)~(,[\)O

lfo..o\;'Oc>f:."COTf?fli ::O(J<)- 2nd European Conjorcnce on Tribology, June 7-10. Pisa. Ira tv

-<.

Aoo.ooo

G'(\DM

-~

!-OCl)

f,;I\~~Qc../(' ;<"0, (Low

cSd..9

lNTRODUCTlON Thc dcrnand to hy thc dcvclnpnll'1l1 gcarbox of

11('\\'

luhrit':Hin~ nih is an actu.t]

ilr

"l1igh

pcrfnflll;J,J1Cc".

EVALlIATrON n I PROCESS OF TWO LUBRICATlNG OlLS APPLlED TO A TH.RUST BEARING

.lcdicatcd

Pumpj:h.'K

rcduc .. 'r:'

...:h:l.lkngc

to

Pctrolcum

Engineering. Thousands purnps of this kind. also callcd "mcchanical horses", are commonly prC:'CIlI in inhabitcd or remete LOIlCS.. ~ good perfurmance of the lubricant oil is essential 10 ~a\ c mairuenance and opcration COSIS. The scope of this investigation is evaluatc lhe pcrf"H"mallce 01" I\VU typcs I.Jf these lubricauts. contaminated 01" a life of 10" cycles. lhe prcscnce of 3 luhricant film to characterize an EHD (ElasloHyuroDYlli.lmic:-,) or HD regime lubric.uiou ano xurc a ~1l100lh ruuuiug , characterizcu hv a contuct bctwecu lhe :-:olio:-. with low noisc, low heaung. low power uncouraminatcd. Juring

Marcelo Rcnney Alves de (-'reitas'. Leonardo Auuusto Moreira Dourado!. Clarisxa Daniellc Mendona ele Oliveira '. Ricardo Cum~1O". Joo Telsforo Nbrcga de Mcdt'iros:'i

fn lhe coruact

ZOIlt?

is cxscntial

1 Mcchanical Enuincer _ UFRN

- Nalal - RN - Brazil - I1lrenncy2000@yahon,co!11.br; Siudent - UFRN - Natal - RN - Brazil aI1lJ@vaho,co!11,br;

, Mechanical
'Malerials

Enginecring
lcouardo

consumpuon. Siach,,\\'iak CIHJ Balchelor. 2002121 Thc main conscquence ofthe failure of a lubricant film i;-; accelcrating lhe wear of lhe Hcrtz ian ZUIl~. ar lhe materiais under coruact, c.g .. by thc xurfacc faligue 01' contuct fatigue. a damauc mcchanism due to lhe surfuce 01' :-;uh~urt'al..'L' wcar ih.u rcducelhe lifc in scrvicc 01' g~ars aud bcariug, Medeiros. 2002 1I I About ~1 hal! Ceuuuv ago. Greeuwood ano \"':illi~l!lhOll 141 (C\V
J1l\1c1e1)

Engiuccriug SI~eI~nl- UFRN - Natal'>- RN - BrazilclarissalllcllJ (g;hOlmai l.corn: ;-vlLchanicJI E:llginccrillg - Schac!lkr \3ra;.,iJ LtJa. - Sorocaba - SP - i3razil CUl11inrc,,@schaemer.col11 :'i Professor 01' iVkchanical Enuinecrinu - UFRN - RN - Brazil - jte1csfor@yahoo,colll
j

were cnk-ul.ne

1.2,:;,5

C;LT Mcmbcr-

T~iholo~);

Studics

Group

-UFRN

- Nalal-

RN -l3razil

tnat for a cocfficieut "I' Iriction ",I" Ic" th.m 0.27, ihcrc would be a tendeucy to occur sub~urfacial damugcx, bccauxc lhe locus of m.rx irnum sheur stresx would occur in thc subsurface. Accordiuu this GW morlcl. tile d.uuagc gcncxi occurs bclow lhe surtucc, due to higher :-.trc:-.:-. - lcvcl anel thcn prop;Jgat~:-. itsclf iowards lhe surface. Severa! additional according studics wcrc made eonsidering as lhe stun point lhe GW model. So. thi-, th~()rctical modcl. lhe prcscncc of surlucc d.uuage suggcsts a bad

A BSTRr'.CT

lubrication. The aim of this work li as analyzc in process lhe sound. heai aud power consurupuon of thrust bearinc track surfaccs lubricated with lWO oils, coruaminated 01' no, by means of laboratory te;lings anel, acr each test, procccd to a Microscopic inspection of lhe track surfaccs.

Two lubricatinu nils werc submiucd lU a triboloaical evaluation ano lhe rcxuhx wil! be presenied in thi:') work. The oils in study. A and~ B, are used in gearbox reduceres of a purnpjack. a purnpi]; systcm 01' lhe Pctrolcum Engineering. Thesc lypcs of oil (cmu arni ncd 01' uncoru: .nninatcd) necd to satisfy lhe lubrication nonconformal (hclical anel spur ~'ar:-.) and contorrual (l~lrillg~) contact s. In this investigution. the oil }\ is cUITeIH(Y uvai lahle hUI lhe nil " i, new oi!. L'\\inmercially unavailable and designed for irnprove thc perfonnance of a tribological svstem. An equipment was developed in lhe laboratory attcr .m adapuuion of a convcurional bcnch drill (1/3 HP. ::>45 W). The tesungs were pcrtorrned using ~I thrust bc.uiug dcsigned as 51100. in a coudition "as acquired coinmcrciallv". under a normal loaeling of 270 N anel 2.340 cpm. The lubricants (A) .ind 0:\) wcre uscd in lhe conuuuincd 01' uncontaminatcd condirions. The il coruaminarus wcrc dcbris ot oxidizcd SICC!. A dJU acquisition syslem collccied lhe

ar

~L\ TERlALS A bcnch test rig lI'as dcvcloped in laboratory

ANO ~IETHODS using an adapted bench drill. which uses a

thrust bearing ln this study available).

as COUpOI\ inscrtcd iuto a cup containing a luhricant. il \\'3, uscd a sct of thrust bcarings FAG, model mouon. wcre inuncrscd

51100

(commercially
lO

Thc coruponcntx, in rclativc

iu an oil bath in arder

characlerize a sv-tcm of hvdrodvuamic lubrication. Before each testiuu. it \4.'I...'I:t..' perforrued an ultrasouic halh in thc coupous using isopropyl alcohol for I O t1lil~. Thell ihcv \vl'n~~dried air. This sanh..' procedurc \\'as udopicd

:lhO!

temperature ucar lhe contaci. lhe environmcnt tcmpl'raturc, lhe pO\\'cr dcmand of lhe elccuic motor and lhe Sound Prcssure Levei. Thc clastic cnergy of vibrntiou was rouohlv evalu:tlcd hv lhe overall vihratjqll vclocitv. After the testings. the lrack surraces we,~ ;I1JlvzecI bv Scanning Eleclrol1 Micr\lscnp~ (SEM). The main (bta acquirccl are shown

after the final of cach ll'sting:

The coni act :-.urfacl...':-i werc allalyz~d

~Y Scalllling
\Vl:r~ 1..)(

LJectrul1

Microscopy (SEM), Two lubricaling oib .,:\,. and "B"" sr~ciricd for g~arh()x n::duccr:-., "A"and "8" \-\'~re u:-.cJ ,,"ilhout 01' with COlll~lI11inallh (at 10 q() tIla:-;:-;) sieved in arder from abrasive d~bri, After the screenin~ 10" cycles, a nonnai

\~slt:d. Both 1Il~lallic oxide:-;.

and graph~

\,"crc nutlincd

to cnablc

a l'oll1!~arisnn of the results.

to pa:-.:-.lhe #50 mesh sievc: Jllel \\'~ISret:lilled UIl # 100 IHeslt. obtained "I' id.\NT 1045 ,tcel, "cale'" ai 673 I< dllrillg abouI olle hour, le:-.till~s. il was ~sl:1hli:-.ht:d ;1:-. a ~lJppillg critcrioll a life af IclCld(ch,ad IVcighl ,VSlCII1I 01' 270 N alld a ,hart 1'01:111011011 speeel 01'

Keywords:

P~trolclll1l

Enginccring,

LuhricJ111

Oil. BC:1[:ing, Surface

Fatigue.

2,340 Cpll1. The ElcL'trical Powcr delll~lIlded hy tile ckclriL' molor \vas measured by :"In Electrical Powcr .-\cqlli,ilioll SySlClll lIlodcl l.\rvlIlell I:::T-4090 01' Minipa [nstrulIlenls

929

930

'.

coupled to a cornputer. tlk' Tcmpcr.uurc IlC:J.r(at 2,00::0.2:' rnm j lhe cornact and lhe Environment Tempcr.nurc werc measured hy [WO therrnocouplcs lype J coupled to a Tcrnpcr.uure Acqui-uion Sy-tcm modcl TII-OtO nf lnstrurhcrm couplcd to 3 cornputer. lhe Sound Pressurc Levei \\ as mcaxurcd hy a Sound Prcssure l.cvel Meter Lutron model SL--+OI2 01' lmpac L"lUpkJ t4) J compuicr JIlJ lhe 0\'':1'311 Vihrariou Velocitv was measured (anJ thc valucs manually rcgistcred) by mcans of J commcrcial Pouable Vibration Meter

j10\1.:el"

consumpuon around I n.S lj( m01"1...' cconomic.il ihan iis congcncr lubricatcd with thc oil "A". ano alter 3 hours. circle (2). :1 slJ"ong perturbation occurred. which is suggc:->lL'dhy lhe \..UfTCinclin.nion (dctiv.uc j. k:IJing this systcm In incrc.t-.c It:' powcr dcm.md unri l rcaching lhe dcm.md lcvel of lh:11 luhricaied irh lhe oil'A ". lin.... lc (3). Fig. lt b). undcr lhe prcscncc ...lf coruaruin.uus. f4lr hoih oils, thcrc H';J:'l :1 J(' .... r..:-asillg in

thc ctecuical power dCI1lJIlJ. Silll3til1g thcm arouud 1-+0\V, 111 ihc curve rcgions 2 ~lI1cJ], ihcrc were an analogous tluctuauon curves. although lhe sysrcn: lubricatcd wi th oil "1\" coruaminated

in lhe behavior

of both bv oxides havc always

RESULTS hg. I shows thc data \)1' clccirical power

lWO

AND

DISCUSSION hv lhe driviug motor of rouuing

dernaudcd minus electrical power. Il1tn:sling sysiern rCSp(lIhl..'S are revealed in Fig., 2 (a) ano (b), which show lhe' main rcsult-, of Sound Prcssurc l.cvcl and Ovcrall Vclocity Vibratiou. respcctivcly, for the svstern evaluaicd in ihcir rwo condirions ofthe lubric.uus "A" and "8" Surpn-iugly. fig.. 2(a) show-. ;.\ siglli!icalll rcducuon of Sound Pre;-;:-;li rL' LL"\('] in lhe
I(';-;ting

dcm.indcd

xystem. The y courain iuuinsically

drive lhe system

and ("1) lhe parcel 01' lhe system

souud cncrg y. cla:-.tic vibr.uion

(I) the parccl ucccxsury 10 effccuvcly irreversibility. which iucludes lhe' cnL'rgy anel he.uing eneruy 01' lhe uibologica: :-.y;-;tcll1. re-pouses.

10 d8,

u;-;ing cont.uuin.ucd oil in rclauon to lhe le~lillg usiug uncontamiuatcd ror lhe ail "11" However, ror lhe ail ",f..,," ihere was lhe opposire.

oil. around

i.e il was

obscrvcd an incrcasc 0[" Souud Prcs-.urc Levei .nound 3 clB. While lhe l!1ru:-,{ bCJ.rillg luhric.ucd with contami n.ucd ";.\" oil xhown bc noi-,v, thc invcrse occurrcd with lhe ihru-: hL~:!rill':; luhric.ucd \,'ith "'B" This trcnd ror lhe <lil "Ir as reproduced by lhe signa! 01' lhe Ovcr.i!l Vclocity Vihr.u ion. Fig. ~(h). :"LJh! lhe h.haviour 01' lhe :"~':"lelll luhricatcd with Oi! --:\"" nl1l'yed ilus x.uuc rulc: wuh coru.unin.mt in lhe oil, lhe lubric.ucd systcui dcnoicd In\~ cr v.ilucs ll( 0\ crul l vclocuy Vibrauou. ic .. npparcnrl lhe coutumiuarus aS;-;lIlllcd ~I d.unpcr

::1
::L-~,~"I
145

lunction. that
3

CJn

be inrcresung

LO

posterior

studics in this ficld.

.... :
I

.
!"

~"n O,IAnoo;;onl 011 Bnocont 011 Aconl

().I

''''

,~\'"
'3':1

'",

OiIAoocom

on a oc ccoe
OiIAcorrt Gil

a ccot

e com

,~+; __ ~ __ .-~~-r

--~,--~,--~
Timelhours) Tir.-oe(hours)

(a)

(h) lhe tcsring time with oil of mciallic oxides.

O
TempO (h:J13sJ

Fig L. Elecrrical (a) wiihout

powcr dcrnanded hy lhe motor versus coru.uuinant and (b) with contaminam

ihrcc (circlcd in lhe graphs) regions that have bccn object for studying. Thc rcgion I iIH..ludcs lhe sysrcn: runnmgin. as defincd by Huichings [31, lhe neccssary slrcss~strel1gth~:-,pal.('-till1e sei to occur deform.uion in lhe pcaks of ihe surtace rUlIghlless in COI1tJ.ct with rcl.uivc movcrncut bct wccn thcm, i.c. to occur a l... mformat ion bL.'lWCCI1 lhe two surluccx. iending to ;l steaoy-slalc in which their propcrtics ruust rcrnain consuuu. unk:-,:-, ihat sorncrhiug occurs duc tu som intcruul or cxtcruul iutcrference. Thc rL'giolls 2 and J arL' lhe lo<"li 01" lhe ~raph in whi..... h ihcrc wcrc pcrccptiblc chang('s lhe :-itate-;-;tatc" \..1( thcse curves, probubly denoiing change-, disrupuon. ihird bodicin
01'

ln Fig. I it was signed

(a) Fig:: l:l) SPl ( Sourn] Prcx-.urc Levei) using contamin.ncd .md (h) Ovcrall and uncoruaminated Vclocity

(h) Vibr.uion in lime, rllr

icsiings

oils "A" anel "8"

Ilucuuuionx in lhe (\1I11:ICl zone hcl\~'Il lhe solids. Concerning lu lhe g.raph;-; of Fig, 1(a I. lhe elecuic power deinunded liy rhe :-.~;slem luhricated with hoth oi}, wirh contuminants, [h(' :-,ystel1l that uscd oil "13" showed :..t

Fig.3 shows thc cvolution 1,)1" lhe systcm hC:1ting. rcvcaling 01lC more time 311 invcrse trcnd 01' rhc ~~;-;lCJ11 lubric.ncd with Oils "A'" anJ "B": lhe prcscncc llr contaminanrs in lhe Oil "13" alicr-, cnough thc rolliug :-'~'slem hcating, while to this samc :-.Y;-;lCIll lubricated with an oil "8", cont.uniu.ucd 01' no, ih hcatiug response is minus sen~ibk,

931

932

r--------~L-

r=:o;;- , .;;,;,." I
0'1 8~co,t1 6

Q,IJ.CO"1

o e ccr-r

Figure..1 <how-, lhe 11l!)rphn]ogy 01' damagc~ in lhe tracks for lhe lubrication c\'!Hlitinn'\ spccificd 111 lhe prcxcnt mcthodology. Thcrc was cvidcncc of surrnce distrexscs in lhe {(,;-;Ied Ir:!d,:-, lI:,ing lhe Ilil ".A.". in both lC",Il'J condiiions. For lhe tracks oj" lhe thrus: hcaring !cstcJ lhing lhe' oi! "13", thcre was not lhe appcarancc qf--....;cncd thc prc-cn. .. C ot adhcrcd parriclcnn rh ....... urfacc. responscs 01' microcraterc. bUI \\12.:-. whi ..... 11 Jll~:' jU."lif: ."It}Jl1(' 01' lhe rcsied hearing ..

ot lhe parumcrcrs

sclcctcd to evaluatc

thc pcrformancc

CONCLUSION I Thc dcv clopcd tesl bcnch, cttccrive in tln-ir objcctivcs:

TQMpo('IOrlIS)

lhe instrumcntarion

anel uscd

mcthod

uppcurcd resuhs
01'

to bc svxicm

1. The clcctric powcr dcmaudcd by lhe clccuical 1ll010f sugge:-.l beucr pcrfonn.uicc using lhe oil "8", th.n thosc u:-.ing lhe oil "A";

.1, The svsrcm luhricatcd

(a) Fig 3. Hc.niuj; ucar lhe cont.ict und cuviroruneut tcmper.uurc LI:-.ing oib "A" anel"8" ill lhe conditiou-, (a) coru.unin.ucd
(IJ)

wiih ali "8" xhowcd is more scnsiblc

condition;

to lhe hcating

change

under lhe couuunin.ued

vcr-us lhe time ror lc:-.ling .md (h) unconuunin.ucd

4. Thc l.ibric.ucd lcsting~ with oil "]3". in its conuuuin.ucd condition. had providcd lowcr valuc-; 01" rhc Sound Prcssurc Lcvcls ano Ovcra!l Vclociry vibr.uion ihan in its conditi..n uncontaniiuatcd condition, advcrsclv as obscrvcd for lhe oil ",Aro: 5. Fin.ill v.. thcxc prcliminary rcsulis carry out cvidcnccs th.u lhe lubricant "8" in lhe ad\'cr,c cnnditinn.';;' nr rWlJ'C scvcre work show-, bl.~ll('r j1el"!"nrm:lI1t.'c in rcl.uion ln <lil ",A," whcn applicd
hl:.t

thrust

rolling

bcaring

according

lhe conduion-,

u. xcd in ihi \... 'ork.

/\CKNO

IILE [)GI\I ENTS

The Schacftlcr Brasil Lida. lhe CENPES-Pelrobras, Pelrohras-UNRNCE, lhe CNPq, the laboratorics Trib\..)h)gy and Dynamic and i\t1ctrology 01' rhc Federal Univcrsuv Rio Grande Jd 0:\.Jrll:. Brasil.

ar

REFERENCES

1'1

Mcdciros. J. T, N.: "Fadiga de COI1{((/O de discos lII(!fli('ns no-conjormcs sutnnrtido (I ensaios a seco de rolatncnto ("'fico ".2()O::. Tese de doutorado. S::io Paulo, hcola Polucnica da USP .. 2 Vol,

121 Suu howiak. Hciucm.mu.

G.IV.: Baichelor, /\,W, Cap 2 cnd J.

"Enginccring Tribologv'
{ti/ti

200~, Buuerworth
Mtucriats", 199"2. Fim Sw/"",,"

,I!

IJ I

11.~-IT8i:;;;;r~. "~h -}~{'"." ,,"=~~...w~

Fig 4. SEiv1 images of lhe lowcr trnc ks /lI' ihrust bcaring aftcr tcsling::; v.... ith (I) oil "A" anel \11; coruaminated "li "A", (111)oil"B" anJ \lV)l'OnIJJl1;l1JteJ oil "8"

Hutching. I. M., "Tl'iho{o3Y: FI'{Cfiol! GI,.L Hriu!li'::' h.!il"r~l Edw:lrd ;\nl<l!d J. /\" w illi.unson. I 9h(-) .. Til\..' R(lyal Socicry .. J

iVcw' (lf ElIgiw:L'j'illg

"('(1//1,(('/

141 Grccnwood.

I:L I),

o( Nm/lillull,,-

933

934
/