Mathematicia Generalli by OP Gupta (9650 350 480). Visit at: www.theOPGupta.WordPress.

com
MATHEMATICIA GENERALLI

Logarithmic Relations
a) =
b
a
b
log p
log p
log a
b)
1
=
a
p
log p
log a

c)
( ) ( ) =
n
a a
log m nlog m d) ( ) ( ) ( ) . = +
a a a
log mn log m log n
e) ( ) ( )
| |
=
|
\ .
a a a
m
log log m log n
n
f) 1 =
a
log a
g) = =
p
a a
log a plog a p h)
( )
( )
a
log f x
a f x = .
Exponential Relations
a) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 . . ... . ...
2! !
= + + + + +
n
n
x
e e e
x x
a x log a log a log a
n

b)
2 3
1 ... ...
2! 3! !
= + + + + + +
n
x
x x x
e x
n
for all x.
Logarithmic Series
a) ( )
2 3 4
1 ... , 1 1
2 3 4
+ = + + < s
e
x x x
log x x x
b) ( )
2 3 4
1 ... , 1 1
2 3 4
= s <
e
x x x
log x x x .
Binomial Expansions
a) ( )
0 0 1 1 2 2
0 1 2
... ...

+ = + + + + + +
n
n n n n n n n n r r n n n n
r n
a b C a b C a b C a b C a b C a b if
+
e n Z .
b) ( )
2
1 2
1 1 ... ... + = + + + + + +
n
n n n r n n
r n
x C x C x C x C x if n is a positive integer.
c) ( )
( ) ( )( )
2 3
1 1 2
1 1 ...
2! 3!

+ = + + + +
n
n n n n n
x nx x x such that 1 1 < < x and

e n Z or e n Q .
d)
1 2 2 3 1
. . ...

= + + + +

n n
n n n n
x a
x a x a x a
x a
.
Trigonometric Series
a)
3 5 7
sin ...
3! 5! 7!
= + +
x x x
x x
b)
2 4 6
cos 1 ...
2! 4! 6!
= + +
x x x
x
c)
3
5
2
tan ...
3 15
= + + +
x
x x x .
Sum of Special Sequences
a) Sum of first n natural numbers:
1
( 1)
1 2 3 ...
2
=
+
+ + + + = =

n
r
n n
n r
b) Sum of squares of first n natural numbers:
2 2 2 2 2
1
( 1)(2 1)
1 2 3 ...
6
=
+ +
+ + + + = =

n
r
n n n
n r
c) Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers:
2
3 3 3 3 3
1
( 1)
1 2 3 ...
2
=
+ (
+ + + + = =
(

n
r
n n
n r
d) Sum of any constant k to n times: ( )
1
... to times
=
+ + + + = =

n
r
k k k k n k nk .
(By OP Gupta - 9650 350 480)
MATHEMATICIA Vol.1 for CLASS 12 by OP GUPTA - MG

Mathematicia Generalli by OP Gupta (9650 350 480). Visit at: www.theOPGupta.WordPress.com
(II)

List of formulae of Mensuration for using in the problems of Maxima and Minima
Followings are also of importance, though questions on them are rarely found in maxima and minima:
01. Circle:
Perimeter i.e. circumference 2 r t =
Area
2
r t =
02. Equilateral triangle:
Perimeter 3a =
Area
2
3
4
a =
03. Rectangle:
Perimeter ( ) 2 l b = +
Area lb =
04. Square:
Perimeter 4a =
Area
2
a =
05. Cuboid:
Lateral surface area ( ) 2 . = + l b h
Total surface area ( ) 2 lb bh hl = + +
Volume lbh =
06. Cube:
Lateral surface area
2
4 = a
Total surface area
2
6a =
Volume
3
a =
07. Sphere:
Surface area
2
4 r t =
Volume
3
4
3
r t =
08. Hemisphere:
Curved surface area
2
2 r t =
Total surface area
2
3 r t =
Volume
3
2
3
r t =
09. Cylinder:
Curved surface area 2 rh t =
Total surface area
2
2 2 r rh t t = +
Volume
2
r h t =
10. Cone:
Curved surface area
2 2 2
, t = = + rl where l r h
Total surface area
2
r rl t t = +
Volume
2
1
3
r h t =
11. Frustum of a cone:
Curved surface area ( ) ( )
2
2
, l R r where l h R r t = + = +
Total surface area ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
, l R r R r where l h R r t t = + + + = +
Volume
( )
2 2
1
3
h R r r R t = + +
12. Sector and segment of Circle:
Area of the sector of angle
2
360
r
u
u t =
Length of the arc of a sector of angle 2
360
r
u
u t =
Area of the segment of a circle = Area of the corresponding sector Area of corresponding triangle

2 2
sin cos
360 2 2
u u u
t = r r
2 2
1
sin
360 2
u
t u = r r
Circumference i.e. arc length of semicircle of radius r t = r
Perimeter of semicircle of radius r 2 t = + r r
13. Area of a trapezium
1
2
= (Sum of parallel sides) (Distance between parallel sides)
14. Area of a rhombus
1
2
= (Product of diagonals)
15. Area of a triangle ABC
1 1 1
sin sin sin
2 2 2
ab C bc A ca B = = =
16. Area of a triangle by Herons formula ( )( )( ) ,
2
a b c
s s a s b s c where s
+ +
= = .
MATHEMATICIA Vol.1 for CLASS 12 by OP GUPTA - MG

Mathematicia Generalli by OP Gupta (9650 350 480). Visit at: www.theOPGupta.WordPress.com
(III)

Algebraic Identities
a) ( )
2
2 2
2 = + a b a ab b b) ( )( )
2 2
= + a b a b a b
c) ( )
3
3 2 2 3
3 3 + = + + + a b a a b ab b d) ( )
3
3 2 2 3
3 3 = + a b a a b ab b
e) ( )( )
3 3 2 2
= + + a b a b a ab b f) ( )( )
3 3 2 2
+ = + + a b a b a ab b
g) ( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 + + = + + + + + a b c a b c ab bc ca
h) ( )( )
3 3 3 2 2 2
3 + + = + + + + a b c abc a b c a b c ab bc ca .
Concept of Infinity
We consider the existence of two symbols and outside the set of real numbers R and would call
them minus infinity and plus infinity respectively with the fact < < x for every R x e .
Thus and are not real numbers but just the symbols (like we use x, y etc.).
When we write = x , we mean that:
a) x is larger than any real number however large.
b) x is not a fixed number.
Also
, 1
0, 0 1
1, 1

>

= s <

if c
c if c
if c
.
Symbols and their meanings
S. No. Symbol Meaning
01. N Set of natural numbers
02. I Z or Set of integers
03. Q Set of rational numbers
04. T Set of irrational numbers
05. R Set of real numbers
06. C Set of complex numbers
07.
e
is an element of (or belongs to)
08. e is not an element of (or does not belong to)
09. S U or or Universal set
10. : / or Such that
11. | Empty set or Null set
12.
_
is subset of
13.
_
is superset of
14.
c
is proper subset of
15.

is proper superset of
16.

Union
17.

Intersection
18.

For all
19.

Implies
20. if and only if
MATHEMATICIA Vol.1 for CLASS 12 by OP GUPTA - MG

Mathematicia Generalli by OP Gupta (9650 350 480). Visit at: www.theOPGupta.WordPress.com
(IV)
TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE
Relation between trigonometric ratios
a)
sin
tan
cos
u
u
u
= b)
1
tan
cot
u
u
= c) tan cot 1 u u =
d)
cos
cot
sin
u
u
u
= e)
1
cosec
sin
u
u
= f)
1
sec
cos
u
u
=
Trigonometric identities
a)
2 2
sin cos 1 u u + =
b)
2 2
1 tan sec u u + =
c)
2 2
1 cot cosec u u + =
Addition / subtraction formulae & some related results
a) ( ) sin sin cos cos sin = A B A B A B
b) ( ) cos cos cos sin sin = A B A B A B
c) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
cos cos cos sin cos sin + = = A B A B A B B A
d) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
sin sin sin sin cos cos + = = A B A B A B B A
e) ( )
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

A B
A B
A B

f) ( )
cot cot 1
cot
cot cot
=

B A
A B
B A

Transformation of sums / differences into products & vice-versa
a) sin sin 2sin cos
2 2
+
+ =
C D
C D
C D

b) sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
+
=
C D
C D
C D

c) cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
+
+ =
C D
C D
C D

d) cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
+
=
C D C D
C D
e)
( ) ( ) sin sin 2sin cos = + + A B A B A B
f)
( ) ( ) 2 sin sin cos sin = + A B A B A B
g)
( ) ( ) cos cos 2cos cos = + + A B A B A B
h)
( ) ( ) cos cos 2sin sin = + A B A B A B
Multiple angle formulae involving 2A and 3A
a) sin2 2sin cos = A A A
b)
2 2
sin 2sin cos =
A A
A

c)
2 2
cos2 cos sin = A A A
d)
2 2
cos cos sin
2 2
=
A A
A
e)
2
cos2 2cos 1 = A A
f)
2
2cos 1 cos2 = + A A
g)
2
cos2 1 2sin = A A
h)
2
2sin 1 cos2 = A A
i)
2
2tan
sin2
1 tan
=
+
A
A
A

j)
2
2
1 tan
cos2
1 tan

=
+
A
A
A

k)
2
2tan
tan2
1 tan
=

A
A
A

l)
3
sin3 3sin 4sin = A A A
m)
3
cos3 4cos 3cos = A A A
n)
3
2
3tan tan
tan3
1 3tan

A A
A
A

Relations in Different Measures of Angle
( )
t
Angle in Radian Measure = Angle in Degree Measure
180

( )
t
180
Angle in Degree Measure = Angle in Radian Measure
( ) u =
l
in radian measure
r

Also followings are of importance as well:
=
o
1Right angle 90 ' ' ''
o
1 =60 , 1 =60
( )
t
o
1 = =0.01745 radians approximately
180
' ''
o
1 radian = 57 17 45 or 206265 seconds .

MATHEMATICIA Vol.1 for CLASS 12 by OP GUPTA - MG

Mathematicia Generalli by OP Gupta (9650 350 480). Visit at: www.theOPGupta.WordPress.com
(V)

General Solutions
a) sin sin ( 1 ) ,
n
x y x n y where n Z t = = + e .
b) cos cos 2 , x y x n y where n Z t = = e .
c) tan tan , x y x n y where n Z t = = + e .
Relation in Degree & Radian Measures
Angles in Degree

0

30

45

60

90

180

270

360

Angles in Radian


0
c

6
t | |
|
\ .
c

4
t | |
|
\ .
c

3
t | |
|
\ .
c

2
t | |
|
\ .
c
( ) t
c

3
2
t | |
|
\ .
c
( ) 2t
c

In actual practice, we omit the exponent c and instead of writing t
c
we simply write t and similarly for others.
Trigonometric Ratio of Standard Angles
Degree /Radian ( )
0

30

45

60

90

T Ratios
( )
+

0
6
t

4
t

3
t

2
t

sin 0
1
2

1
2

3
2

1
cos
1
3
2

1
2

1
2

0
tan 0
1
3

1

3

cosec
2
2
2
3

1
sec
1
2
3
2
2
cot
3
1
1
3

0
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles
Angles ( )

2
t
u

2
t
u +

t u

t u +

3
2
t
u

3
2
t
u +

2t u
OR u

2t u +
T- Ratios
( )
+

sin cosu cosu sinu sinu cosu cosu sinu sinu
cos sinu sinu
cosu

cosu sinu sinu cosu cosu
tan cotu cotu
tanu

tanu cotu
cotu

tanu tanu
cot tanu tanu
cotu

cotu tanu
tanu

cotu cotu
sec
cosecu

cosecu

secu

secu
cosecu

cosecu

secu secu
cosec secu secu
cosecu

cosecu

secu
secu

cosecu

cosecu


MATHEMATICIA Vol.1 for CLASS 12 by OP GUPTA - MG

Mathematicia Generalli by OP Gupta (9650 350 480). Visit at: www.theOPGupta.WordPress.com
(VI)
NUMBER SYSTEM
01. Natural numbers: The numbers used in ordinary counting i.e. 1, 2, 3,..., are called natural numbers (and
positive integers as well). The set of natural nos. is denoted by N. Also if we include 0 to the set of natural
numbers, we get set of the whole numbers which is denoted by the symbol W.
Therefore { } N= 1, 2, 3,... and, { } W= 0,1, 2, 3,... .
02. Integers: The numbers ... 3, 2, 1, 0,1, 2, 3,... are called integers. The set of integers is denoted by
I Z or . Though now we use Z instead of I to symbolize the set of integers.
Therefore, { } I Z= ... 3, 2, 1, 0,1, 2, 3,... or .
Clearly N Z c .

Also from the above discussion, it is evident that integers are of three types viz.:
a) Positive integers i.e. { }
+
Z = 1, 2, 3,...
b) Negative integers i.e. { } Z = 1, 2, 3,...

c) Zero integer i.e. non-positive and non-negative integer.
03. Rational numbers: A number of the form
p
q
, where p and q are integers and 0 q = , is called a
rational no. The set of rational nos. is denoted by Q.
Therefore Q= ; , 0
p
p q Z and q
q

e =
`
)

Clearly N Z Q c c .

Zero being an integer, is also a rational number.
04. Irrational numbers: An irrational number has a non-terminating and non-repeating decimal
representation i.e. it cant be expressed in the form of
p
q
. The set of irrational nos. is denoted by T.
Few examples of irrational numbers are
3
2, 5 7, 8 3, 5, , ,... t + e etc.
Note that t is irrational while
22
7
is rational.
05. Real numbers: The set of all numbers either rational or irrational, is called real number. The set of real
nos. is denoted by R .
Clearly N Z Q R c c c .

Solving of a Quadratic Equation:
Consider a quadratic equation of the form,
2
0 + + = ax bx c then, its roots are given by
2
4
2
+
=
b b ac
x
a
and,
2
4
2

=
b b ac
x
a
where
2
4 = D b ac .