 0 THRU END BY 0.005 SAVE (COUP) = 10000 $ $ Output result for request: COUPTHS TYPE (COUPTHS) = TIMEHIS CPLSURFS (COUPTHS) = 3 SET 3 = 1 CPLSOUT (COUPTHS) = XFORCE YFORCE ZFORCE RFORCE

TIMES (COUPTHS) = 0 THRU END BY 0.001 SAVE (COUPTHS) = 10000 $ $ TYPE (MAT) = TIMEHIS MATS (MAT) = 5 SET 5 = 2 MATOUT (MAT) = MASS, EKIN, EINT TIMES (MAT) = 0 THRU END BY 0.001 SAVE (MAT) = 10000 $ $ $ Output result for request: COUP THS $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,EULTRAN,IMPULSE PARAM,FASTCOUP PARAM,BULKL,0.2 PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-7 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK INCLUDE skin.bdf $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * p1 * $ PSHELL 1 1 .001 $ $ * peul * $ PEULER1 2 HYDRO 31 $ $ * p2 * $ PSHELL1 3 DUMMY $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material matrig id =1 MATRIG 1 7800 2.1e+11 .3 $ $ -------- Material GAS id =2 DMAT 2 1.3 2 EOSGAM 2 1.4 PMINC 2 0. $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ ------- General Coupling: coup ----$
2 18.E-6

COUPLE
INSIDE
ON
ON
STANDARD+ +
+ + 22 .095 $ SURFACE 1 ELEM 2 SET1 2 1 THRU 180 $ $ ------- Rigid Body Object MR1 ----$ ---- Reference Node for Rigid body is 122 TLOAD1 1 20 12 FORCE 20 MR1 0 1 1 TLOAD1 1 1020 12 MOMENT 1020 MR1 0 1 1 $ MESH 22 BOX + -.40 -.40 0.0 .80 .80 .01 + 90 90 1 $ $$ ------- TICEUL BC reg ----TICEUL 31 + SPHERE 2 2 28 5 SPHERE 2 0 0 0 10 $ $ ------- TICVAL BC init ----TICVAL 28 DENSITY 1.3 SIE 200000. $ $--Geometric Boundary Condition--------$ WALLDIR,5,HYDRO,22,NEGY WALLDIR,6,HYDRO,22,POSY FLOWDIR,7,HYDRO,22,NEGX,,,,,+ +,FLOW,IN,MATERIAL,2,DENSITY,1.3,SIE,200000.,+ +,XVEL,20. FLOWDIR,8,HYDRO,22,POSX,,,,,+ +,FLOW,OUT $ ENDDATA
1 1 + + 2 +
EULER

Cohesive Friction
Cohesive Friction
Problem Description
Wet soil that is in contact with a tire can stick to it and show cohesive behavior. The friction model at the coupling surface modeling the tire should predict this viscous behavior. This example illustrates the use of the cohesive friction model. A rigid wedge is pulled out of wet soil. Initially the wedge is 80% immerged in the soil. The simulation will be run for 80 ms.
Dytran Modeling
The soil is modeled by: $ -------- Material Soil id =2 DMAT 2 1500 2 EOSPOL 2 2e+07 SHREL 2 1e+07 YLDMC 2 6.0e+07 2e+05 PMINC 2 -5e+8 The elements are defined by MESH,BOX: MESH + + 2 BOX 0.0 80 0.4 0.0202 0.2 EULER + + 1 2 1.46 2 2
-.2 -0.0101 160 8

Cohesive Friction
and are initialized by PEULER1 1 MMSTREN 6 TICVAL 4 DENSITY 1500 $ $ ------- TICEUL BC PEuler_reg ----TICEUL 6 + CYLINDER 5 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 4 -2 -1 1 2 0 0 0 0 2+ 0.1+
+ +
+ CYLINDER CYLINDER 5 + CYLINDER + 1 3
Here the multi-material solver will be used. The wedge is defined by: MATRIG + + 0.00 .120000 .120000 .020000 .120000 .020000 .120000 1 100 + +
GRID 1 .020000 -.03000 GRID 2 -.020000 -.03000 GRID 3 .000000 -.03000 GRID 4 -.020000 .03000 GRID 5 .000000 .03000 GRID 9 .020000 .03000 $ $ --- Define 5 elements $ $ -------- property set dum --------CTRIA3 1 2 1 2 CQUAD4 2 2 4 5 CTRIA3 3 2 5 4 CQUAD4 4 2 1 3 CQUAD4 5 2 1 9
3 3 9 5 4
2 9 2
The interaction between wedge and Euler material is implemented by the COUPLE entry: COUPLE + + $ 1 1 INSIDE 0.8 2 0.8 ON ON STANDARD+ +
Here a Coulomb friction model is used.

Cohesive Friction
The COUPLE entry requires a surface that is wrapped around the structure. Since the structure consists of shell element, the wedge elements themselves can be used to define the wrapping surface. SURFACE SET1 1 6 1 ELEM THRU 6 5
The motion of the wedge is given by: $ ---- No reference node is used. TLOAD1 1 7 FORCE 7 MR1 TLOAD1 1 1007 MOMENT 1007 MR1 $ tabled1,1,,,,,,,,+ +,0,0,0.2,1,endt and is shown in the figure below. 12 1 12 1 1 0 0
0 0
2.0 0
To extend the Coulomb friction model to account for cohesive conditions: PARAM,COHESION,8e+10,8e+5,2.0 is added. This allows soil to stick to some extend to the wedge that is pulled up. The 8e+10 is the maximum tensile stress. The 8e+5 and 2.0 describe a viscous-like friction law. This law specifies a friction stress that is linear in the relative tangential velocity between material and wedge. Under compressive conditions the Coulomb friction model will be used as specified on the COUPLE entry. Only for tensile conditions will the model be used as specified on the COHESION entry.

Cohesive Friction
Results
The pictures below show FMATPLT results for respectively 0 ms, 40 ms and 80 ms. The soils sticks to the wedge.

Cohesive Friction
Dytran Input Deck

START CEND ENDTIME=0.1 ENDSTEP=9999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: Wedge1910 TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: Coupling TYPE (Coupling) = ARCHIVE CPLSURFS (Coupling) = 1 SET 1 = 1 CPLSOUT (Coupling) = PRESSURE TYY TZZ TXY TYZ TZX EFFSTS SXX TIMES (Coupling) = 0 THRU END BY 0.001 SAVE (Coupling) = 10000 $ Output result for request: Coupling_vel TYPE (Coupling_vel) = TIMEHIS CPLSURFS (Coupling_vel) = 2 SET 2 = 1 CPLSOUT (Coupling_vel) = XFORCE YFORCE ZFORCE RFORCE STEPS (Coupling_vel) = 0 THRU END BY 1 SAVE (Coupling_vel) = 10000 $ Output result for request: Pen TYPE (Pen) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (Pen) = 3 SET 3 = 1 THRU 5 ELOUT (Pen) = EXUSER1 TIMES (Pen) = 0 THRU END BY 0.001 SAVE (Pen) = 10000 $ Output result for request: Pen_vel TYPE (Pen_vel) = TIMEHIS RIGIDS (Pen_vel) = 4 SET 4 = mr1 RBOUT (Pen_vel) = ZCG ZVEL ZACC ZFORCE STEPS (Pen_vel) = 0 THRU END BY 1 SAVE (Pen_vel) = 10000 $ Output result for request: Soil TYPE (Soil) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (Soil) = 5 SET 5 = ALLMULTIEULSTRENGTH ELOUT (Soil) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL DENSITY PRESSURE FMAT2 FMATPLT, TXX TYY TZZ TXY TYZ TZX EFFSTS VOID FVUNC TIMES (Soil) = 0 THRU END BY 0.001 SAVE (Soil) = 10000 $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,BULKL,1.0 PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,FASTCOUP PARAM,INISTEP,1e-6 PARAM,VELMAX,5.0,NO $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK

Cohesive Friction
$ $ PARAM,COHESION,8e+10,8e+5,2.0 $ --- Define 18 grid points --$ GRID 1 .020000 -.03000 .120000 GRID 2 -.020000 -.03000 .120000 GRID 3 .000000 -.03000 .020000 GRID 4 -.020000 .03000 .120000 GRID 5 .000000 .03000 .020000 GRID 9 .020000 .03000 .120000 $ $ --- Define 5 elements $ $ -------- property set dum --------CTRIA3 1 2 1 2 3 CQUAD4 2 2 4 5 3 CTRIA3 3 2 5 4 9 CQUAD4 4 2 1 3 5 CQUAD4 5 2 1 9 4 $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * PEul_MMStren * $ PEULER1 1 MMSTREN 6 $ $ * Pen * $ PSHELL 2 1 .001 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material Pen_rigid id =1 MATRIG 1 100 + + 0.00 $ $ -------- Material Soil id =2 DMAT 2 1500 2 2 2 EOSPOL 2 2e+07 SHREL 2 1e+07 YLDMC 2 6.0e+07 2e+05 1.46 PMINC 2 -5e+8 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ $ $ ------- General Coupling: Coup_pen ----$ COUPLE 1 1 INSIDE ON ON + 0.8 0.8 + 2
2 9 2
+ +
STANDARD+ +

Cohesive Friction
$ SURFACE 1 ELEM 6 SET1 6 1 THRU 5 $ $ ------- Mesh Box: Mesh_box $ MESH 2 BOX + -.2 -0.0101 0.0 0.4 0.0202 + 160 8 80 $ $ ------- TICVAL BC Soil_init ----TICVAL 4 DENSITY 1500 $ $ ------- TICEUL BC PEuler_reg ----TICEUL 6 + CYLINDER 5 1 + CYLINDER 3 2 4 2 CYLINDER 5 0 0 -2 + 1 CYLINDER 3 0 0 -1 + 1 $ $ ------- Rigid Body Object RBO_Pen ----$ ---- No reference node is used. TLOAD1 1 7 12 1 FORCE 7 MR1 1 0 TLOAD1 1 1007 12 MOMENT 1007 MR1 1 0 $ tabled1,1,,,,,,,,+ +,0,0,0.2,1,endt $ ENDDATA
0.2 EULER
+ + 1
+ + 0 0 0 0 2+ 0.1+
0 0
2.0 0

Cohesive Friction
Chapter 5: Forming Dytran Example Problem Manual
Forming

Overview
372 373 384
Square Cup Deep Drawing
Deep Drawing of a Cylindrical Cup Three-point Bending Test Sleeve Section Stamping 392 402

Overview
Overview
In this special chapter, a number of example problems are presented that highlight the capabilities of Dytran in the area of sheet-metal forming. The user can find in these examples guidelines how to model sheet-metal forming problems, how to use the special anisotropic material model for sheet-metal forming, how to model contact between dies and sheet and how to apply loads and constraints. All examples show a correlation with experiments.
Chapter 5: Forming 373


Problem Description
This case, considers a typical metal-forming example, that of a plate of anisotropic sheet metal being drawn through a square hole by means of a punch. This particular example has experimental results as it was provided as a verification problem for participants of the 1993 NUMISHEET Conference (see [Ref. 1.]) held in Japan. The analysis involved results obtained at single punch depth (20 mm punch travel) for an aluminum alloy plate. The material is seen to be planarly anisotropic, i.e., the material behavior is different in all directions in the plane of the sheet metal as well as in the out of plane direction. The state-of-the-art material model in Dytran, developed originally by Dr. Raymond Krieg of the University of Tennessee (see [Ref. 2.]), is capable of capturing such behavior of the sheet metal, which can be vital for the modeling of the actual behavior exhibits by sheet metal. The data obtained from the NUMISHEET Conference were as follows: Aluminum Alloy Thickness = 0.81 mm
Youngs modulus = 71 GPa Poissons ratio = 0.33 Density = 2700 kg/m3 Yield stress = 135.3 MPa Stress = 576.79 * (0.01658 + p)0.3593 MPa Lankford parameters: R0 = 0.71, R45 = 0.58, R90 = 0.70 Friction coefficient = 0.162
Size of the plate modeled was 0.15 x 0.15 (in meters). No strain-rate dependency effects were included in the material data, so the metal sheet was analyzed without these effects.

The dimensions of the plate, die, punch, and clamp are all given in Figure 5-1
.
Figure 5-1
Dimensions of Plate, Die, Punch, and Clamp (in Millimeters)

Dytran Model
The essential components in this finite element model are:
the sheet metal the punch the die the clamp
The Dytran model of the above components is given in Figure 5-2, followed by descriptions of each component:
Figure 5-2
Dytran Model (Exploded View)
The Sheet Metal The Dytran material model for sheet metals is a highly sophisticated model and includes full anisotropic behavior, strain-rate effects, and customized output options that are dependent on material choice. Since not all of the materials can be derived from the simplified set given by the NUMISHEET organization most participants in the conference used an isotropic material model. In reality, the process is definitely anisotropic and effect due to these differences can be seen in the transverse direction. For materials displaying in-plane anisotropic behavior, the effect would be even more noticeable. The parameters on the SHEETMAT (refer to the Dytran Reference Manual, [Ref. 3.) entry specify planar anisotropic behavior and are as follows (for the aluminum sheet):
SHEETMAT elastic material properties entry. Isotropic behavior was assumed in the elastic range:
Exx = 71.0 GPa
= 0.33

The material rolling direction equals the global x-direction so the material vector XMAT,YMAT,ZMAT = {1,0,0}.
Planar anisotropic yielding and isotropic hardening were assumed in the plastic range:
A = Stress constant = 0.0 MPa B = Hardening modulus = 576.79 MPa C = Strain offset = 0.01658 n = Exponent for power-law hardening = 0.3593
Lankford parameters:
R0 = 0.71 R45 = 0.58 R90 = 0.70 Note: The strain ratio R is found by carrying tensile test in the corresponding rolling direction, , of the metal sheet and is equal to the ratio of strain in the in-plane cross rolling direction to the out-of-plane direction. As such, it is an indication of the orthotropic behavior in the transverse direction.
Material output
If sufficient material data is supplied, the user can specify the Forming Limit Parameter as output. This is an extremely useful variable for metal-forming engineers and is normally difficult to calculate from normal output. For this reason, Dytran automatically calculates this parameters for each integration layer allowing the user to make contour plots that will immediately reveal where the so-called forming-limit has been exceeded. To enable users to get a feel for this parameter, material data based on [4] were specified in this case: C1 = 0.24421, C2 = 0.195, C3 = 0.857187, C4 = 3.43924, C5 = 11.9292 D2 = 0.41688, D8 = 1.5667, D4 = 4.8485, D5 = 6.0606

Punch, Die, and Clamp These three components provide the constraints and driving displacement for the analysis and are modeled as rigid bodies. DUMMY formulation quadrilateral elements are used to define the three geometric shapes; CFACEs are defined on each quadrilateral; these CFACEs are referred to from a SURFACE entry; this SURFACE entry is then referred to from a RIGID entry defining the rigid body properties for each of the three bodies. Contact is then specified with the metal sheet using the friction coefficient values provided. The three CONTACT entry specify the following:
Contact between the punch and the sheet Contact between the die and sheet Contact between the clamp and sheet
Lastly, the punch is given a scaled downward velocity providing the driving displacement for the analysis.
Results
The results requested by the NUMISHEET organization were as follows:
Strain distributions along line OB on the die side of the metal sheet as shown in Figure 5-3 through Figure 5-6. The strain measures requested were:
In-plane major principal strain In-plane minor principal strain Out-of-plane thickness strain
A contour plot of the thickness strain plotted upon the deformed shape of the sheet metal. The amount of draw-in DX, DY, and DD measured from the undeformed shape edges to the
edges after deformation along the three lines OA, OB, and OC. Some example plots are given in Figure 5-3 through Figure 5-6. Note that the last result listed above is not included as it involves three simple values indicating the degree of draw-in. Dytran gave a solution well within the spread of experimental values. Figure 5-7 shows a contour plot of the forming limit parameter.

Figure 5-3
Contour Plot of Thickness Strain Superimposed on the Deformed Shape

(Aluminum Plate at a Punch Depth of 15 mm)
Figure 5-4
Major Principal Strain Distribution along Line OB (Aluminum Plate at a

Punch Depth of 15 mm)

Figure 5-5
Minor Principal Strain Distribution along Line OB (Aluminum Plate at a Punch

Depth of 15 mm)
Figure 5-6
Thickness-strain Distribution along Line OB (Aluminum Plate at a Punch Depth

of 15 mm)

Figure 5-7
Contour Plot of the Forming Limit Parameter

(Aluminum Plate at a Punch Depth of 20 mm)
Files
sq_cup_alual.dat sq_cup_alual_xl.dat SQ_CUP_ALUAL.OUT SQ_CUP_ALUAL_PLATE_0.ARC SQ_CUP_ALUAL_PLATE_0.ARC SQ_CUP_ALUAL_WALL_0.THS alual_plate_15_mm.ext alual_15_experiment_##.ext
Dytran input file Dytran output file Dytran archive file Dytran time history file Dytran translated results file for the aluminium alloy metal sheet corresponding to a punch travel of 15 mm Experimental data obtained for the aluminium alloy corresponding to a punch travel of 15 mm from NUMISHEET 93 participants
References 1. Makinouchi, A., Nakamachi, E., Onate, E., and Wagoner, R. H., Numerical Simulation of 3-D Sheet Metal Forming Processes, Verification of Simulation with Experiment, NUMISHEET 93 2nd International Conference. 2. Krieg, Prof. Raymond Dl, Constitutive Model for Sheet Metal Forming, Part 2, Engineering Science and Mechanics, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 3. Dytran Reference Manual, Version 2004, MSC.Software Corporation.


START $TITLE = Deep Drawing of a Square Cup $ CHECK = NO TLOAD= 1 $ ENDSTEP = 4700 $ $ CHANGE THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY FOR MATERIAL SUMMS $ TYPE(MYMAT) = MATSUM STEPS(MYMAT) = 0 THRU END BY 1000 $ $ CHANGE THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY FOR MATRIG SUMMS $ TYPE(MRMAT) = MRSUM STEPS(MRMAT) = 0 THRU END BY 1000 $ $ CHANGE THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY FOR THE CYCLE SUMMS $ TYPE(MYCYC) = STEPSUM STEPS(MYCYC) = 0 THRU END BY 250 $ $ Archive of Sheet Metal Output $ Note : Integration Layer 01 corresponds to the die side of the sheet $STEPS(PLATE) = 0,THRU,END,BY,470,3418 TYPE(PLATE) = ARCHIVE SAVE(PLATE) = 100000 ELEMENTS(PLATE) = 60 SET 60 = 1t1600 ELOUT(PLATE) = THICK,EPSMX01,EPSMN01,EZZ01,FLP01 $ $Archive of Rigid Body Output $Note : The dummy user variable ZUSER is used so as to obtain the grid $ point displacements. This enables the user to visualise the $ motion and position of the Rigid Bodies. $STEPS(RIGID) = 0,THRU,END,BY,470,3418 TYPE(RIGID) = ARCHIVE SAVE(RIGID) = 100000 ELEMENTS(RIGID) = 63 SET 63 = 2001t4468 ELOUT(RIGID) = ZUSER $$ $$ Time history of specific (i.e. highly strained) elements in the cup $$ wall in order to determine the strain path in a FLD plot. $$ TYPE(wall) = TIMEHIS SAVE(wall) = 999999 ELEMENTS(wall) = 1 SET 1 = 468,492,509 ELOUT(wall) = THICK,EPSMX01,EPSMN01,EZZ01,FLP01 STEPS(wall) = 0,THRU,END,BY,47,3418 $ BEGIN BULK $$ Parameters : $ (i) Initial Time-step PARAM,INISTEP,2.0-7 $ (ii) Update of shell thicknesses

PARAM,SHTHICK,YES $ (iii) Hourglass Coefficient PARAM,HGCOEFF,0.05 $THIS SECTION CONTAINS BULK DATA $Geometry Data is input from a seperate file. $INCLUDE sq_cup_alual_xl.dat $$ Element formulation is Belytschko-Lin-Tsay for the blank $ which thickness amounts to 0.81 mm $PSHELL1 1 1 BLT Gauss Mid + + .81 $$ Bely element formulations for MATRIG bodies (i.e. punch, binder and$ die) $PSHELL1 61 2 Bely Gauss Mid + + 1.-20 PSHELL1 62 3 Bely Gauss Mid + + 1.-20 PSHELL1 63 4 Bely Gauss Mid + + 1.-20 $$ Punch $MATRIG 2 210.e9 0.3 1. 0.0 0.0 0.0 + + 1.+2 0.0 0.0 1.+2 0.0 1.+2 + + 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 $ $ Binder $ MATRIG 3 210.e9 0.3 1. 0.0 0.0 0.0 + + 1.+2 0.0 0.0 1.+2 0.0 1.+2 + + 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 $ $ Die $MATRIG 4 210.e9 0.3 1. 0.0 0.0 0.0 + + 1.+2 0.0 0.0 1.+2 0.0 1.+2 + + 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 $$ The steel blank is modelled with the Sheetmat yield model, $ in which the strain rate effect is assumed to be negligible. $ Mass-Scaling by a factor 100 (additional to speed-up of punch). $$ Material Properties : $$ Youngs modulus E = 71.0 GPa, Nu = 0.33, Density = 2.700E-6 kg/mm**3 $$ Planar Anisotropic Material Specification : $$ Power Law Stress Constant, a = 0.0 Pa $ Hardening Modulus, b = 576.79e3 kg/(mm*s**2) $ Hardening exponent, n = 0.3593 $ Strain offset, c = 0.01658 $ Lankford Parameter : R(0) = 0.71, R(45) = 0.58, R(90) = 0.70 $$ The coefficients of the Forming Limit Diagram correspond to engineering values !! $SHEETMAT1 2.7E-4 7.1E7 + + 0.33 ISO 1.0 0.0 0.0 + + 0.0 576.79E3.01658 .3593 + + PLANANI .71 .58 .70 + + ISO + + .24421 -.195 .857187 3.43924 -11.9292 + + -.41688 -1.5667 -4.8485 -6.0606 $$ Prescribed Binder Force: $$ The effect of binder force is examined. Take F=19.6 kN. $TLOAD1 1 9999 13 FORCE 9999 MR3 -19.6E6 1. $$ Prescribed motions: $$ (i) The punch velocity is prescribed as a constant downward value $ of 1000 mm/s (in Z-dir.). $TLOAD1 1 99 12

FORCE 99 MR2 -1000. 1. $ $ (ii) Rotational velocities of MATRIG 2, 3 and 4 (i.e. punch, binder $ and die) are equal to zero along X-, Y- and Z-axes TLOAD1 1 999 12 MOMENT 999 MR2 0. 1. 1. 1. MOMENT 999 MR3 0. 1. 1. 1. MOMENT 999 MR4 0. 1. 1. 1. $ $ (iii) Die has a translational restraint in X-, Y- and Z-direction! FORCE 999 MR4 0. 1. 1. 1. $ $ (iv) Punch and Binder have only a translational restraint in $ X- and Y-direction! FORCE 999 MR2 0. 1. 1. FORCE 999 MR3 0. 1. 1. $$ Geometry description of blank(1), punch(2), binder(3) and die(4) in$ order to model the contact. These surfaces refer to sets of segments$ defined using the CFACE entries for set number 1, 61, 62 and 63,$ respectively. Surface 1: blank $ 2: punch $ 3: binder $ 4: die $ SURFACE 1 SEG 1 SURFACE 2 SEG 61 SURFACE 3 SEG 62 SURFACE 4 SEG 63 $$ Contact specification for which the blank is in all cases the slave: $$ The thickness of the blank is taken into account in the contact$ problem by using THICK = 1.0 $$ (i) Contact between Blank and Punch CONTACT 1 SURF SURF 1 2 .162 .162 0.0 + + Top Full 1.0 + + 0.0 .1 Distance1.+20 1.1 .1 Factor 2. + + 0.0 .04 On On 1.+20 $ (ii) Contact between Blank and Binder CONTACT 2 SURF SURF 1 3 .162 .162 0.0 + + Top Full 1.0 + + 0.0 .1 Distance1.+20 1.1 .1 Factor 2. + + 0.0 .04 On On 1.+20 $ (iii) Contact between Blank and Die CONTACT 3 SURF SURF 1 4 .162 .162 0.0 + + Bottom Full 1.0 + + 0.0 .1 Distance1.+20 1.1 .1 Factor 2. + + 0.0 .04 On On 1.+20 $ ENDDATA

Deep Drawing of a Cylindrical Cup

Problem Description
Cylindrical cup-drawing tests are generally the best means of studying the effect of process conditions on drawing behavior. Simulation by using Dytran can help the stamping engineer to determine optimum process conditions. For example, analysis can determine that a cylindrical cup is most successfully drawn under variable (instead of constant) blank-holder force conditions. The present problem is a cylindrical cup, which is punched out of 70/30 brass sheet material while the sheet is clamped by a blank holder against a die. The results obtained by using Dytran can be compared with experimental results presented in [Ref.4.]. Drawing Process Data: Blank Blank thickness Punch radius Punch corner radius Die inner radius Die corner radius Total punch stroke Punch velocity Blank-holder inner radius Blank-holder force Assumed friction coefficient 100 mm 0.7 mm 50.0 mm 13.0 mm 51.25 mm 5 mm 40 mm 1000 mm/s 56.25 mm 80 kN 0.18/0.04
70/30 Brass Material Properties Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density Lankford parameter Hardening modulus Strain offset Strain hardening exponent E = 100 000 N/mm2
= 0.33 = 8.413 106 kg/mm3

R0 = R45 = R90 = 0.85 b = 895 N/mm2 c = 2.94 10-4 n = 0.42

Dytran Model
Symmetry allows a one-quarter model to be constructed although a mesh for the whole geometry is shown in Figure 5-8. It is well known that the mesh size of the blank is determined by the radii of the tools. The element side length recommended is at most half the smallest corner radius over which the blank is sliding. Consequently, the blank can be modeled with 348 shell elements (CQUAD4).
Figure 5-8
Dytran Model (Exploded View)
The blank holder is considered as a flat plate. The punch, die, and blank holder are modeled as rigid bodies using the material definition MATRIG entry. All surfaces including the blank are covered with CFACEs. In the three contact operations (i.e. blank punch, blank holder, blank die), the surface of the blank is chosen to be the slave surface because of its mesh fineness. The coefficient of friction between the blank and punch is 0.18, and that between the die and the blank holder is 0.04. The latter value implies a higher degree of lubrication between the surfaces. Since springback is not considered in this example, the entire analysis is carried out in a single step representing the actual drawing stage. The applied force on the blank holder is 80 kN and is kept constant during the drawing stage. This is realized by using the FORCE entry and setting the TYPE field of the TLOAD1 entry equal to 13. The G field in the FORCE entry refers to the property number of the MATRIG. Since all tools are not allowed to have a rotational velocity, the MOMENT entry is used in conjunction with setting the SCALE factor for the moment to zero in all three directions. Similarly, the translational velocities of the tools are kept zero in X- and Y-direction by using the FORCE entry. Because of the velocity prescription, the TYPE field of the TLOAD1 entry is equal to 12.

In order to permit larger stable time steps, the mass density is increased two orders of magnitude. The punch is moving with a mean velocity of 1 m/s to a depth of 40 mm according to a kind of sine function against time. Similar to the Example Problem (describing Square Cup Deep Drawing), the material behavior of this blank is represented by the SHEETMAT material model. Therefore, no further description on this model will be given in this section. During the drawing process, the membrane behavior of the blank must be modeled accurately. Thickness changes due to membrane stretching are accounted for by putting the parameter SCHTHICK equals YES into the Bulk Data Section.
Results
The deformed shape predicted at the end of the stamping process is shown in Figure 5-9.
Figure 5-9
Final Shape of the Cup at 40 mm Punch Stroke
In a drawing process such as this problem, the magnitude of blank-holder force and accompanying friction dictates the extent of metal flow into the die cavity. This is reflected by the magnitude of drawing force as a function of punch stroke. Therefore, a convenient way to validate the FE calculations is to compare the drawing force measured in tests with Dytran results (Figure 5-10). Some oscillating behavior can be observed that is likely to be dependent on process time and coarseness of the mesh used. The experimental results were taken from [Ref. 4.]. The distribution of radial and circumferential strain is shown in Figure 5-9. It can be clearly seen that the flat bottom of the cup is biaxially stretched while drawing prevails in the wall and flange region.

Figure 5-10
Dytran and Experimental Punch Force
Figure 5-11
Dytran and Experimental Radial and Circumferential Strain Distribution

Files
cyl_cup.dat cyl_cup_xl.dat CYL_CUP.OUT CYL_CUP_BLANK_0.ARC CYL_CUP_RIGID_0.ARC CYL_CUP_CONTACT_0.THS CYL_CUP_PUNCH_MOT_0.THS cyl_cup_blank_0_6323 experiment_cir.ext experiment_rad.ext
Dytran input file Dytran output file Dytran archive file Dytran time history file Dytran translated results file corresponding to punch travel of 30mm Experimental data obtained from [Ref. 4.] for circumferential strains corresponding to punch travel of 30 mm Experimental data obtained from [Ref.4.] for the radial strains corresponding to punch travel of 30 mm
Reference (Continued) 4. Saran, M., Schedin, El, Samuelsson, Al, Melander, A., and Gustafsson, C. Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Deep Drawing of Metal Sheets. ASME J. Vol. 112, 272-277 (1990).

START $TITLE = Cylindrical Cup Deep Drawing $TIME 99999 CEND CHECK = NO ENDSTEP = 9868 SPC = 1 TLOAD = 1 $$ CHANGE THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY FOR MATERIAL SUMMS $TYPE (MYMAT) = MATSUM STEPS (MYMAT) = 0 THRU END BY 1000 $$ CHANGE THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY FOR THE MATRIG SUMMS $TYPE (MYMR) = MRSUM STEPS (MYMR) = 0 THRU END BY 1000 $$ CHANGE THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY FOR THE CYCLE SUMMS $TYPE (MYCYC) = STEPSUM STEPS (MYCYC) = 0 THRU END BY 250 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 1 $$ TYPE (blank) = ARCHIVE SAVE (blank) = 999999 ELEMENTS(blank) = 1 SET 1 = 1t348 ELOUT (blank) = THICK,EPSMX03,EPSMN03,EZZ03 STEPS (blank) = 0,THRU,END,BY,1000,6323 $$

$$ Data for Output Control Set 2 $$ TYPE (rigid) = ARCHIVE SAVE (rigid) = 999999 ELEMENTS(rigid) = 2 SET 2 = 1000t3035 STEPS (rigid) = 0,THRU,END,BY,1000,6323 ELOUT (rigid) = ZUSER $ $ Time history of the Contact 1 (i.e. Punch) $ CONTS (contact) = 3 SET 3 = 1 TYPE (contact) = TIMEHIS CONTOUT (contact) = YFORCE SAVE (contact) = 99999 STEPS (contact) = 0,THRU,END,BY,100,6323 $ $ Time history of the Punch Motion (midpoint) $ TYPE (punch_mot) = TIMEHIS SAVE (punch_mot) = 99999 GRIDS (punch_mot) = 4 SET 4 = 1010 GPOUT (punch_mot) = YDIS STEPS (punch_mot) = 0,THRU,END,BY,100,6323 $ BEGIN BULK $ PARAM INISTEP 3e-07 PARAM SHTHICK YES $ $ MODEL GEOMETRY $ ============== INCLUDE cyl_cup_xl.dat $ $ Element formulation is Belytschko-Lin-Tsay for the blank $ which thickness amounts to 0.70 mm $ PSHELL1 1 1 BLT Gauss Mid + .70 $ $ Bely element formulations for MATRIG bodies (i.e. punch, die $ and blankholder) $ PSHELL1 1111 2 Bely Gauss Mid + 1.-20 PSHELL1 1112 2 Gauss Mid + 1.-20 PSHELL1 2222 3 Bely Gauss Mid + 1.-20 PSHELL1 3333 4 Bely Gauss Mid + 1.-20 $ $ Punch $ ===== MATRIG 2 210.e9 0.3 1. 0.0 0.0 1.+2 0.0 0.0 1.+2 0.0 1.+2 + 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 $
+ + + +
5.0 +

$ Die $ === MATRIG 3 210.e9 0.3 1. 0.0 0.0 -20. + + 1.+2 0.0 0.0 1.+2 0.0 1.+2 + + 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 $ $ Blankholder $ =========== MATRIG 4 210.e9 0.3 1. 0.0 0.0 0.0 + + 1.+2 0.0 0.0 1.+2 0.0 1.+2 + + 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 $ $ The BR brass blank is modelled with the Sheetmat material model, $ in which the strain rate effect is assumed to be negligible. $ Mass-scaling is applied by a factor of 100. $ $ Material Properties : $ $ Youngs modulus E = 100.0 GPa, Nu = 0.33, Density=8.413e-6 Kg/mm3 $ $ Transversely Isotropic Material Specification : $ $ Power Law Stress Constant, a = 0.0 Pa $ Hardening Modulus, b = 895.0E+3 kg/(mm*s**2) $ Hardening exponent, n = .42 $ Strain offset, c = 2.94E-4 $ Lankford Parameter : R(0) = 0.85, R(45) = 0.85, R(90) = 0.85 +$ $ NOTE : c is chosen such that the initial yield stress is 29 MPa. $ SHEETMAT1 8.413E-41.0E8 + + 0.33 ISO 1.0 0.0 0.0 + + 0.0 895.E3 2.94E-4 0.42 + + NORMANI 0.85 0.85 0.85 + + NORMANI $ $ ----------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Prescribed Binder Force: $ $ The total binder force is 80 kN which implies 20 kN to $ the quarter of the model. $ TLOAD1 1 9999 13 FORCE 9999 MR4 -2.0E7 1. $ $ Prescribed motions: $ $ (i) The punch velocity is described by a sine function such that $ both the velocity and acceleration are equal to zero at the $ start and end of the stroke. The maximum downward velocity $ amounts of 2000 mm/s (in Y-dir.) TLOAD1 1 99 12 55 FORCE 99 MR2 -1000. 1. TABLED1 55 + + .000E+00.000E+00.833E-03.856E-02.167E-02.341E-01.250E-02.761E-01+ + .333E-02.134E+00.417E-02.207E+00.500E-02.293E+00.583E-02.391E+00+ . . $

$ (ii) Rotational velocities of MATRIG 2, 3 and 4 (i.e. punch, die $ and binder) are equal to zero along X-, Y- and Z-axes TLOAD1 1 999 12 MOMENT 999 MR2 0. 1. 1. 1. MOMENT 999 MR3 0. 1. 1. 1. MOMENT 999 MR4 0. 1. 1. 1. $ $ (iii) Die has a translational restraint in X-, Y- and Z-direction! FORCE 999 MR3 0. 1. 1. 1. $ $ (iv) Punch and Blankholder have a translational restraint $ in X- and Z-direction! FORCE 999 MR2 0. 1. 1. FORCE 999 MR4 0. 1. 1. $ $ Geometry description of blank(1), punch(2), die(3) $ and binder(4) in order to model the contact. $ SURFACE 1 SEG 1 SURFACE 2 SEG 1000 SURFACE 3 SEG 2000 SURFACE 4 SEG 3000 $$ Contact specification for which the blank is in all cases the slave: $$ The thickness of the blank is taken into account in the contact $ problem by using THICK = 1.0 $$ (i) Contact between Blank and Punch CONTACT 1 SURF SURF 1 2 .18 .18 0.0 + + Both Full 1.0 + + 0.0 .1 Distance1.+20 1.1 .1 Factor 2. + + 0.0 1.+20 On On 1.+20 $ $ (ii) Contact between Blank and Die CONTACT 2 SURF SURF 1 3 .04 .04 0.0 + + Both Full 1.0 + + 0.0 .1 Distance1.+20 1.1 .1 Factor 2. + + 0.0 1.+20 On On 1.+20 $ $ (iii) Contact between Blank and Blankholder CONTACT 3 SURF SURF 1 4 .04 .04 0.0 + + Both Full 1.0 + + 0.0 .1 Distance1.+20 1.1 .1 Factor 2. + + 0.0 1.+20 On On 1.+20 ENDDATA

Three-point Bending Test

Problem Description
This example is one of the benchmark problems examined in the TEAM-Virtual Manufacturing project and established at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The test setup is shown schematically in Figure 5-12. The test set-up consists of two outer rolls, a punch, and a blank initially located between the punch and both outer rolls. In the test, both outer rolls are moving upwards and are punching the blank around the fixed punch. Both the punch and the outer rolls have cylindrical shapes. Two materials were considered in the experimental program. In the present problem, the final shape upon springback is only sought for aluminum.
Figure 5-12
Three-point Bending Test Setup
Forming Process Data: Total punch displacement Total time for punch displacement Punch closure rate Assumed friction coefficient 92 mm 285 sec 0.3228 mm/sec 0.05

Aluminum 6111-T4 Material Properties Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density Lankford parameter Proportional limit stress Hardening modulus Strain offset Strain hardening exponent E = 69248 N/mm2
= 0.33 = 2.7 * 10-6 kg/mm3

R0 = R45 = R90 = 0.64 a = 158.5 N/mm2 b = 350.48 N/mm2 c = 0.0 n = 0.4434
The values for a, b, c, and n could be easily derived from the workhardening data delivered in tabulated form. Experimental data were also obtained for two and four times the above closure rate. In view of the quasi-static nature of this process, it is demonstrated that the explicit dynamics based Dytran can predict the final shape after springback rather accurately.
Dytran Model
Due to the symmetry of the geometry and loading conditions, only a one-quarter model is constructed. The mesh of the blank is regular and consists of 200 shell elements (CQUAD4). In order to cover both yielding and springback correctly, five through-the-thickness integration points are defined. The punch and outer roll are modeled as rigid bodies using the material definition MATRIG entry. The surfaces of punch and roll are built up of segments indirectly defined by the property number of the shell elements. In the two contact operations (i.e. blank-punch, blank-roll), the surface of the blank is chosen to be the slave surface because of its mesh fineness.

Figure 5-13
Dytran Model
Since symmetry enables a one-quarter model to be constructed, single-point constraints are applied on grid points along the X- and Y-axis of symmetry. All tools are not allowed to have a rotational velocity whereas the punch is only allowed to have a translation velocity in Z-direction. To model these constraints, the FORCE and MOMENT entries can be employed by defining the corresponding enforced zero-motions. Because of the velocity prescription, the TYPE field of the TLOAD1 entry is equal to 12. The explicit dynamics based procedure of Dytran uses very small time steps dictated by the shortest natural period of the mesh. In conjunction with the quasi-static nature of this problem (taking at least more than 70 sec testing time), it would be computationally very expensive to model the real process velocity. Instead, we have modeled the process by using an increased punch velocity and some mass scaling. These are well known, speed-up techniques which are widely accepted in explicit dynamics methods. However, the user should be aware of possible inertia effects produced in the simulation but not visible in the test itself. Due to kinematic constraints on the tools, most sheet-metal forming simulations are not very sensitive for inertia effects when using artificial speed-up techniques. Because there are no blank holders in this problem, there is a risk that the blank slaps around the punch at the moment the punch impacts the blank with too high a velocity. Trial runs were carried out at different closure rates and show that inertia effects start to dominate at simulation rates higher than 1000 times the (fastest) testing rate. The possibility of significant inertia effects also decreases by using a velocity which is described by a kind of sine function such that both the velocity and acceleration are equal to zero at the beginning and end of the punch stroke. In conjunction with a four-fold increase in mass scaling, the mean velocity can now be increased up to 322.8 mm/s without inertia effects affecting the results in an unacceptable way. Similar to the Example Problem (describing Square Cup Deep Drawing,) the material blank is represented by the SHEETMAT material model. Therefore, no further description on this model will be given in this section. Note that the parameter SHTHICK equals YES is put in the Bulk Data Section to take shell thickness changes due to membrane stretching into account.

The approach of modeling a springback analysis is described in Example Problem (Sleeve Section Stamping) and therefore should be read in advance. For the sake of brevity, the springback analysis is carried out in two sequential steps. The first run is needed to assess the global damping parameter VDAMP. This parameter is used in the succeeding run to obtain the steady state of the blank after springback.
Results
Figure 5-14 shows deformed shapes predicted at various stages of the forming process up to end of stroke (Step 1). The position of an edge grid point is plotted against time to evaluate the natural period Figure 5-15. In conjunction with DLTH obtained from the .OUT file, the parameter VDAMP can be determined, and finally applied for the succeeding run (Step 2).

Figure 5-14
Deformed Configurations at various Stages throughout the Forming Process

Figure 5-15 Note:
Position of Grid Point Number 255
The forming stage ending at 0.285 sec is succeeded by an undamped free vibration analysis (Step 1) and a springback analysis in which the structure is critically damped (Step 2).
The springback angle is required as benchmark output and is compared with experimental results. In algebraic form:
XDIM _255-XDIM_225 --------------------------------------------------------- = 2 * a rc tan ZDIS _255-ZDIS_225
in which XDIM_# denotes the X-dimension of grid point number #, and given by
XDIM_# = XDIS_# + XPOS_#
Substitution of displacements/positions predicted by Dytran in the above equation will give us a springback angle of 37.71 degrees. The mean experimental value is 41.88 degrees with a standard deviation of 5.86 degrees. The deformed shape after springback is shown in Figure 5-16.

Figure 5-16
Springback after Forming Process
Files
3pbt_undmp.dat (undamped) 3pbt_dmp.dat (damped) exvdmp.f (user-subroutine) 3pbt_xl.dat 3PBT_UNDAMP.OUT (undamped) 3PBT_DMP.OUT (damped) 3PBT_UNDAMP_BLANK_0.ARC 3PBT_UNDAMP_PUNCH_0.ARC 3PBT_UNDAMP_ROLL_0.ARC 3PBT_DMP_BLANK_0.ARC 3PBT_DMP_PUNCH_0.ARC 3PBT_DMP_ROLL_0.ARC 3PBT_UNDAMP_GRID_MOT_0.THS (Undamped) 3PBT_DMP_GRID_MOT_0.THS (damped)
Dytran input file
Dytran output file Dytran archive file (undamped)
Dytran archive file (damped)
Dytran time history file


START $$USERCODE=exvdmp.f( used for the damped problem ) $TITLE = 3-Point Bending Test on Al6111-T4 $----------------------------------------------------------------------Global system damping is applied:( used for the damped problem ) $ The user-subroutine exvdmp.f is employed in which the parameter $ VDAMP is switched on at the end of the forming stage. VDAMP $ corresponds with the critical damping coefficient : $VDAMP = omega * timestep = 2*pi*4.9665E-7/0.02343= 1.33186E-4 $----------------------------------------------------------------------TIME 99999 CEND CHECK = NO ENDSTEP = 744000 SPC = 1 TLOAD = 1 $$ CHANGE THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY FOR MATERIAL SUMMS $TYPE (MYMAT) = MATSUM STEPS (MYMAT) = 0 THRU END BY 5000 $$ CHANGE THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY FOR THE CYCLE SUMMS $TYPE (MYCYC) = STEPSUM STEPS (MYCYC) = 0 THRU END BY 2500 $ CHANGE THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY FOR THE MATRIG-RBE2 SUMMS $TYPE (MYMR) = MRSUM STEPS (MYMR) = 0 THRU END BY 5000 $$$ Data for Output Control Set 1 $$TYPE (blank) = ARCHIVE SAVE (blank) = 999999 ELEMENTS(blank) = 1 SET 1 = 1t200 ELOUT (blank) = ZUSER STEPS (blank) = 0,THRU,744000,BY,74400,573739 $$$$ Data for Output Control Set 2 $$TYPE (punch) = ARCHIVE SAVE (punch) = 999999 ELEMENTS(punch) = 2 SET 2 = 601t780 STEPS (punch) = 0,THRU,744000,BY,74400,573739 ELOUT (punch) = ZUSER $$$$ Data for Output Control Set 3 TYPE (roll) = ARCHIVE SAVE (roll) = 999999 ELEMENTS(roll) = 3 SET 3 = 781t1050 TIMES (roll) = 0 ELOUT (roll) = ZUSER $ $-----------------------------------------------------------$ $ Case Control which refers to User-subroutine( used for the damped $ problem) $ $ELEXOUT (userout) $ELEMENTS(userout) = 4 $SET 4 = 1 $STEPS (userout) = 0tendb1 $ $------------------------------------------------------------

$ Time history of the Position of Grid #255 $ TYPE (grid_mot) = TIMEHIS SAVE (grid_mot) = 99999 GRIDS (grid_mot) = 5 SET 5 = 255 STEPS (grid_mot) = 0,THRU,744000,BY,744,573739 GPOUT (grid_mot) = XDIS $$ $ BEGIN BULK $ PARAM INISTEP 2e-7 PARAM SHTHICK YES $PARAM VDAMP 1.3319-4( used for the damped problem ) $ $ MODEL GEOMETRY $ ============== INCLUDE 3pbt_xl.dat $ $ Five integration points through the thickness of the blank. PSHELL1 1 1 BLT Gauss 5 Mid + .91 $ $ Bely element formulations for MATRIG bodies (i.e. punch and roll) PSHELL1 1111 2 Bely Gauss Mid + 1.-20 PSHELL1 2222 3 Bely Gauss Mid + 1.-20 $ $ Punch $ ===== MATRIG 2 210.e9 0.3 1. 0.0 0.0 0.0 + 1.+2 0.0 0.0 1.+2 0.0 1.+2 $ $ Roll $ ==== MATRIG 3 210.e9 0.3 1. 0.0 0.0 0.0 + 1.+2 0.0 0.0 1.+2 0.0 1.+2 $ $ Geometry description of blank(1), punch(2) and roll(3) in $ order to model the contact. SURFACE 1 PROP 100 SURFACE 2 PROP 200 SURFACE 3 PROP 300 $ SET1 100 1 SET1 200 1111 SET1 300 2222 $ $ Contact specification for which the blank (i.e. surface 1) is $ in all cases the slave. $ (i) Contact between Blank and Punch CONTACT 1 SURF SURF 1 2 .05 .05 0.0 + Both Full 1.0 + 0.0 .1 Distance1.+20 1.1 .1 Factor 2. + 0.0 0.285 On On 1.+20 $ $ (ii) Contact between Blank and Roll CONTACT 2 SURF SURF 1 3 .05 .05 0.0
+ +
+ + +

+ Both Full 1.0 + + 0.0 .1 Distance1.+20 1.1 .1 Factor 2. + + 0.0 0.285 On On 1.+20 $ $ The aluminium blank is modelled with the Sheetmat material model. $ Strain rate effect is assumed to be negligible in this example. $ Mass-scaling is applied by a factor of 4 x density. $ $ Material Properties of the aluminium 6111-T4 alloy: $ $ Youngs modulus E = 69.248 GPa, Nu = 0.33, Density = 2.7E-6 Kg/mm3 $ $ Transversely Isotropic Material Specification : $ (i.e. normal anisotropy assumed) $ $ Power Law Stress Constant, a = 158.5E+3 Kg/mm*s2 $ Hardening Modulus, b = 350.48E+3 Kg/mm*s2 $ Strain offset, c= 0.0 $ Hardening exponent, n = 0.4434 $ Lankford Parameters : R(0) = R(45) = R(90) = 0.64 $ SHEETMAT1 1.08E-5 6.9248E7 + + 0.33 ISO 1.0 0.0 0.0 + + 158.5E3 350.48E30.0 0.4434 + + NORMANI 0.64 0.64 0.64 + + NORMANI $$ Prescribed motions: $ (i) The punch velocity is described by a sine function such that $ both the velocity and acceleration are equal to zero at the $ start and end of the stroke. The maximum downward velocity $ amounts to 645.6 mm/s (in Z-dir.) and mean velocity is 322.8 mm/s TLOAD1 1 99 12 55 FORCE 99 MR2 -322.8 1. TABLED1 55 + + .000E+000.000E+0.594E-020.856E-2.119E-010.341E-1.178E-010.761E-1+ + .237E-010.134E+0.297E-010.207E+0.356E-010.293E+0.416E-010.391E+0+ . . . $ $ (ii) Rotational velocities of MATRIG 2 and 3 (i.e. punch and roll) $ are equal to zero around X-, Y- and Z-axes TLOAD1 1 999 12 MOMENT 999 MR2 0. 1. 1. 1. MOMENT 999 MR3 0. 1. 1. 1. $ $ (iii) Roll has a translational restraint in X-, Y- and Z-direction! FORCE 999 MR3 0. 1. 1. 1. $ $ (iv) Punch has a translational restraint in X- and Y-direction! FORCE 999 MR2 0. 1. 1. $ENDDATA

Sleeve Section Stamping

Problem Description
This example is one of the benchmark problems examined in the TEAM Virtual Manufacturing project, established at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and reported in [Ref. 5.]. The test setup is shown schematically in Figure 5-17. Both punch and die are double-curved surfaces, and there is lack of symmetry. The objective is to predict the deformed shape of the sheet after springback and to compare this with experimental results.
Figure 5-17
Schematic Diagram of Sleeve Section Stamping Test Setup
Forming Process Data: Minimum top die total punch displacement (just touching) Maximum nominal top die total displacement Nominal die separation at closure Nominal closure time Nominal closure rate Assumed friction coefficient 17.34 mm 17.66 mm 2.03 mm 0.7 s 25 mm/s 0.3

Aluminum 6111-T4 Material Properties Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density Proportional limit stress 0.2% yield stress E = 181302 N/mm2
= 0.16
= 7.916 * 10-6 kg/mm3 0 = 637.76 N/mm2 0.2 = 892.00 N/mm2
Workhardening data are provided in tabulated form.
Dytran Model
Due to lack of symmetry, the whole model is constructed. The mesh is delivered by the organizing committee of the TEAM project and contains two solid elements through the thickness (Figure 5-18). Solid elements (CHEXA8) are used because the punch stroke leads to some overclosure of the die. Therefore, thickness changes as a result of pressure imposed by the punch must be modeled accurately. This cannot be realized by using shell elements because of their incompressibility in thickness direction.
Figure 5-18
Dytran Model
The punch and die are modeled as rigid bodies using the material definition MATRIG entry. The blank surface is covered with CFACEs whereas the surfaces of punch and die are built up of segments indirectly defined by the property number of the specific shell elements. Due to a very fine mesh in the corner region of the die (i.e., mesh of blank is even coarser), the contact operation is taken to be single surface. Since the slave surface (commonly the blank) is only checked for penetration of the master surface (die/punch) in master-slave contact, the single-surface contact works correctly regardless of the higher mesh density of the die in the corner region. A combination of kinematic of kinematic boundary conditions is defined for which both translational and rotational velocity of the RIGIDs are restrained. For example, since all tools are not allowed to have a

rotational velocity, the MOMENT entry is used in conjunction with setting the SCALE factor for the moment to zero in all three directions. Because of the velocity prescription, the TYPE field of the TLOAD1 entry is equal to 12. The analysis is carried out with a 100-fold mass density. The punch velocity is chosen to be described by a sine function such that both the velocity and acceleration are equal to zero at the start and end of the stroke. The mean velocity can now be increased up to 2.5 m/s without inertia effects affecting the stress/strain results of the blank in an unacceptable way. The material behavior of this blank satisfies the von Mises yield model in combination with isotropic hardening. The workhardening curve is described in accordance with a table of true stress versus true plastic strain data. To treat springback in this example, Dytran offers the so-called Dynamic Relaxation method that uses the global system damping parameter (VDAMP). The theory is discussed in the Dytran Users Guide. The springback analysis is performed in two steps. Step 1: In order to assess VDAMP, the first run is meant to capture undamped free vibrations upon instantaneous removal of the tools at the end of the stroke. Removal of the tools can be realized by setting the ENDTIME field in the CONTACT entry to the time that corresponds to the end of the forming stage. On the basis of the Dytran Users Guide, the parameter VDAMP can be given in the following algebraic form:
2 * * t VDAM P = -----------------------T
in which T denotes the natural period of free vibration and t is the time increment needed for the free vibration analysis. The latter represents DLTH in .OUT file and can be found to be almost constant throughout the free vibration analysis. The period T can be determined by plotting a relevant grid point displacement/position versus time. Step 2: In the second final run, the free vibration mode is damped out by defining the parameter VDAMP assessed in Step 1. The user-subroutine exvdmp.f (Three-point Bending Test) is used to activate this parameter only for solid elements at the end of the forming analysis. To call this user subroutine, the ELEXOUT entry is required in Case Control of the input file. The File Management Section contains the USERCODE entry.
Figure 5-19 shows deformed shapes predicted at various stages of the stamping process up to full die closure (Step 1). As stated above, the position of an edge grid point is plotted against time to evaluate the natural period (Figure 5-20). In conjunction with DLTH obtained from the .OUT file, the parameter VDAMP can be determined and finally applied to the succeeding run (Step 2) in an appropriate way as described above.

Figure 5-19
Deformed Configurations at various Stages throughout the Stamping Process
Figure 5-20 Note:
Position of Grid Point Number 10 The forming stage ending at 0.7E 2 sec is succeeded by an undamped free vibration analysis (Step 1) and a springback analysis in which the structure is critically damped (Step 2)

Chord length and depth of the deformed shape of the sheet after springback, as well as the total applied load at full die closure are considered to be major benchmark output results. In algebraic form: Chord Length = XDIM_10 XDIM_1060 Depth = ZDIM_535 (ZDIM_12 + zdim_1062)/2 Total Force = ZFORCE_MATRIG_2 in which XDIM_# and ZDIM_# denote the X- and Z-dimension of grid point number #, calculated by using XDIM_# = XCIS_# + XPOS_# Substitution of displacements/positions predicted by Dytran in the above equation will provide the results shown in the following table. The deformed shape after springback is shown in Figure 5-21.
Figure 5-21
Springback after Forming Process
The original mesh delivered for the blank contains only two elements through the thickness and therefore, can be expected to do a relatively poor job of representing pure bending deformation. Refined mesh would provide better correlation with experiment ([Ref. 5.]). This would also increase the cost of the analysis and consequently, is beyond the scope of this Dytran Example Problem Manual. Comparison between Dytran and Experimental Results Dytran Chord Length [mm] Depth [mm] Total Force [kN] 62.54 13.77 84.90 Experiment 61.58 14.38 40 - 225

Files
sleeve_undmp.dat (undamped) sleeve_dmp.dat (damped) exvdmp.f (user-subroutine) sleeve_xl.dat SLEEVE_UNDAMP.OUT (undamped) SLEEVE_DMP.OUT (damped) SLEEVE_UNDAMP_BLANK_0.ARC SLEEVE_UNDAMP_PUNCH_0.ARC SLEEVE_UNDAMP_DIE_0.ARC SLEEVE_DMP_BLANK_0.ARC SLEEVE_DMP_PUNCH_0.ARC SLEEVE_DMP_DIE_0.ARC SLEEVE_UNDAMP_CONTACT_0.THS SLEEVE_UNDAMP_GRID_MOT_0.THS SLEEVE_DMP_CONTACT_0.THS SLEEVE_DMP_GRID_MOT_0.THS
Dytran input file
Dytran output file Dytran archive file (undamped)
Dytran archive file (damped)
Dytran time history file (undamped) Dytran time history file (damped)
Reference 5. Slagter, W. Simulation of Sheet Metal Forming Processes using Dytran.

START $$USERCODE=exvdmp.f( used for the damped problem ) $TITLE = Sleeve Section Stamping $$------------------------------------------------------------------$ Note : Global system damping is applied:( used for the damped problem ) $ The user-subroutine exvdmp.f is employed in which the $ parameter VDAMP is switched on at the end of the formingstage. VDAMP corresponds with the critical damping$ coefficient: $VDAMP = omega * timestep = 2*pi*1.324E-6/5.6E-3 = = 1.5E-3 $------------------------------------------------------------------$ TIME 99999 CEND CHECK = NO ENDTIME = 0.025 SPC = 1 TLOAD = 1 $$ CHANGE THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY FOR MATERIAL SUMMS $TYPE (MYMAT) = MATSUM STEPS (MYMAT) = 0 THRU END BY 1000 $$ CHANGE THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY FOR RIGID SUMMS $ TYPE (MRMAT) = MRSUM STEPS (MRMAT) = 0 THRU END BY 1000 $ $ CHANGE THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY FOR THE CYCLE SUMMS $

TYPE (MYCYC) = STEPSUM STEPS (MYCYC) = 0 THRU END BY 250 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 1
$$
TYPE (blank) = ARCHIVE SAVE (blank) = 999999 ELEMENTS(blank) = 1 SET 1 = 1t600 ELOUT (blank) = EFFSTS,EFFPLS TIMES (blank) = 0,0.003,0.004,0.007,0.025 $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 2 $$ TYPE (punch) = ARCHIVE SAVE (punch) = 999999 ELEMENTS(punch) = 2 SET 2 = 12000t12419 TIMES (punch) = 0,0.003,0.004,0.007,0.025 ELOUT (punch) = ZUSER $$ $$ Data for Output Control Set 3 $$ TYPE (die) = ARCHIVE SAVE (die) = 999999 ELEMENTS(die) = 3 SET 3 = 13000t13559 TIMES (die) = 0 ELOUT (die) = ZUSER $ $ Time history of the MATRIG #2 (i.e. Punch) $ RIGIDS (contact) = 4 SET 4 = MR2 TYPE (contact) = TIMEHIS RBOUT (contact) = ZFORCE SAVE (contact) = 99999 TIMES (contact) = 0tendb0.000025,0.007 $$ Time history of the Position of Grid #10 (at YZ-plane) $TYPE (grid_mot) = TIMEHIS SAVE (grid_mot) = 99999 GRIDS (grid_mot) = 5 SET 5 = 10 TIMES (grid_mot) = 0tendb0.000025 GPOUT (grid_mot) = ZPOS $$------------------------------------------------------------------$ Case Control which refers to User-subroutine( used for the damped problem ) $$ELEXOUT (userout) $ELEMENTS(userout) = 6 $SET 6 = 1 $STEPS (userout) = 0tendb1 $ $------------------------------------------------------------------$ BEGIN BULK $ PARAM INISTEP 1e-07 $PARAM VDAMP 0.0015 ( used for the damped problem ) PARAM GEOCHECKON $

$ MODEL GEOMETRY $ ============== INCLUDE sleeve_xl.dat $ $ Lagrangian solid elements for blank. $ Two elements through the thickness of the blank. PSOLID 1 1 $ $ Bely element formulations for MATRIG bodies (i.e. punch and die) PSHELL1 1111 2 Bely Gauss Mid + + 1.-20 PSHELL1 2222 3 Bely Gauss Mid + + 1.-20 $ $ Punch $ ===== MATRIG 2 210.e9 0.3 1. 0.0 0.0 0.0 + + 1.+20 0.0 0.0 1.+20 0.0 1.+20 $ $ Die $ === MATRIG 3 210.e9 0.3 1. 0.0 0.0 0.0 + + 1.+20 0.0 0.0 1.+20 0.0 1.+20 $ $ Geometry description of blank, punch and die in single surface $ contact. SET1 11 1111 SET1 22 2222 $ SURFACE 1 SEG 1 PROP 11 PROP 22 $ CONTACT 1 SURF 1 .30 .30 0.0 + + V4 0.0 0.0 + + + + 0.007 $ $ Material Properties of 301 Half-Hard Stainless Steel: $ Mass-scaling is applied by a factor of 100 (original density=7.916e-6) $ DYMAT24 1 7.916-4 1.813+8 .16 55 PLAST + + + + 1.0 0.0 $ HGSUPPR 1 SOLID 1 FBS $ TABLED1 55 + + .000E+00.638E+06.229E-03.840E+06.485E-03.869E+06.672E-03.906E+06+ + .338E-02.986E+06.548E-02.102E+07.812E-02.103E+07.102E-01.104E+07+ + .139E-01.105E+07.241E-01.108E+07.329E-01.110E+07.415E-01.113E+07+ + .562E-01.116E+07.856E-01.124E+07.100E+00.128E+07.195E+00.150E+07+ + ENDT $ $ Prescribed motions: $ (i) The punch velocity is described by a sine function such that $ both the velocity and acceleration are equal to zero at the $ start and end of the stroke. The maximum downward velocity $ amounts of 5000 mm/s (in Z-dir.) and mean velocity is 2.5e3 mm/s. TLOAD1 1 99 12 66 FORCE 99 MR2 -2500. 1. TABLED1 66 +

+ + . . . . $ $ (ii) $ TLOAD1 MOMENT MOMENT $ $ (iii) FORCE $ $ (iv) FORCE $ ENDDATA
.000E+00 .000E+0.146E-03 .856E-2.292E-03 .341E-1.438E-03 .761E-1+ .583E-03 .134E+0.729E-03 .207E+0.875E-03 .293E+0.102E-02 .391E+0+
Rotational velocities of MATRIG 2 and 3 (i.e. punch and die) are equal to zero around X-, Y- and Z-axes 1 999 12 999 MR2 0. 1. 1. 1. 999 MR3 0. 1. 1. 1. Die has a translational restraint in X-, Y- and Z-direction! 999 MR3 0. 1. 1. 1. Punch has a translational restraint in X- and Y-direction! 999 MR2 0. 1. 1.
Chapter 6: Occupant Safety Dytran Example Problem Manual
Occupant Safety

Overview
412 413 421
Flat Unfolded Air Bag Inflation (GBAG)
Rigid Ellipsoid Dummy Hitting a Passenger Air Bag
Sled Test Verification of the Enhanced Hybrid III Dummy (50%) 435 Side Curtain Air Bag (Courtesy of Autoliv) Hybrid III 5th%-tile Dummy 490 520 474
Easy Postprocessing with Adaptive Meshing

Overview
Overview
In this chapter, a number of example problems are presented that highlight the capabilities of Dytran in the area of Occupant Safety. In these examples, the user can find the guidelines to model Occupant Safety problems that include air bags and occupant dummies. In the area of air bag modeling, the constant pressure method and full gas dynamics approach are shown. The examples include the use of rigid ellipsoid dummies as well as the use to the enhanced HYBRIDIII rigid body dummy. The following example problems are described in this chapter.
Chapter 6: Occupant Safety 413


Problem Description
This problem demonstrates the interaction between a passenger-side, unfolded air bag and a rigid body. The air bag is inflated by means of a uniform pressure law (GBAG) and impacts a spherical ellipsoid during the inflation. Dytran uses a closed surface to define the gas bag. The surface must be built from faces connected to the finite elements. The elements can be either membranes, shells, solids, dummy shells, or a combination of those elements. To model the flat rectangular air bag, two parallel planes are defined by using triangular constant strain membrane elements. The surface is closed by coupling the nodes located on the four edges of the two planes. The inflator is located on the center of the back plane and is modeled by membrane elements with a SPC constraint to keep its shape rigid and in place (see Figure 6-1).
Figure 6-1
Air Bag Model
The material behavior of the air bag fabric is modeled with a linear elastic isotropic material model with the following properties: density Youngs modulus Poissons ratio 600 kg/m3 6 107 N/mm2 0.3
The following input entries are required when modeling a gas bag:
SURFACE
Defines the element faces that are part of the gas bag. The surface must be closed.

GBAG
Defines the gas bag properties such as:

Mass inflow rate Trigger time Area and discharge coefficient of holes Area and discharge coefficient of porous fabric Volumetric porosity Initial state of the gas inside Material properties of the gas inside
The rigid ellipsoid is modeled by defining a 0.1 m radius sphere with a mass of 0.5 kg. The sphere is located .15 m above the air bags at the center (see Figure 6-2).
Figure 6-2
Initial Position of the Rigid Ellipsoid
The contact surface between the rigid ellipsoid and the air bag is defined by using the CONTREL entry. This option is used to define the grid points on the Lagrangian (air bag) surface that can come into contact with the rigid ellipsoid.
Results
As shown in the animation plots (see Figure 6-3), the air bag is inflated from time 0 sec and will hit the rigid ellipsoid at 20 msec. From that moment, the rigid ellipsoid is loaded by the air bag and will be pushed away from the air bag. After 45 msec, there is no contact anymore between rigid ellipsoid and the air bag, and the rigid ellipsoid will move away from the air bag at a constant speed.

Figure 6-3
Inflation of the Air Bag
The time history of pressure, volume, and mass of the gas inside the air bag is plotted in Figure 6-4.
Figure 6-4
Time Histories of Pressure, Mass, and Temperature of Gas inside the Air Bag

Files
demo1.dat demo1_bag.dat (property input file) demo1_gbag.dat (gas bag and mass flow input definition) demo1_ellips_contact.dat (contact input definition) xl_demo1.dat (geometry file) DEMO1.OUT DEMO1_AIRBAG_0.ARC DEMO1_ELLIPS_0.ARC DEMO1_GB_0.THS DEMO1_TELLIPS_0.THS
Dytran input file
Dytran output file Dytran archive file Dytran time history files

Abbreviated Input file
$ file: demo1.dat $ --------------$ $ - inflation of a flat, unfolded demo passenger-side airbag $ - uniform pressure assumption $ - contact with a rigid elllipsoid $ START CEND CHECK=NO ENDSTEP=100000 ENDTIME=125.E-3 TITLE=INFLATION OF DEMO PASSENGER-BAG WITH UNIFORM PRESSURE MODEL TIC=1 SPC=1 TLOAD=1 $ -------------------------------------------------------------$ define the output of the gbag variables: $ GBAGS (GB) = 5 SET 5 = 1 GBOUT (GB) = VOLUME,PRESSURE,FLGAS,TGAS,TEMP,MASS TIMES (GB) = 0. THRU END BY 1.E-3 TYPE (GB) = TIMEHIS SAVE (GB) = 1000000 $ $ -------------------------------------------------------------$ define the output for the membrane elements: $ ELEMENTS(AIRBAG) = 996 SET 996 = ALLMEMTRIA ELOUT (AIRBAG) = THICK,SMDFER TIMES (AIRBAG) = 0. THRU END BY 20.E-3 TYPE (AIRBAG) = ARCHIVE

SAVE (AIRBAG) = 1000000 $ $ -------------------------------------------------------------$ define the output for the ellipsoid: $ RELS (ELLIPS) = 600 $ nb: setc,600 defined in demo1_ellips_contact.dat RELOUT (ELLIPS) = GEOMETRY TIMES (ELLIPS) = 0. THRU END BY 20.E-3 TYPE (ELLIPS) = ARCHIVE SAVE (ELLIPS) = 1000000 $ $ -------------------------------------------------------------$ define more output for the ellipsoid: $ RELS (TELLIPS) = 600 $ nb: setc,600 defined in demo1_ellips_contact.dat RELOUT (TELLIPS) = XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,XAVEL,YAVEL,ZAVEL TIMES (TELLIPS) = 0. THRU END BY 1.E-3 TYPE (TELLIPS) = TIMEHIS SAVE (TELLIPS) = 1000000 $ BEGIN BULK $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Initial timestep & minimum timestep $ PARAM,INISTEP,0.7E-05 PARAM,MINSTEP,.5E-8 $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define the airbag $ INCLUDE demo1_bag.dat $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define the gbag ( uniform pressure parameters ) $ INCLUDE demo1_gbag.dat $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define the rigid ellipsoid and the contact with it $ INCLUDE demo1_ellips_contact.dat $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Rest is defined with xl $ INCLUDE xl_demo1.dat $ ------------------------------------------------------------ENDDATA
Properties Input Definition

$ file: demo1_bag.dat $ ------------------$BEGIN BULK $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define the membrane properties & material $ During modelling we took care of the folding lines, and four $ holes at the back of the airbag

$ The use of the folding lines will be clear in demo2 (folding) $ The use of the holes will be clear in demo3 (porosity with euler) $$ Every part of the airbag has his own PID $ The use of this will be clear in demo2 (folding) $$ The model with the PIDs looks like this: $$ front: $$ y $ ^ $ | $ --------------------------------------------------------------$ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | 504 | 503 | 603 | 604 | $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ |---------------------------------------------------------------| $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | 502 | 501 | 601 | 602 | $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ |---------------------------------------------------------------|--> x $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | 552 | 551 | 651 | 652 | $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ |---------------------------------------------------------------| $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | 554 | 553 | 653 | 654 | $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ | | | | | $ --------------------------------------------------------------$ $ back: $ $ y $ ^ $ | $ --------------------------------------------------------------$ | | \ 512 /| \ 612 /| | $ | | \ / | \ / | | $ | | --| --| | $ | 513 | 511 |510| 509 | 609 |610| 611 | 613 | $ | | --| --| | $ | | / \ | / \ | | $ | | / 508 \ | / 608 \ | | $ |---------------------------------------------------------------| $ | | | | | | $ | | | | | | $ | | | | | |

$ | 507 | 506 | 505 | 606 | 607 | $ | | | | | | $ | | | | | | $ | | | | | | $ |---------------------------------------------------------------|--> x $ | | | | | | | $ | | | | | | | $ | | | | | | $ | 557 | 556 | 655 | 555 | 656 | 657 | $ | | | | | | | $ | | | | | | | $ | | | | | | $ |---------------------------------------------------------------| $ | | \ 558 /| \ 658 /| | $ | | \ / | \ / | | $ | | --| --| | $ | 563 | 561 |560| 559 | 659 |660| 661 | 663 | $ | | --| --| | $ | | / \ | / \ | | $ | | / 562 \ | / 662 \ | | $ --------------------------------------------------------------$ $ PID = 505 ---> inflator (see xl-pictures) $$ PID = 510,560,610,660 ---> holes $$ First quarter $PSHELL1,501,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 .. . PSHELL1,513,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 $ $Second quarter (PID first + 50) $ PSHELL1,551,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 . . . PSHELL1,563,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 $ $ Third quarter (PID first + 100) $ PSHELL1,601,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 . . . PSHELL1,613,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 $ $ fourth quarter (PID first + 150) $ PSHELL1,651,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 . . . PSHELL1,663,1,MEMB,,,,,,+

+,5.E-4 $ $ Define the inflator as membranes with a SPC to keep it at its $ place. $ PSHELL1,505,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ $ definition of material, elastic with: $ - density = 600 kg/m**3 $ - youngs = 6.E7 N/m**2 $ - poisson = 0.3 $ DMATEL,1,600.,6.E7,0.3 $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Define the closed gbag-surface $ $ surface 25 : - airbag + inflator $ $ nb. pid=605 does not exist, since the inflator is completely $ modeled by pid=505 $ SURFACE,25,,PROP,199 SET1,199,501,THRU,513 SET1,199,551,THRU,563 SET1,199,601,THRU,604,606,THRU,613 SET1,199,651,THRU,663 $ ------------------------------------------------------------ENDDATA


Problem Description
As an example for occupant modeling, this problem demonstrates the interaction between an inflated air bag and a rigid ellipsoid dummy model, which behavior is simulated by the Crash Victim Simulation (CVS) program ATB, which has been integrated into Dytran. This example problem will not describe how to model an inflated air bag, but will focus on the simulation of a rigid dummy by ATB and its interaction with structural parts like an air bag. It will also not describe the advanced technique of positioning of an ATB dummy through Dytran.
Dytran Model
The model consists of a flat, folded passenger-side air bag, which is inflated (using full gas dynamics) and interacts with an accelerated (Hybrid III-like) ATB dummy. The rigid ATB dummy model consists of 15 rigid ellipsoids, which are connected by 14 rigid body joints. Characteristics and initial position of the dummy are completely defined in the ATB input file. Each ATB segment contact ellipsoid must be defined in the Dytran input file with the RELEX entry. The names of these ellipsoids are the same as the segment names as defined in the ATB input file on the B.2 entries. For contact purposes, 15 rigid bodies were created, which were rigidly connected to the ATB ellipsoids using RCONREL entries. In this case, the shape of the rigid bodies coincide with the ATB ellipsoids, but their shapes can be arbitrary. These rigid bodies are only used as contact surfaces in the contact definitions between the air bag and other car parts. Two additional rigid bodies, created to model elbows, are rigidly connected with the upper arms. Besides contact with the air bag, contact is defined between other rigid car parts (not shown in Figure 6-5) and the ATB dummy, except for head and neck.

Figure 6-5
Air-bag Model and ATB Dummy
The specification of GEOMETRY on the RELOUT entry causes Dytran to cover the ATB ellipsoids with unique dummy shell elements. Primarily, the created dummy geometry is used for the visualization of the ellipsoids. It can also be used to create the above-mentioned rigid bodies. To obtain the shape of the ATB segments, a short separate Dytran pre-run with the positioned ATB dummy is necessary. The rigid bodies in this example problem (except for the elbows) have been created this way.
Results
Figure 6-6 shows air bag and ATB dummy halfway (at 0.05 seconds) and at the end of the simulation (at
0.1 seconds).

Figure 6-6
Deformed Geometry of Air Bag and ATB Dummy
Figure 6-7 is a time history of the velocity of the head and lower torso of the dummy. As can be seen from this graph, the entire dummy is equally accelerated at the start of the simulation. The deceleration of the lower torso is caused by contact of the dummy feet and legs with some rigid car parts, which were not shown in the previous figures. The head is decelerated by the unfolding air bag.

Figure 6-7
Time History of the Forward Velocity of Head and Lower Torso
To verify the ATB coupling with Dytran, an analogous simulation using MADYMO has been done.Figure 6-8 shows the resultant Head acceleration both from ATB and MADYMO coupling. Deviations between the results are mainly due to differences between the joint models in ATB and MADYMO dummy.
Figure 6-8
Comparison of the Resultant Head Acceleration with MADYMO

Files
demo4.dat Dytran input file demo4_bag.dat (airbag property definition) demo4_bag_contact.dat (definition of airbag contacts) demo4_euler.dat (Eulerian definition for gas dynamics of airbag) demo4_euler_coupling.dat (definition of coupling) demo4_gbag.dat (definition of gas bag parameters) demo4_car.dat (definition of rigid car parts) demo4_atb.dat (definition of ATB interactions) xl_demo4.dat (geometry file) atb_demo4.ain (ATB input file with dummy definition) DEMO4.OUT DEMo4_EUL_0.ARC DEMO4_AIRBAG_0.ARC DEMO4_DUMQ_0.ARC DEMO4_DUMT_0.ARC DEMO4_ELLIPS_0.ARC DEMO4_GB_0.THS DEMO4_TELLIPS_0.THS
Dytran output file Dytran archive file
Dytran time history files

Abbreviated Main Input File
$ $ - inflation of a flat, unfolded demo passenger-side airbag $ - inflated by uniformi pressure $ - contact with a rigid elllipsoid $ $ MEMORY-SIZE=4000000,2000000 START CEND CHECK=NO ENDSTEP=100000 ENDTIME=.1 TITLE=DEMO PASSENGER-BAG WITH ATB DUMMY TIC=1 SPC=1 TLOAD=1 $ -------------------------------------------------------------$ define the output of the gbag variables: $ $ - data asked for: GBAG,1 $ - ask for: volume,pressure,flgas,tgas,temp,mass (see manual) $ - ask for output every 1 msec $ - create file for time-history plots $ - write 1000000 times to the same file, which will be named: $ $ DEMO2_GB_0.ARC $

GBAGS (GB) = 5 SET 5 = 1 GBOUT (GB) = VOLUME,PRESSURE,FLGAS,TGAS,TEMP,MASS TIMES (GB) = 0. THRU END BY 1.E-3 TYPE (GB) = TIMEHIS SAVE (GB) = 1000000 $ $ -------------------------------------------------------------$ define the output for the euler elements: $ $ - data asked for: all euler elements $ - ask for: pressure,density,fmat,xvel,yvel,zvel,sie (see manual) $ - ask for output every 4 msec $ - create file for plots of contours $ - write 1000000 times to the same file, which will be named: $ $ DEMO4_EUL_0.ARC $ ELEMENTS(EUL) = 995 SET 995 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT(EUL) = PRESSURE,DENSITY,FMAT,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,SIE TIMES(EUL) = 0. THRU END BY 1.E-2 TYPE(EUL) = ARCHIVE SAVE(EUL) = 1000000 $ $ -------------------------------------------------------------$ define the output for the membrane elements: $ $ - data asked for: all membrane elements $ - ask for: thick,smdfer (see manual) $ - ask for output every 4 msec $ - create file for plots of deformed geometry and contours $ - write 1000000 times to the same file, which will be named: $ $ DEMO4_AIRBAG_0.ARC $ ELEMENTS(AIRBAG) = 996 SET 996 = ALLMEMTRIA ELOUT(AIRBAG) = THICK,SMDFER,EXUSER1 TIMES(AIRBAG) = 0. THRU END BY 1.E-2 TYPE(AIRBAG) = ARCHIVE SAVE(AIRBAG) = 1000000 $ $ELEMENTS(USEROUT) = 1001 $SET 1001 = 1,THRU,654,657,THRU,1460,1463,THRU,2266,2269, $ THRU,3072,3075,THRU,3514 $ELEXOUT(USEROUT) $STEPS(USEROUT) = 0 THRU END BY 1 $ $ -------------------------------------------------------------$ define the output for the dummy shell elements: $ $ - data asked for: all dummy shell elements $ - ask for: zuser (see manual) $ - ask for output every 4 msec $ - create file for plots of deformed geometry and contours $ - write 1000000 times to the same file, which will be named: $ $ DEMO4_DUMQ_0.ARC $ DEMO4_DUMT_0.ARC

$ ELEMENTS(DUMQ) = 997 SET 997 = ALLDUMQUAD ELOUT(DUMQ) = ZUSER TIMES(DUMQ) = 0. THRU END BY 1.E-2 TYPE(DUMQ) = ARCHIVE SAVE(DUMQ) = 1000000 $ ELEMENTS(DUMT) = 998 SET 998 = ALLDUMTRIA ELOUT(DUMT) = ZUSER TIMES(DUMT) = 0. THRU END BY 1.E-2 TYPE(DUMT) = ARCHIVE SAVE(DUMT) = 1000000 $ $ -------------------------------------------------------------$ define the output for the ellipsoids: $ $ - data asked for all rigid ellipsoids $ - ask for: geometry (see manual) $ - ask for output every 4 msec $ - create file for plots of displaced geometry $ - write 1000000 times to the same file, which will be named: $ $ DEMO4_ELLIPS_0.ARC $ RELS (ELLIPS) = 600 $ nb: setc,600 defined in demo4_ellips_contact.dat RELOUT (ELLIPS) = GEOMETRY TIMES (ELLIPS) = 0. THRU END BY 1.E-2 TYPE (ELLIPS) = ARCHIVE SAVE (ELLIPS) = 1000000 $ $ -------------------------------------------------------------$ define more output for the ellipsoid: $ $ - data asked for rigid ellipsoid with name SPHERE $ - ask for: xvel,yvel,zvel,xavel,yavel,zavel (see manual) $ - ask for output every 4 msec $ - create file for time-history plots $ - write 1000000 times to the same file, which will be named: $ $ DEMO4_TELLIPS_0.ARC $ RELS (TELLIPS) = 600 $ nb: setc,600 defined in demo4_ellips_contact.dat RELOUT (TELLIPS) = XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,XAVEL,YAVEL,ZAVEL TIMES (TELLIPS) = 0. THRU END BY 1.E-3 TYPE (TELLIPS) = TIMEHIS SAVE (TELLIPS) = 1000000 $ BEGIN BULK $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Deactivate Euler & Euler-coupling with an offset in time $ This allows the user to use a trigger-time in the massflow-tables $ $ACTIVE,1,ELEMENT,EULHYDRO,,,,,,+ $+,TABLE,9999 $ACTIVE,1,INTERACT,COUPLE,,,,,,+ $+,TABLE,9999

$TABLED1,9999,,,,,,,,+ $+,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0 $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define the switch from coupling to gasbag, start checking $ after 100 msecs $ GBAGCOU,1,10,1,100.0E-3 $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Initial timestep & minimum timestep $ PARAM,INISTEP,0.7E-05 PARAM,MINSTEP,.5E-8 $ $ Make the contact default version V2 for this problem PARAM,CONTACT,VERSION,V2 $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Apply gravity to the model GRAV,2, ,-9.81,0.,0.,1. $ TLOAD1 1 2 0 0 $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Nodal velocity damping for the membrane elements is activated $ after some time, to take care of hysteresis in material when $ it comes in tension. $ When more advanced material models become available this will $ not be necessary any more. $ $VISCDMP,,,,,,,,,+ $+,,,,,,,,,+ $+,60.E-3,,,0.05 $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define the airbag & the contacts for unfolding $ INCLUDE demo4_bag.dat INCLUDE demo4_bag_contact.dat $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define the euler $ INCLUDE demo4_euler.dat $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define the euler_coupling $ INCLUDE demo4_euler_coupling.dat $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define the gasbag parameters $ INCLUDE demo4_gbag.dat $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define parts of the car the contact with it $ INCLUDE demo4_car.dat $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define atb-related stuff

$ INCLUDE demo4_atb.dat $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Rest is defined with xl $ INCLUDE xl_demo4.dat $ ------------------------------------------------------------ENDDATA Abbreviated Input File with ATB-related Definitions $ file:demo4_atb.dat BEGIN BULK $------------------------------------------------------------$ Define a setc containing all the atb ellipsoids $ ---> used for visualization $ SETC,600,LT,CT,UT,N,H SETC,600,RUL,RLL,RF,LUL,LLL SETC,600,LF,RUA,RLA,LUA,LLA $------------------------------------------------------------$ Define ellipsoids that are used for dummy in ATB $ RELEX,LT,ATB . . . RELEX,LLA,ATB $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define contact of all the membrane grid-points at the front with $ a subset of the atb ellipsoids. $ The grid-point list can easily be retrieved from grouping with $ xl and listing the group. $ The points with SPC will be overruled by the SPC CONTACT,801,SURF,SURF,25,801,,,,+ +,,TOP,,,,,,,+ +,0.,,,,,0.4,,,+ +,,,,,0. . . . $ $ Define contact with spheres at the ellbow & shoulder $ CONTACT,857,SURF,SURF,25,857,,,,+ +,,TOP,,,,,,,+ +,0.,,,,,0.4,,,+ +,,,,,0. $ CONTACT,859,SURF,SURF,25,859,,,,+ +,,TOP,,,,,,,+ +,0.,,,,,0.4,,,+ +,,,,,0. $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define the rigid surfaces connected to atb-ellipsoids $ $ lotorso pid=801 $ spine pid=802 .

. . . $ footrig pid=817 $ kneerig pid=818 $ $ spheres at ellbow & shoulder on left side pid=857 $ spheres at ellbow & shoulder on right side pid=859 $ PSHELL1,801,,DUMMY PSHELL1,802,,DUMMY . . . PSHELL1,817,,DUMMY $PSHELL1,818,,DUMMY $ PSHELL1,857,,DUMMY PSHELL1,859,,DUMMY $ SURFACE,801,,PROP,801 SET1,801,801 . . . SURFACE,817,,PROP,817 SET1,817,817 $ SURFACE,857,,PROP,857 SET1,857,857 SURFACE,859,,PROP,859 SET1,859,859 $ $ Give them all a contact-mass of 2. kg $ RIGID,801,801,2.0 . . . RIGID,817,817,2.0 $ RIGID,857,857,2.0 RIGID,859,859,2.0 $ $ connect the rigids to the atb ellipsoids $ RCONREL,1,801,RIGID,401 SETC,801,LT SET1,401,801 . . RCONREL,6,806,RIGID,406 SETC,806,H SET1,406,806 $ $ also connect the spheres for ellbow & shoulder to uparml $ RCONREL,7,807,RIGID,407 SETC,807,LUA SET1,407,807,857

RCONREL,8,808,RIGID,408 SETC,808,LLA SET1,408,808 RCONREL,9,809,RIGID,409 $ $ also connect the spheres for ellbow & shoulder to uparmr $ SETC,809,RUA SET1,409,809,859 . . . RCONREL,17,817,RIGID,417 SETC,817,RF SET1,417,817 $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ Define contact of all the rigid surfaces connected to the $ ellipsoids with the car-parts $ SURFACE,890,,PROP,890 $ HEAD,NECK,KNEES AND SHOULDER ARE ROMOVED SET1,890,801,802,803,807 SET1,890,808,809,810,811,812,813 SET1,890,815,816,817 SET1,890,857,859 $ CONTACT,890,SURF,SURF,890,2000,,,,+ +,,TOP,,,,,,,+ +,0.,,,,,0.4,,,+ +,,,,,0. $ $ENDDATA
Abbreviated ATB Input File

$ file:atb_demo4.ain $ ------------------$ $ ATB-input-file, containing definition and initial position of the dummy $ $ For the exact format of this file, see the ATB Users Guide $ $ OCT. 27 1994 0 0 0.0 CARD A1A DEMO4: ACCELERATED DUMMY HITS AIRBAG (UNITS: SI) CARD A1B DR TREEP, MSC BV, HOLLAND CARD A1C $ $ Units of length,force and time, gravity vector,gravitational constant: $ M N SEC 0.0 0.0 0.00 9.81 CARD A3 $ $ Initial , maximum and minimum integration step (resp. on field 4, 5 and 6) : $ 4 999 0.002 0.0005 0.001 .000063 CARD A4 $ $ ATB-output specification: $ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0CARD A5 $ $Definition of the 15 segments and 14 joints:

$ 15 14 MADYMO DEMO4 DUMMY CARD B.1 $ Definition of the 15 segments: $ Name, plot-symbol, weight (not mass!), principal moments of inertia LT 1115.37 .1297 .0817 .1393 0.115 0.165 0.115 .019 .000 .034 CARD B.2 CT 226.389 .0140 .0159 .0186 0.110 0.150 0.110 -.009 .000 -.006 CARD B.2 . . . LUA E21.778 .0161 .0156 .01 0.047 0.042 0.141 .000 .000-.0085 CARD B.2 LLA F21.092 .0311 .0301 .01 0.040 0.040 0.235 .000 .000 -.018 CARD B.2 $ $ Definition of the 14 joints: $ $ Joint j connects segment j=1 and the lower segment number in 3rd field: P M 1 0-0.026 0.000 0.079-0.033 0.000-0.072 CARD B.3 0.00 0.00 180. 0.00 -5.00 180. 0 0 0 . . . $ $ Ankles are made rigud, by locking them and supplying huge forces to unlock: $ RA S 7 -4 0.00 0.00 -0.17 -.084 0.00 0.048 0-99999999999 CARD B.3 0.00-90.00 180. 0.00 -100. 180. 0 0 0 . LE Z 14 1 0.000 0.000-0.139 0.000 0.000 0.167 CARD B.3 0.00 0.00 180. 0.00 70.00 180. 0 0 0 $ $ Spring characteristics of the joints: $ .4067 0.000 0.000 1.000 5.0000 .5640 0.000 0.000 1.000 5.0000CARD B4A .4067 0.000 0.000 1.000 35.0000 .5640 0.000 0.000 1.000 35.0000CARD B4B . . . .8896 0.000 0.000 0.700 122.5000 .0000 0.000 0.000 0.700 80.0000CARD B4M .8896 0.000 0.000 0.700 65.3000 .0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000CARD B4N $ $ Viscous charateristics of the joints $ .03016 0.000 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B5A .00302 0.000 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B5B . . . .00115 1.037 30. 0. 0.0. 0. CARD B5M .00115 1.671 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B5N $ $ Convergence test parameters: $ .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .01CARD B6A . . . .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .0 .00CARD B6O DUMMY VEHICLE CARD C1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.0 0.010 0CARD C2A 0.0 0.0 0.0 CARD C3A 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 CARD D1

$ $ Definition of some ATB contact planes: $ 1 SEAT DR 0.365 0.25 0.262 -0.015 0.25 0.145 -0.015 -0.25 0.145 2 SEAT BACK DR -0.040 0.25 0.149 -0.305 0.25 0.689 -0.305 -0.25 0.689 3 FLOOR 0.89 0.35 0.017 -1.0 0.35 0.017 -1.0 -1.05 0.017
CARD D2A CARD D2B CARD D2C CARD D2D CARD D2A CARD D2B CARD D2C CARD D2D CARD D2A CARD D2B CARD D2C CARD D2D CARD D7
$ $ Force definitions, used to apply time-dependent forward acceleration: $ $ The neagtive value for NFVNT on cards D.9 force ATB to define the force$ coordinate sysytem with respect to the global reference system, instead of the local reference system of the segment. This option was added to ATB$ to define a time dependent gravity field in a fixed global direction. $ $ Segement number, function-number, local point of application and direction: $ 1 -1 0. 0. 0. 0.0 0.0 0.0CARD D9 2 -2 0. 0. 0. 0.0 0.0 0.0CARD D9 . . . 14 -9 0. 0. 0. 0.0 0.0 0.0CARD D9 15 -10 0. 0. 0. 0.0 0.0 0.0CARD D9 $ $ Fuction definitions,used to define time-dependent force on each segment: $ (Dependent on mass of segment !) $ 1 DECEL FORCE LT CARD E1 0. -1.E-1 0. 0. 0. CARD E2 24 CARD E4A 0.00000 0.00000 0.00300 35.28135 0.00790 1646.46279CARD E4B 0.01400 834.99185 0.01810 1528.85831 0.02530 1434.77472CARD E4B 0.02850 882.03364 0.03450 1658.22324 0.03930 705.62691CARD E4B 0.04660 2963.63303 0.05000 1999.27625 0.05430 2105.12029CARD E4B 0.06500 3704.54128 0.06900 2493.21509 0.07400 3669.25994CARD E4B 0.07710 2822.50765 0.08390 3963.27115 0.08850 340.32926CARD E4B 0.09090 2493.21509 0.09740 -446.89704 0.10300 305.77166CARD E4B 0.11050 -764.42915 0.11500 0.00000 1.16000 0.00000CARD E4B . . . 10 DECEL FORCE RLA/LLA CARD E1 0. -1.E-1 0. 0. 0. CARD E2 24 CARD E4A 0.00000 0.00000 0.00300 6.45015 0.00790 301.00714CARD E4B 0.01400 152.65362 0.01810 279.50663 0.02530 262.30622CARD E4B 0.02850 161.25382 0.03450 303.15719 0.03930 129.00306CARD E4B 0.04660 541.81284 0.05000 365.50866 0.05430 384.85912CARD E4B 0.06500 677.26606 0.06900 455.81081 0.07400 670.81590CARD E4B 0.07710 516.01223 0.08390 724.56718 0.08850 427.86014CARD E4B 0.09090 455.81081 0.09740 -81.70194 0.10300 55.90133CARD E4B

0.11050 -139.75331 0.11500 0.00000 1.16000 0.00000CARD E4B $ $ Definition of contact forces between segments and ATB-planes: $ 11 FORCE DEFLECTION CARD E.1 0. -0.11 0. 0. 0. CARD E2 4 CARD E4A 0. 0. 0.02 1500. 0.06 9500.CARD E4B 0.11 14500. CARD E4B . . . 16 FORCE DEFLECTION CARD E.1 0. -0.10 0. 0. 0. CARD E2 2 CARD E4A 0. 0. 0.10 2000. CARD E4B 9999 $ $ Contact definition between segments and ATB-planes and $ between segments and segements $ CARD E.1 1 2 2 CARD F1A 1 17 1 1 11 0 0 0 14 0 CARD F1B 2 17 1 1 12 0 0 0 14 -1 CARD F1B . . . 6 6 13 13 16 0 0 0 15 CARD F3B 9 9 15 15 16 0 0 0 15 CARD F3B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CARD F.4 $ $ Initialisation of dummy: $ $ The 9th field forces an initial equilibrium by substraction of initial $ joint-forces. Care should be taken using this added option ! $ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 1 1 CARD G1A $ Initial coordinates and velocity of reference segment reference: $ .027711637 0.000 .24136108 0.0 0.0 $ $ Initial rotation and angular velocity of the segments $ 0.0-22.918312 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0-22.918312 0.0 0.0 0.0 . . . 0.0-22.918312 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0-74.484513 0.0 0.0 0.0 $ $ ATB timehistory output specification: $ . . . CARD H11 in inertial 0.0 CARD G2A
in local reference: 0.0 0.0 CARD G3A CARD G3B
0.0 0.0
CARD G3N CARD G3O
CARD H1A

Sled Test Verification of the Enhanced Hybrid III Dummy (50%)

Problem Description
The analysis presented in this example problem is a validation of the integrated ATB occupant model against a sled test. The sled test is described in [Ref. 1.]. The model setup is shown in Figure 6-9. It shows the digitized Hybrid III dummy, the planes representing the sled and the belt elements. Not shown are the contact ellipsoids of the ATB dummy.
Figure 6-9
Model Setup
The calculation and the modeling techniques can be subdivided into: Occupant kinematics Sled model Occupant/sled interaction Occupant positioning Lap & shoulder belts Belt pretensioning Occupant/belt interaction ATB ATB rigid planes ATB contact MD Patran Dytran Dytran Dytran contact

This example problem will show:

How to use GEBOD to get the basic setup of a 50% HYBRID III. How to create an ATB input file for a sled test, using the output from GEBOD as the
starting point.
How to create FEM entities to visualize and position the ATB dummy, by using: Shell elements coated on the ATB contact ellipsoids Beams representing the local coordinate system of the ATB segments Beams representing the local coordinate system of the ATB joints How to attach Dytran finite elements to ATB segments, by creating: A FEM representation of the ATB planes An geometric representation of the ATB contact ellipsoids An accurate geometric representation of the dummy How to position the dummy with MD Patran. Integrating the dummy into other FEM models using MD Patran. How to define lap and shoulder belts and how to prestress the belts. How to apply an acceleration field to the dummy. Comparison of the results with the experiment.
Usage of GEBOD to get the Basic Setup of a 50% HYBRID III

The Generator of Body Data (GEBOD) program is supplied on the Dytran installation tape. Like ATB, this program is developed and maintained by Wright Patterson Air Force Base. The objective of the GEBOD program is to automatically generate data sets for human and dummy rigid body dynamics modeling. The data generated is a partial input file for the ATB program. The input entries for ATB are described in [Ref. 3.]. The data set of the HYBRID III dummy in ATB corresponds with the definition of the HYBRID III as given in [Ref.2.].
#gebod PROGRAM GEBOD GEBOD GENERATES BODY DESCRIPTION DATA SUITABLE FOR INPUT TO THE ATB MODEL PLEASE ENTER A DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBJECT (<60 CHARS.) EXAMPLE PROBLEM - HYBRID III WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE OUTPUT FILE FOR THE TABLE FORM AND RESULTS ? USE THE FILE EXTENSION ".ATB". EXAMPLE.TAB EXAMPLE PROBLEM - HYBRID III 1) CHILD (2-19 YEARS)

2) ADULT HUMAN FEMALE 3) ADULT HUMAN MALE 4) USER-SUPPLIED BODY DIMENSIONS 5) SITTING HYBRID III DUMMY (50%) 6) SITTING HYBRID III DUMMY (50%) 7) HYBRID II DUMMY (50%) ENTER NUMBER CORRESPONDING TO DESIRED SELECT UNITS FOR OUTPUT 1) ENGLISH 2) METRIC 1 IS ATB MODEL FORMATTED OUTPUT DESIRED Y WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE OUTPUT FILE TO USE THE FILE EXTENSION .AIN. EXAMPLE.AIN IS IT DESIRED TO PRODUCE ANOTHER BODY N STOP FROM BRESULTS
SUBJECT TYPE 5
(Y/N) ? CONTAIN THE ATB INPUT DATA ? DESCRIPTION DATA SET (Y/N) ?
This session generates the file EXAMPLE.AIN as shown in Appendix A: File EXAMPLE.AIN as generated by GEBOD. The Metric system is using leg-m-s for the mass-length-time units, while the English system is using slug-in-s.
Completion of the ATB Input File

This file needs some more input entries to create a complete input file. The complete input file as used for the calculation is given in Appendix B: Complete ATB Input File for Sled Test Calculation. The file shown contains comments to clarify the meaning of the input cards. The input file used for the calculation doesnt contain the comment lines. Most important additions to the input file are the input entries:
Entries defining an extra vehicle, named SLED D.2 entries defining the planes: BACK SEAT BOTTOM SEAT FLOOR TOEBOARD FIRE WALL G.2 entry defining the initial position of the Lower Torso G.3 entries giving the dummy an initial sitting position, such that it is sitting correctly in the sled.

How to Create FEM Entities for ATB Dummy

It is possible to ask for a Bulk Data file written out by Dytran containing the following:
Shell elements coated on the ATB contact ellipsoids Beams representing the local coordinate system of the ATB segments Beams representing the local coordinate system of the ATB joints
The input entities needed are:

ATBJNT ATBSEG PARAM, ATBSEGCREATE
An input file to create the FEM representation for the lower torso segments LT and the middle torso MT is as follows:
$ SI Units: kg - meter - seconds $ -----------------------------$ $ file: create_fem_lt_mt.dat $ ========================== $ $ ----------------------------------------------------------------------$ This example shows how to create an fem representation of the atb $ segments LT & MT and the joint P that connects the two. $ ----------------------------------------------------------------------$ CHECK=YES PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-3 $ BEGIN BULK $ $ Define the segment contact ellipsoids $ -> card B.2 $ RELEX,LT,ATB RELEX,MT,ATB RELEX,UT,ATB RELEX,N,ATB RELEX,H,ATB RELEX,RUL,ATB RELEX,RLL,ATB RELEX,RF,ATB RELEX,LUL,ATB RELEX,LLL,ATB RELEX,LF,ATB RELEX,RUA,ATB RELEX,RLA,ATB RELEX,LUA,ATB RELEX,LLA,ATB RELEX,RHD,ATB RELEX,LHD,ATB $ $ Tell DYTRAN to create the ATBSEGs & ATBJNTs with length of the $ bars/beams equal to: segment coordinate systems -> LENGTH=.025 m

$ joint coordinate systems -> LENGTH=.05 m $ PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE,YES,LT+MT,.025,.05 $ $ atbseg 1 : name = LT $ will be covered with 72 (NUMELM) shell elements with: $ - Gridpoint ids start at 11000 (GSTART) $ - element ids start at 11000 (ESTART) $ - material id is 20001 (MID ) $ - property id is 20201 (PIDCOV) $ $ if PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE has been specified, beam elements $ representing the local coordinate system will be generated $ with: $ - Grid id of grid located at the origin = 20001 (G0 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local x-axis = 20002 (G1 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local y-axis = 20003 (G2 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local z-axis = 20004 (G3 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local x-axis = 20001 (EID1 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local y-axis = 20002 (EID2 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local z-axis = 20003 (EID3 ) $ - Property id of cbar elements = 20001 (PIDCG) $ - Material id of cbar elements = 20001 (MID ) $ $ if PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE has not been specified the position and $ orientation of the ATB segments as spcified on the G.2 and G.3 $ entries in the ATB input file will be overruled by the definitions $ given here. The local coordinate system is defined by: $ - Grid id of grid located at the origin = 20001 (G0 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local x-axis = 20002 (G1 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local y-axis = 20003 (G2 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local z-axis = 20004 (G3 ) $ $ ATBSEG ID NAME COVER NUMELM GSTART ESTART MID PIDCOV + $ + G0 G1 G2 G3 EID1 EID2 EID3 PIDCG $ ATBSEG ,1 ,LT ,YES ,72 ,11000 ,11000 ,20001 ,20201 ,+ + ,20001 ,20002 ,20003 ,20004 ,20001 ,20002 ,20003 ,20001 $ ATBSEG,2,MT,YES,72 ,11250,11250,20002,20202,+ +,20005,20006,20007,20008,20004,20005,20006,20002 $ $ $ atbjnt 1 with name P connects atb segments 1 (LT) with 2 (MT) $ (see card B.3 in ATB input deck) $ if PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE has been specified, beam elements $ representing the joint coordinate systems will be generated $ with: $ -> coordinate system connected to atb segment 1 (LT) $ - Grid id of grid located at the origin = 20201 (G0 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local x-axis = 20202 (G1 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local y-axis = 20203 (G2 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local z-axis = 20204 (G3 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local x-axis = 20201 (EID1 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local y-axis = 20202 (EID2 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local z-axis = 20203 (EID3 ) $ - Property id of cbar elements = 20001 (PIDCG-LT) $ - Material id of cbar elements = 20001 (MID -LT) $ where: PIDCG-LT is the PIDCG as specified on ATBSEG,,LT $ MID -LT is the MID as specified on ATBSEG,,LT

$ $ -> coordinate system connected to atb segment 2 (MT) $ - Grid id of grid located at the origin = 20205 (G4 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local x-axis = 20206 (G5 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local y-axis = 20207 (G6 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local z-axis = 20208 (G7 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local x-axis = 20204 (EID4 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local y-axis = 20205 (EID5 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local z-axis = 20206 (EID6 ) $ - Property id of cbar elements = 20002 (PIDCG-MT) $ - Material id of cbar elements = 20002 (MID -MT) $ where: PIDCG-MT is the PIDCG as specified on ATBSEG,,MT $ MID -MT is the MID as specified on ATBSEG,,MT $ $ $ ATBJNT ID NAME + $ + G0 G1 G2 G3 EID1 EID2 EID3 + $ + G4 G5 G6 G7 EID4 EID5 EID6 $ ATBJNT ,1 ,P ,,,,,,,+ + ,20201 ,20202 ,20203 ,20204 ,20201 ,20202 ,20203 ,,+ + ,20205 ,20206 ,20207 ,20208 ,20204 ,20205 ,20206 $ ENDDATA
Running this input file with the command:

dytran jid=create_fem_lt_mt atb=run
will generate a Bulk Data file named: CREATE_FEM_LT+MT_ATBSEGAT. Figure 6-10 shows a plot of the FEM entries written to the Bulk Data file. It can be seen that both the ellipsoids are covered with shell elements. The smaller bars represent the local coordinate systems for the segments LT and MT, respectively. The larger bars represent the joint coordinate system s for the joint P connecting the two segments together. In this particular case, the joint coordinate systems are coincident.
Figure 6-10
FEM Entities generated by Dytran for LT and MT

Appendix C: File Create_fem_dummy.dat gives the input file to generate FEM entities for the
complete dummy.
Figure 6-11 shows a plot of the generated entities.
Figure 6-11
FEM Entities generated by Dytran for Hybrid III Dummy
Attaching Dytran Finite Element to ATB Segments

It is possible to attach Dytran finite elements to ATB segments by means of the RCONREL entry. For example, to attach elements to ATB segment 1 (LT), give the elements the rigid material (MATRIG) 20001. Then insert the following input entries in the input file: RCONREL,1,20001,RIGID,20001 SETC,20001,LT SET1,20001,MR20001 The finite elements that are generated in How to Create FEM Entities for ATB Dummy all have a MATRIG; therefore, these elements are easily attached to the corresponding ATB segment. To visualize the sled, some shell elements were defined within Patran. These shell elements are attached to the ATB segment named SLED by giving these shell elements a rigid material and using a correct RCONREL entry. Similarly, the shell elements generated by digitizing an actual HYBRID III dummy were connected to the corresponding ATB segments. The resulting model is as depicted in Figure 6-9. The digitized dummy contains some elements that are dummy shell elements. Dummy shell elements are shell elements without structural behavior (strength). These dummy shell elements have the purpose to create a closed surface between the different rigid parts of the dummy and to maintain a realistic shape during the motion of the dummy. These dummy shell elements themselves are not attached to any ATB segment. The grid points on one side are attached to one ATB segment while the grid points on the other side are attached to the other ATB segment. Figure 6-12 shows the motion of the digitized dummy during

a crash analyses, where the effect of the dummy shell elements is most clear for the neck, elbow, middle torso, and upper legs.
Figure 6-12
Motion of the Digitized Dummy during Crash
Positioning the Dummy with Patran

In order to position the dummy with Patran, the ATBSEG entry has been introduced in Dytran. The ATBSEG entry references four grid points that span a coordinate system. This coordinate system becomes the local coordinate system of the referenced ATB segment. The local coordinate system as given on an ATBSEG entry in the Dytran input file will overrule the definitions in the ATB input file. For the HYBRID III dummy, the ATBSEG entries are:
ATBSEG,1,LT,,,,,,,+ +,20001,20002,20003,20004 $ ATBSEG,2,MT,,,,,,,+ +,20005,20006,20007,20008 $ ATBSEG,3,UT,,,,,,,+ +,20009,20010,20011,20012 $ ATBSEG,4,N ,,,,,,,+ +,20013,20014,20015,20016 $ ATBSEG,5,H ,,,,,,,+ +,20017,20018,20019,20020 $ ATBSEG,6,RUL,,,,,,,+ +,20021,20022,20023,20024 $ ATBSEG,7,RLL,,,,,,,+ +,20025,20026,20027,20028 $ ATBSEG,8,RF,,,,,,,+ +,20029,20030,20031,20032 $

ATBSEG,9,LUL,,,,,,,+ +,20033,20034,20035,20036 $ ATBSEG,10,LLL,,,,,,,+ +,20037,20038,20039,20040 $ ATBSEG,11,LF,,,,,,,+ +,20041,20042,20043,20044 $ ATBSEG,12,RUA,,,,,,,+ +,20045,20046,20047,20048 $ ATBSEG,13,RLA,,,,,,,+ +,20049,20050,20051,20052 $ ATBSEG,14,LUA,,,,,,,+ +,20053,20054,20055,20056 $ ATBSEG,15,LLA,,,,,,,+ +,20057,20058,20059,20060 $ ATBSEG,16,RHD,,,,,,,+ +,20061,20062,20063,20064 $ ATBSEG,17,LHD,,,,,,,+ +,20065,20066,20067,20068 $
The locations of grid points 20001 to 20068 are defining the position and orientation of the dummy. In order to easily position the dummy, the dummy positioner functionality inside the Dytran preference for Patran can be used. To start positioning, do the following within Patran (see also the Dytran-Patran Preference Interface Guide. 1. Start the dummy positioner:
Analyses Action: Special Features Object: Dummy Positioner Apply
2. Read in the dummy data set:

Import Dummy Select hybridIII-50p.bdf Apply
3. Create the groups of the dummy:

Build Dummy Define Dummy Prefix Name OK
4. Position the dummy:

Manipulate Dummy

Translation of the Dummy:

Action: Transform Object: Full Dummy
5. Define Translation Vector:

Select the Dummy for Manipulation Apply
6. Rotation of a part of the dummy:

Action: Object: Method: Parts Power User Tools Relation Parameters Transform Part Dummy Rotate Select group Choose axis Define axis and angle
Apply 7. Write out the new positional dummy:

Export Dummy Select Original Dummy Name Select Output Dummys File Name OK
Integrating the Dummy into other FEM Models

The dummy model as delivered is using the following numbers Entity Grids Elements Material IDs Property IDs Minimum 20001 20001 20001 20001 Maximum 24138 24299 20017 20404
:The dummy date file hybridIII-50p.bdf as described above is set up such that the dummy can be easily integrated into an existing FEM model. The numbering of the grids in the dummy data set is consistent with the grid numbering in the ATBSEG entries and, whenever the grids of the dummy data set are renumbered, the grid numbering in the ATBSEG entries must be changed also in the same manner.

Defining Lap and Shoulder Belts

The belts are defined by means of CROD elements, referencing a PBELT property. The mass per unit length is defined and the load/unloading curves are defined on the PBELT entry. The load/unload curves are in force per unit strain.The initial position of the grid points is allowed to be a little bit inside or outside the contact surface. If the contact version BELT1 is chosen, the grids of the belt are automatically positioned on top of the master surface. The contact entries are: $ file: belt_contacts.dat $ ----------------------$BEGIN BULK $ ========================================================== $belt with the dummy $All gridpoints within a distance of 2.54 mm will be repositioned $$ belt gridpoints SET1,20100,70000t70058 $ SURFACE,20401,,PROP,20401 SET1,20401,20101,20303,20103,20302,20104,20301 CONTACT,101,GRID,SURF,20100,20401,1.0,1.0,1.0,+ +,BELT1,TOP,,,,,,SLAVE,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,2.54E-03 $ $ Check for contact with the digitized upper-legs: $ Upper legs (dummy shells) $ SURFACE,20402,,PROP,20402 SET1,20402,20304,20307 CONTACT,102,GRID,SURF,20100,20402,1.0,1.0,1.0,+ +,BELT1,TOP,,,,,,SLAVE,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,2.54E-03 $ $ ========================================================== $ ENDDATA The first 10 msecs of the calculation are being used to prestress the belt. In the experiment, the belt was pulled snug. This is simulated by introducing a small prestress strain during the first 5 msecs, and releasing the prestress strain during the following 5 msecs. The end points of the belts are connected to the sled by means of an RCONREL entry. The complete input for the belt elements is: $$ file: sled.dat $ -------------$PBELT,20100,101,101,.1860205,0.1,0.1,,201 $ $ Load/unload curve $ TABLED1,101,,,,,,,,+ +,0.0,0.0,.065,1779.288,.25,11120.55,XSMALL,ENDVAL,+

+,XLARGE,EXTRAP $ $ $ prestress table: $ -> first position the belt by giving a small prestress strain $ -> simulate pulling the belt snug, by releasing the prestress $ TABLED1,201,,,,,,,,+ +,.0,.0,25.E-3,0.02,50.E-3,0.0 $ $ Rconrel entry to connect the belt to the sled ellipsoid $ RCONREL,2,70001,GRID,70001 SETC,70001,SLED SET1,70001,70000,70001,70004,70005 $
Applying an Acceleration Field to the Dummy

Standard ATB is not able to apply an acceleration field to the segments. This capability has been introduced into the version integrated into Dytran by means of the ATBACC entry. To apply an acceleration pulse to the complete dummy, the following Bulk Data entries are specified. $$ file: acc_low.dat $ ================= $BEGIN BULK $Apply an x-acceleration to the dummy $ TLOAD1,1,201,,,202 $ $Offset with time to: $- allow the belt to prestress itself $ TABLED1,202,,,,,,,,+ +,0.0E+00, 0.0,1.0E-02, 5.0,2.0E-02,12.0,3.0E-02,17.0,+ +,4.0E-02,22.0,5.0E-02,23.7,6.0E-02,23.0,7.0E-02,19.0,+ +,8.0E-02,15.0,9.0E-02,12.5,1.0E-01, 7.5,1.1E-01, 1.0,+ +,1.2E-01, 0.0,1.3E-01, 0.0,XOFFSET,50.0E-3 $ $ Table is acceleration in G $ Use SCALE to convert it into m/s2 : 1 G = 9.8 m/s2 $ ATBACC,201,,9.8,1.0,0.0,0.0,,,+ +,LT,MT,UT,N,H,RUL,RLL,RF,+ +,LUL,LLL,LF,RUA,RLA,LUA,LLA,RHD,+ +,LHD $ ENDDATA

Comparison of the Results with Experiment

An animation of the simulation is available as an mpg file: Sledtest.mpg
Figure 6-13 shows the comparison with experimental data. The acceleration of the head, chest, and lower torso is requested in the ATB input file on Cards A.5 and Cards H.1. The acceleration curves are output in Dytran time history format because the following parameter was set:
PARAM,ATB-H-OUTPUT,YES Dytran generates a file name: SLEDTEST_ATB_H1.THS containing the accelerations in time. The accelerations are output in g.
Figure 6-13
Acceleration Time Histories for Low Severity Level

Appendix A: File EXAMPLE.AIN as generated by GEBOD

17 LT MT UT N H RUL RLL RF LUL LLL LF RUA RLA LUA LLA RHD LHD P W NP HP RH RK RA LH LK LA RS RE LS LE RW 16 SITTING HYBRID III 544.4602.45751.29691.2080 5.000 7.185 4.800-1.000 0.000 0.000 0.00-37.32 180.0 4 4.8900.06120.05930.0205 4.775 6.500 4.000 1.000 0.000-1.000 0.00 4.16 180.0 339.2162.62032.05171.7336 4.825 6.500 7.785 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 4.99 180.0 2 2.6680.02540.02570.0084 1.675 1.675 3.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 180.0 1 9.9210.14080.21280.1956 4.250 2.875 4.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00-26.58 180.0 613.7130.60920.59340.1068 2.950 3.050 7.285 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 4.13 180.0 7 7.2370.67080.67450.0397 2.165 2.050 9.750 0.000 0.000 2.000 0.00 -1.90 180.0 8 2.7560.00670.05240.0491 4.900 1.675 1.675 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.96 -9.57 158.2 913.7130.60920.59340.1068 2.950 3.050 7.285 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 4.13 180.0 0 7.2370.67080.67450.0397 2.165 2.050 9.750 0.000 0.000 2.000 0.00 -1.90 180.0 1 2.7560.00670.05240.0491 4.900 1.675 1.675 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.96 -9.57-158.2 2 4.5970.10240.09970.0109 1.900 1.800 6.000 0.000 0.000-1.000 0.00 -1.31 180.0 3 3.8000.11910.11280.0069 1.775 1.775 5.800 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 -1.31 180.0 4 4.5970.10240.09970.0109 1.900 1.800 6.000 0.000 0.000-1.000 0.00 -1.31 180.0 5 3.8000.11910.11280.0069 1.775 1.775 5.800 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 -1.31 180.0 6 1.2900.01140.00930.0036 1.000 1.870 3.650 0.000 0.000 0.000 -5.35 30.75 173.5 7 1.2900.01140.00930.0036 1.000 1.870 3.650 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.35 30.75-173.5 M 1 0 -2.15 0.00 -1.66 -0.35 0.00 2.56 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N 2 0 -0.35 0.00 -2.56 -0.89 0.00 5.85 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O 3 0 0.00 0.00 -5.96 0.00 0.00 2.76 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P 4 0 0.00 0.00 -2.84 -0.55 0.00 2.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Q 1 0 -0.11 3.15 1.24 0.00 0.00 -9.96 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 R 6 1 0.00 0.00 6.56 -0.20 0.00 -6.74 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 S 7 -8 -0.20 0.00 9.65 -2.12 0.00 -1.54 0 0.0 0.0 90.00 0.00 0.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00-10.00 0.00 T 1 0 -0.11 -3.15 1.24 0.00 0.00 -9.96 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 U 9 1 0.00 0.00 6.56 -0.20 0.00 -6.74 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 V 10 -8 -0.20 0.00 9.65 -2.12 0.00 -1.54 0 0.0 0.0 90.00 0.00 0.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00-10.00 0.00 W 3 0 -0.88 7.38 -2.66 0.00 0.00 -5.43 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 X 12 -8 0.00 0.00 4.94 0.00 0.00 -3.67 0 0.0 0.0 90.00 0.00 0.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.50 0.00 Y 3 0 -0.88 -7.38 -2.66 0.00 0.00 -5.43 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Z 14 -8 0.00 0.00 4.94 0.00 0.00 -3.67 0 0.0 0.0 90.00 0.00 0.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.50 0.00 13 -8 0.00 0.00 6.07 -0.30 0.00 -2.13 0 0.0 0.0 90.00 0.00 0.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.00 0.00 CARD B.1 1 CARD B.2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 CARD B.2 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0 B.3 0 0
CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0 CARD 0 0 0 0

LW -45.00 -45.00 -46.00 -47.00 -43.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 -44.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 -41.00 0.00 0.00 -42.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.200 1.200 0.350 0.192 1.000 1.000 0.500 0.500 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.500 0.500 0.000 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.000 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.000 0.500 0.500 0.000 0.500 0.500 0.000 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.32 10.00 0.00 0.00 2.32 10.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-8
0.00 0.00 6.07 -0.30 0.00 -2.13 0 0.0 0.0 CARD 90.00 0.00 0.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 1.00 0.00 34.38 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00CARD 0.00 1.00 0.00 34.38 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00CARD 0.00 1.00 0.00 15.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00CARD 0.00 1.00 0.00 15.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00CARD 0.00 1.00 0.00 7.50 75.00 75.00 1.00 55.00CARD 0.00 1.00 48.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00CARD 10.00 1.00 27.00 0.00 6.69 0.00 1.00 30.00CARD 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 7.50 75.00 75.00 1.00 55.00CARD 0.00 1.00 48.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00CARD 10.00 1.00 27.00 0.00 6.69 0.00 1.00 30.00CARD 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00100.00100.00 1.00 125.00CARD 20.00 1.00 52.00 0.00 4.65 0.00 1.00 65.30CARD 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00100.00100.00 1.00 125.00CARD 20.00 1.00 52.00 0.00 4.65 0.00 1.00 65.30CARD 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 4.32 0.14 1.00 55.50CARD 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 4.32 0.14 1.00 55.50CARD 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.01CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00CARD
B.3 0 0 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.4 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.5 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6 B.6

0.01 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 10 3 11 3 12 3 13 3
0.01 0.01 0.00 HEAD SURFACE 0.00 0.71 2.57 -175.98 0.71 358.00 BACK OF SHOULDER 0.00 1.62 0.01 -26.59 1.62 CHEST 0.00 0.55 48.30 1.31 5.46
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.00
0.00
-0.80 4495.67 0.75 -1.70 380.91 1.65 -1.40 73.49 1.35 -2.10 24.39 2.05 -2.10 40.04 2.03 -1.00 627.09 0.95 -1.40 -313.36 1.35 -0.45 2384.47 0.41 -1.40 81.94 1.35 -0.58 867.34 0.56 -1.90 3.92 1.84 -1.75 -2.08 1.70 -0.95 -704.17 0.89
0.00 -8953.11 3580.00 0.00 -678.22 483.00 0.00 -15.01 1586.00 0.00 -29.33 897.00 0.00 -12.49 1278.00 0.00 -1197.70 2031.00 0.00 504.61 1562.00 0.00 -10193.90 1394.00 0.00 -122.62 616.00 0.00 -401.61 1878.00 0.00 29.05 2236.00 0.00 0.00 432.00 0.00 3367.10 1212.00
0.00 6029.59 0.80 0.00 456.53 1.70 0.00 0.00 1.40 0.00 13.76 2.10 0.00 0.00 2.10 0.00 917.23 1.00 0.00 -196.37 1.40 0.00 19172.50 0.45 0.00 98.73 1.40 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.00 1.90 0.00 0.00 1.75 0.00 -5570.69 0.95
1.31 158.60 ANTERIOR PELVIS 0.00 2.02 -0.14 1.58 2.02 89.70 POSTERIOR PELVIS 0.00 1.96 -0.76 35.10 1.96 127.80 UPPER ARM 0.00 0.89 1.54 -30.63 0.89 FOREARM 0.00 -2.40 1.31 HAND 0.00 -0.04 203.10 1.31 107.37 156.20 0.38 -31.04
0.38 139.40 UPPER LEG 0.00 1.31 -0.28 14.19 1.31 KNEE 0.00 -0.04 61.60 0.54 2.22
0.54 187.80 FRONT OF LOWER LEG 0.00 1.78 -0.74 26.79 1.78 223.60 BACK OF LOWER LEG 0.00 1.66 -0.08 29.42 1.66 FOOT 0.00 -0.68 0.83 43.20 0.83 82.75 121.20
999 41
RIGHT SHOULDER JOINT
0.00CARD CARD CARD 0.00CARD CARD 35800.00CARD CARD CARD 0.00CARD CARD 4830.00CARD CARD CARD 0.00CARD CARD 15860.00CARD CARD CARD 0.00CARD CARD 8970.00CARD CARD CARD 0.00CARD CARD 12780.00CARD CARD CARD 0.00CARD CARD 20310.00CARD CARD CARD 0.00CARD CARD 15620.00CARD CARD CARD 0.00CARD CARD 13940.00CARD CARD CARD -29.09CARD CARD 6160.00CARD CARD CARD 0.00CARD CARD 18780.00CARD CARD CARD 0.00CARD CARD 22360.00CARD CARD CARD 0.00CARD CARD 4320.00CARD CARD CARD 3188.30CARD CARD 12120.00CARD CARD CARD
B.6 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.4 E.1 E.7

-4 8 151.000 0.000 87900.000 0.000 75.000 0.000 13700.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -312.000 11800.000 66.000 0.000 7780.000 3010000.000 68.000 0.000 22200.000 376000.000 89.000 0.000 22000.000 0.000 111.000 0.000 2470.000 17600.000 153.000 0.000 13000.000 0.000 42 LEFT SHOULDER JOINT -4 8 151.000 0.000 153.000 0.000 111.000 0.000 89.000 0.000 68.000 0.000 66.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 75.000 0.000 43 SEATED RIGHT HIP 4 0.000 7.000 472.000 952.000 30700.000 61400.000 1970000.000 0.000 17.000 1070.000 2160.000 69700.000 139000.000 4460000.000 0.000 8.000 182.000 358.000 11300.000 22500.000 721000.000 0.000 7.000 53.000 93.000 2570.000 5130.000 164000.000 44 SEATED LEFT HIP 19 19 87900.000 0.000 13000.000 0.000 2470.000 17600.000 22000.000 0.000 22200.000 376000.000 7780.000 3010000.000 -312.000 11800.000 13700.000 0.000
CARD E.7
CARD E.7 CARD E.7
CARD E.7 22.000 1910.000 123000.000 51.000 4340.000 279000.000 17.000 710.000 45100.000 13.000 173.000 10300.000 52.000 3830.000 246000.000 112.000 7670.000 492000.000 CARD 232.000CARD 15400.000CARD 983000.000CARD E.7 E.7 E.7 E.7
119.000 255.000 527.000CARD E.7 8690.000 17400.000 34900.000CARD E.7 557000.000 1110000.000 2230000.000CARD E.7 28.000 1410.000 90100.000 18.000 333.000 20500.000 50.000 2820.000 180000.000 23.000 653.000 41000.000 94.000CARD E.7 5640.000CARD E.7 360000.000CARD E.7 33.000CARD E.7 1290.000CARD E.7 81900.000CARD E.7 CARD E.7 52.000 3830.000 246000.000 18.000 333.000 20500.000 28.000 1410.000 90100.000 112.000 7670.000 492000.000 23.000 653.000 41000.000 50.000 2820.000 180000.000 CARD 232.000CARD 15400.000CARD 983000.000CARD E.7 E.7 E.7 E.7
4 0.000 7.000 22.000 472.000 952.000 1910.000 30700.000 61400.000 123000.000 1970000.000 0.000 7.000 13.000 53.000 93.000 173.000 2570.000 5130.000 10300.000 164000.000 0.000 8.000 17.000 182.000 358.000 710.000 11300.000 22500.000 45100.000 721000.000 0.000 17.000 51.000 1070.000 2160.000 4340.000 69700.000 139000.000 279000.000 4460000.000 45 SEATED LUMBAR SPINE 4 0.000 27600.000 105800.000 4742600.000 0.000 40800.000 19 4600.000 32200.000 179400.000 6800.000 47600.000 9200.000 36800.000 326600.000 13600.000 54400.000
33.000CARD E.7 1290.000CARD E.7 81900.000CARD E.7 94.000CARD E.7 5640.000CARD E.7 360000.000CARD E.7
119.000 255.000 527.000CARD E.7 8690.000 17400.000 34900.000CARD E.7 557000.000 1110000.000 2230000.000CARD E.7 CARD E.7 CARD 13800.000 18400.000 23000.000CARD 41400.000 50600.000 69000.000CARD 621000.000 1209800.000 2387400.000CARD 20400.000 61200.000 27200.000 74800.000 E.7 E.7 E.7 E.7
34000.000CARD E.7 102000.000CARD E.7

156400.000 265200.000 7010800.000 0.000 3000.000 18000.000 21000.000 69000.000 117000.000 3093000.000 0.000 6800.000 40800.000 47600.000 156400.000 265200.000 7010800.000 46 NECK PIVOT 4 0.000 700.000 4200.000 4900.000 8400.000 9800.000 96600.000 0.000 600.000 3600.000 4200.000 7200.000 8400.000 82800.000 0.000 300.000 1800.000 2100.000 3600.000 4200.000 41400.000 0.000 600.000 3600.000 4200.000 7200.000 8400.000 82800.000 47 HEAD PIVOT 4 0.000 3780.000 7980.000 96180.000 0.000 3600.000 7200.000 82800.000 0.000 1700.000 3500.000 41300.000 0.000 3600.000 7200.000 82800.000 999 0 0 0 19 490.000 4480.000 9380.000 600.000 4200.000 8400.000 250.000 2000.000 4100.000 600.000 4200.000 8400.000 0 0 0 19
482800.000 6000.000 24000.000 213000.000 13600.000 54400.000 482800.000
918000.000 1788400.000 3529200.000CARD E.7 9000.000 27000.000 405000.000 12000.000 15000.000CARD E.7 33000.000 45000.000CARD E.7 789000.000 1557000.000CARD E.7
20400.000 27200.000 34000.000CARD E.7 61200.000 74800.000 102000.000CARD E.7 918000.000 1788400.000 3529200.000CARD E.7 CARD E.7
1400.000 5600.000 12600.000 1200.000 4800.000 10800.000 600.000 2400.000 5400.000 1200.000 4800.000 10800.000
2100.000 6300.000 18200.000 1800.000 5400.000 15600.000 900.000 2700.000 7800.000 1800.000 5400.000 15600.000
2800.000 7000.000 29400.000 2400.000 6000.000 25200.000 1200.000 3000.000 12600.000 2400.000 6000.000 25200.000
CARD 3500.000CARD 7700.000CARD 51800.000CARD
E.7 E.7 E.7 E.7
3000.000CARD E.7 6600.000CARD E.7 44400.000CARD E.7 1500.000CARD E.7 3300.000CARD E.7 22200.000CARD E.7 3000.000CARD E.7 6600.000CARD E.7 44400.000CARD E.7 CARD E.7
980.000 5180.000 12180.000 1200.000 4800.000 10800.000 500.000 2300.000 5300.000 1200.000 4800.000 10800.000 0 0 0
1680.000 5880.000 17780.000 1800.000 5400.000 15600.000 800.000 2600.000 7700.000 1800.000 5400.000 15600.000 0 0 0
2380.000 6580.000 28980.000 2400.000 6000.000 25200.000 1100.000 2900.000 12500.000 2400.000 6000.000 25200.000 0 0 0
E.7 E.7 E.7 E.7
3000.000CARD E.7 6600.000CARD E.7 44400.000CARD E.7 1400.000CARD E.7 3200.000CARD E.7 22100.000CARD E.7 3000.000CARD E.7 6600.000CARD E.7 44400.000CARD E.7 0 0 CARD E.7 0CARD F.4
Appendix B: Complete ATB Input File for Sled Test Calculation

$ ========================= $ file: run50_commented.ain $ ========================= $--------------------------------------------------------------------------$ Model of a Sitting, 50 % Hybrid III $ $ The model contains comment lines, that start with a $ $ The atb code is not able to handle these kind of comment lines, so they need $ to be stripped out. This can be done easily by the following fortran code: $ $ program atb_clean $*

$* clean up comments in an atb input file $* $* 1) compile and link $* f77 -o atb_clean.exe atb_clean.f $* 2) clean up the input file with : $* atb_clean.exe < run50_commented.ain > run50.ain $* $ character*(80) line $ 1 continue $ read(*,(a),end=9900) line $ if (line(1:1).ne.$) then $ write(*,(a)) line $ endif $ goto 1 $ 9900 continue $ end $ $--------------------------------------------------------------------------$ Date & Restarts - Format (3A4,2I4,F8.0) $ $234A234A234I234I234F2345678 FEB. 13.1995 0 0 0.0 CARD A1A $--------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Comment - Format (20A4 / 20A4) $ SITTING HYBRID III DUMMY (50%) GENERATED WITH GEBOD CARD A1B FORD SLED TEST 112 MS ; 23.7 G PEAK ACCELERATION CARD A1C $--------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Units & Gravity definition - Format (3A4, 4F12.0) $ $ The influence of gravity is assumed to be negligible $ $234A234A234F23456789012F23456789012F23456789012F23456789012 M. N. SEC. 0.0 0.0 9.8 9.8 CARD A3 $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Integrator variables - Format (2I4, 4F8.0) $ $234I234F2345678F2345678F2345678F2345678 6 55 0.003 .000125 .001 .000125 CARD A4 $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Output and program control features - Format (36I2) $ $10203040506070809101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536 0 0-1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1CARD A5 $-----------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Number of segments & joints + name - Format (2I6, 8X, 5A4) $ $23456I23456A2345678A234A234A234A234A234 18 17 SITTING HYBRID III CARD B.1 $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Definition of the segments - Format (A4, 1X, A1, 10F6.0, I4) $ Format (12X, 3F6.0) $ $234XAF23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456I234 $1 LT 5197.78 .2777 .1465 .1365 .127 .182 .122 -.025 .000 .000 1 CARD B.2 .00 35.00 180.0 $2 MT 4 21.75 .0069 .0067 .0023 .121 .165 .102 .025 .000 -.025 1 CARD B.2 .00 .00 180.0 $3 UT 3174.45 .2961 .2318 .1959 .123 .165 .198 .000 .000 .000 1 CARD B.2

.00 $4 N $5 H
4.99 180.0 .043 .108 .043 .073 .076 .102 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1 1 CARD B.2 CARD B.2
2 11.87 .0029 .0029 .0009 .00 .00 180.0 1 44.13 .0159 .0240 .0221 .00-26.58 180.0
$6 RUL 6 61.00 .0688 .0670 .0121 .075 .077 .185 .000 .000 .000 1 CARD B.2 .00 4.13 180.0 $7 RLL 7 32.19 .0758 .0762 .0045 .055 .052 .248 .000 .000 .051 1 CARD B.2 .00 -1.90 180.0 $8 RF 8 12.26 .0008 .0059 .0055 .124 .043 .043 .000 .000 .000 1 CARD B.2 -2.69 -9.23-158.0 $9 LUL 9 61.00 .0688 .0670 .0121 .075 .077 .185 .000 .000 .000 1 CARD B.2 .00 4.13 180.0 $10 LLL 0 32.19 .0758 .0762 .0045 .055 .052 .248 .000 .000 .051 1 CARD B.2 .00 -1.90 180.0 $11 LF 1 12.26 .0008 .0059 .0055 .124 .043 .043 .000 .000 .000 1 CARD B.2 2.69 -9.23 158.0 $12 RUA 2 20.45 .0116 .0113 .0012 .048 .046 .152 .000 .000 -.025 1 CARD B.2 .00 -1.31 180.0 $13 RLA 3 16.90 .0135 .0127 .0008 .045 .045 .147 .000 .000 .000 1 CARD B.2 .00 -1.31 180.0 $14 LUA 4 20.45 .0116 .0113 .0012 .048 .046 .152 .000 .000 -.025 1 CARD B.2 .00 -1.31 180.0 $15 LLA 5 16.90 .0135 .0127 .0008 .045 .045 .147 .000 .000 .000 1 CARD B.2 .00 -1.31 180.0 $16 RHD 6 5.74 .0013 .0011 .0004 .025 .047 .093 .000 .000 .000 1 CARD B.2 -2.35-31.09-175.6 $17 LHD 7 5.74 .0013 .0011 .0004 .025 .047 .093 .000 .000 .000 1 CARD B.2 2.35-31.09 175.6 $ $ a segment connected to a vehicle -> used for connecting MSC/DYTRAN FEM model $ $234XAF23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456I234 $18 SLED 8 1.000 .0100 .0100 .0100 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.000 0.000 0.000 CARD B.2 $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Definition of Joints - Format (A4, 1X, A1, 2I4, 6F6.0, I4, 2F6.0 ) $ Format (14X, 9F6.0, 6I2) $ $234XAI234I234F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456I234F23456F23456 $2345678901234F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456I2I2I2I2I2 $I2 $1: LT-MT P M 1 0 -.05 .00 -.04 -.01 .00 .07 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 $2: MT-UT W N 2 0 -.01 .00 -.07 -.02 .00 .15 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 $3: UT-N NP O 3 0 .00 .00 -.15 .00 .00 .07 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 $4: N-H HP P 4 0 .00 .00 -.07 -.01 .00 .05 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3

.00 $5: LT-RUL RH Q 1 $6: RUL-RLL RK R 6 $7: RF-RLL RA S 7 $8: LT-LUL LH T 1 $9: LUL-LLL LK U 9 0 1 -8 0 1
.00
.00 .03 .00 .17 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 -.25 .00 -.17 .00 -.04 .00 -.25 .00 -.17 .00 -.04 .00 -.14 .00 -.09 .00 -.14 .00 -.09 .00 -.05 .00
.00
.00
.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
.00 .08 .00 90.00 .00 .00 -.01 90.00 .00 .00 .00 .00
0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00 .00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00 .00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00-10.00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00 .00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00 .00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00-10.00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00 .00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00 62.50 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00 .00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00 62.50 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 .00 15.00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0
-.01 .00 .00 55.00 .00 .00 .00 .00
.25 -.05 .00 90.00 .03 .00 .17 .00 .00 .00
.00 -.08 .00 90.00 .00 .00 -.01 90.00 .00 .00 .00 .00
-.01 .00 .00 55.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
$10: LLL-LF LA V 10 -8 $11: UT-RUA RS W 3 0
.25 -.05 .00 90.00 -.07 .00 .00 .00
-.02 .19 .00 90.00 .00 90.00 .00 .00
$12: RUA-RLA RE X 12 -8 $13: UT-LUA LS Y 3 0
.13 .00 .00 90.00 -.07 .00 .00 .00
-.02 -.19 .00 90.00 .00 90.00 .00 90.00 .00 .00 .00 .00
$14: LUA-LLA LE Z 14 -8 $15: RLA-RHD RW 13 -8 $16: LLA-LHD LW 15 -8
.13 .00 .00 90.00 .15 -.01 .00 90.00
.00 .00 .15 -.01 .00 -.05 0 .00 .00 CARD B.3 90.00 .00 .00 90.00 .00 .00 .00 15.00 .00 0 0 0 0 0 0 NJ1 1 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 CARD B.3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Joints spring characteristics - Format (2( 4F6.0, F12.0) ) $ Format (2( 4F6.0, F12.0) ) $ $23456F23456F23456F23456F23456789012$23456F23456F23456F23456F23456789012 $ .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 3.88 .00 .00 1.00 .00CARD B.4 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 3.88 .00 .00 1.00 .00CARD B.4 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.69 .00 .00 1.00 .00CARD B.4 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 1.69 .00 .00 1.00 .00CARD B.4 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .85 8.47 8.47 1.00 55.00CARD B.4 .00 .26 .00 1.00 48.90 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00CARD B.4 .11 1.13 1.13 1.00 27.00 .00 .76 .00 1.00 30.00CARD B.4 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .85 8.47 8.47 1.00 55.00CARD B.4 .00 .26 .00 1.00 48.90 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00CARD B.4 .11 1.13 1.13 1.00 27.00 .00 .76 .00 1.00 30.00CARD B.4 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 11.30 11.30 1.00 125.00CARD B.4 .00 2.26 2.26 1.00 52.00 .00 .53 .00 1.00 65.30CARD B.4 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 90.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 11.30 11.30 1.00 125.00CARD B.4 .00 2.26 2.26 1.00 52.00 .00 .53 .00 1.00 65.30CARD B.4 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 90.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .49 .02 1.00 55.50CARD B.4 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .49 .02 1.00 55.50CARD B.4 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00

0.00 NJ1 $---------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Joints viscous characteristics - Format (5F6.0, 18X , 2F6.0) $ Format (5F6.0, 18X , 2F6.0) $ $23456F23456F23456F23456F23456X23456789012345678F23456F23456 $ .136 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .136 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .040 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .022 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .113 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .113 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .056 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .056 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .000 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .113 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .113 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .056 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .056 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .000 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .011 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .011 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .011 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .000 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .011 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .011 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .011 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .000 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .056 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .056 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .000 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .056 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .056 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 .000 0. 30. 0. 0. 0. 0. CARD B.5 0.00 NJ1 $---------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Convergence tests settings - Format (12F6.0) $ $23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456 $ .01 .01 .012.5E-42.5E-4 .01 .10 .10 .102.5E-32.5E-3 .01CARD B6A .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6B .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6C .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6D .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6E .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6F .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6G .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6H .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6I .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6J .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6K .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6L .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6M .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6N .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6O .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6P .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00CARD B6Q .01 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .10 .10 .00 .00 .00 SLED $---------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Description of the crash vehicle deceleration - Format (20A4) $ ZERO ACCELERATION FOR SLED - WE APPLY ACCELERATION ON DYMMY CARD C1 $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$

$ - Angles of decelaration pulse vector from the inertial coordinate system $ - Initial velocity of the prescribed motion segment $ - Shape of the decelartion pulse $ $ Format (8F6.0, I6, 2F6.0, I6) $ $.....ANGLES.....|-VIPS|VTIME|--------X0-------|NATAB|-AT0-|-ATD-|-MSEG$23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456F23456I23456F23456F23456I23456 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -2 .000.01000 18CARD C2A 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CARD C2B $ $ - The x,y, and z components (gs) of the linear deceleration of the $ vehicle origin at time T(I) $ $ - The angular accelerations (deg/sec**2) about the local x,y and z axes $ of the vehicle at time T(I) $ $ Cards C.4 -> Format (10X, 6F10.0) $ $234567890F234567890F234567890F234567890F234567890F234567890F234567890 $XXXXXXXX|-Xlinear-|-Ylinear-|-Zlinear-|-Xangulr-|-Yangulr-|-Zangulr-| 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.000E-02 0.0 $ ZERO ACCELERATION FOR VEHICLE - WE APPLY ACCELERATION ON DYMMY CARD C1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -2 .000.01000 0CARD C2A 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CARD C2B 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 1.000E-02 0.0 $--------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Number of: - planes describing contact panels NPL $ - belts used to restrain the crash victim NBLT $ - airbags used to restrain the crash victim NBAG $ - contact ellipsoids or hyper-ellipsoids on Cards D.5 NELP $ - constraints on Cards D.6 NQ $ - spring-dampers on Cards D.8 NSD $ - harness-belt systems on Cards F.8 NHRNSS $ - wind force and drag coefficient functions on Cards E.6 NWINDF $ - joint restoring force functions on cards E.7 NJNTF $ - force and/or torque functions on Cards D.9 NFORCE $ $ Format (10I6) $ $23456I23456I23456I23456I23456I23456I23456I23456I23456I23456 $-NPL-|-NBLT|-NBAG|-NELP|-NQ--|-NSD-|NHRNS|NWIND|NJNTF|NFORCE 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 CARD D.1 $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Contact planes $ $ Cards D.2 -> a) FORMAT (I4, 4X, 5A4) $ b) FORMAT (3F12.0) $ 1 BACK SEAT CARD D2A $23456789012$23456789012$23456789012 -3.09131 -.27140 -.57808 -3.36387 -.27140 -1.1516 -3.09131 .27140 -.57808 2 BOTTOM SEAT CARD D2A $23456789012$23456789012$23456789012 -3.09131 -.27140 -.57808 -3.09131 .27140 -.57808 -2.66830 -.27140 -.57808 3 FLOOR $23456789012$23456789012$23456789012 -2.45313 -.27140 -.4251959 -2.45313 .27140 -.4251959

-2.21513 -.27140 -.4251959 4 TOE BOARD $23456789012$23456789012$23456789012 -2.21513 -.27140 -.4251959 -2.21513 .27140 -.4251959 -2.02641 -.27140 -.7561072 5 FIRE WALL $23456789012$23456789012$23456789012 -2.02641 -.27140 -.7561072 -2.02641 .27140 -.7561072 -2.02641 -.27140 -1.137110 $-----------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Contact (hyper)-ellipsoids $ $ Cards D.5 $ $-----------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Symmetry options => ALLWAYS REQUIRED $ => supply blank card for normal 3D motion $ $ Card D.7 - Format (18I4) $ CARD D7 $-----------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ CARDs E.1 - E.5 ; Functions referred to by: $ $ - Card F.1.b : Segment-Segment planes contact $ - Card F.2.b : Belt-Ellipsoid contact $ - Card F.3.b : Segment-Segment ellipsoid contact $ - Card F.4.b : Globalgraphic joint $ - Card F.8.c : Harness-Belt system $ - Card F.8.d1 : Harness-Belt system $ - Card D.8 : Spring-dampers $ - Card D.9 : Force or Torque applied to a segment $ $ $ CARD E.6 ; Functions referred to by: $ - Card F.7.b : Windforce $ $ 1 HEAD SURFACE CARD E.1 .00 .02 -.02 .00 .00 CARD E.2 .11432E+02 -.30820E+05 .30998E+08 -.24304E+10 .64440E+11 .00000E+00CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .02 9.09 .02 90.93 .02 909.32CARD E.4 2 BACK OF SHOULDER CARD E.1 .00 .04 -.04 .00 .00 CARD E.2 .44484E-01 -.46568E+04 .26264E+07 -.18411E+09 .48790E+10 .00000E+00CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .04 1.23 .04 12.27 .04 122.68CARD E.4 3 CHEST CARD E.1 .00 .03 -.04 .00 .00 CARD E.2 .24466E+01 .95623E+03 .50671E+06 -.40746E+07 .00000E+00 .00000E+00CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .03 4.03 .03 40.28 .04 402.84CARD E.4 4 ANTERIOR PELVIS CARD E.1 .00 .05 -.05 .00 .00 CARD E.2 -.62278E+00 .27671E+03 .16817E+06 -.79618E+07 .14706E+09 .00000E+00CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .05 2.28 .05 22.78 .05 227.84CARD E.4 5 POSTERIOR PELVIS CARD E.1 .00 .05 -.05 .00 .00 CARD E.2 -.33808E+01 .61472E+04 .27608E+06 -.33905E+07 .00000E+00 .00000E+00CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .05 3.25 .05 32.46 .05 324.61CARD E.4

UPPER ARM CARD E.1 .00 .02 -.03 .00 .00 CARD E.2 .68505E+01 -.53643E+04 .43238E+07 -.32512E+09 .98026E+10 .00000E+00CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .02 5.16 .02 51.59 .03 515.87CARD E.4 7 FOREARM CARD E.1 .00 .03 -.04 .00 .00 CARD E.2 -.10676E+02 .18804E+05 -.21606E+07 .13698E+09 -.20987E+10 .00000E+00CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .03 3.97 .03 39.67 .04 396.75CARD E.4 8 HAND CARD E.1 .00 .01 -.01 .00 .00 CARD E.2 -.17794E+00 -.54361E+04 .16441E+08 -.27672E+10 .20490E+12 .00000E+00CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .01 3.54 .01 35.41 .01 354.08CARD E.4 9 UPPER LEG CARD E.1 .00 .03 -.04 .00 .00 CARD E.2 -.12456E+01 .24851E+04 .56498E+06 -.33286E+08 .10552E+10 -.12240E+11CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .03 1.56 .03 15.65 .04 156.46CARD E.4 10 KNEE CARD E.1 .00 .01 -.01 .00 .00 CARD E.2 -.17794E+00 .38880E+03 .59803E+07 -.10902E+09 .00000E+00 .00000E+00CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .01 4.77 .01 47.70 .01 477.01CARD E.4 11 FRONT OF LOWER LEG CARD E.1 .00 .05 -.05 .00 .00 CARD E.2 -.32918E+01 .46918E+04 .27028E+05 .78858E+07 .00000E+00 .00000E+00CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .05 5.68 .05 56.79 .05 567.94CARD E.4 12 BACK OF LOWER LEG CARD E.1 .00 .04 -.04 .00 .00 CARD E.2 -.35587E+00 .51524E+04 -.14342E+05 .00000E+00 .00000E+00 .00000E+00CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .04 1.10 .04 10.97 .04 109.73CARD E.4 13 FOOT CARD E.1 .00 .02 -.02 .00 .00 CARD E.2 -.30249E+01 .14492E+05 -.48553E+07 .91402E+09 -.59535E+11 .13415E+13CARD E.3 3 CARD E.4 .02 3.08 .02 30.78 .02 307.85CARD E.4 14 CONTACT STIFFNESS CARD E.1 0.0 -.1016 0.0 0.0 1.0 CARD E2 2 CARD E4A 0.0 0.0 2.54E-02 17792.9 15 FRICTION FUNC 1 CARD E1 0.0 0.0 0.62 0.0 1.0 CARD E2 16 FRICTION FUNC 2 CARD E1 0.0 0.0 1.00 0.0 1.0 CARD E2 9999 CARD E.1 $----------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Joint restoring force functions : Cards E.7A - E.7D $ $ Referred to by Card F.5 : specifies what function is used by what joint $ 41 RIGHT SHOULDER JOINT CARD E.7 -4 8 151.000 .000 75.000 .000 .000 .000 66.000 .000 68.000 .000 89.000 .000 111.000 .000 153.000 .000 42 LEFT SHOULDER JOINT CARD E.7 9931.734 1547.949 -35.253 879.054 2508.356 2485.758 279.083 1468.857 .000 .000 1333.270 340096.906 42483.871 .000 1988.606 .000 CARD E.7

-4 8 151.000 .000 153.000 .000 111.000 .000 89.000 .000 68.000 .000 66.000 .000 .000 .000 75.000 .000 43 SEATED RIGHT HIP 4 .000 .791 53.331 107.566 3468.762 6937.523 222588.406 .000 1.921 120.898 244.056 7875.332 15705.470 503931.000 .000 .904 20.564 40.450 1276.776 2542.253 81465.063 .000 .791 5.988 10.508 290.382 579.634 18530.199 44 SEATED LEFT HIP 19 19
CARD E.7 9931.734 1468.857 279.083 2485.758 2508.356 879.054 -35.253 1547.949 .000 .000 1988.606 .000 42483.871 340096.906 1333.270 .000 CARD E.7 2.486 215.809 13897.650 5.762 490.372 31523.930 1.921 80.222 5095.805 1.469 19.547 1163.787 5.875 432.748 27795.301 13.446 981.875 62934.879 3.164 159.314 10180.310 2.034 37.625 2316.275 12.655 866.626 55590.590 28.812 1966.009 125417.797 5.649 318.629 20338.020 2.599 73.782 4632.551 CARD 26.213CARD 1740.031CARD 111068.203CARD E.7 E.7 E.7 E.7
4 .000 .791 2.486 53.331 107.566 215.809 3468.762 6937.523 13897.650 222588.406 .000 .791 1.469 5.988 10.508 19.547 290.382 579.634 1163.787 18530.199 .000 .904 1.921 20.564 40.450 80.222 1276.776 2542.253 5095.805 81465.063 .000 1.921 5.762 120.898 244.056 490.372 7875.332 15705.470 31523.930 503931.000 45 SEATED LUMBAR SPINE 4 .000 519.750 3118.497 3638.246 11954.240 20270.230 535861.688 .000 768.325 4609.953 5378.277 17671.480 29964.680 792143.313 .000 338.967 2033.802 2372.769 7796.242 13219.710 349475.000 .000 768.325 4609.953 5378.277 17671.480 29964.680 792143.313 46 NECK PIVOT 19 1039.499 4157.996 36902.211 1536.651 6146.602 54551.090 677.934 2711.736 24066.660 1536.651 6146.602 54551.090
5.875 432.748 27795.301 2.034 37.625 2316.275 3.164 159.314 10180.310 13.446 981.875 62934.879
12.655 866.626 55590.590 2.599 73.782 4632.551 5.649 318.629 20338.020 28.812 1966.009 125417.797
E.7 E.7 E.7 E.7
1559.248 4677.746 70166.188 2304.976 6914.926 103723.898 1016.901 3050.703 45760.551 2304.976 6914.926 103723.898
2078.998 5717.242 136694.094 3073.301 8451.578 202069.594 1355.868 3728.637 89148.313 3073.301 8451.578 202069.594
E.7 E.7 E.7 E.7

4 .000 79.092 474.554 553.646 949.108 1107.292 10914.740 .000 67.793 406.760 474.554 813.521 949.108 9355.488 .000 33.897 203.380 237.277 406.760 474.554 4677.746 .000 67.793 406.760 474.554 813.521 949.108 9355.488 47 HEAD PIVOT 4 .000 427.098 901.652 10867.280 .000 406.760 813.521 9355.488 .000 192.081 395.461 4666.445 .000 406.760 813.521 9355.488 19 55.365 506.191 1059.837 67.793 474.554 949.108 28.247 225.978 463.255 67.793 474.554 949.108
19
158.185 632.739 1423.662 135.587 542.347 1220.281 67.793 271.174 610.141 135.587 542.347 1220.281
237.277 711.831 2056.400 203.380 610.141 1762.628 101.690 305.070 881.314 203.380 610.141 1762.628
316.369 790.923 3321.877 271.174 677.934 2847.323 135.587 338.967 1423.662 271.174 677.934 2847.323
E.7 E.7 E.7 E.7
110.729 585.283 1376.206 135.587 542.347 1220.281 56.495 259.875 598.842 135.587 542.347 1220.281
189.822 664.375 2008.945 203.380 610.141 1762.628 90.391 293.771 870.015 203.380 610.141 1762.628
268.914 743.468 3274.421 271.174 677.934 2847.323 124.288 327.668 1412.363 271.174 677.934 2847.323
E.7 E.7 E.7 E.7
338.967CARD E.7 745.728CARD E.7 5016.711CARD E.7 158.185CARD E.7 361.565CARD E.7 2497.057CARD E.7 338.967CARD E.7 745.728CARD E.7 5016.711CARD E.7
$ $----------------------------------------------------------------------------$$ Allowed Contacts $$ Plane-segment contact (if NPL on Card D.1 > 0) $ $234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234 5 1 2 2 2 CARD F1A $-NJ-NS1-NS2-NS3-NF1-NF2-NF3-NF4-NF5-NX $ $ NJ = plane $ NS1 = segment to which plane is connected $ NS2 = segment that checks for contact $ NS3 = $ NF1 = function number of force deflection curve $ NF5 = function number of friction curve $ NX = ege option for contact $ $234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234$234 $ Back-seat with Lower Torso $ Middle Torso $ Upper Torso $ neck $ head 1 18 1 1 14 0 0 0 15 1 1 18 2 2 14 0 0 0 15 1 1 18 3 3 14 0 0 0 15 1 1 18 4 4 14 0 0 0 15 1 1 18 5 5 14 0 0 0 15 1 $ Bottom-seat with Lower Torso 2 18 1 1 14 0 0 0 15 1 $ Floor with Right Foot $ Left Foot

3 18 8 8 14 0 0 0 16 1 3 18 11 11 14 0 0 0 16 1 $ Toe-board with Right Foot $ Left Foot 4 18 8 8 14 0 0 0 16 1 4 18 11 11 14 0 0 0 16 1 $ Fire-wall with Right Foot $ Left Foot 5 18 8 8 14 0 0 0 16 1 5 18 11 11 14 0 0 0 16 1 $----------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Card F.3.a: segment-segment contact - Format (18I4) $ ******************** $ ***** is allways required ****** $ ******************** $ ==> blank card will specify that no segment-segment forces are to $ be computed by the program $ $ 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| 16| 17| 18| $234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234 CARD F3A $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Card F.4.a: Globalgraphic joints - Format (18I4) $ *************************************************** $ ***** is allways required if NJNT is nonzero on card B.1 ****** $ *************************************************** $ ==> IGLOB=1 for globalgraphic joint, $ blank or zero if otherwise $ $ 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| 16| 17| 18| $234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0CARD F.4 $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Card F.5.a: What joint is using what joint-restoring function - Format (18I4) $ **************************************************************** $ ***** is allways required if NJNT>0 (card B.1) and NJNTF>0 (Card D.1) ****** $ **************************************************************** $ $ 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| 16| 17| 18| $234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234I234 45 45 46 47 43 0 0 44 0 0 41 0 42 0 0 0 0 0CARD F.5 $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Card F.8: Harness-belt systems. $ $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Card G.1.a: - Plot info - Format (3F10.0, 6I4) $ - call to EQUILB or not $ - segment linear and angular velocities supplied or not $ - MSC-update: NSJF=0 -> use initial joint forces $ 1 -> subtract initial joint forces $ $ ******************* $ ***** is allways required ****** $ ******************* $ $234567890F234567890F234567890I234I234I234I234I234I234 1 CARD G1 $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Card G.2: Initial position/velocity of reference segments - Format (6F10.0) $ ******************* $ ***** is allways required ****** $ *******************

$ $234567890F234567890F234567890F234567890F234567890F234567890 -2.98508 0.00 -.710202 CARD G2 0.00 0.0 0.00 SLED $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Card G.3: Initial position/velocity of other segments - Format (6F10.0, 4I3) $ ******************* $ ***** is allways required ****** $ ******************* $ $234567890F234567890F234567890F234567890F234567890F234567890I234I234I234 $ LT 0.0000 21.9970 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 1. $ MT 0.0000 22.0130 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 2. $ UT 0.0000 22.0320 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 3. $ N 0.0000 -4.4170 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 4. $ H 0.0000 -4.4170 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 8. $ RUL 0.0000 106.1720 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 9. $ RLL 0.0000 49.6150 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 10 $ RF 0.0000 57.7190 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 11 $ LUL 0.0000 106.1720 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 12 $ LLL 0.0000 49.6150 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 13. $ LF 0.0000 57.7190 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 14. $ RUA 0.0000 53.4650 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 15. $ RLA 00.000 90.1750 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 16. $ LUA 0.0000 53.4650 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 17. $ LLA 00.000 90.1750 0.0000 3 2 1 CARD 18 $ RHD 0.0 90.614 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CARD G3P $ LHD 0.0 90.614 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CARD G3Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 SLED $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Card H.1: Linear acceleration time history output $ ******************* $ ***** is allways required ****** $ ******************* $ $ Card H.1.a: Format (I6, 2I3, 3F12.6) $ Card H.1.b: Format (I9, I3, 3F12.6 ) $ $23456I23I23F23456789012F23456789012F23456789012 $23456789I23F23456789012F23456789012F23456789012 $ Lower Torso 3 0 -1 0.000 0.000 0.000 CARD H1 $ Upper Torso 0 -3 0.000 0.000 0.000 CARD H1 $ Head 0 -5 0.000 0.000 0.000 CARD H1 $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Card H.2: Relative velocity time history output

$ ******************* $ ***** is allways required ****** $ ******************* $ $ Card H.2.a: Format (I6, 2I3, 3F12.6) $ Card H.2.b: Format (I9, 2I3, 3F12.6) $ $23456I23I23F23456789012F23456789012F23456789012 $ Lower Torso 3 0 -1 0.000 0.000 0.000 CARD H2 $ Upper Torso 0 -3 0.000 0.000 0.000 CARD H2 $ Head 0 -5 0.000 0.000 0.000 CARD H2 $------------------------------------------------------------------------------$ $ Card H.3: Relative displacement time history output $ ******************* $ ***** is allways required ****** $ ******************* $ $ Card H.3.a: Format (I6, 2I3, 3F12.6) $ Card H.3.b: Format (I9, 2I3, 3F12.6) $ $23456I23I23F23456789012F23456789012F23456789012 $ Lower Torso 3 0 -1 0.000 0.000 0.000 CARD H2 $ Upper Torso 0 -3 0.000 0.000 0.000 CARD H2 $ Head 0 -5 0.000 0.000 0.000 CARD H2 3 16 1 16 3 16 5 CARD H4 CARD H5 CARD H6 2 3 4 CARD H7 CARD H8 2 4 3 4 4 CARD H9 0 CARD H10A 3 2 CARD H11
Appendix C: File Create_fem_dummy.dat

$ SI Units: kg - meter - seconds $ -----------------------------$ $ file: create_fem_dummy.dat $ ========================== $ $ ----------------------------------------------------------------------$ This example shows how to create the necessary bulk data entries for $ easy positioning. $ ----------------------------------------------------------------------$ CHECK=YES PARAM,INISTEP,1.E-3 $ BEGIN BULK $ $ Define the segment contact ellipsoids $ -> card B.2 $ RELEX,LT,ATB RELEX,MT,ATB RELEX,UT,ATB RELEX,N,ATB RELEX,H,ATB

RELEX,RUL,ATB RELEX,RLL,ATB RELEX,RF,ATB RELEX,LUL,ATB RELEX,LLL,ATB RELEX,LF,ATB RELEX,RUA,ATB RELEX,RLA,ATB RELEX,LUA,ATB RELEX,LLA,ATB RELEX,RHD,ATB RELEX,LHD,ATB $ $ Tell DYTRAN to create the ATBSEGs & ATBJNTs with length of the $ bars/beams equal to: segment coordinate systems -> LENGTH=.025 m $ joint coordinate systems -> LENGTH=.05 m $ PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE,YES,HYBRID-III,.025,.05 $ $ atbseg 1 : name = LT $ will be covered with 72 (NUMELM) shell elements with: $ - Gridpoint ids start at 11000 (GSTART) $ - element ids start at 11000 (ESTART) $ - material id is 20001 (MID ) $ - property id is 20201 (PIDCOV) $ $ if PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE has been specified, beam elements$ representing the local coordinate system will be generated with: $ - Grid id of grid located at the origin = 20001 (G0 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local x-axis = 20002 (G1 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local y-axis = 20003 (G2 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local z-axis = 20004 (G3 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local x-axis = 20001 (EID1 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local y-axis = 20002 (EID2 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local z-axis = 20003 (EID3 ) $ - Property id of cbar elements = 20001 (PIDCG) $ - Material id of cbar elements = 20001 (MID ) $ $ if PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE has not been specified the position and $ orientation of the ATB segments as spcified on the G.2 and G.3 $ entries in the ATB input file will be overruled by the definitions $ given here. The local coordinate system is defined by: $ - Grid id of grid located at the origin = 20001 (G0 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local x-axis = 20002 (G1 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local y-axis = 20003 (G2 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local z-axis = 20004 (G3 ) $ $ ATBSEG ID NAME COVER NUMELM GSTART ESTART MID PIDCOV + $ + G0 G1 G2 G3 EID1 EID2 EID3 PIDCG $ ATBSEG ,1 ,LT ,YES ,72 ,11000 ,11000 ,20001 ,20201 ,+ + ,20001 ,20002 ,20003 ,20004 ,20001 ,20002 ,20003 ,20001 $ $ similar explanation for all the other atbsegs $ ATBSEG,2,MT,YES,72 ,11250,11250,20002,20202,+ +,20005,20006,20007,20008,20004,20005,20006,20002 $ ATBSEG,3,UT,YES,72 ,11500,11500,20003,20203,+ +,20009,20010,20011,20012,20007,20008,20009,20003 $ ATBSEG,4,N ,YES,72 ,11750,11750,20004,20204,+ +,20013,20014,20015,20016,20010,20011,20012,20004 $ ATBSEG,5,H ,YES,72 ,12000,12000,20005,20205,+ +,20017,20018,20019,20020,20013,20014,20015,20005 $ ATBSEG,6,RUL,YES,72 ,12250,12250,20006,20206,+

+,20021,20022,20023,20024,20016,20017,20018,20006 $ ATBSEG,7,RLL,YES,72 ,12500,12500,20007,20207,+ +,20025,20026,20027,20028,20019,20020,20021,20007 $ ATBSEG,8,RF,YES,72 ,12750,12750,20008,20208,+ +,20029,20030,20031,20032,20022,20023,20024,20008 $ ATBSEG,9,LUL,YES,72 ,13000,13000,20009,20209,+ +,20033,20034,20035,20036,20025,20026,20027,20009 $ ATBSEG,10,LLL,YES,72 ,13250,13250,20010,20210,+ +,20037,20038,20039,20040,20028,20029,20030,20010 $ ATBSEG,11,LF,YES,72 ,13500,13500,20011,20211,+ +,20041,20042,20043,20044,20031,20032,20033,20011 $ ATBSEG,12,RUA,YES,72 ,13750,13750,20012,20212,+ +,20045,20046,20047,20048,20034,20035,20036,20012 $ ATBSEG,13,RLA,YES,72 ,14000,14000,20013,20213,+ +,20049,20050,20051,20052,20037,20038,20039,20013 $ ATBSEG,14,LUA,YES,72 ,14250,14250,20014,20214,+ +,20053,20054,20055,20056,20040,20041,20042,20014 $ ATBSEG,15,LLA,YES,72 ,14500,14500,20015,20215,+ +,20057,20058,20059,20060,20043,20044,20045,20015 $ ATBSEG,16,RHD,YES,72 ,14750,14750,20016,20216,+ +,20061,20062,20063,20064,20046,20047,20048,20016 $ ATBSEG,17,LHD,YES,72 ,15000,15000,20017,20217,+ +,20065,20066,20067,20068,20049,20050,20051,20017 $ $ atbjnt 1 with name P connects atb segments 1 (LT) with 2 (MT)(see card B.3 in ATB input deck)if PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE has been specified, beam elements$ representing the joint coordinate systems will be generated with: $ -> coordinate system connected to atb segment 1 (LT) $ - Grid id of grid located at the origin = 20201 (G0 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local x-axis = 20202 (G1 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local y-axis = 20203 (G2 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local z-axis = 20204 (G3 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local x-axis = 20201 (EID1 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local y-axis = 20202 (EID2 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local z-axis = 20203 (EID3 ) $ - Property id of cbar elements = 20001 (PIDCG-LT) $ - Material id of cbar elements = 20001 (MID -LT) $ where: PIDCG-LT is the PIDCG as specified on ATBSEG,,LT $ MID -LT is the MID as specified on ATBSEG,,LT $ $ -> coordinate system connected to atb segment 2 (MT) $ - Grid id of grid located at the origin = 20205 (G4 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local x-axis = 20206 (G5 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local y-axis = 20207 (G6 ) $ - Grid id of grid located on local z-axis = 20208 (G7 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local x-axis = 20204 (EID4 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local y-axis = 20205 (EID5 ) $ - Cbar id of element representing local z-axis = 20206 (EID6 ) $ - Property id of cbar elements = 20002 (PIDCG-MT) $ - Material id of cbar elements = 20002 (MID -MT) $ where: PIDCG-MT is the PIDCG as specified on ATBSEG,,MT $ MID -MT is the MID as specified on ATBSEG,,MT $ $ $ ATBJNT ID NAME + $ + G0 G1 G2 G3 EID1 EID2 EID3 + $ + G4 G5 G6 G7 EID4 EID5 EID6

$ ATBJNT ,1 ,P ,,,,,,,+ + ,20201 ,20202 ,20203 ,20204 ,20201 ,20202 ,20203 ,,+ + ,20205 ,20206 ,20207 ,20208 ,20204 ,20205 ,20206 $ ATBJNT,2,W,,,,,,,+ +,20209,20210,20211,20212,20207,20208,20209,,+ +,20213,20214,20215,20216,20210,20211,20212 $ ATBJNT,3,NP,,,,,,,+ +,20217,20218,20219,20220,20213,20214,20215,,+ +,20221,20222,20223,20224,20216,20217,20218 $ ATBJNT,4,HP,,,,,,,+ +,20225,20226,20227,20228,20219,20220,20221,,+ +,20229,20230,20231,20232,20222,20223,20224 $ ATBJNT,5,RH,,,,,,,+ +,20233,20234,20235,20236,20225,20226,20227,,+ +,20237,20238,20239,20240,20228,20229,20230 $ ATBJNT,6,RK,,,,,,,+ +,20241,20242,20243,20244,20231,20232,20233,,+ +,20245,20246,20247,20248,20234,20235,20236 $ ATBJNT,7,RA,,,,,,,+ +,20249,20250,20251,20252,20237,20238,20239,,+ +,20253,20254,20255,20256,20240,20241,20242 $ ATBJNT,8,LH,,,,,,,+ +,20257,20258,20259,20260,20243,20244,20245,,+ +,20261,20262,20263,20264,20246,20247,20248 $ ATBJNT,9,LK,,,,,,,+ +,20265,20266,20267,20268,20249,20250,20251,,+ +,20269,20270,20271,20272,20252,20253,20254 $ ATBJNT,10,LA,,,,,,,+ +,20273,20274,20275,20276,20255,20256,20257,,+ +,20277,20278,20279,20280,20258,20259,20260 $ ATBJNT,11,RS,,,,,,,+ +,20281,20282,20283,20284,20261,20262,20263,,+ +,20285,20286,20287,20288,20264,20265,20266 $ ATBJNT,12,RE,,,,,,,+ +,20289,20290,20291,20292,20267,20268,20269,,+ +,20293,20294,20295,20296,20270,20271,20272 $ ATBJNT,13,LS,,,,,,,+ +,20297,20298,20299,20300,20273,20274,20275,,+ +,20301,20302,20303,20304,20276,20277,20278 $ ATBJNT,14,LE,,,,,,,+ +,20305,20306,20307,20308,20279,20280,20281,,+ +,20309,20310,20311,20312,20282,20283,20284 $ ATBJNT,15,RW,,,,,,,+ +,20313,20314,20315,20316,20285,20286,20287,,+ +,20317,20318,20319,20320,20288,20289,20290 $ ATBJNT,16,LW,,,,,,,+ +,20321,20322,20323,20324,20291,20292,20293,,+ +,20325,20326,20327,20328,20294,20295,20296 $ $ ---------------------------------------------------------------$ ENDDATA

Appendix D: Properties and Materials of Hybrid III Dummy

Bar elements representing ATB segment and joint coordinate systems. Digitized segments Name lower torso middle torso upper torso neck head right upper leg right lower leg right foot left upper leg left lower leg left foot right upper arm right lower arm left upper arm left lower arm right hand left hand ATB-name LT(1) MT(2) UT(3) N(4) H(5) RUL(6) RLL(7) RF(8) LUL(9) LLL(10) LF(11) RUA(12) RLA(13) LUA(14) LLA(15) RHD(16) LHD(17) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 pid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 mid
Covered ATB ellipsoids Name lower torso middle torso upper torso neck head right-upper leg right-lower leg right foot left-upper leg 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 pid 101 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Leg itself is modeled as dummy shells Leg itself is modeled as dummy shells Modeled as dummy shells mid

Name left-lower leg left foot right-upper arm right-lower arm left-upper arm left-lower arm right hand left hand
pid 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117
mid 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Name lower torso middle torso upper torso neck head right-upper leg right-lower leg right foot left-upper leg left-lower leg left foot right-upper arm right-lower arm left-upper arm left-lower arm right hand left hand
ATB-name LT(1) MT(2) UT(3) N(4) H(5) RUL(6) RLL(7) RF(8) LUL(9) LLL(10) LF(11) RUA(12) RLA(13) LUA(14) LLA(15) RHD(16) LHD(17)
pid 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
mid
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Digitized dummy shells (mid = 0) Name upper neck lower neck middle torso pid 301 302 303 head neck upper torso CONNECTING neck upper torso lower torso

Name right-upper leg right knee right ankle left-upper leg left knee left ankle right shoulder right elbow right wrist shoulder left elbow left wrist
pid 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 lower torso
CONNECTING front of right-upper leg right-lower leg right foot front of left-upper leg left-lower leg left foot right-upper arm right-lower arm right hand left-upper arm left-lower arm left hand front of right upper leg right lower leg lower torso front of left upper leg left lower leg upper torso right upper arm right lower arm upper torso left upper arm left lower arm
Bar elements inside torso These bars are used to generate an overlap in the contact surface where the legs and arms connect to the torso. In these regions there are sharp corners, and the belt might slip through. By using bar elements inside the torso, this problem is solved. Name right shoulder right leg left leg left shoulder pid 401 402 403 404 3 1 1 3 mid mid of upper torso mid of lower torso mid of lower torso mid of upper torso

Appendix E: Groups created by Session File for Positioning within MD Patran

Complete Dummy Group Name H3ALL H3FATB H3FDIGIT H3FJOINTS H3FSEGMENTCOORD H3FGRIDS ATB H3FGRIDSDIGIT H3FOVERLAPBARS Ankle Group Name H3ROTANKLEBLWLEFT H3ROTANKLEBLWRIGHT H3ROTANKLEBLWSYMM H3ROTANKLEABVLEFT H3ROTANKLEABVRIGHT H3ROTANKLEABVSYMM Elements of left foot Elements of right foot Elements of left+right feet Elements of complete dummy except left foot and dummy shells connecting lower left leg to left foot Elements of complete dummy except right foot and dummy shells connecting lower right leg to right foot Elements of complete dummy except left+right foot and dummy shells connecting lower left leg to left tool and dummy shells connecting lower right leg to right foot Contents Contents All FEM entities defining the dummy Covered ATB ellipsoids (shell elements) Digitized HIII surface (shell element) CBARS+grids representing the joint coordinate systems CBARS+grids representing the segment coordinate systems Covered ATB ellipsoids (grids only) Digitized HIII surface (grids only) Bar elements inside torso
Knee Group Name H3ROTKNEEBLWLEFT H3ROTKNEEBLWRIGHT H3ROTKNEEBLWSYMM H3ROTKNEEABVLEFT H3ROTKNEEABVRIGHT H3ROTKNEEABVSYMM Contents All items in this group use the same logic as is used for Ankle

Hip Group Name H3ROTHIPBLWLEFT H3ROTHIPBLWRIGHT H3ROTHIPBLWSYMM H3ROTHIPABVLEFT H3ROTHIPABVRIGHT H3ROTHIPABVSYMM Lumbar Spine Group Name H3ROTLSPINEBLW H3ROTLSPINEABV Thoracic Spine Group Name H3ROTTSPINEBLW H3ROTTSPINEABV Upper Neck Group Name H3ROTUPNECKABV H3ROTUPNECKBLW Lower Neck Group Name H3ROTLWNECKABV H3ROTLWNECKBLW Wrist Group Name H3ROTWRISTBLWLEFT H3ROTWRISTBLWRIGHT H3ROTWRISTBLWSYMM H3ROTWRISTABVLEFT

Group Name H3ROTWRISTABVRIGHT H3ROTWRISTABVSYMM Elbow Group Name H3ROTELBOWBLWLEFT H3ROTELBOWBLWRIGHT H3ROTELBOWBLWSYMM H3ROTELBOWABVLEFT H3ROTELBOWABVRIGHT H3ROTELBOWABVSYMM Shoulder Group Name H3ROTSHOULDBLWLEFT H3ROTSHOULDBLWRIGHT H3ROTSHOULDBLWSYMM H3ROTSHOULDABVLEFT H3ROTSHOULDABVRIGHT H3ROTSHOULDABVSYMM References 1. Prasad, P, CoR:<n=5>-<n=1>.\tmparative Evaluation of the Dynamic Responses of the Hybrid II and Hybrid III Dummies SAE paper 902318 (Also published in 2). 2. Backaitis, Stanley H., and Mertz, Harold J. eds., Hybrid III: The First Human-Like Crash Test Dummy. SAE PT-44 3. Obergefell, Louise A., Gardner, Thomas R., Kaleps, Ints, and Fleck, John T., Articulated Total Body Model Enhancements, Volume 2: Users Guide. January 1988.

Side Curtain Air Bag (Courtesy of Autoliv)

Problem Description
A folded side curtain air bag consists of an inflator, a horizontal distribution tube, and five vertical compartments. The five compartments are connected to the distribution tube with five holes. The purpose of this model is to predict the sequence of filling of the five vertical compartments.
Figure 6-14
Side Curtain Air Bag (folded pattern)
Figure 6-15
Side Curtain Air Bag (deployed pattern)
The properties of the bag membrane are as follows: Young's Modulus Poisons Ratio 2.6e8 .3 N/m2

Damp Factor Membrane Thickness Air properties: Density Gamma Gas Constant R 1.527 1.517 226.45
.1 .0007 m
kg/m3 m2/sec2*K
Initial conditions of air inside the bags: Density Specific Internal Energy Pressure Conditions environment: Pressure 101325. N/m^2 1.527 1.2815e5 101325.2222e2 kg/m3 m2/sec2 N/m2
Properties of the gas from the inflator: Gamma Gas Constant R Temperature Mass Flow Rate: 111.557 243. 400. m2/sec2*K K (assumed constant)

Figure 6-16
Mass Flow Rate Curve
Dytran Model
The Distribution Tube and the Vertical Compartments: For the distribution tube and for each vertical compartment, a separate coupling surface is defined. At locations where the holes are located, a subsurface is defined with dummy triangular shell elements. These dummy shell elements do not carry any stiffness and are only needed to obtain a closed surface and to define the flow connections between the distribution tube and each of the vertical compartments. The distribution tube is supported with two flanges that are fixed in space using a SPC. The coupling surface for the distribution tube is defined as: COUPLE,1,25,OUTSIDE,ON,ON,9,11,AIRBAG,+ +,10,,,,,,,,+ +,22 SURFACE,25,,PROP,125 SET1,125,3,10,14,200,201,301,302,+ +,303,304,305 The property IDs 301 through 305 represent the holes to the compartments. The coupling surface for the first compartment is defined with: COUPLE,2,35,OUTSIDE,ON,ON,,12,AIRBAG,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,23 SURFACE,35,,PROP,135 SET1,135,4,15,301

As can be seen in the coupling surface definitions, the dummy shell elements with PID=301 are common to the distribution tube and the first compartment. To allow gas flow between the distribution tube and the first compartment, these elements must be defined as a hole, using: COUPOR,1,9,301,PORFLCPL,3001,CONSTANT,1.0 PORFLCPL,3001,,,,2 The external pressure on the coupling surface of the distribution tube is defined as: COUOPT,1,11,,,,,,,+ +,CONSTANT,101325. Similar COUPLE, COUPOR, and COUOPT options are defined for each vertical compartment. The vertical compartments are not connected to each other and there are no external holes. The Inflator: The inflator is defined by an inflow boundary condition on a subsurface of the distribution tube: SUBSURF,1001,25,PROP,1001 SET1,1001,200 COUINFL,1,10,1001,INFLATR1,85,CONSTANT,0.7 INFLATR1,85,1,,350.,1.557,,243. TABLED1,1,,,,,,,,+ +,0.0,0.0,0.001,3.0,0.015,0.0 The inflator is assumed rigid and is rigidly constrained in all six directions: PSHELL,200,1,.00035 MATRIG,1,783. TLOAD1,1,1,,12 FORCE,1,MR1,,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0 MOMENT,1,MR1,,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0 The Eulerian Domains: The Eulerian domain for the distribution tube is defined by: MESH,22,ADAPT,0.009,0.009,0.009,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,300 The Eulerian domain is defined with the adaptive mesh functionality. This results in a fully automatic generation of the Euler domain, and the Euler domain will adapt itself according to the deploying coupling surface. A separate MESH option is defined for each vertical compartment. The element size for the vertical compartments is 11.0 mm, while the element size for the distribution tube is 9.0 mm. The distribution tube requires a smaller Euler element size to get an accurate calculation of the gas flow.

As the entire bag model is filled with the same inflator gas, only one property for the gas is required. All MESH options refer to the same Eulerian property: PEULER1,300,,HYDRO,19 The gas itself is represented by the Gamma Law equation of state: DMAT,3,1.527,3 EOSGAM,3,1.517,226.45 The gas inside the tube and the compartments is initialized with one set of options, using a very large sphere that contains to complete side-curtain airbag: TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,1,3,5,1.0 SPHERE,1,,0.0,0.0,0.0,500.0 TICVAL,5,,DENSITY,1.527,SIE,1.2815E5 Note that the pressure is not initialized directly, but indirectly using the density and the specific internal energy. By using the Gamma Law equation of state, the pressure is calculated by Dytran and is equal to 101325.0 Pascal. This initial pressure is equal to the external pressure defined on the COUOPT entries, to avoid motion at the beginning of the calculation. Contact: The contact between all layers is defined with one CONTACT option. Because we have one continuous surface, the single surface contact definition can be used. This airbag model is folded using offsets between the folds. For offset folded air bags, a special contact option is available. It is called the BPFULL contact option, which consists of two basic parts. One part looks for new nodal penetrations and the second part takes special care of contacts near sharp corners. The first part of the BPFULL contact is quite expensive but it is only necessary during the first few milliseconds of the calculation. This logic is switched off at 3 milliseconds, using the TENDNEW option. The GAP value is set equal to the thickness of the membranes (.0007 m). A rule of thumb for airbag simulations is to set the monitoring distance double the GAP value, the maximum penetration four times the GAP value, and the initial monitoring distance to a large number, so all potential future contacts are verified. Using the BPFULL option also activates the checking on crossing membrane layers that might have been introduced during the folding process. The default projection tolerances are used. For air bags, a value of 1.e-3 is typical. In summary, the following contact options are used
SEARCH GAP MONDISV PENV BPFULL
7.e-3 14.e-3 28.e-3
m m m

INITMON TENDNEW TOLPROJ1 TOLPROJ2
.1 3.e-3 1e-3 1e-3
m seconds
IMM The Reference Air Bag model: The air bag model is folded using offsets between all layers. Due to the nature of offset folding, the original element shapes are distorted, and it is necessary to use the Initial Metric Method (IMM). The bag model in unfolded shape (reference shape) is used to initialize the IMM strains in the folded model (initial model). The IMM strains are re-initialized every 5 milliseconds, using the following parameter: PARAM,IMM,,ON,5e-3,5E-3 The reference shape of the airbag is shown below. To activate the Initial Metric Method, the reference shape must be stored in a separate file, which is referenced using the IMMFILE option in the main input file. For example: IMMFILE=flat_imm.dat For more information about the IMM method, please see the User's Guide.
Figure 6-17
Reference Shape of Air Bag

Miscellaneous: 1. Because this model uses the coupling surface interface, the time step safety factor for Eulerian elements has to be .6. However, the Lagrangian elements (the bag membrane elements) determine the time-step, and it is beneficial to use a higher time step safety factor for the Lagrangian elements: PARAM,STEPFCTL,0.9 2. To speedup the simulation, sub-cycling is activated for the coupling calculations. During a subcycle, it is assumed that the coupling surface location remains constant, and therefore, the cover sections for each Euler element remains constant. The software will use a safety mechanism to determine the number of sub-cycles based upon the velocities of the coupling surface. The maximum number of sub-cycles is set by: PARAM,COSUBMAX,10 3. The pressure in each compartment will be monitored. For this, a surface output request is used: TYPE (Surface) = TIMEHIS SURFACES (Surface) = 3 SET 3 = 25 SURFOUT (Surface) = AREA VOLUME MASS PRESSURE TEMPTURE TIMES (Surface) = 0,thru,end,by,0.0001 SAVE (Surface) = 10000 For each compartment, another set of these is defined. 4. To visualize the gas flow in the Euler mesh, the following output request is used: TYPE (euler) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (euler) = 1000 SET 1000 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (euler) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL PRESSURE TIMES (euler) = 0,thru,end,by,1.E-3 SAVE (euler) = 1 There are six separate Euler domains, and different files are created for each Euler domain, using the naming convention: FOLDED_EULER_FV1_#.ARC FOLDED_EULER_FV2_#.ARC FOLDED_EULER_FV3_#.ARC FOLDED_EULER_FV4_#.ARC FOLDED_EULER_FV5_#.ARC FOLDED_EULER_FV6_#.ARC A new set of files is written at each output step.
Results
The model is set to run for 20 milliseconds. The Figure 6-18 below shows the average pressure in each of the 5 vertical compartments.

Figure 6-18
Average Pressures in Vertical Compartments
The air bag at the end of the calculation is shown below (Figure 6-19)
Figure 6-19
Air Bag at End of Simulation
The six Euler domains at the end of the simulation are shown in Figure 6-20:

Figure 6-20
Euler Domains at End of Simulation
Input Deck
Main Input file folded.dat:
MEMORY-SIZE = 6000000,6000000 IMMFILE=flat_imm.dat START CEND ENDTIME=0.02 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: folded TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ $ Output result for request: elements TYPE (elements) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (elements) = 1 SET 1 = 16805 THRU 16875 16877 THRU 16947 16949 THRU 18080 , 59 THRU 945 1067 1068 1069 1070 1181 THRU 1412 , 1423 THRU 2965 3076 THRU 3930 4041 THRU 4895 , 5006 THRU 5860 5971 THRU 7744 10855 THRU 12025 , 12138 THRU 12990 13103 THRU 13955 14068 THRU 14920 , 15033 THRU 15885 15998 THRU 16875 16877 THRU 16947 , 16949 THRU 18080 16805 THRU 16875 16877 THRU 16947 , 17005 THRU 18080 16949 THRU 17004 ELOUT (elements) = EFFSTS TIMES (elements) = 0,THRU,END,BY,4e-4 SAVE (elements) = 1 $ INCLUDE output_for_euler.ccf $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,INISTEP,1.0e-7 PARAM,MINSTEP,1.0e-8 PARAM,STEPFCTL,0.9 PARAM,IMM,,ON,5e-3,5E-3

PARAM,FASTCOUP PARAM,COSUBMAX,10 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK INCLUDE bag.bdf INCLUDE couple_settings.bdf INCLUDE euler_mesh.bdf INCLUDE fix_inflator.bdf INCLUDE pressure_gauge.bdf INCLUDE folded.bdf $------- Contact Definition ----CONTACT,25,SURF,,26,,,,,+ +,V4,BOTH,BPFULL,,0.0,.0007,,,+ +,,,DISTANCE,.0028,,0.45,DISTANCE,.0014,+ +,,10.E-3,,,,,.1,,+ +,,,1.E-3,1.E-3,,,,,+ +,3.e-3 $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * P_SET.1 * $ PSHELL1 1 2 MEMB +A000001 .0007 $ $ * P_SET.2 * $ PSHELL1 2 2 MEMB +A000002 .0007 $ $ * P_SET.3 * $ PSHELL1 3 2 MEMB +A000003 .00035 $ $ * P_SET.4 * $ PSHELL1 4 2 MEMB +A000004 .00035 $ $ * P_SET.5 * $ PSHELL1 5 2 MEMB +A000005 .00035 $ $ * P_SET.6 * $ PSHELL1 6 2 MEMB +A000006 .00035 $ $ * P_SET.7 * $ PSHELL1 7 2 MEMB +A000007 .00035 $ $ * P_SET.8 * $ PSHELL1 8 2 MEMB +A000008 .00035 $
+A000001
+A000002
+A000003
+A000004
+A000005
+A000006
+A000007
+A000008

$ * P_SET.14 * $ PSHELL1 14 2 MEMB +A000010 .00035 $ $ * P_SET.15 * $ PSHELL1 15 2 MEMB +A000011 .00035 $ $ * P_SET.16 * $ PSHELL1 16 2 MEMB +A000012 .00035 $ $ * P_SET.17 * $ PSHELL1 17 2 MEMB +A000013 .00035 $ $ * P_SET.18 * $ PSHELL1 18 2 MEMB +A000014 .00035 $ $ * P_SET.19 * $ PSHELL1 19 2 MEMB +A000015 .00035 $ $ * inlet.200 * $ PSHELL 200 1 .00035 $ $ * Euler.300 * $ PEULER1,300,,HYDRO,19 $ $ * face.201 * $ PSHELL 201 1 .00035 $ $ * diffusor.10 * $ PSHELL1 10 2 MEMB +A000016 .00035 $ PSHELL1 301 DUMMY PSHELL1 302 DUMMY PSHELL1 303 DUMMY PSHELL1 304 DUMMY PSHELL1 305 DUMMY $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Material Rigid id =1 MATRIG 1 783 +A000017
+A000010
+A000011
+A000012
+A000013
+A000014
+A000015
+A000016
+A000017

$ $ -------- Material Fabric id =2 DMATEL 2 783 2.6e+08 + .01 $ $ -------- Material Ideal_Gas id =3 DMAT 3 1.527 3 $ | $ -> density $ EOSGAM,3,1.517,226.45 $ | | $ | -> R $ -------> Cp/Cv $ $ -------- Material Webbing id =4 DMATEL 4 670 6.5e+09 + .1 $ $ Transient Dynamic Load TLOAD1,1,1,,12 $ translational velocity FORCE,1,MR1,,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0 $ rotational velocity MOMENT,1,MR1,,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0 $ ENDDATA The bulkdata file folded.bdf:
.3
.3
$ --- SPC-name = Attachments SPC1 1 123456 555 THRU 563 + 611 THRU 636 $ $ --- Define 6722 grid points --$ GRID 1 .0184701.0143125 .459878 GRID 2 .0125105.0143125 .459878 GRID 61 1.89e-08.0005000 .247850 GRID 62 1.45e-08.0005000 .172850 ... $ $ --- Define 13727 elements $ $ -------- property set P_SET.1 --------CTRIA3 59 1 183 252 61 CTRIA3 60 1 253 270 252 CTRIA3 61 1 252 270 61 CTRIA3 62 1 248 189 62 CTRIA3 63 1 213 247 62 CTRIA3 64 1 248 62 247 ... The IMM reference file flat_imm.dat: $ $ --- Define 6871 grid points --$ GRID 1 .0009375-.626128 GRID 2 .0009375-.626128 GRID 61 .0005000-.414100 GRID 62 .0005000-.339100
566
THRU
574+
.230000 .220000 .450000 .450000

... $ $ --- Define 13727 elements $ $ -------- property set P_SET.1 --------CTRIA3 59 1 183 252 CTRIA3 60 1 253 270 CTRIA3 61 1 252 270 CTRIA3 62 1 248 189 CTRIA3 63 1 213 247 CTRIA3 64 1 248 62 The Surface definitions file bag.bdf:
61 252 61 62 62 247
$ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ bag 1, connected to the inflator $ this surface is used for gbag/couple definition $ main bag SURFACE,25,,PROP,125 SET1,125,3,10,14,200,201,301,302,+ +,303,304,305 $SET1,125,3,THRU,8,10,14,THRU,19,+ $+,200,201 $ $ compartment 1 SURFACE,35,,PROP,135 SET1,135,4,15,301 $ $ compartment 2 SURFACE,45,,PROP,145 SET1,145,5,16,302 $ $ compartment 3 SURFACE,55,,PROP,155 SET1,155,6,17,303 $ $ compartment 4 SURFACE,65,,PROP,165 SET1,165,7,18,304 $ $ compartment 5 SURFACE,75,,PROP,175 SET1,175,8,19,305 $ $ this surface is used for contact (not 10, 200,201) SURFACE,26,,PROP,126 SET1,126,3,THRU,8,14,THRU,19 $ SUBSURF,301,25,PROP,1301 SET1,1301,301 $ SUBSURF,302,25,PROP,1302 SET1,1302,302 $ SUBSURF,303,25,PROP,1303 SET1,1303,303 $ SUBSURF,304,25,PROP,1304 SET1,1304,304 $

SUBSURF,305,25,PROP,1305 SET1,1305,305 $ $ define gasbag $ See section 2.1.1 in user manual for units $ $ define euler coupled airbag $ COUPLE,1,25,OUTSIDE,ON,ON,9,11,AIRBAG,+ +,10,,,,,,,,+ +,,22 COUPLE,2,35,OUTSIDE,ON,ON,,12,AIRBAG,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,23 COUPLE,3,45,OUTSIDE,ON,ON,,13,AIRBAG,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,24 COUPLE,4,55,OUTSIDE,ON,ON,,14,AIRBAG,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,25 COUPLE,5,65,OUTSIDE,ON,ON,,15,AIRBAG,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,26 COUPLE,6,75,OUTSIDE,ON,ON,,16,AIRBAG,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,27 $ .............................................................. $ inflator $ SUBSURF,1001,25,PROP,1001 SET1,1001,200 $ COUINFL,1,10,1001,INFLATR1,85,constant,0.7 $ | $ +- referenced by COUPLE entry $ INFLATR1,85,1,,350.,1.557,,243. $ | $ | $ +-> mass flow rate defined in TABLED1,1 $ TABLED1,1,,,,,,,,+ +,0.0,0.0,0.001,3.0,0.015,0.0 $ $ COUPOR,1,9,301,PORFLCPL,3001,constant,1.0 COUPOR,2,9,302,PORFLCPL,3002,constant,1.0 COUPOR,3,9,303,PORFLCPL,3003,constant,1.0 COUPOR,4,9,304,PORFLCPL,3004,constant,1.0 COUPOR,5,9,305,PORFLCPL,3005,constant,1.0 $ PORFLCPL,3001,,,,2 PORFLCPL,3002,,,,3 PORFLCPL,3003,,,,4 PORFLCPL,3004,,,,5 PORFLCPL,3005,,,,6 $ $ Model atmospheric pressure by PLCOVER on the COUOPT card $ $ -> referenced from couple card

$ | COUOPT,1,11,,,,,,,+ +,CONSTANT,101325. COUOPT,2,12,,,,,,,+ +,CONSTANT,101325. COUOPT,3,13,,,,,,,+ +,CONSTANT,101325. COUOPT,4,14,,,,,,,+ +,CONSTANT,101325. COUOPT,5,15,,,,,,,+ +,CONSTANT,101325. COUOPT,6,16,,,,,,,+ +,CONSTANT,101325. $ MESH,22,ADAPT,0.009,0.009,0.009,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,300 MESH,23,ADAPT,0.011,0.011,0.011,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,300 MESH,24,ADAPT,0.011,0.011,0.011,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,300 MESH,25,ADAPT,0.011,0.011,0.011,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,300 MESH,26,ADAPT,0.011,0.011,0.011,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,300 MESH,27,ADAPT,0.011,0.011,0.011,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,300 $ TICEUL,19,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,1,3,5,1.0 SPHERE,1,,0.0,0.0,0.0,500.0 TICVAL,5,,DENSITY,1.527,SIE,1.2815E5 The output request file output_for_euler.ccf: $ Output result for request: euler TYPE (euler) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (euler) = 1000 SET 1000 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT (euler) = XVEL YVEL ZVEL PRESSURE $ SIE XMOM YMOM ZMOM DENSITY TIMES (euler) = 0,thru,end,by,1.E-3 SAVE (euler) = 1 $ TYPE (Surface) = TIMEHIS SURFACES (Surface) = 3 SET 3 = 25 SURFOUT (Surface) = AREA VOLUME MASS PRESSURE TEMPTURE TIMES (Surface) = 0,thru,end,by,0.0001 SAVE (Surface) = 10000 $ TYPE (part1) = TIMEHIS SURFACES (part1) = 4 SET 4 = 35 SURFOUT (part1) = AREA VOLUME MASS PRESSURE TEMPTURE TIMES (part1) = 0,thru,end,by,0.0001

SAVE (part1) = 10000 $ TYPE (part2) = TIMEHIS SURFACES (part2) = 5 SET 5 = 45 SURFOUT (part2) = AREA VOLUME MASS PRESSURE TIMES (part2) = 0,thru,end,by,0.0001 SAVE (part2) = 10000 $ TYPE (part3) = TIMEHIS SURFACES (part3) = 6 SET 6 = 55 SURFOUT (part3) = AREA VOLUME MASS PRESSURE TIMES (part3) = 0,thru,end,by,0.0001 SAVE (part3) = 10000 $ TYPE (part4) = TIMEHIS SURFACES (part4) = 7 SET 7 = 65 SURFOUT (part4) = AREA VOLUME MASS PRESSURE TIMES (part4) = 0,thru,end,by,0.0001 SAVE (part4) = 10000 $ TYPE (part5) = TIMEHIS SURFACES (part5) = 8 SET 8 = 75 SURFOUT (part5) = AREA VOLUME MASS PRESSURE TIMES (part5) = 0,thru,end,by,0.0001 SAVE (part5) = 10000
TEMPTURE
TEMPTURE
TEMPTURE
TEMPTURE

Hybrid III 5th%-tile Dummy

Problem Description
In this part of the Example Problem Manual, a Finite Element model for the Hybrid III 5th%-tile small female dummy will be introduced. This dummy has been especially calibrated and validated for Out-OfPosition (OOP) situations as described in regulation FMVSS 208, revision 2001 and beyond set forward by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). In this chapter, the complete dummy is described first. This is followed by the description of the calibration tests that have been performed.
Figure 6-21
Finite Element Model for Hybrid III 5th%-tile
Model Description
The dummy model comprises 28 rigid body segments, linked together with multi-axis joints. Each body segment has predefined inertia properties, and surface contour. The inertia properties are defined through the MATRIG option, whilst rigid shell elements define the surface contour. Between the individual body segments, null elements may be defined to obtain a closed surface for smooth contact behavior. The kinematic joints, connecting the body segments, are modeled with directional springs (CELAST1) and dampers (CDAMP1).

The rigid bodies are connected with directional springs and dampers. For the neck area, the user may choose between two types of neck models. One is the Pivot Neck Model and the second is the Rubber Neck Model: 1. Pivot Neck Model: This model uses a series of rigid bodies connected with directional springs and dampers. There are solid elements between the rigid bodies, but they are only modeled to capture the inertia effects during the simulation. The stiffness is set to be very low. 2. Rubber Neck Model: The rigid parts of the neck are modeled with solid rubber elements. Contact is defined between the slits to avoid penetration during flexion of the neck. The spring and damper elements are completely deactivated when this model is chosen. The rubber elements have validated material properties. Tetra elements are used to model the slits to improve the quality and of the robustness of the behavior of the neck during flexion. The rubber is modeled with a linear viscoelastic material model.
Figure 6-22 Pivot and Rubber Neck Models The structure of linked rigid bodies is generally known as a tree structure. Starting at the Lower Torso, which is at the root of the structure, the tree branches out to the Legs, and Arms and Head, through the Upper Torso. Several coordinate systems are associated with each rigid body to define its properties and the linkage with adjoining bodies. Every rigid body has a coordinate system that defines the body center of mass and the three principal inertia axes. Each body, except the Lower Torso, which is at the root of the body structure, has a coordinate system which defines the location and orientation of the joint that connects it to its preceding, or Parent body. This coordinate system is referred to as the Joint Child Coordinate System. Body segments that have a connection to an outer branch of the tree structure, further have a coordinate system that locates the origin of that branch and its orientation relative to the parenting body. This coordinate system is referred to as the Joint Parent Coordinate System. Note that each body may have several children, but has only one parent. The relative position and orientation of the Joint Parent and Child coordinate systems determines the forces and moments that act between them. Depending on the body, two more types of coordinate systems may have been defined. For the Lower Torso, Upper Torso, and Head, a coordinate system is defined in the location and with the orientation of the accelerometers. Joint Parent coordinate systems in Femurs, Tibias and Neck double as coordinate frames for the load transducers that are present at these locations.

To help visualize the various coordinate systems, rod elements have been defined in their locations. For example of the Right Femur, see below:
Coord A: Right Femur Principal Inertia Frame Coord B: Right Femur Load Cell Parent Frame Coord C: Right Hip Joint Child Frame
A complete schematic overview of the dummy is attached in Appendix A: File EXAMPLE.AIN as generated by GEBODFor each of the body component, a set of SURFACEs and property SET1s are predefined that can be used when contact is required between the dummy and external objects such as air bags or the instrument panel. The detailed list of property and surface definitions can be found in Appendix B: Complete ATB Input File for Sled Test CalculationThe structure of the Dytran input deck necessitates that the dummy model data is split into two files. The file hyb305_case.mod contains the CASE data, comprising options for output of the dummy kinematics (into ARC files) and instrumentation responses (into THS files). The file hyb305_bulk.mod comprises the bulk data options defining the dummy model. The model defined in this file represents the dummy in so-called reference position. For a typical simulation analysis, the dummy will be used in a position and with an orientation that differs from this reference position. A utility program is provided to change the position and orientation of the dummy as a whole and of the limbs individually, to accommodate this. The user provides the desired location of the H-point, orientation of the Lower Torso, and rotation angles of arm and leg segments in a position definition file. The utility program hyb305 will then assemble a dummy model in the correct position and orientation from the hyb305_bulk.mod file and the user provided position definition file. The resulting bulk data files hyb305_bulk.dat and hyb305_case.dat can be included in a simulation model for analysis. Positioning or changing the orientation of dummy parts through other means may seriously affect the integrity of the dummy model and is therefore discouraged Details of the structure of the position definition file and the execution of the positioning program are contained in Appendix C: File Create_fem_dummy.dat Calibration Tests In this section the calibration simulations will be described. The simulation performed follows the guidelines of Ref 1. [Technical Report Development and Evaluation of the Hybrid III fifth Percentile Female Crash Test Dummy (H-III5F), NHTSA, August 1998]. However, the focus is on the dummy behavior during the impact of an air bag. To this end, only in the area of the neck and chest calibration tests have been performed. The head impact and knee impact are skipped at this point in time. Each one of the following sections will describe the details of the test and show the results.

Neck Extension Calibration Test Experiment In this test, the neck and head of the dummy are attached to a pendulum. The structure is then lifted to a specific height and released. The pendulum impacts a honeycomb block which will give it a certain deceleration profile. Due to the deceleration, the head of the dummy starts to show extension. In this test, the moment and the head D-plane rotation are measured as a function of time. Simulation The neck portion of the dummy was extracted from the main hybrid305_bulk.dat file and was attached to the pendulum by merging the MATRIG definitions using the parameter MATRMERG. In order to save CPU time, the simulation will start just before the pendulum contacts the honeycomb block. The contact with the foam will not be modeled, but instead the pendulum will be given a predefined rotational velocity profile. All the rest of the neck and head nodes will be given an initial rotational and translational velocity by using the TIC3 input option. At the moment of impact, the radial velocity of the system is 3.5523 Rad/sec. The force in rotational spring 1080051 and damper 1080052 will be monitored. This represents the moment at the occipital condyle. For the D-Plane, the locations of nodes 1080020 and 1080023 are monitored. These nodes are part of the coordinate system that describes the location and orientation of the head accelerometer. From the relative location of these two nodes, the orientation of the head D-Plane is calculated. Results
Figure 6-23 shows the results for the pivot neck and the rubber neck models for every 20 mseconds
followed by the time history graphics of the neck moment and the orientation of the head D-Plane.

Figure 6-23
Results of Neck Extension for the Pivot and Rubber Neck Models for every 20 mseconds

Figure 6-24
Time History of D-Plane Extension
Figure 6-25
Time History of Neck Extension Moment

Figure 6-26
Time History of D-Plane Moment Extension
Neck Flexion Calibration Test Experiment In this test, the same pendulum is used but the neck bracket will be mounted in the opposite direction.Also in this test, the neck moment and the head D-Plane rotation will be measured as a function of time. Simulation In this simulation, the same model will be used as the neck extension model, but the enforced rotational and initial velocity will be in the negative direction. Also, the absolute value of the radial velocity on the TIC3 option was increased to 4.14435 as the deceleration curve is different according to the NHTSA specifications. Results On the next page, the results for the pivot neck model and the rubber neck model for every 20 mseconds followed by the time history graphics of the neck moment and orientation of the head D-Plane.

Figure 6-27
Results of Flexion for the Pivot and Rubber Neck Models for every 20 mseconds

Figure 6-28
Time History of D-Plane Flexion
Figure 6-29
Time History of Neck Flexion Moment

Figure 6-30
Time History of D-Plane Moment Flexion
Thorax Impact Experiment In this calibration test, an impactor with a weight of 14 kg will contact the chest at a velocity of 6.47 m/s. Simulation First, the dummy was positioned using the hyb305 positioner, the arms and legs were straightened, then the floor and impactor were added to the test input file. A contact was defined between the impactor and the dummy chest. During the simulation, the force in the spring 1050031 was monitored and is the impact force. Also, the location of nodes 1040100 and 1050000 was monitored. The difference in x-position is a measure for the chest deflection. Results On the next page, the results for the thorax impact are given for every 10 mseconds followed by the graphs for thorax displacement in time and thorax force deflection curve.

Figure 6-31
Results of Thorax Impact of Dummy Model

Figure 6-32
Time History of Thorax Displacement
Figure 6-33
Time History of thorax Impact

Conclusions and Recommendations

Rubber Neck Model During extension, the rubber neck model fits the experiment very well, up to the time that the neck is bend backwards to approximately 90 degrees. At that moment, the rubber layers on the disks contact each other, and the peak moment that occurs at that moment is not captured completely. Some more attention to this contact modeling during extension will be given in a future release. In flexion, the rubber neck model initially follows the experimental data well, but then starts to show a too soft a behavior. Given that the same material properties in flexion are used as in extension, and the extension results were accurate, it can only be that the slit contact, the behavior of the tet elements during compression, or the material definition during compression are causing the softening. In a future release, more attention will be given to this slit contact and to a more detailed modeling of the rubber in the slit area. Pivot Neck Model During extension, the pivot neck model initially follows the experimental data well, but it appears that a stiffer contact between the disks is required. The extension side could also do with a little less damping, but it remains a concern this can be accomplished without affecting the flexion response. Perhaps, by lowering the damping little by little might help, yet care must be taken that a complete change in Eigen mode can occur when the damping becomes too small. These items will be investigated for a future release. In flexion, the pivot neck behaves excellent. Care must be taken that this behavior remains at this high level while further fine-tuning the behavior during extension. Thorax Impact The characteristics of the spring 1050031 were taken directly from the thorax experiment. This implies that the damper characteristics of the system are already included in the spring data. Therefore, the damper part of the chest deflection was deactivated for this release of the dummy. As a result, the chest deflection matches the experiment well, but since the damper was deactivated, the deflection returned to zero quicker than the experiment. For a future release, the chest model will be adapted to be modeled with both a spring and a damper. The chest deflection also needs to be validated against different velocities of the impactor.

Input Files
Neck Extension
CEND ENDTIME=0.120 ENDSTEP=99999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: neck_extension TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE(MR)=MRSUM STEPS(MR)= 0 THRU END BY 1000 $ TYPE(MAT)=MATSUM STEPS(MAT)= 0 THRU END BY 1000 $ TYPE(STEP)=STEPSUM STEPS(STEP)= 0 THRU END BY 25 $ $ Output result for request: neck_extension TYPE (elem) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (elem) = 1 SET 1 = ALLELEMENTS ELOUT (elem) = MASS TIMES (elem) = 0 THRU END BY 0.005 SAVE (elem) = 10000 $ TYPE (dplane) = TIMEHIS GRIDS (dplane) = 2 SET 2 = 1080020 1080023 GPOUT (dplane) = XPOS YPOS ZPOS TIMES (dplane) = 0 THRU END BY 0.0001 SAVE (dplane) = 10000 $ TYPE(loadcells) = TIMEHIS ELEMENTS(loadcells) = 1000003 SET 1000003 = 1080011, 1080012, 1080021, 1080022, 1080031, 1080032, 1080041, 1080042, 1080051, 1080052, 1080061, 1080062 ELOUT(loadcells) = XFORCE TIMES(loadcells) = 0.000 THRU END BY 0.0001 SAVE(loadcells) = 10000 $ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ BEGIN BULK $ PARAM, INISTEP, 1.0e-6 PARAM, MINSTEP, 1.0e-9 PARAM, GEOCHECK, ON PARAM, RBE2INFO, GRIDON PARAM, MATRMERG, FR1, MR1040000, MR2000000 $ INCLUDE hyb305_pivot_neck.dat $ $-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ BEGIN PENDULUM COMPONENT $--------------------------------------------------------------------------

GRID GRID GRID $ CQUAD4 CQUAD4 -
2000000 2000001 2000002
-.098729 .0381 .296886 -.098729 3.725-9 .296886 -.098729-.0381 .296886
2000000 2000000 2000000 2000001 2000004 2000003 2000001 2000000 2000001 2000002 2000005 2000004
$ pid mid form quad nip shfact ref cont PSHELL1, 2000000,2000000, , , , , , ,+ $ thick +, 0.005 $ mid rho E nu mass cogX cogY cogZ MATRIG, 2000000, , , , 29.57,-.047929, 3.027-9 ,2.13209 $ TLOAD1 1 1001 12 2000001 MOMENT,1001,FR1,,1,0,1,0 FORCE,1001,FR1,,0,0,0,0 $ TABLED1,2000001,,,,,,,,+ +,0,-3.5523,0.01,-2.664,0.02,-1.7170,0.03,-0.8288,+ +,0.04,0,ENDT $-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ END PENDULUM $-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ TIC3,1,2000040,,1.0,,,,,+ +, , , , ,-3.5523, ,,,+ + 1040010 THRU 1040013 1040020 THRU 1040023 1040200 THRU+ + 1040203 1041601 THRU 1041675 1060000 THRU 1060003 1060010+ + THRU 1060013 1060100 THRU 1060103 1061001 THRU 1061139+ + 1070100 THRU 1070103 1070110 THRU 1070113 1070190 THRU+ + 1070193 1070200 THRU 1070203 1070210 THRU 1070213 1070290+ + THRU 1070293 1070300 THRU 1070303 1070310 THRU 1070313+ + 1070390 THRU 1070393 1070400 THRU 1070403 1070410 THRU+ + 1070413 1070490 THRU 1070493 1070500 THRU 1070503 1070510+ + THRU 1070513 1070590 THRU 1070593 1070600 THRU 1070603+ + 1071001 THRU 1074344 1080000 THRU 1080003 1080010 THRU+ + 1080013 1080020 THRU 1080023 1081001 THRU 1081380 $ ENDDATA

Neck Flexion
START CEND ENDTIME=0.120 ENDSTEP=99999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: neck_extension TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE(MR)=MRSUM STEPS(MR)= 0 THRU END BY 1000 $ TYPE(MAT)=MATSUM STEPS(MAT)= 0 THRU END BY 1000 $ TYPE(STEP)=STEPSUM STEPS(STEP)= 0 THRU END BY 25 $ $ Output result for request: neck_extension TYPE (elem) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (elem) = 1 SET 1 = ALLELEMENTS ELOUT (elem) = MASS TIMES (elem) = 0 THRU END BY 0.005 SAVE (elem) = 10000 $ TYPE (dplane) = TIMEHIS GRIDS (dplane) = 2 SET 2 = 1080020 1080023 GPOUT (dplane) = XPOS YPOS ZPOS TIMES (dplane) = 0 THRU END BY 0.0001 SAVE (dplane) = 10000 $ TYPE(loadcells) = TIMEHIS ELEMENTS(loadcells) = 1000003 SET 1000003 = 1080011, 1080012, 1080021, 1080022, 1080031, 1080032, 1080041, 1080042, 1080051, 1080052, 1080061, 1080062 ELOUT(loadcells) = XFORCE TIMES(loadcells) = 0.000, THRU, END, BY, 0.0001 SAVE(loadcells) = 10000 $ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ BEGIN BULK $ PARAM, INISTEP, 1.0e-6 PARAM, MINSTEP, 1.0e-9 PARAM, GEOCHECK, ON PARAM, RBE2INFO, GRIDON PARAM, MATRMERG,FR1,MR1040000,MR2000000 $ INCLUDE hyb305_pivot_neck.dat $ $-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ BEGIN PENDULUM COMPONENT $-------------------------------------------------------------------------GRID 2000000 -.098729 .0381 .296886 GRID 2000001 -.098729 3.725-9 .296886

$ CQUAD4 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000001 2000004 2000003 CQUAD4 2000001 2000000 2000001 2000002 2000005 2000004 $ pid mid form quad nip shfact ref cont PSHELL1, 2000000,2000000, , , , , , ,+ $ thick +, 0.005 $ mid rho E nu mass cogX cogY cogZ MATRIG, 2000000, , , , 29.57,-.047929, 3.027-9 ,2.13209 $ TLOAD1 1 1001 12 2000001 MOMENT,1001,FR1,,1,0,1,0 FORCE,1001,FR1,,0,0,0,0 $ TABLED1,2000001,,,,,,,,+ +,0,4.14435, 0.01,2.0465, 0.02,1.253, 0.03,0.501,+ +,0.04,0,ENDT $ $-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ END PENDULUM $-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ TIC3,1,2000040,,1.0,,,,,+ +, , , , ,4.14435, ,,,+ + 1040010 THRU 1040013 1040020 THRU 1040023 1040200 THRU+ + 1040203 1041601 THRU 1041675 1060000 THRU 1060003 1060010+ + THRU 1060013 1060100 THRU 1060103 1061001 THRU 1061139+ + 1070100 THRU 1070103 1070110 THRU 1070113 1070190 THRU+ + 1070193 1070200 THRU 1070203 1070210 THRU 1070213 1070290+ + THRU 1070293 1070300 THRU 1070303 1070310 THRU 1070313+ + 1070390 THRU 1070393 1070400 THRU 1070403 1070410 THRU+ + 1070413 1070490 THRU 1070493 1070500 THRU 1070503 1070510+ + THRU 1070513 1070590 THRU 1070593 1070600 THRU 1070603+ + 1071001 THRU 1074344 1080000 THRU 1080003 1080010 THRU+ + 1080013 1080020 THRU 1080023 1081001 THRU 1081380 $ ENDDATA

Thorax Impact
START CEND ENDTIME=0.050 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: test TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ TYPE(MR)=MRSUM STEPS(MR)= 0 THRU END BY 1000 $ TYPE(MAT)=MATSUM STEPS(MAT)= 0 THRU END BY 1000 $ TYPE(STEP)=STEPSUM STEPS(STEP)= 0 THRU END BY 25 $ TYPE (HIII) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (HIII) = 1 SET 1 = ALLELEMENTS ELOUT (HIII) = MASS TIMES (HIII) = 0 THRU END BY 0.005 SAVE (HIII) = 100000 $ TYPE (grid_CG) = TIMEHIS GRIDS (grid_CG) = 2 SET 2 = 1040100 1050000 GPOUT (grid_CG) = XPOS YPOS ZPOS TIMES (grid_CG) = 0 THRU END BY 0.0001 SAVE (grid_CG) = 10000 $ $ Output result for request: contact TYPE (contact) = TIMEHIS CONTS (contact) = 4 SET 4 = 3 4 CONTOUT (contact) = XFORCE YFORCE ZFORCE FMAGN DMIN TIMES (contact) = 0 THRU END BY 0.001 SAVE (contact) = 100000 $ TYPE (loadcells) = TIMEHIS ELEMENTS (loadcells) = 5 SET 5 = 1080011, 1080012, 1080021, 1080022, 1080031, 1080032, 1080041, 1080042, 1080051, 1080052, 1080061, 1080062, 1050011, 1050012, 1050021, 1050022, 1050031, 1050032, 1050041, 1050042, 1050051, 1050052, 1050061, 1050062 ELOUT (loadcells) = XFORCE TIMES (loadcells) = 0.000 THRU END BY 0.0001 SAVE (loadcells) = 10000 $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,INISTEP,1e-7 PARAM,STEPFCT,0.9 $ $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ INCLUDE hyb305_bulk.dat

INCLUDE floor.dat INCLUDE impactbar.dat $ $ Rigid Impactor can move only in global X dir $ TLOAD1 1 1001 12 FORCE, 1001,MR1,,0.0, ,1.0,1.0 MOMENT,1001,MR1,,0.0,1.0,1.0,1.0 $ $ Rigid floor can not move $ TLOAD1 1 1002 12 FORCE, 1002,MR2,,0.0,1.0,1.0,1.0 MOMENT,1002,MR2,,0.0,1.0,1.0,1.0 $ $ ------- Initial Velocity BC vel ----SET1 1 1281154 THRU 1282050 TICGP 1 1 XVEL -6.47 $ $ -------- Contact between dummy and floor $ CONTACT 3 SURF SURF 2 1 + V4 TOP FULL 0.0 + + + 33 CONTFORC 33 3 3 33 $ TABLED1,3,,,,,,,,+ +,0.0,0.0,0.050,1000.0 $ TABLED1,33,,,,,,,,+ +,-1.000,-200.0,1.000,200.0 $ $ Slave contact surface: Dummy $ SURFACE 2 PROP 1011002 PROP 1091001 + PROP 1111001 PROP 1121001 PROP 1151001 + PROP 1191001 PROP 1201001 $ $ Master contact surface: Floor $ SURFACE 1 PROP 2 SET1 2 2 $ $ -------- Contact between chest and impactbar $ CONTACT 4 GRID SURF 4 1051001 + V4 TOP FULL 0.0 + + + 44 CONTFORC 44 4 4 5 $ TABLED1,4,,,,,,,,+ +,0.0,0.0,0.050,1000.0 $ TABLED1,5,,,,,,,,+ +,-1.000,-200.0,1.000,200.0 $
+ NONE+ + +
PROP 1101001+ PROP 1161001+
+ NONE+ + +

$ Slave contact gridpoints: Impactbar SET1 4 1281154 THRU 1282050 $ $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ $ * impactbar * $ PSOLID 1 1 $ $ * Floor * $ PSHELL 2 2 .003 $ $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ $ -------- Impactbar MATRIG 1 2590 7e+10 .3 $ $ -------- Floor MATRIG 2 7850 7e+10 .3 $ ENDDATA floor.dat: CQUAD4 1289794 2 1282051 1282052 1282073 CQUAD4 1289795 2 1282052 1282053 1282074 CQUAD4 1289796 2 1282053 1282054 1282075 CQUAD4 1289797 2 1282054 1282055 1282076 CQUAD4 1289798 2 1282055 1282056 1282077 ... GRID 1282051 GRID 1282052 GRID 1282053 GRID 1282054 ... impact_bar.dat: $ GRID 1281154 GRID 1281155 GRID 1281156 GRID 1281157 GRID 1281158 GRID 1281159 -.553700-.250000-.091000 -.478700-.250000-.091000 -.403700-.250000-.091000 -.328700-.250000-.091000
1282072 1282073 1282074 1282075 1282076
.176400-.006968 .176400-.013936 .211960-.013936 .211960-.006968 .247520-.013936 .247520-.006968
.267826 .289273 .289273 .267826 .289273 .267826
$ -------- property set impactbar_prop --------CHEXA 1289014 1 1282001 1282002 1281991 1281157+A000001 +A000001 1281156 1281155 CHEXA 1289015 1 1282002 1282003 1281992 1281159+A000002 +A000002 1281158 1281156 CHEXA 1289016 1 1282003 1282004 1281993 1281161+A000003 +A000003 1281160 1281158 CHEXA 1289017 1 1282004 1282005 1281994 1281163+A000004
1281990 1281154 1281991 1281157 1281992 1281159 1281993 1281161

+A000004 1281162 1281160 CPENTA CPENTA CPENTA CPENTA CPENTA 1289474 1289475 1289476 1289477 1289478 1 1 1 1 1 1282001 1282002 1282003 1282004 1282005 1281154 1281157 1281159 1281161 1281163 1282012 1282013 1282014 1282015 1282016 1282002 1282003 1282004 1282005 1282006 1281157 1281159 1281161 1281163 1281165 1282013 1282014 1282015 1282016 1282017

Appendix A: Overview of the Hybrid III 5th%-tile Dummy

Schematic Setup

Joint Information

General Numbering Information

Component Numbering Information

Joint Numbering Information
Appendix B: SURFACE and SET1 Definition

Surface Buttocks Lap ChestRib Jacket Back Chest SURFACE and SET1 Identification Number 1011002 1011003 1041001 1041002 1041003 1051001 Association Lower Torso Lower Torso, Abdomen, Femurs Upper Torso Upper Torso, Chest Upper Torso Chest Typical Usage Seat Contact Lap Belt Contact Chin to Chest Contact Belt and Airbag Contact Seat Contact Steering Wheel Contact

Surface Neck Head Chin Left Upper Leg Right Upper Leg Left Knee Right Knee Left-lower Leg Right-lower Leg Left Shoe Right Shoe Left-upper Arm Right-upper Arm Left-lower Arm Right-lower Arm Left Hand Right Hand
SURFACE and SET1 Identification Number 1071001 1081001 1081002 1091001 1101001 1111001 1121001 1151001 1161001 1191001 1201001 1231001 1241001 1251001 1261001 1271001 1281001
Association Neck Head Head Left Femur Right Femur Left Knee Right Knee Left Tibia Right Tibia Left Foot Right Shoe Left-upper Arm Right-upper Arm Left-lower Arm Right-lower Arm Left Hand Right Hand
Typical Usage Belt and Airbag Contact Airbag Contact Chin to Chest Contact Seat Contact Seat Contact Bolster Contact Bolster Contact Bolster Contact Bolster Contact Floor Contact Floor Contact Airbag Contact Airbag Contact Airbag Contact Airbag Contact IP Contact IP Contact
Appendix C: hyb305 Positioning

The positioning of the dummy can be done by means of a little fortran program, called hyb305.f. In the remainder of this text, it is assumed that the user has access to the executable form: hyb305.exe Definition file: hyb305.def
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 5th Percentile Hybrid III Dummy Database Definition Model @(#) HYB305 Developed For Unit System Release Status Performance : 1.0 : : : : 2003/05/01 :
Dytran 2003 kg, m, s, K NOT RELEASED Functional Model Only - NOT VALIDATED
IMPORTANT NOTICE: This Database is distributed under the GNU General Public License. This database can be freely used, redistributed and/or modified under

$ the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free $ Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or any later $ version, provided that this message is retained. $ $ This database is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but $ WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. $ See the GNU General Public License for more details $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$ $ $ NOTE: Interpretation of this file is case sensitive $ $ $ 1 = pivot model for Rubber Neck components $ 2 = FEM model for Rubber Neck components SELECT, NeckModel, 2 $ $ Note: Angles in Degrees $ $ nameID dim dof1 dof2 INIVAR, NumberingBase, 1, 1000000 $ $ translate in direction : forward left INIVAR, HPointPosition, 3, 0.000, 0.00, $ $ rotate around direction: forward left INIVAR, HPointAngle, 3, 0.0, 0.0, $ $ rotate around direction: forward left INIVAR, LowerTorsoAngle, 3, 0.0, 0.0, $ $ rotate around direction: left INIVAR, NeckBracketAngle, 1, 0.0 $ $ rotate around direction: left forward INIVAR, LeftHipAngle, 3, 0.0, 0.0, $ $ rotate around direction: left forward INIVAR, RightHipAngle, 3, 0.0, 0.0, $ $ rotate around direction: left INIVAR, LeftKneeAngle, 1, -90.0 $ $ rotate around direction: left INIVAR, RightKneeAngle, 1, -90.0 $ $ rotate around direction: left forward INIVAR, LeftAnkleAngle, 3, 0.0, 0.0, $ $ rotate around direction: left forward INIVAR, RightAnkleAngle, 3, 0.0, 0.0, $ $ rotate around direction: left vertical INIVAR, LeftShoulderAngle, 3, -90.0, 0.0, $ $ rotate around direction: left vertical INIVAR, RightShoulderAngle, 3, -90.0, 0.0, $ $ rotate around direction: left vertical
dof3 vertical 0.000 vertical 0.0 vertical 0.0
vertical 0.0 vertical 0.0
vertical 0.0 vertical 0.0 forward 0.0 forward 0.0

INIVAR, $ $ INIVAR, $ $ INIVAR, $ $ INIVAR,
LeftElbowAngle,
2,
0.0, left 0.0, left 0.0, left 0.0,
0.0 vertical 0.0 forward 0.0, forward 0.0, 0.0 0.0
rotate around direction: RightElbowAngle, 2, rotate around direction: LeftWristAngle, 2, rotate around direction: RightWristAngle, 2,

Reference Database


During a simulation with adaptive meshing, the Euler mesh changes continuously and adapts itself to follow the coupling surface moves and deformations. The Euler mesh adapts to the coupling surface by adding and removing elements. The adaptive algorithm ensures that the coupling surface is contained inside the Euler mesh at all times with the minimum amount of elements. This can save a lot of computational time but postprocessing can be a little tricky. Since the geometry can change at any cycle, Euler archives contain only one cycle. This makes postprocessing with Patran cumbersome, especially if one needs to postprocess several cycles. Usually, all one needs to do is to have Dytran output results of all cycles in one big archive and read that into Patran. Not so with adaptive meshing. Here, one has to read in a separate archive for each cycle which makes animation a difficult task. For this purpose, a postprocessor must have multi-model capability to postprocess the multiple archives each having a different geometry simultaneously. A new functionally now allows easy postprocessing with Patran. The user defines a box. This box consists of virtual elements and all adaptive elements completely inside the box will be mapped onto matching virtual elements, making virtual element real. Virtual elements have grid points that are compatible with real elements. Therefore, virtual and the real element have the same geometry and user number, but only the adaptive elements have nonzero element values. When a virtual element is written to output and if it has a matching real element the values of the real element are written out. The virtual elements that have no matching real element are written out with zeroes. Since this box is fixed during the simulation, the Euler element geometry does not change. Therefore, archives written with this option can contain multiple cycles and can be postprocessed by Patran. Then, also with Patran, one can make animations with adaptive mesh results. This new functionality is activated by specifying the STATBOX entries on the MESH entry. The size of the box can be chosen freely, but then, adaptive elements may be created that are outside of the box. The run will continue with a warning and no output will be written for elements that are outside. In general the box should be large enough to contain all adaptive elements that are created during the simulation. For an adaptive run the adaptive meshing summary in the OUT file lists the largest box that surrounds all adaptive elements. This box can be used to define the static output box. This option does not require a significant amount of CPU time.
Problem Description
To illustrate static output for adaptive meshing, example problem 6.1 will be run with the Euler solver.

Airbag Model
Dytran Modeling
For details, see Example 6 1. The GBAG is replaced by a MESH entry and COUPLE entry. The MESH entry will use adaptive meshing. MESH,1,ADAPT,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.002,0.002,-0.002,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,1,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,-0.538,-0.438,-0.242,1.060,0.960,0.880 The dimensions of the static output box are set by the STATBOX fields on the sixth line of the MESH entry. To get appropriate dimensions for the static output box the simulation is first run without the STATBOX option. In this OUT file, there are several messages about adaptive meshing that monitor the largest box that surrounds all adaptive elements so far. The last of this message reads: * * * * * * * POINT OF ORIGIN -0.5380E+00 -0.4380E+00 -0.2420E+00 * * WIDTH OF BOX * This is used on the STABOX fields. Also the simulation with STATBOX will show this message at the end. Therefore, the box is large enough to contain the complete deployment process. 0.1060E+01 0.9000E+00 0.4200E+00 NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN X,Y,Z DIRECTION: 53 44 21 SMALLEST BOX CONTAINING ALL ELEMENTS:

The coupling surface and inflator are defined by: COUOPT, 1, 10,,,,,,,+ +,CONSTANT, 101325. $ COUPLE,10,25,OUTSIDE,ON,ON, ,10,AIRBAG,+ +,10,,,,,,,,+ +, ,1 $ COUINFL,10,10,82,INFLATR1,82,CONSTANT,.01 INFLATR1,82,1,2,,1.4,,286. The Euler is initialized by: PEULER1,1,,HYDRO, 1,,,,,+ SPHERE, 1,, 0., 0. , 0., 1.E10 TICEUL,1,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,1, 5, 1, 1. TICVAL,1, , DENSITY, 1.500, SIE , 371500. To keep this example straightforward, no resizing has been applied. In this type of simulation, resizing is worthwhile and static output supports it. The mapping between statbox element and adaptive elements is one to one. Therefore, after each resize, the current Euler archive is closed and a new one is opened.
Results
All figures below where obtained by post processing just one Euler archive with Patran. The variable VOLUME indicates whether an element is really existing as an adaptive element or as nonexisting (VOLUME=0). The figures with Eulerian output show the first layer of element after x=0. The figure at cycle 0 of Volume shows that initially a lot of elements have been created by adaptive meshing. Many elements have been deleted as shown in the figure at cycle 219.


Velocities on the fmat=0.5 iso-surface for 20 ms and 60 ms.

Dytran Input File

NIF = FORM START Dytran input deck CEND CHECK=NO ENDSTEP=100000 ENDTIME=60.E-3 TITLE=INFLATION OF DEMO PASSENGER-BAG USING EULER TIC=1 SPC=1 TLOAD=1 $ -------------------------------------------------------------$ define the output for the euler elements: $ ELEMENTS(EUL) = 995 SET 995 = ALLEULHYDRO ELOUT(EUL) = PRESSURE,DENSITY,FMAT,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,SIE,VOLUME ELOUT(EUL) = XMOM,YMOM,ZMOM TIMES(EUL) = 0. THRU END BY 4.E-3 TYPE(EUL) = ARCHIVE SAVE(EUL) = 1000 $ $ -------------------------------------------------------------$ define the output for the membrane elements: $ ELEMENTS(AIRBAG) = 996 SET 996 = ALLMEMTRIA ELOUT(AIRBAG) = THICK,SMDFER TIMES(AIRBAG) = 0. THRU END BY 4.E-3 TYPE(AIRBAG) = ARCHIVE SAVE(AIRBAG) = 100000 $ $ $ BEGIN BULK $ Initial timestep & minimum timestep $ PARAM,FASTCOUP PARAM,INISTEP,0.7E-05 PARAM,MINSTEP,.5E-8 $ CTRIA3 1 501 1 12 13 CTRIA3 2 501 1 13 2 --------------CTRIA3 3514 505 1248 1242 2053 $ GRID 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 GRID 2 -.03 0.0 0.0 ---------------

GRID 2145 .15 .0496 -.04 $ $ First quarter $ PSHELL1,501,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 PSHELL1,502,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 ----------PSHELL1,513,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 $ $ Second quarter (PID first + 50) $ PSHELL1,551,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 PSHELL1,552,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 -----PSHELL1,563,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 $ $ Third quarter (PID first + 100) $ PSHELL1,601,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 PSHELL1,602,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 -----PSHELL1,613,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 $ $ fourth quarter (PID first + 150) $ PSHELL1,651,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 PSHELL1,652,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 ----------PSHELL1,663,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 $ $ Define the inflator as membranes with a SPC to keep it at its $ place. $ PSHELL1,505,1,MEMB,,,,,,+ +,5.E-4 $ $ ------------------------------------------------------------$ define the holes as dummy elements, so they have no strength $ --> No material associated with them either ! $

PSHELL1,510, PSHELL1,560, PSHELL1,610, PSHELL1,660, $
,DUMMY ,DUMMY ,DUMMY ,DUMMY
DMATEL,1,600.,6.E7,0.3 $ DMAT 5 .681864 1 EOSGAM 1 1.4 297. $ MESH,1,ADAPT,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.002,0.002,-0.002,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,EULER,1,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,,,,,,,,,+ +,-0.538,-0.438,-0.242,1.060,0.960,0.880 PEULER1,1,,HYDRO, 1,,,,,+ SPHERE, 1,, 0., 0. , 0., 1.E10 TICEUL,1,,,,,,,,+ +,SPHERE,1, 5, 1, 1. TICVAL,1, , DENSITY, 1.500, SIE , 371500. $ $ COUOPT, 1, 10,,,,,,,+ +,CONSTANT, 101325. $ COUPLE,10,25,OUTSIDE,ON,ON, ,10,AIRBAG,+ +,10,,,,,,,,+ +, ,1 $ $ $ COUINFL,10,10,82,INFLATR1,82,CONSTANT,.01 INFLATR1,82,1,2,,1.4,,286. $ TABLED1 1 + + 0.00E+00 0.0 0.50E-02 .15 0.10E-01 3.05 0.15E-01 3.2 + + 0.20E-01 3.25 0.25E-01 3.25 0.50E-01 2.8 0.55E-01 1.75 + + 0.60E-01 1.0 0.65E-01 .5 0.70E-01 0.0 0.10E+00 0.0+ + ENDT TABLED1 2 + + 0.00E+00 500. 0.50E-02 500. 0.10E-01 600. 0.10E+006.000E+0+ + ENDT SPC 1 253 123456 SPC 1 254 123456 ----------SPC 1 2145 123456 $ SURFACE,25,,SUB,42

$ SUBSURF,42,25,PROP,42 SET1,42,501,THRU,513,551,THRU,563,601,+ +,THRU,604,606,THRU,613,651,THRU,663 $ SUBSURF,81,25,PROP,81 SET1,81,510,560,610,660 $ SUBSURF,82,25,PROP,82 SET1,82,505 $ ENDDATA
Chapter 7: Quasi-static Analysis Dytran Example Problem Manual
Quasi-static Analysis

Overview
530
Comparison of Quasi-static Dytran to MD Nastran Shell Element Solutions 531

Overview
Overview
In this chapter, a number of example problems are presented that highlight the capabilities of Dytran in the area of Quasi-static Analysis. The user can find in these examples guidelines to model Quasi-static problems that include comparison of Dytran results with that of MD Nastran. The following example problem is described:
Chapter 7: Quasi-static Analysis 531

Comparison of Quasi-static Dytran to MD Nastran Shell Element Solutions

Problem Description
A simple curved plate is subjected to constant load on one end and supported on the other end. The motion of the nodes is damped by means of dynamic relaxation (VDAMP) to reach a static deformed state. The purpose of this model is to study the different options of the Dytran shell element formulations and compare it to the solution of MD Nastran.
Figure 7-1
Curved Plate with CQUAD4 Elements
Material of the Plate (M300 Steel) Density Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Yield stress Hardening modulus Initial Load Total Force = 76.5 N = 8027 Kg/m3 E = 2E+11 Pa = 0.3 y= 1.86E+9 Pa Eh= 4E+9 Pa

Dytran Model
A simple mesh is set up (see Figure 7-1). The curved plate, with overall length L = 0.3 m and width W = 0.1 m, is modeled with 800 CQUAD4 elements with a thickness of 2mm. The nodes near the holes of the plate are constrained in all direction. The nodes on the end of the plate are loaded by a constant force, using the combination of TLOAD1, FORCE, and TABLED1 options. In order to be able to compare the results with MD Nastran, the LOBATTO quadrature is used on the PSHELL1 option. This option will give the effective stress output on the face of the shell element. The model is run using both the KEYHOFF and BLT formulation. The analysis is performed in two steps: Step 1: In order to find the most optimal dynamic relaxation value (VDAMP), the first run is meant to capture the oscillation frequency of the nodes, which are subjected to load. The parameter VDAMP can be given in the following algebraic form:
2 V DA MP = -----------------t T
In which T denotes the natural period of free vibration and t is the time step used during the analysis. The latter represents DLTH in .OUT file and can be found constant throughout the analysis. The period T can be determined from the displacement versus time. Step 2: In the second, by defining the parameter VDAMP found using the first step, damp out the oscillations in the model.
Results
The correct solution of the undamped model is an oscillation with constant amplitude and frequency, around an equilibrium state. Figure 7-2 shows the displacement of the nodes at the free end of the plate for both the BLT and KEYHOFF shell formulations. The KEYHOFF shell element shows the correct behavior, while the BLT shell diverges over time. The reason for this is that the BLT element formulation does not capture a twisting deformation mode. Figure 7-3 shows the displacement of the nodes at the free end of the plate for the KEYHOFF model, with and without damping.

Figure 7-2
Resultant Displacement Time History of the Free Grid Point using BLT and KEYHOFF Shell Formulation
Figure 7-3
Resultant Displacement Time History of the Free Grid Point using KEYHOFF Shell Formulation (Damped and Undamped Models)

MD Nastran Results
MD Nastrans linear static solution (SOL 101) and the nonlinear static solution (SOL 106) give very similar results. See the table below. Maximum Displacement SOL 101 (linear statics) SOL 106 (nonlinear statics) 0.0203 m 0.0202 m Maximum Stress 3.42E8 Pa 3.43E8 Pa
It is important to note that MD Nastran by default computes the stress results on the face of the elements. The load increment is done in steps of five for the nonlinear static analysis.
Dytran Results
When shell elements undergo a large rigid body rotation, it is important to activate the rigid body rotation correction in the hourglass control (RBRCOR on the HGSUPPR option). The table below shows the results obtained for the damped model, using the KEYHOFF shell formulation, with and without the rigid body rotation correction. It can be seen that the result of Dytran compares well with MD Nastran. When the rigid body rotation correction is active, the displacements are identical, while the Maximum Stress differs by only 3.4%. Maximum Displacement (*) KEYHOFF without RBRCOR 0.0199 m (1.9%) KEYHOFF with RBRCOR 0.0202 m. (0.0%) (*) = difference with MD Nastran SOL 106 solution Maximum Stress (*) 3.11E8 Pa (9.0%) 3.55E8 Pa (3.4%)

Figure 7-4
Fringe Plots from MD Nastran Results
Figure 7-5
Fringe Plot for Dytran Results

Files
plate.dat PLATE.OUT PLATE_ELEM_0.ARC PLATE_GRID_0.THS
Dytran input file Dytran output file Dytran archive file Dytran time history file

START CEND ENDTIME=0.070 ENDSTEP=999999 CHECK=NO TITLE= Jobname is: dytranjob TLOAD=1 TIC=1 SPC=1 $ Output result for request: elements TYPE (elem) = ARCHIVE ELEMENTS (elem) = 1 SET 1 = 1 THRU 800 ELOUT (elem) = EFFSTS TIMES (elem) = 0 thru end by 0.0005 SAVE (elem) = 10000 $ TYPE (grid) = TIMEHIS GRIDS (grid) = 10 SET 10 = 977 713 449 GPOUT (grid) = XDIS YDIS ZDIS XFORCE RVEL RDIS RFORCE TIMES (grid) = 0 thru end by 0.0005 SAVE (grid) = 10000 $ $------- Parameter Section -----PARAM,CONTACT,THICK,0.0 PARAM,INISTEP,1e-7 PARAM,VDAMP,0.0001 $------- BULK DATA SECTION ------BEGIN BULK $ --- SPC-name = nodal_constraints SPC1 1 123456 11 14 15 16 42 43+A000001 $ $ --- Define 889 grid points --$ GRID 1 .100000.0750000 .00000 GRID 2 .100000 .100000 .00000 : GRID 1008 .106455 .00000.0005027 $ $ --- Define 800 elements $ $ -------- property set prop --------CQUAD4 1 1 7 19 5 2 CQUAD4 2 1 8 20 19 7 :

CQUAD4 800 1 975 229 226 1008 $ $ ========== PROPERTY SETS ========== $ * prop * $ PSHELL1 1 1 KEYHOFF LOBATTO +A000001 .0020 $ HGSUPPR,1,SHELL,1,,,,,,+ +,YES $ CORD2R 1 0 .3 0 .05-.617356 0-.348067 +A000007 .3 1 .05 $ $ ========= MATERIAL DEFINITIONS ========== $ $ -------- Material steel1 id =1 DMATEP 1 8027 2e+11 .3 1 YLDVM 11.86e+09 4e+09 +A000008 $ $ ======== Load Cases ======================== $ ------- Force BC nodal_force ----TLOAD1 1 9 0 2 FORCE 9 449 0 1 1.7913 0 -4.1281 : FORCE 9 977 0 1 1.7913 0 -4.1281 $ $ ================ TABLES ================= $ ------- TABLE 2: force_table ------TABLED1 2 +A000009 +A000009 0 0 .003 1 .07 1 ENDT ENDDATA
+A000007
+A000008


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Example Problem Manual

4 Dytran Example Problems Manual

Results 42 Files 44 Abbreviated Dytran Input File

Files 78 Abbreviated Dytran Input File

6 Dytran Example Problems Manual

8 Dytran Example Problems Manual

Results 220 Files 221 Abbreviated Dytran Input File

10 Dytran Example Problems Manual

Results 422 Files 425 Abbreviated Dytran Input File

12 Dytran Example Problems Manual

Chapter 1: Structural Dynamics Dytran Example Problem Manual

Impulsively Loaded Strip

Impulsively Loaded Cylindrical Panel

Hourglassing in Hexahedron Elements

14 Dytran Example Problem Manual

Chapter 1: Structural Dynamics 15

Impulsively Loaded Strip

= 0.3 y = 2.854 108 N/m2

16 Dytran Example Problem Manual

Numerical Model Layout

Chapter 1: Structural Dynamics 17

18 Dytran Example Problem Manual

Abbreviated Dytran Input File

Chapter 1: Structural Dynamics 19

THRU 31 THRU THRU 31

124 29 121 118 27

20 Dytran Example Problem Manual

Impulsively Loaded Cylindrical Panel

= 2.5 x 10-4 lb sec2/in4

= 0.33 y = 4.4 x 104 psi

Chapter 1: Structural Dynamics 21

Displacement of the Midpoint of the Crown Line

22 Dytran Example Problem Manual

Deformation and Effective Plastic Strain of the Cylindrical Panel

Chapter 1: Structural Dynamics 23

Abbreviated Dytran Input File

24 Dytran Example Problem Manual

-12.56 THRU 13 343 20

Chapter 1: Structural Dynamics 25

Taylor Test (a rod impacted against a rigid wall)

Johnson-Cook Material Model

Theoretical Approach Taylor

as function of the initial length

the impact velocity

the yield strength

and the density .

The assumptions made in this expression are:

Schematic Overview of the Taylor Impact Test

26 Dytran Example Problem Manual

Dytran CHEXA Model Impact of Cylinder - Quarter Model

Chapter 1: Structural Dynamics 27

Armco Iron Material Data Johnson Cook

Comparison of Dytran CHEXA Elements

28 Dytran Example Problem Manual

Dytran CTETRA Model Impact of Cylinder - Quarter Model

Comparison of Different Element Types in Dytran

Chapter 1: Structural Dynamics 29

Detailed Comparison of Different Element Types in Dytran

This theoretical reduction is based on an assumption of constant yield of 700 MPa.

30 Dytran Example Problem Manual

Dytran Simulation - von Mises Material Model with CHEXA - 2x2x2