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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Preface .................................................................................................................................................................................S1
II. Glossary...............................................................................................................................................................................S2
III. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................S3
IV. Summary Statements ..........................................................................................................................................................S6
V. Classification of Major Food Allergens and Clinical Implications ................................................................................S11
VI. Mucosal Immune Responses Induced by Foods..............................................................................................................S12
VII. The Clinical Spectrum of Food Allergy ..........................................................................................................................S15
VIII. Algorithm and Annotations ..............................................................................................................................................S18
IX. Prevalence and Epidemiology ..........................................................................................................................................S21
X. Natural History of Food Allergy......................................................................................................................................S22
XI. Risk Factors and Prevention of Food Allergy .................................................................................................................S23
XII. Cross-reactivity of Food Allergens ..................................................................................................................................S24
XIII. Adverse Reactions to Food Additives..............................................................................................................................S30
XIV. Genetically Modified Foods .............................................................................................................................................S32
XV. Diagnosis of Food Allergy ...............................................................................................................................................S33
XVI. Food-Dependent Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis .............................................................................................................S39
XVII. Differential Diagnosis of Adverse Reactions to Foods ...................................................................................................S40
XVIII. General Management of Food Allergy ............................................................................................................................S44
XIX. Management in Special Settings and Circumstances ......................................................................................................S45
XX. Future Directions ..............................................................................................................................................................S47
XXI. Appendix: Suggested Oral Challenge Methods ...............................................................................................................S48
XXII. Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................................................S49
XXIII. References .........................................................................................................................................................................S50
Received and accepted for publication August 30, 2005. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice
The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) and parameters by the AAAAI or the ACAAI should be directed to the
the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) have Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of
jointly accepted responsibility for establishing Food Allergy: A Practice Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. These parameters were developed by
Parameter. This is a complete and comprehensive document at the the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American
current time. These clinical guidelines are designed to assist clinicians by Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the American College of
providing a framework for the evaluation and treatment of patients and Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, and the Joint Council of Allergy,
are not intended to replace a clinician’s judgment or establish a protocol Asthma and Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by
for all patients. The medical environment is a changing environment and pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion. This parameter was edited
not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this by Dr Nicklas in his private capacity and not in his capacity as a medical
document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, officer with the Food and Drug Administration. No official support or
including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide endorsement by the Food and Drug Administration is intended or should
an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. be inferred.
include breastfeeding, maternal dietary restrictions during the first year of life or longer. During this time, for infants at
breastfeeding, delayed introduction of solid foods, delayed risk, hypoallergenic formulas can be used to supplement
breastfeeding. Mothers should eliminate peanuts and tree
introduction of particular allergenic foods, and the use of
nuts (eg, walnuts) and consider eliminating eggs, cow’s
supplemental infant formulae that are hypoallergenic or of milk, fish, and perhaps other foods from their diets while
reduced allergenicity. The effectiveness of these strategies for breastfeeding. Solid foods should not be introduced into
safeguarding against the development of food allergies has the diet of high-risk infants until 6 months of age, with
not been established. (B) dairy products delayed until 1 year, eggs until 2 years, and
The apparent increase in atopic disease, including food peanuts, nuts, and fish until 3 years of age.
allergy, has focused attention toward prevention strategies. 䡵 No maternal dietary restrictions during pregnancy are
Promotion of breastfeeding and avoidance of tobacco smoke necessary with the possible exception of excluding
are general consensus recommendations, although the data peanuts.
䡵 Breastfeeding mothers on a restricted diet should consider
are not conclusive at this time.295 The Committee on Nutrition
the use of supplemental minerals (calcium) and vitamins.
of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)296 and a joint