SQL Summary

BNF notations {} means REPEATED ELEMENT, [] means OPTIONAL, | means OR

CREATE TABLE table-name

( column_name column_ type [attribute constraint]
{, Fname VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL}
[table constraint,
PRIMARY KEY (Ssn),
FOREIGN KEY (Dno) REFERENCES DEPARTMENT(Dnumber),
UNIQUE(Ssn)]);

ALTER TABLE schema.table ADD COLUMN column_name column_type()

ALTER TABLE schema.table DROP COLUMN column_name [CASCADE]

DROP TABLE table_name [CASCADE]

SELECT [DISTINCT] * | column_name | function DISTINCT removes

double results
FROM (table_name | joined_table)
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY column_name]
[HAVING group_selection_conditions]
[ORDER BY column_name [ASC | DESC]{, column_name [ASC|DESC]}]

INSERT INTO table_name (column_name, column_name, column_name)

VALUES (‘string’, number, variable)

DELETE FROM table_name

[WHERE selection_condition]

UPDATE table_name
SET column_name = value, column_name = value
[WHERE selection_condition]

JOINS
SELECT column (s)
FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 returns only matching values
ON table1.column =table2.column

OUTER JOINS
SELECT column (s)
FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 returns all on table1 plus matching on
table2
ON table1.column =table2.column

SELECT column (s)

FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 returns matching on table1 plus all on
table2
ON table1.column =table2.column
SELECT column (s)
FROM table1 FULL JOIN table2 returns all from both tables even
where none matching
ON table1.column =table2.column

EXAMPLES

SELECT Dname, COUNT(*)

FROM Department, Employee
WHERE Dnumber=Dno AND salary>40000
GROUP BY Dname
HAVING COUNT(* ) > 5
ORDER BY Dname(ASC);

SELECT SUM(salary), MAX(salary), MIN(salary), AVG(salary), COUNT(DISTINCT

salary)
WHERE (Salary BETWEEN 1000 AND 5000) AND Dno=5
WHERE Address LIKE ‘%Houston, Texas%’
WHERE column_name IS NULL

RENAME
(SELECT Fname AS Name, LName AS Surname, Salary AS YearlyIncome
FROM (select * from EMPLOYEE) AS TEMP
WHERE YearlyIncome >20 000) AS RICHONES

SELECT tablenameold AS tablenamenew (newcolname1, newcolname2,

newcolname3)

PROJECT
Comes automatically when you select a particular column/s
That is – it returns a table with a reduced schema

Data Types

SMALLINT – 16 bits integer

INTEGER – 32 bits integer
FLOAT(precision, scale) – floating point, a real number
DOUBLE(precision, scale) – floating point, a real number
DECIMAL(precision, scale) – formatted, a real number
NUMERIC(precision, scale) – formatted, a real number

CHAR(no of chars) – fixed length character string

VARCHAR(max no of chars) – variable length character string

DATE, TIME – date or time types YYYY-MM-DD and HH:MM:SS

TIMESTAMP – Current date and time YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS 123456
BOOLEAN – a true/false/unknown(in SQL) variable
BIT(n), BIT VARYING(n) – Anything (user defined)