ZTE LTE FDD Physical Layer Overview Feature Description

LTE FDD
Physical Layer Overview

Feature Description

Physical Layer Overview Feature Description

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LTE FDD Physical Layer Overview Feature Description
Version Date Author Approved By Remarks
V1.0 2011-04-12 Tao Linan Not open to the third party.
V2.0 2011-09-07 Tao Linan Not open to the third party.

2011 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.
ZTE CONFIDENTIAL: This document contains proprietary information of ZTE and is not to be
disclosed or used without the prior written permission of ZTE.
Due to update and improvement of ZTE products and technologies, information in this document
is subjected to change without notice.

II 2011 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved. ZTE Confidential Proprietary

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1
2 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 Downlink Parts ............................................................................................................. 2
2.1.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ................................................. 2
2.1.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (OFDMA) .................................. 6
2.1.3 Downlink physical layer general descriptions .............................................................. 7
2.1.4 Downlink physical channels and physical signals ..................................................... 10
2.2 Uplink Parts................................................................................................................ 13
2.2.1 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (SC-FDMA) ..................... 13
2.2.2 Uplink physical layer general descriptions ................................................................. 15
2.2.3 Uplink physical channels and physical signals .......................................................... 16
3 Technical Description .............................................................................................. 17
3.1 Normal CP ................................................................................................................. 17
3.2 Extended CP .............................................................................................................. 17
3.3 PDSCH Resource Allocation ..................................................................................... 18
3.3.1 Resource Allocation Type 0 ....................................................................................... 18
3.4 PUSCH Frequency Hopping ...................................................................................... 20
3.4.1 Type 1 PUSCH Hopping ............................................................................................ 21
3.4.2 Type 2 PUSCH Hopping ............................................................................................ 22
3.4.3 Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 PUSCH Hopping ................................................ 23
3.5 PRACH Format 0 ~3 ................................................................................................. 24
3.5.1 PRACH Formats ........................................................................................................ 24
3.5.2 CP and GT Duration .................................................................................................. 25
3.6 Uplink: QPSK/16QAM, Downlink: QPSK/16QAM/64QAM ........................................ 27
3.7 Uplink: 64QAM ........................................................................................................... 27
3.8 TX Diversity................................................................................................................ 28
3.8.1 Space-Frequency Block Codes (SFBCs) .................................................................. 28
3.8.2 Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity (FSTD) and its Combination with SFBC .... 29
3.9 Open-loop Spatial Multiplexing .................................................................................. 30
3.9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 30
3.9.2 Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) ..................................................................................... 31
3.10 Closed-loop Spatial Multiplexing ............................................................................... 32
3.11 Closed-loop Spatial Multiplexing (Rank =1) ............................................................. 33
3.12 Uplink RX Diversity with IRC ..................................................................................... 34
3.13 Uplink MU-MIMO ....................................................................................................... 34
3.14 PUCCH Blanking ....................................................................................................... 34
4 Configuration of Parameters ................................................................................... 36
4.1 Parameters related to the serving cell ....................................................................... 36
4.1.1 Parameter list related to the serving cell ................................................................... 36
4.1.2 Parameter configuration related to the serving cell ................................................... 36
4.2 Parameters related to baseband configuration.......................................................... 42
4.2.1 Parameter list related to baseband configuration ...................................................... 42
4.2.2 Parameter configuration related to baseband configuration ...................................... 42
4.3 Parameters related to physical uplink channel .......................................................... 45
4.3.1 Parameter list related to physical uplink channel ...................................................... 45
4.3.2 Parameter configuration related to physical uplink channel ...................................... 45
4.4 Parameters related to physical downlink channel ..................................................... 46


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4.4.1 Parameter list related to physical downlink channel .................................................. 46
4.4.2 Parameter configuration related to physcial downlink channel ................................. 46
5 Glossary .................................................................................................................... 47
FIGURES
Figure 1 Spectral efficiency of OFDM compared to classical multicarrier modulation ................ 3
Figure 2 Serial-to-parallel conversion operation for OFDM ......................................................... 3
Figure 3 Effect of channel on signals with short and long symbol duration ................................. 4
Figure 4 OFDM Transmitter ......................................................................................................... 5
Figure 5 OFDM cyclic prefix insertion .......................................................................................... 5
Figure 6 OFDM receiver ............................................................................................................... 6
Figure 7 Example of resource allocation in a combined OFDMA/TDMA system ........................ 7
Figure 8 Definition of channel bandwidth and transmission bandwidth configuration for one E-
UTRA carrier .................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 9 Basic time-frequency resource structure of LTE (normal cyclic prefix case) ............... 10
Figure 10 PCFICH mapping to Resource Element Groups (REGs) ............................................ 11
Figure 11 Summary of downlink physical channels and mapping to higher layers ..................... 13
Figure 12 SC-FDMA frequency-domain transmit processing (DFT-S-OFDM) showing localized
and distributed subcarrier mapping ............................................................................. 14
Figure 13 Summary of uplink physical channels and mapping to higher layers .......................... 16
Figure 14 PRB addressed by a bitmap Type 0, each bit addressing a complete RBG ............... 18
Figure 15 PRBs addressed by a bitmap Type 1, each bit addressing a subset of a RBG,
depending on a subset selection and shift value ......................................................... 19
Figure 16 Type 1 intra-subframe PUSCH hopping ...................................................................... 22
Figure 17 Hopping bandwidth is divided into equal sub-bands to perform sub-band based
hopping ........................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 18 Type 2 intra and inter-subframe PUSCH hopping ....................................................... 23
Figure 19 PRACH preamble received at the eNodeB.................................................................. 25
Figure 20 PRACH preamble received at the eNodeB.................................................................. 26
Figure 21 PRACH preamble formats and cell size dimensioning ................................................ 27
Figure 22 Data modulation (QPSK: L =2, 16QAM: L =4, 64QAM: L =6) .................................. 27
Figure 23 Overview of physical channel processing with MIMO ................................................. 31
Figure 24 Principle of Cyclic Delay Diversity ............................................................................... 32
Figure 25 Rank-1 transmission .................................................................................................... 34
Figure 26 PUCCH blanking (over-provisioned PUCCH) .............................................................. 35
TABLES
Table 1 Summary of key performance requirement targets for LTE .......................................... 1
Table 2 Transmission bandwidth configuration BWconfig in LTE channel bandwidths ............. 8
Table 3 Three configurations for LTE ......................................................................................... 9
Table 4 DCI formats .................................................................................................................. 12

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Table 5 Mapping of downlink control channel information to physical channel ........................ 12
Table 6 LTE uplink SC-FDMA physical layer parameters ........................................................ 15
Table 7 LTE uplink SC-FDMA parameters for selected carrier bandwidths ............................. 15
Table 8 RBG size for Type 0 resource allocation ..................................................................... 18
Table 9 LTE uplink SC-FDMA parameters for selected carrier bandwidths ............................. 21
Table 10 Random access preamble formats .............................................................................. 25
Table 11 Cell radius of PRACH preamble formats ..................................................................... 26
Table 12 Categories of LTE UE .................................................................................................. 28
Table 13 Codeword-to-layer mapping ........................................................................................ 31
Table 14 Precoder matrices in case of two antenna ports ......................................................... 32


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1 Introduction
This document provides a high-level description of LTE physical layer features available
in the ZTE LTE FDD products. The document also contains parameter related to these
features.
Abbreviations used in this document are explained in Glossary.
Related physical layer procedures can be found in ZTE LTE FDD Physical Layer
Procedures Feature Descriptions.
2 Overview
This chapter outlines the necessary LTE physical layer concepts. These concepts are as
follows,
Downlink parts
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (OFDMA)
Downlink physical layer general descriptions
Downlink physical channels and physical signals
Uplink parts
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (SC-FDMA)
Uplink physical layer general descriptions
Uplink physical channels and physical signals
Table 1 summarizes the main performance requirements to which the first release of
LTE was designed, which leads the adoption of OFDMA (for downlink) and SC-FDMA
(for uplink) in LTE.
Table 1 Summary of key performance requirement targets for LTE
Absolute
requirements
Comparison
to Release 6
Comments
Downlink
Peak
transmission
rate
>100Mbps 7*14.4 Mbps LTE in 20MHz FDD, 2*2
spatial multiplexing.
Reference: HSDPA in
5MHz FDD, single antenna
transmission
Peak spectral
efficiency
>5 bps/Hz 3 bps/Hz
Average cell >1.6 ~2.1 3 ~4 * 0.53 LTE: 2*2 spatial

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spectral
efficiency
bps/Hz/Cell bps/Hz/cell multiplexing;
Reference: HSDPA, rake
receiver, 2 receive
antennas
Cell edge
spectral
efficiency
>0.04 ~0.06
bps/Hz/user
2 ~3 * 0.02
bps/Hz
As above
10 users assumed per cell
Uplink
Peak
transmission
rate
>50Mbps 5*11 Mbps LTE in 20MHz FDD, single
antenna transmission.
Reference: HSUPA in
5MHz FDD, single antenna
transmission
Peak spectral
efficiency
>2.5 bps/Hz 2 bps/Hz
Average cell
spectral
efficiency
>0.66 ~1.0
bps/Hz/Cell
2 ~3 * 0.33
bps/Hz/cell
LTE: single antenna
transmission,
Reference: HSUPA, rake
receiver, 2 receive antenna
Cell edge
spectral
efficiency
>0.02 ~0.03
bps/Hz/user
2 ~3 * 0.01
bps/Hz
As above, 10 users
assumed per cell
System
User plane
latency (two way
radio delay)
<10ms One fifth
Connection
setup latency
<100ms Idle state ->active state
Operating
bandwidth
1.4 ~20MHz 5MHz Initial requirement started
at 1.25MHz
VoIP capacity NGMN preferred target is >60 sessions/MHz/cell.
2.1 Downlink Parts
2.1.1 Orthogonal Frequency Di vision Multiplexing (OFDM)
In general, multicarrier schemes subdivide the used channel bandwidth into a number of
parallel sub-channels as shown in the following Figure 1(a). Ideally the bandwidth of
each subchannel is such that they are each non-frequency-selective (i.e. having a
spectrally-flat gain). This has the advantage that the receiver can easily compensate for
the subchannel gains individually in the frequency domain.
OFDM is a special case of multicarrier transmission. In OFDM, the non-frequency-
selective narrowband subchannels into which the frequency-selective wideband channel
is divided are overlapping but orthogonal, as shown in Figure 1(b). This avoids the need
to separate the carriers by means of guard-bands, and therefore makes OFDM highly
spectrally efficient. The spacing between the subchannels in OFDM is such they can be
perfectly separated at the receiver. This allows for a low-complexity receiver
implementation, which makes OFDM attractive for high-rate mobile data transmission
such as the LTE downlink.



Figure 1 Spectral efficiency of OFDM compared to classical multicarrier modulation
Guard-band

(a) Classical multi-carrier system spectrum
Saving in spectrum

(b) OFDM system spectrum
A high-rate data stream typically faces a problem in having a symbol period T
s
much
smaller than the channel delay spread T
d
if it is transmitted serially. This generates Inter-
symbol Interference (ISI) which can only be undone by means of a complex equalization
procedure. In general, the equalization complexity grows with the square of the channel
impulse response length.
In OFDM, the high-rate stream of data symbols is first serial-to-parallel converted for
modulation onto M parallel subcarriers as shown in Figure 2. This increases the symbol
duration on each subcarrier by a factor of approximately M, such that it becomes
significantly longer than the channel delay spread.
Figure 2 Serial-to-parallel conversion operation for OFDM
S/P
High symbol rate
Low symbol rate

exp(-j*2*pi*t*f
1
)
exp(-j*2*pi*t*f
M
)
P/S

This operation has the important advantage of requiring a much less complex
equalization procedure in the receiver, under the assumption that the time-varying
channel impulse response remains substantially constant during the transmission of
each modulated OFDM symbol. Figure 3 shows how the resulting long symbol duration
is virtually unaffected by ISI compared to the short symbol duration, which is highly
corrupted.


Figure 3 Effect of channel on signals with short and long symbol duration
Signal
Symbol period
TS
Channel
convolution
TD <TS (long symbol duration low-rate signal)
TD > TS (short symbol duration high-rate signal)
Inter-symbol interference
Delay spread
TD

Figure 4 shows the typical block diagram of an OFDM transmitter. The signal to be
transmitted is defined in the frequency domain.
A Serial to Parallel (S/P) converter collects serial data symbol into a data block S
k
=
[S
k
[0], S
k
[1], , S
k
[M -1]]
T
of dimension M, where the subscript k is the index of an
OFDM symbol (spanning the M subcarriers).
The M parallel data streams are first independently modulated resulting in the
complex vector X
k
=[X
k
[0], X
k
[1], , X
k
[M -1]]
T
. (Note that in principle it is possible
to use different modulations (e.g. QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM) on each subcarrier;
due to channel frequency selectivity, the channel gain may differ between
subcarriers, and thus some subcarriers can carry higher data-rates than others).
The vector of data symbol X
k
then passes through an Inverse FFT (IFFT) resulting
in a set of N complex time-domain samples x
k
=[x
k
[0], x
k
[1], , x
k
[N -1]]
T
. In a
practical OFDM system, the number of processed subcarriers is greater than the
number of modulated subcarriers (i.e. N>=M), with the un-modulated subcarriers
being padded with zeros.
The following key operation in the generation of an OFDM signal is the creation of a
guard period at the beginning of each OFDM symbol, to eliminate the remaining
impact of ISI caused by multipath propagation. The guard period is obtained by
adding a Cyclic Prefix (CP) at the beginning of the symbol x
k
. The CP is generated
by duplicating the last G samples of the IFFT output and appending them at the
beginning of x
k
. This yields the time domain OFDM symbol [x
k
[N - G], , x
k
[N -1],
x
k
[0], x
k
[1], , x
k
[N -1]]
T
as shown in Figure 5.



Figure 4 OFDM Transmitter
S/P
Sk[0]
Sk[1]
Sk[M-2]
Sk[M-1]
Xk[0]
Xk[1]
Xk[M-2]
Xk[M-1]
IFFT
Zero-padding

Zero-padding

P/S
xk[0]
xk[1]
xk[N-G]
xk[N-1]

xk[N-G]
xk[N-1]

Cyclic
Prefix
DAC

Figure 5 OFDM cyclic prefix insertion
TCP TU TCP TU TCP TU

At the receiver, the reverse operations are performed to demodulate the OFDM signal.
Assuming that time and frequency synchronization is achieved, a number of samples
corresponding to the length of the CP are removed, such that only an ISI-free block of
samples is passed to the DFT. If the number of subcarriers N is designed to be a power
of 2, a highly efficient FFT implementation may be used to transform the signal back to
the frequency domain. Among the N parallel streams output from the FFT, the
modulated subset of M subcarriers are selected and further processed by the receiver
as shown in Figure 6.
Let x(t) be the signal symbol transmitted at time instant t. The received signal in a
multipath environment is then given by
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t z t h t x t r + =

Where
h(t) is the continuous-time impulse response of the channel;
* represents the convolution operation;
z(t) is the additive noise;



Figure 6 OFDM receiver
ADC S/P
r
k
CP
[0]
r
k
CP
[G-1]
r
k
CP
[G] =r
k
[0]
r
k
CP
[G+1] =r
k
[1]
r
k
CP
[N+G-2] =r
k
[N-2]
r
k
CP
[N+G-1] =r
k
[N-1]
FFT
Y
k
[0]
Y
k
[1]
Y
k
[N-2]
Y
k
[N-1]
Cyclic
Prefix
Removal

The CP of OFDM changes the linear convolution into a circular one. The circular
convolution is very efficiently transformed by means of an FFT into a multiplicative
operation in the frequency domain. Hence, the transmitted signal over a frequency-
selective (i.e. multipath) channel is converted into a transmission over N parallel flat-
fading channels in the frequency domain:
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ m Z m H m X m R + =

As a result the equalization is much simpler than for single-carrier systems and consists
of just one complex multiplication per subcarrier.
2.1.2 Orthogonal Frequency Di vision Multiplexing Access (OFDMA)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is an extension of OFDM to
the implementation of a multi-user communication system. In the discussion above, it
has been assumed that a single user receives data on all the subcarriers at any given
time. OFDMA distributes subcarriers to different users at the same time, so that multiple
users can be scheduled to receive data simultaneously. Usually, subcarriers are
allocated in contiguous groups for simplicity and reduce the overhead of indicating which
subcarriers have been allocated to each user.
OFDMA can also be used in combination with Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA),
such that the resources are partitioned in the time-frequency plane i.e. groups of
subcarriers for one specific time duration. In LTE, such time-frequency blocks are known
as Resource Blocks (RBs), as explained in 2.1.3.2. Figure 7 depicts such an
OFDMA/TDMA mixed strategy as used in LTE.



Figure 7 Example of resource allocation in a combined OFDMA/TDMA system
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Time

2.1.3 Downlink physical layer general descriptions
A major design goal for the LTE system is flexible bandwidth support for deployments in
diverse spectrum arrangement. With this objective in mind, the physical layer of LTE is
designed to support bandwidths in increments of 180 kHz starting from a minimum
bandwidth of 1.08MHz.
In order to support channel sensitive scheduling and to achieve low packet transmission
latency, the scheduling and transmission interval is defined as a 1ms subframe.
Two CP lengths namely normal cyclic prefix and extended cyclic prefix are defined to
support small and large cells deployments respectively.
A subcarrier spacing of 15kHz is to chosen to strike a balance between cyclic prefix
overhead and robustness to Doppler spread. An additional smaller 7.5kHz subcarrier
spacing is defined for Multimedia Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) to
support large delay spreads with reasonable cyclic prefix overhead.
2.1.3.1 Channel Bandwidths
The LTE system supports a set of six channel bandwidth as given in Table 2. Note that
the transmission bandwidth configuration BW
config
is 90% of the channel bandwidth
BW
channel
for 3~20MHz. For 1.4MHz channel bandwidth, the transmission bandwidth is
only 77% of the channel bandwidth. Therefore, LTE deployment in the small 1.4MHz is
less spectrally efficient than the 3~20MHz bandwidths.
The relationship between the channel bandwidth BW
channel
and the transmission
bandwidth configuration
DL
RB
N is shown in Figure 8. The transmission bandwidth
configuration in MHz is given as:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1000
f N N
BW
RB
SC
DL
RB
config



Where

DL
RB
N is downlink bandwidth configuration, expressed in multiples of
RB
SC
N .

RB
SC
N is RB size in the frequency domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers. In
this version, its 12.
f is subcarrier spacing, 15kHz or 7.5kHz.
Table 2 Transmission bandwidth configuration BWconfig in LTE channel bandwidths
Channel bandwidth
BWchannel [MHz]
Downlink transmission
bandwidth configuration DL
RB
N

Transmission bandwidth
configuration BWconfig [MHz]
1.4 6 1.08
3 15 2.7
5 25 4.5
10 50 9.0
15 75 13.5
20 100 18.0
Figure 8 Definition of channel bandwidth and transmission bandwidth configuration for one E-
UTRA carrier

Transmissi on
Bandwidth [RB]
Transmissi on Bandwidt h Configurati on [RB]
Channel Bandwi dth [MHz]
Cent er subcarri er (corresponds to DC in
baseband) i s not transmi tted in downli nk
Active Resource Blocks

C
h
a
n
n
e
l

e
d
g
e

C
h
a
n
n
e
l

e
d
g
e

R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e

b
l
o
c
k

The channel edges are defined as the lowest and highest frequencies of the carrier
separated by the channel bandwidth, i.e. at
channel C
BW F

Where



F
C
is the carrier center frequency.
The spacing between carriers depends on the deployment scenario, the size of the
frequency block available and the channel bandwidths. The nominal channel spacing
between two adjacent E-UTRA carriers is defined as following:
( )
2
(2) (1)
min
channel channel
al no
BW BW
f
+
=
Where BW
channel(1)
and BW
channel(2)
are the channel bandwidths of the two respective E-
UTRA carriers. The channel spacing can be adjusted to optimize performance in a
particular deployment scenario. The channel raster is 100kHz, which means that the
carrier center frequency is always an integer multiple of 100kHz.
Parameters related to channel bandwidth are as follows. Please refer to section 4.1.2.11
and 4.1.2.12 for detailed information.
1) Downlink system bandwidth: it indicates the downlink bandwidth in RB.
2) Uplink system bandwidth: it indicates the uplink bandwidth in RB.
2.1.3.2 Frame and slot structure
In the LTE system, uplink and downlink data transmissions are scheduled on one 1 ms
subframe basis. A subframe consists of two equal duration (0.5 ms) consecutive time
slots with subframe number i consisting of slots 2i and (2i +1). All the time durations are
defined in terms of the sample period T
s
=1/f
s
, where f
s
=30.72 Msamples/sec. Some of
the control signals such as synchronization and broadcast control in the downlink are
carried on a 10ms radio frame basis, where a radio frame is defined to consist of 10
subframes as shown in Figure 9. The transmission of the uplink radio frame number i
from a UE starts N
TA
*T
s
seconds before the start of the corresponding downlink radio
frame at the UE, where N
TA
represents the timing offset between uplink and downlink
radio frames at the UE in units of T
s
. This timing offset N
TA
is adjusted for each UE in
order to make sure that signals from multiple UEs transmitting on the uplink arrive at the
eNodeB at the same time. Each slot is further divided into
UL
symb
N SC-FDMA symbols or
DL
symb
N OFDM symbols for the uplink and downlink respectively. A resource element is
one subcarrier in a single OFDM or SC-FDMA symbol as shown in Figure 9. A resource
element is defined by the index pair (k, l) in a slot, where k and l are the subcarrier and
OFDM/SC-FDMA symbol index respectively.
There are 3 different configurations to parameterize the lengths of the different fields in
the slots and symbols shown in Table 3. These configurations are relating to different
deployment scenarios of LTE. The UE has to identify which of these 3 configurations is
used during initial cell search by try and error.
Table 3 Three configurations for LTE
Configuration Delta_f
(kHz)
Symbols per
slot
CP length FFT
length
Normal 15 7 160 samples (5.2us) for first symbol
144 samples (4.7us) for other symbols
2048


Extended CP 15 6 512 samples (16.67us) 2048
Extended CP
(DL only)
7.5 3 1024 samples (33us) 4096
Figure 9 Basic time-frequency resource structure of LTE (normal cyclic prefix case)
0 1 18 19 2 3
Tslot =15360*Ts =0.5ms
0 1 18 19 2 3 17
Uplink
Tsubframe =30720*Ts =1ms
One radio frame, Tf =307200 * Ts =10ms
Downlink
(NTA*TS)
...
...
N
S
C
R
B

s
u
b
-
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
N
R
B
U
L

*
N
S
C
R
B

s
u
b
-
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
l =0 l =Nsymb
UL
-1
N
R
B
D
L

*
N
S
C
R
B

s
u
b
-
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
l =0 l =Nsymb
DL
-1
Resource Block (RB)
Resource Element (k, l)

Parameters related to cyclic prefix is as follows. Please refer to section 4.1.2.7 for
detailed information.
1) CP Sel ection for Physi cal Channel: it indicates the cyclic prefix type used in the
cell.
2.1.4 Downlink physical channels and physical signals
There are totally 3 physical data-transporting channels:
Physi cal Broadcast Channel (PBCH): used to transmit Master Information Block
(MIB), which consists of a limited number of the most frequently transmitted
parameters essential for initial access to the cell.



Physi cal Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH): used for all user data, as well as
for broadcast system information which is not carried on the PBCH, and for paging
messages there is no specific physical layer paging channel in the LTE system.
Physi cal Multicast Channel (PMCH): used for MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast and
Multicast Services.
There are totally 3 physical control channels:
Physi cal Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH): used to carry a Control
Format Indicator (CFI) which indicates the number of OFDM symbols (i.e. normally
1, 2 or 3) used for transmission of control channel information in each subframe.
The PCFICH is transmitted on the same set of antenna ports as PBCH, with
transmit diversity being applied if more than one antenna port is used. In order to
achieve frequency diversity, the 16 resource elements carrying PCFICH are
distributed across the frequency domain. This is done according to a predefined
pattern in the first OFDM symbol in each downlink subframe (see figure **), so that
the UEs can always locate the PCFICH information. This is prerequisite to being
able to decode the rest of the control signaling. To minimize the possibility of
confusion with PCFICH information from a neighbouring cell, a cell-specific
frequency offset is applied to the positions of the PCFICH resource elements. This
offset depends on the Physical Cell ID (PCI).
Figure 10 PCFICH mapping to Resource Element Groups (REGs)
PCFICH resource elements
t
i
m
e
Resource elements reserved
for reference symbols
One REG
frequency

Parameter related to PCFICH is as follows. Please refer to section 4.1.2.18 and
section 4.1.2.4 for detailed information.
1) CFI Sel ection: three different CFI values are used in LTE and a fourth
codeword is reserved for further use.
2) Physi cal Cell ID: There are 504 unique physical-layer cell identities. The
physical-layer cell identities are grouped into 168 unique physical-layer cell-
identity groups, each group containing three unique identities.
Physi cal Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH): used to carry a message known
as Downlink Control Information (DCI), which includes resource assignments and
other control information for a UE or group of UEs. In general, several PDCCHs can
be transmitted in a subframe. The information content of the different DCI message
formats is listed in Table 4.


Table 4 DCI formats
DCI format Purpose
0 PUSCH grants
1 PDSCH assignments with a single codeword
1A PDSCH assignments using a compact format
1B PDSCH assignments for rank-1 transmission
1C PDSCH assignments using a very compact format
1D PDSCH assignments for multi-user MIMO
2 PDSCH assignments for closed-loop MIMO
2A PDSCH assignments for open-loop MIMO
3 Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands for multiple users for PUCCH and PUSCH
with 2-bit power adjustments.
3A Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands for multiple users for PUCCH and PUSCH
with 1-bit power adjustments.
Physi cal Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH): used to carry the HARQ
ACK/NACK, which indicates whether the eNodeB has correctly received a
transmission on the PUSCH.
Parameter related to PHICH is as follows. Please refer to section 4.4.2.1 and
section 4.4.2.2 for detailed information.
1) Factor of PHICH group: The Number of PHICH Group determines the number of
PHICHs allocated for UEs in the cell. A PHICH group consists of multiple PHICH.
2) PHICH duration: The duration of PHICH determines how many OFDM symbols that
PHICH will be mapped on.
The downlink physical channels are summarized in Figure 11 together with their
relationship to the higher-layer channels. Table 5 specifies the mapping of the downlink
control channel information to its corresponding physical channel.
Table 5 Mapping of downlink control channel information to physical channel
Control Information Physical Channel
CFI PCFICH
HI PHICH
DCI PDCCH



Figure 11 Summary of downlink physical channels and mapping to higher layers
Downlink logical
channels
CCCH DCCH DTCH
PCH
Downlink transport
channels
PMCH PDSCH PBCH
Downlink physical
channels
PCCH BCCH MCCH MTCH
BCH DL-SCH MCH
PCFICH PDCCH PHICH
MIB
Other SI
MBSFN
Single cell
MBMS

There are totally two kinds of downlink physical signals:
Reference Signal s (RS):
Cell-specific RS: often referred to as common RS, as they are available to all
UEs in a cell;
UE-specific RS: which may be embedded in the data for specific UEs;
MBSFN-specific RS: which are only used for Multimedia Broadcast Single
Frequency Network (MBSFN) operation;
Synchronization signal s:
Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS): used for the detection of slot timing
and physical layer ID;
Secondary Synchronizati on Signal (SSS): used for the detection of radio
frame timing, cell ID, cyclic prefix length, TDD/FDD detection.
2.2 Uplink Parts
2.2.1 Single Carrier Frequency Di vision Multi plexing Access (SC-FDMA)
The multiple access scheme selected for the LTE uplink is SC-FDMA. A major
advantage of SC-FDMA over the Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access (DS-
CDMA) scheme used in UMTS is that it achieves intra-cell orthogonal even in frequency-
selective channels. SC-FDMA avoids the high level of intra-cell interference associated
with DS-CDMA which significantly reduces system capacity and limits the use of
adaptive modulation. SC-FDMA combines the desirable characteristics of OFDM with
the low CM/PAPR (Cubic Metric / Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) of single-carrier
transmission schemes as follows.
Like OFDM, SC-FDMA divides the transmission bandwidth into multiple parallel
subcarriers, with the orthogonality between the subcarriers being maintained in
frequency-selective channels by the use of a CP or guard period.


Unlike OFDM, the signal modulated onto a given subcarrier in SC-FDMA is a linear
combination of all the data symbols transmitted at the same time instant. Thus in
each symbol period, all the transmitted subcarriers of an SC-FDMA signal carry a
component of each modulated data symbol. This gives SC-FDMA its crucial single-
carrier property, which results in the CM/PAPR being significantly lower than pure
multicarrier transmission schemes such as OFDM.
Time domain generation of an SC-FDMA signal is shown in Figure 12. It can be seen to
be similar to conventional single-carrier transmission.
The first step of DFT-S-OFDM (DFT-Spread OFDM) SC-FDMA signal generation is
to perform an M-point DFT operation on each block of M QAM data symbols.
Zeros are then inserted among the outputs of the DFT in order to match the DFT
size to an N-subcarrier OFDM modulator (typically an Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform (IFFT)).
The zero-padded DFT output is mapped to the N subcarriers, with the positions of
the zeros determining to which subcarriers the DFT-precoded data is mapped.
Figure 12 SC-FDMA frequency-domain transmit processing (DFT-S-OFDM) showing localized
and distributed subcarrier mapping
Serial to
Parallel
converter
Bit to
Constellation
Mapping
M-point
DFT
Spreading
Bit to
Constellation
Mapping
Bit to
Constellation
Mapping
mbits
mbits
mbits
x(0,n)
x(1,n)
x(M-1,n)
Subcarrier
Mapping
f0
f1
fM-1
Localized
Subcarrier
Mapping
f0
f1
fM-1
f2
f3
fM-4
fM-3
fM-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Distributed
Subcarrier
Mapping
f0
f1
fM-1
f2
f3
fM-4
fM-3
fM-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Frequency Frequency
N-point
IFFT
Add Cyclic
Prefix
Parallel to
Serial
Converter
Incoming
Bit Stream

As with the time-domain approach, DFT-S-OFDM is capable of generating both localized
and distributed transmissions:



Localized transmi ssion: The subcarrier mapping allocates a group of M adjacent
subcarriers to a user. M <N results in zero being appended to the output of the DFT
spreader resulting in an upsampled/interpolated version of the original M QAM data
symbols at the IFFT output of the OFDM modulator.
Distributed transmission: The subcarrier mapping allocates M equally-spaced
subcarriers (e.g. every Lth subcarrier). (L 1) zeros are inserted between the M
DFT outputs, and additional zeros are appended to either side of the DFT output
prior to the IFFT (ML<N). As with the localized case, the zeros appended on either
side of the DFT output provide upsampling, while the zeros inserted between the
DFT outputs produce waveform repetition in the time domain.
2.2.2 Uplink physical layer general descriptions
Frequency-domain signal generation for the LTE uplink has a benefit in that is allows a
very similar parameterization to be adopted as for the OFDM downlink, including the
same subcarrier spacing, number of occupied subcarriers in a given bandwidth, and CP
length. This provides maximal commonality between uplink and downlink, including for
example the same clock frequency as shown in Table 6.
Table 6 LTE uplink SC-FDMA physical layer parameters
Parameter Value Description
Subframe duration 1ms 1 subframe includes 2 slots. Slot duration is 0.5ms.
Subcarrier spacing 15kHz
SC-FDMA symbol duration 66.67us
CP duration
Normal CP 5.2us first symbol in each slot;
4.7us all other symbols
Extended CP 16.67us all symbols
Number of symbols per slot 7 (Normal CP)
6 (Exteneded CP)

Number of subcarriers per RB 12 Resource block size in the frequency domain
Like the downlink, the LTE uplink supports scalable system bandwidths from
approximately 1.4MHz up to 20MHz with the same subcarrier spacing and symbol
duration for all bandwidths. The uplink scaling for the bandwidth is shown in Table 7.
Table 7 LTE uplink SC-FDMA parameters for selected carrier bandwidths
Carrier bandwidth (MHz)
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
FFT size
128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
Number of subcarriers
72 180 300 600 900 1200
Number of RBs
6 15 25 50 75 100
Bandwidth efficiency (%)
77.1 90 90 90 90 90


2.2.3 Uplink physical channels and physical signals
The physical layer transmissions of the LTE uplink are comprised of three physical
channels and two signals and summarized in Figure 13.
Physi cal Random Access Channel (PRACH): used to carrier Random Access
Channel (RACH) to achieve uplink time synchronization for a UE which either has
not yet acquired, or has lost, its uplink synchronization.
Physi cal Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH): used to carry data from the Uplink
Shared Channel (UL-SCH) transport channel.
Physi cal Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH): used to carrier uplink control
signaling not associated with uplink data, transmitted independently of any uplink
data packet. Control signaling includes:
HARQ Acknowledgements (ACK/NACK) for downlink data packets,
Channel Quality Indicators (CQI),
MIMO feedback (such as Rank Indicator (RI) and/or Precoding Matrix Indicator
(PMI)) for downlink transmissions,
Scheduling Requests (SRs) for uplink transmissions.
DeModulation Reference Signal (DMRS): associated with transmission of uplink
data on the PUSCH and/or control signaling on PUCCH. These reference signals
are primarily used for channel estimation for coherent demodulation.
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS): not associated with uplink data and/or control
transmissions, and primarily used for channel quality determination to enable
frequency-selective scheduling on the uplink.
Figure 13 Summary of uplink physical channels and mapping to higher layers
Uplink logical
channels
CCCH DCCH DTCH
UL-SCH RACH
Uplink transport
channels
PUSCH PRACH PUCCH
Uplink physical
channels



3 Technical Description
3.1 Normal CP
As already mentioned in the overview of the LTE radio access provided in section 2.1,
LTE downlink transmission is based on OFDM. The basic LTE downlink physical
resource can thus be seen as a time-frequency resource grid as shown in Figure 9,
where each resource element corresponds to one OFDM subcarrier during one OFDM
symbol interval.
As shown in Table 3, LTE defines two cyclic-prefix lengths, the normal cyclic prefix and
an extended cyclic prefix, corresponding to seven and six OFDM symbols per slot,
respectively. It can be noted that, in case of the normal cyclic prefix, the cyclic-prefix
length for the first OFDM symbol of a slot is somewhat larger, compared to the
remaining OFDM symbols. The reason for this is simply to fill the entire 0.5 ms slot as
the number of basic time units Ts per slot (15360) is not dividable by seven.
Taking into account also the downlink time-domain structure, the resource blocks
mentioned above consist of 12 subcarriers during a 0.5-ms slot, as illustrated in Figure 9.
Each resource block thus consists of 84 resource elements in case of normal cyclic
prefix and 72 resource elements in case of extended cyclic prefix.
3.2 Extended CP
The reasons for defining two cyclic-prefix lengths for LTE are twofold:
A longer cyclic prefix, although less efficient from a cyclic-prefix-overhead point-of-
view, may be beneficial in specific environments with very extensive delay spread,
for example in very large cells. It is important to have in mind, though, that a longer
cyclic prefix is not necessarily beneficial in case of large cells, even if the delay
spread is very extensive in such cases. If, in large cells, link performance is limited
by noise rather than by signal corruption due to residual time dispersion not covered
by the cyclic prefix, the additional robustness to radio-channel time dispersion, due
to the use of a longer cyclic prefix, may not justify the corresponding loss in terms of
reduced received signal energy.
In case of MBSFN-based multicast/broadcast transmission, the cyclic prefix should
not only cover the main part of the actual channel time dispersion but also the
timing difference between the transmissions received from the cells involved in the
MBSFN transmission. In case of MBSFN operation, the extended cyclic prefix is
therefore often needed.
Thus, the main use of the extended cyclic prefix can be expected to be MBSFN-based
transmission.


3.3 PDSCH Resource Allocation
Conveying indications of physical layer resource allocation is one of the major functions
provided by the PDCCHs. There are three resource allocation methods given below.
3.3.1 Resource Allocation Type 0
In resource allocations of Type 0, a bitmap indicates the Resource Block Groups (RBGs)
which are allocated to the scheduled UE, where a RBG is a set of consecutive PRBs.
The RBG size (P) is a function of the system bandwidth as shown in Table 8. The total
number of RBGs (N
RBG
) for a downlink system bandwidth of
RB
DL
N PRBs is given by
(
P N N
RB
DL RBG
/ = . An example for the case of
RB
DL
N =25, N
RBG
=13 and P =2 is shown
in Figure 14, where each bit in the bitmap indicates a pair of PRBs (i.e. two PRBs which
are adjacent in frequency).
Table 8 RBG size for Type 0 resource allocation
System bandwidth RB
DL
N
System bandwidth RBG size (P)
0 ~10 1.4MHz 1
11 ~26 3MHz, 5MHz 2
27 ~63 10MHz 3
64 ~110 15MHz, 20MHz 4
Figure 14 PRB addressed by a bitmap Type 0, each bit addressing a complete RBG
PRB
1
PRB
2
PRB
3
PRB
4
PRB
5
PRB
6
PRB
7
PRB
8
PRB
9
PRB
19
PRB
20
PRB
21
PRB
22
PRB
23
PRB
24
PRB
25
PRB
10
RBG 1 RBG 2 RBG 3 RBG 4 RBG 5 RBG 10 RBG 11 RBG 12 RBG 13
frequency

In resource allocations of Type 1, individual PRBs can be addressed (but only within a
subset of the PRBs available). The bitmap used is slightly smaller than for Type 0, since
some bits are used to indicate the subset of the RBG which is addressed, and a shift in
the position of the bitmap. The total number of bits (including these additional flags) is
the same as for Type 0. An example for the case of
RB
DL
N =25, N
RBG
=11 and P =2 is
shown in Figure 15. One bit is used for subset selection and another bit to indicate the
shift.
The motivation for providing this method of resource allocation is flexibility in spreading
the resources across the frequency domain to exploit frequency diversity.



Figure 15 PRBs addressed by a bitmap Type 1, each bit addressing a subset of a RBG,
depending on a subset selection and shift value
PRB
1
PRB
3
PRB
5
PRB
7
PRB
9
PRB
19
PRB
21
RBG 1 RBG 2 RBG 3 RBG 4 RBG 5 RBG 10 RBG 11
Subset Selection = 0, Shift = 0

PRB
2
PRB
4
PRB
6
PRB
8
PRB
20
PRB
22
PRB
10

PRB
5
PRB
7
PRB
9
PRB
19
PRB
21
PRB
23
PRB
25

PRB
4
PRB
6
PRB
8
PRB
20
PRB
22
PRB
24
PRB
10

In resource allocations of Type 2, the resource allocation information indicates to a
scheduled UE either:
a set of contiguously allocated PRBs, or
a distributed allocation comprising multiple non-consecutive PRBs
The distinction between the two allocation methods is made by a 1-bit flag in the
resource allocation message. PRB allocations may vary from a single PRB up to a
maximum number of PRBs spanning the system bandwidth.
For PDCCH DCI format 1A, 1B or 1D, a Type 2 resource allocation field consists of a
Resource Indication Value (RIV) corresponding to a starting resource block (RB
START
)
and a length in terms of contiguously-allocated resource blocks (L
CRBs
). The resource
indication value is defined by:
if

2 / ) 1 (
DL
RB CRBs
N L then
start CRBs
DL
RB
RB L N RIV + = ) 1 (
else
) 1 ( ) 1 (
start
DL
RB CRBs
DL
RB
DL
RB
RB N L N N RIV + + =
where


CRBs
L 1 and shall not exceed
start
DL
VRB
RB N .
For PDCCH DCI format 1C, a type 2 resource block assignment field consists of a
resource indication value (RIV) corresponding to a starting resource block (
start
RB
=
0
,
step
RB
N
,
step
RB
2N
,,

step
RB
step
RB
DL
VRB
) 1 / ( N N N
) and a length in terms of virtually contiguously
allocated resource blocks (
CRBs
L
=
step
RB
N
,
step
RB
2N
,,

step
RB
step
RB
DL
VRB
/ N N N
). The resource
indication value is defined by
if

2 / ) 1 (
DL
VRB CRBs
N L
then
start CRBs
DL
VRB
B R L N RIV + = ) 1 (

else
) 1 ( ) 1 (
start
DL
VRB CRBs
DL
VRB
DL
VRB
B R N L N N RIV + + =

where
step
RB CRBs CRBs
N L L / =
,
step
RB start start
N RB B R / =

and

step
RB
DL
VRB
DL
VRB
N N N / =
.
Here
CRBs
L
1 and shall not exceed
start
DL
VRB
B R N
.
Parameter related to resource allocation type 2 is as follows. Please refer to section
4.4.2.3 for detailed information.
1) Number of PRB that VRB is mapped into: This parameter configures the RB
number which is used to map from VRB to PRB.
3.4 PUSCH Frequency Hopping
Different techniques that provide uplink diversity can be used in cases where channel
dependent scheduling is not suitable. Hopping in frequency can be performed on
PUSCH. Thus frequency hopping in the uplink can be called PUSCH frequency hopping.
3GPP specifies two types of frequency hopping for the LTE uplink, Type 1 PUSCH
hopping and Type 2 PUSCH hopping.
As mentioned in 2.1.4, DCI format 0 is used to transport scheduling information for the
uplink. It has a 1 bit hopping flag to indicate whether PUSCH frequency hopping is
enabled or not. Thus a UE with a scheduling grant performs frequency hopping if this
hopping flag is set to 1. Depending on the system bandwidth, 1 or 2 bits are excluded
from the resource allocation field in DCI format 0 as shown in Table 9in case of hopping.
Depending on the information in the hopping bits (DCI format 0 as shown in Table 4), a
frequency hopping user performs either Type 1 or Type 2 PUSCH hopping. In each type



of PUSCH hopping, there is a possibility to hop in frequency between subframes, inter-
subframe hopping, or within a subframe, intra-subframe hopping depending on a single
bit information provided from higher layers.
Parameter related to PUSCH frequency hopping is as follows. Please refer to section
4.3.2.1 for detailed information.
1) PUSCH frequency hopping indicator: This parameter indicates whether PUSCH
frequency hopping is enabled.
3.4.1 Type 1 PUSCH Hopping
In the first type of hopping, the hopping information is provided in the scheduling grant.
Thus it can be called hopping based on explicit hopping information in the scheduling
grant. To keep the single carrier property of the LTE uplink, users are allocated on
contiguously allocated resource blocks, L
CRBs
, starting from the lowest index physical
resource block (PRB) in each transmission slot.
The first PRB (lowest index PRB) in the first slot of subframe number i, ) (
1
i n
S
PRB
, is
given by
:
2 /
~
) (
~
) (
HO
RB
1 1
N i n i n
S
PRB
S
PRB
+ =
where
START
S
PRB
RB i n = ) (
1
, and
START
RB
is obtained from the uplink scheduling grant.
The lowest index PRB (
) (i n
PRB
) of the 2nd slot RA in subframe i is defined as
2 /
~
) (
~
) (
HO
RB
N i n i n
PRB PRB
+ =

where
) (
~
i n
PRB
depends on the information in the hopping bits as shown in Table 9.
For instance, for a system bandwidth less than 10 MHz (50 RBs), if the hopping bit is set
to 0, Type 1 PUSCH hopping will be performed in the second slot with a hop of half the
hopping bandwidth. However if the hopping bit is set to 1, Type 2 PUSCH hopping will
be carried out. Similarly, for system bandwidth of 10 MHz and above (50-110 RBs),
hopping will be performed in the second slot with an offset of 1/2, 1/4, or -1/4 as shown
in Table 9.
Table 9 LTE uplink SC-FDMA parameters for selected carrier bandwidths
System BW UL
RB
N

Number of
Hopping bits
Information in
hopping bits
) (
~
i n
PRB

6 49 1
0

PUSCH
RB
S
PRB
PUSCH
RB
N i n N mod ) (
~
2 /
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
,
1 Type 2 PUSCH Hopping


50 110 2
00

PUSCH
RB
S
PRB
PUSCH
RB
N i n N mod ) (
~
4 /
1
|
.
|
\
|
+

01
PUSCH
RB
S
PRB
PUSCH
RB
N i n N mod ) (
~
4 /
1
|
.
|
\
|
+

10

PUSCH
RB
S
PRB
PUSCH
RB
N i n N mod ) (
~
2 /
1
|
.
|
\
|
+

11 Type 2 PUSCH Hopping
The hopping within a subframe, intra-subframe hopping, described above is repeated for
the other subframes. Thus this type of hopping can be referred as intra and inter-
subframe hopping.
If the hopping is inter-subframe only, the resource allocation for the first and second slot
is applied to even CURRENT_TX_NB and odd CURRENT_TX_NB, respectively.
CURRENT_TX_NB is a state variable, which indicates the number of transmissions that
have taken place for the MAC PDU currently in the buffer.
Practical Demonstration of Type 1 PUSCH Hopping:
Figure 16 demonstrates Type 1 PUSCH hopping for a system bandwidth of 10 MHz (50
RBs) with the hopping information bits set to 1 0. Six RBs have been allocated for
control signaling, PUCCH, 3 at each end. Thus the hopping bandwidth will be 44 RBs.
Based on Table 9, the offset in the second slot with respect to the lowest index PRB in
slot 0, will be half the hopping bandwidth. UE1 has been allocated on the first two
PUSCH RBs in slot 0 with the lowest index PRB being 3. It hops by an offset of 22 RBs,
i.e., half the hopping bandwidth, and is mapped to the 25
th
and 26
th
RBs. In a similar
fashion all the UEs perform hopping as shown in the figure.
Figure 16 Type 1 intra-subframe PUSCH hopping
Subframe i Slot 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
0
1
PUCCH UE 1 scheduled UE 2 scheduled UE 3 scheduled UE 4 scheduled
0
RB
UE 1
UE 1
UE 2
UE 2
UE 3
UE 3
UE 4
UE 4

Hence the period of the hopping pattern is one subframe in case of intra and inter-
subframe hopping and two subframes in case of inter-subframe only hopping.
3.4.2 Type 2 PUSCH Hopping
In Type 2 PUSCH hopping, the hopping bandwidth is virtually divided into sub-bands of
equal width. Each sub-band constitutes a number of contiguous resource blocks. In
Figure 17, for a system bandwidth of 50 RBs, the PUSCH bandwidth is divided into 4
sub-bands with 11 RBs in each sub-band. As in the example for Type 1 PUSCH hopping,
6 RBs were allocated for PUCCH



Figure 17 Hopping bandwidth is divided into equal sub-bands to perform sub-band based
hopping
Subframe i Slot 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
0
1
RB
0
one sub-band

In addition to hopping, the UEs can also perform mirroring as a function of the slot
number. While mirroring, the resource allocation starts from the right edge of the sub-
band where a UE is allocated. The hopping and mirroring patterns are cell-specific. Thus
Type 2 PUSCH hopping can also be referred to as sub-band based hopping according
to cell-specific hopping/mirroring patterns.
Practical Demonstration of Type 2 PUSCH Hopping:
An illustration of Type 2 PUSCH hopping is presented in Figure 18 for a system
bandwidth of 10MHz. To enable sub-band based hopping, the overall PUSCH bandwidth
is divided in to 4 sub-bands. A similar configuration is used for PUCCH as in the
demonstration for Type 1.
Figure 18 Type 2 intra and inter-subframe PUSCH hopping
Subframe i Slot 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
0
1
PUCCH UE 1 scheduled UE 2 scheduled UE 3 scheduled UE 4 scheduled
0
UE 1 UE 4
UE 2
RB
UE 3
UE 4 UE 3 UE 1
UE 2

For this particular example, a cell-id =3 is used to initialize the scrambling sequence.
For the sake of demonstration, 4 UEs are scheduled continuously for 4 subframes. UE1
occupies the RBs 9~13, however the resource allocation starts from RB number 13 as
shown by the black arrow. This is because f
m
(0) =1 indicating that mirroring is used in
slot 0. In the second slot, UE1 hops to the third sub-band and transmits on the RBs
25~29. Since mirroring is not used in this slot, the resource block allocation starts from
the left edge of the sub-band. Similarly, all the other UEs perform hopping and mirroring
as shown in the above figure.
3.4.3 Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 PUSCH Hopping
3.4.3.1 Diversity
In Type 1 PUSCH hopping, there are three different hopping options with a period of
only 1 subframe in case of intra and inter-subframe hopping or 2 subframes in case of
inter-subframe hopping mode as explained in 3.4.1 above. A UE may perform hopping in
the second slot with an offset of 1/2, 1/4, or -1/4 of the PUSCH bandwidth with respect to
the lowest index PRB in the first slot.
However, with Type 2 PUSCH hopping there is a possibility to perform both hopping and
mirroring with different patterns with a period of one frame or 10 subframes. This gives
more frequency diversity to mitigate the effects of frequency selective fading.
In addition, the hopping and mirroring patterns are cellspecific in hopping Type 2. This
gives a possibility to mitigate the effects of inter-cell interference by averaging the
interference over a number of users.


3.4.3.2 Limitations on the scheduler
As discussed in 3.4.1 above, 1 or 2 bits are used to provide hopping information which
puts a limitation on the number of contiguous resource blocks that can be allocated to a
single user. For instance for a system bandwidth of 5 MHz (=25 RBs), with PUSCH
hopping Type 1 and Type 2 with one sub-band (Nsb =1), the maximum number of
contiguous RBs that can be allocated to a single user is 10. However, for Type 2 with 4
sub-bands, the length of contiguous RBs drops to 5 RBs. Hence, as the number of sub-
bands increases, the length of contiguous RBs that can be allocated for a single user
becomes shorter.
In addition, a UE cannot be allocated on RBs that are in different sub-bands even
though there are free RBs. Hence Type 2 PUSCH hopping puts more limitation on the
scheduler. According to 3GPPs specification for PUSCH configuration, the number of
sub-bands can be from 1 to 4 (, PUSCH-config).
3.5 PRACH Format 0 ~ 3
Similarly to WCDMA, the LTE PRACH preamble consists of a complex sequence.
However, it differs from the WCDMA preamble in that it is also an OFDM symbol, built
with a CP, thus allowing for an efficient frequency-domain receiver at the eNodeB. As
shown in Figure 19, the end of the sequence is appended at the start of the preamble,
thus allowing a periodic correlation at the PRACH receiver
The UE aligns the start of the random access preamble with the start of the
corresponding uplink subframe at the UE assuming a timing advance of zero, and the
preamble length is shorter than the PRACH slot in order to provide room for a Guard
Time (GT) to absorb the propagation delay. Figure 19 shows two preambles at the
eNodeB received with different timings depending on the propagation delay: as for a
conventional OFDM symbol, a single observation interval can be used regardless of the
UEs delay, within which periodic correlation is possible.
3.5.1 PRACH Formats
Four Random Access (RA) preamble formats are defined for Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD) operation. Each format is defined by the durations of the sequence and its CP, as
listed in Table 10.



Figure 19 PRACH preamble received at the eNodeB
CP Sequence
PRACH preamble GT
CP Sequence
Observation interval
PRACH slot duration
UE close to
the eNB
UE at cell
edge

Table 10 Random access preamble formats
Preamble format TCP (us) TSEQ (us) Typical usage
0 103.13 800
Normal 1ms RA burst with 800us preamble
sequence, for small-medium cells (up to
~14km)
1 648.38 800
2ms RA burst with 800us preamble
sequence, for large cells (up to ~77km)
without a link budget problem
2 203.13 1600
sequence, for medium cells (up to ~29km)
3 684.38 1600
sequence, for very large cells (up to ~100km)
3.5.2 CP and GT Duration
For formats 0 and 2, the CP is dimensioned to maximize the coverage, given a
maximum delay spread d:
T
CP
= (1000 800)/2 + d/2 us,
with d 5.2 s (corresponding to the longest normal CP of a PUSCH SC-FDMA symbol).
The maximum delay spread is used as a guard period at the end of CP, thus providing
protection against multipath interference even for the cell-edge UEs.
In addition, for a cell-edge UE, the delay spread energy at the end of the preamble is
replicated at the end of the CP (see Figure 20) and is therefore within the observation
interval. Consequently, there is no need to include the maximum delay spread in the GT
dimensioning. Hence, instead of locating the sequence in the centre of the PRACH slot,
it is shifted later by half the maximum delay spread, allowing the maximum Round-Trip
Delay (RTD) to be increased by the same amount. Note that, as for a regular OFDM
symbol, the residual delay spread at the end of the preamble from a cell-edge UE spills
over into the next subframe, but this is taken care of by the CP at the start of the next
subframe to avoid any inter-symbol interference.


Figure 20 PRACH preamble received at the eNodeB
CP
Max
RTD
UE close to
the eNB
UE at cell
edge
Max
delay
spread
T
CP
Observation interval
CP
Max
delay
spread
GT =max RTD
PRACH time slot

For formats 1 and 3, the CP is dimensioned to address the maximum cell range in LTE,
100 km, with a maximum delay spread of d 16.67 s. In practice, format 1 is expected
to be used with a 3-subframe PRACH slot; the available GT in 2 subframes can only
address a 77 km cell range. It was chosen to use the same CP length for both format 1
and format 3 for implementation simplicity. Of course, handling larger cell sizes than
100km with suboptimal CP dimensioning is still possible and is left to implementation.
Table 11 shows the resulting cell radius and delay spread ranges associated with the
four PRACH preamble formats. The CP lengths are designed to be an integer multiple of
the assumed system sampling period for LTE, T
S
= 1/30.72s.
Table 11 Cell radius of PRACH preamble formats
Preamble
format
Number of
allocated
subframes
CP duration GT duration Max.
delay
spread
(s)
Max. cell
radius
(km)
In s
As multiple
of TS
In s
As multiple
of TS
0 1 103.13 3168 96.88 2976 6.25 14.53
1 2 684.38 21024 515.63 15840 16.67 77.34
2 2 203.13 6240 196.88 6048 6.25 29.53
3 3 684.38 21024 715.63 21984 16.67 100.16
These are also illustrated in Figure 21.



Figure 21 PRACH preamble formats and cell size dimensioning
1 subframe
Max. cell size
(2*radius)
Max. cell size
(2*radius)
Max. cell size
(2*radius)
Max delay spread
Max. cell size
(2*radius)
Preamble
format
0
1
2
3
CP sequence Guard time

3.6 Uplink: QPSK/16QAM, Downlink:
QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
The downlink/uplink data modulation transforms a block of scrambled bits to a
corresponding block of complex modulation symbols Figure 22. The set of modulation
schemes supported for the LTE downlink/uplink includes QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM,
corresponding to two, four, and six bits per modulation symbol.
Figure 22 Data modulation (QPSK: L =2, 16QAM: L =4, 64QAM: L =6)
M bits
Data modulator
M/L modulation
symbols

All these modulation schemes are applicable in case of DL-SCH and UL-SCH
transmission. For other transport channels, certain restrictions may apply. As an
example, only QPSK modulation can be applied in case of BCH transmission.
3.7 Uplink: 64QAM
64QAM in uplink is related to UE capabilities because:
Support for the highest data rates is key to the success of some applications, but
generally requires large amounts of memory for data processing, which increases
the cost of the UE;
LTE system has been designed to support five categories of UE, ranging from relatively
low-cost terminals with similar capabilities to UMTS HSPA, up to very high-capability
terminals which exploit the LTE technology to the maximum extent possible and exceed
the peak data rate targets.


The capabilities of the five categories are summarized in Table 12.
Table 12 Categories of LTE UE
UE category
1 2 3 4 5
Maximum downlink data rate (Mbps) 10 50 100 150 300
Maximum uplink data rate (Mbps) 5 25 50 50 75
Number of downlink MIMO streams supported 1 2 2 2 4
Support of 64QAM modulation in downlink Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Support of 64QAM modulation in uplink No No No No Yes
3.8 TX Diversity
When employed for user data, one or, at most two transport blocks can be transmitted
per UE per subframe, depending on the transmission mode selected for the PDSCH for
each UE. The transmission mode configures the multi-antenna technique usually applied
:
Transmission Mode 1: Transmission from a single eNodeB antenna port;
Transmission Mode 2: Transmit diversity;
Transmission Mode 3: Open-loop spatial multiplexing;
Transmission Mode 4: Closed-loop spatial multiplexing;
Transmission Mode 5: Multi-user MIMO;
Transmission Mode 6: Closed-loop rank-1 precoding;
Transmission Mode 7: Transmission using UE-specific reference signals.
In LTE, transmit diversity is only defined for 2 and 4 transmit antennas, and one data
stream, referred to in LTE as one codeword since one transport block CRC is used per
data stream. To maximize diversity gain the antennas typically need to be uncorrelated,
so they need to be well separated relative to the wavelength or have different
polarization. Transmit diversity still has its value in a number of scenarios, including low
SNR, low mobility (no time diversity), or for applications with low delay tolerance.
Diversity schemes are also desirable for channels for which no uplink feedback signaling
is available (e.g. MBMS, PBCH).
In LTE the MIMO scheme is independently assigned for the control channels and the
data channels, and is also assigned independently per UE in the case of PDSCH.
3.8.1 Space-Frequency Block Codes (SFBCs)
If a physical channel in LTE is configured for transmit diversity operation using two
eNodeB antennas, pure SFBC is used. SFBC is a frequency-domain version of the well-
known Space-Time Block Codes (STBCs), also known as Alamouti codes. This family of



codes is designed so that the transmitted diversity streams are orthogonal and achieve
the optimal SNR with a linear receiver. Such orthogonal codes only exist for the case of
two transmit antennas. STBC is used in UMTS, but in LTE the number of available
OFDM symbols in a subframe is often odd while STBC operates on pairs of adjacent
symbols in the time domain. The application of STBC is therefore not straightforward for
LTE, while the multiple subcarriers of OFDM lend themselves well to the application of
SFBC.
For SFBC transmission in LTE, the symbols transmitted from the two eNodeB antenna
ports on each pair of adjacent subcarriers are defined as follows:
(
=
(
*
1
*
2
2 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 0 ( ) 0 (
) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 2 ( ) 1 (
x x
x x
y y
y y

where
y
(p)
(k) denotes the symbols transmitted from antenna port p on the k
th
subcarrier.
Since no orthogonal codes exist for antenna configurations beyond 2*2, SFBC has to be
modified in order to apply it to the case of 4 transmit antennas.
3.8.2 Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity (FSTD) and its Combination
with SFBC
General FSTD schemes transmit symbols from each antenna on a different set of
subcarriers. For example, an FSTD transmission from 4 transmit antennas on four
subcarriers might appear as follows:
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
4
3
2
1
) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 (
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
x
x
x
x
y y y y
y y y y
y y y y
y y y y

where
as previously, y
(p)
(k) denotes the symbols transmitted from antenna port p on the k
th

subcarrier.
In LTE, FSTD is only used in combination with SFBC for the case of 4 transmit antennas,
in order to provide a suitable transmit diversity scheme where no orthogonal rate-1 block
codes exists. The LTE scheme is in fact a combination of two 2*2 SFBC schemes
mapped to independent subcarriers as follows:
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
*
3
*
4
*
1
*
2
4 3
2 1
) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 (
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
x x
x x
x x
x x
y y y y
y y y y
y y y y
y y y y



Note that mapping of symbols to antenna ports is different in the 4 transmit-antenna
case compared to the 2 transmit-antenna SFBC scheme. This is because the RS
density on the third and fourth antenna ports is half that of the first and second antenna
ports, and hence the channel estimation accuracy may be lower on the third and fourth
antenna ports. Thus, this design of the transmit diversity scheme avoids concentrating
the channel estimation losses in just one of the SFBC codes, resulting in a slight coding
gain.
3.9 Open-loop Spatial Multiplexing
3.9.1 Introduction
Three basic terms used to describe spatial multiplexing in LTE are as follows:
Spatial layer: A layer can be described as a mapping of symbols onto the transmit
antenna ports. Each layer is identified by a (precoding) vector of size equal to the
number of transmit antenna ports and can be associated with a radiation pattern.
Rank: the number of layers transmitted.
Codeword: an independently encoded data block, corresponding to a single
Transport Block (TB) delivered from the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer in the
transmitter to the physical layer, and protected with a CRC.
The baseband signal representing a downlink physical channel is defined in terms of the
following steps as shown in Figure 23
.
scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a physical
channel;
modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols;
mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several
transmission layers;
precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission
on the antenna ports;
mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource
elements;
generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port;



Figure 23 Overview of physical channel processing with MIMO
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Layer
mapper
Precoding
Resourceelement
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Resourceelement
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
layers antennaports codewords

For ranks greater than 1, two codewords can be transmitted. Note that the number of
codewords is always less than or equal to the number of layers, which in turn is always
less than or equal to the number of antenna ports.
In principle, a SU-MIMO spatial multiplexing scheme can either use a single codeword
mapped to all the available layers, or multiple codewords each mapped to one or more
different layers.
The main benefit of using only one codeword is a reduction in the amount of control
signalling required, both for CQI reporting, where only a single value would be
needed for all layers, and for HARQ ACK/NACK feedback, where only one
ACK/NACK would have to be signalled per subframe per UE.
At the opposite extreme, a separate codeword could be mapped to each of the
layers. For LTE, at most two codewords are used, even if four layers are transmitted.
The codeword-to-layer mapping is static, since only minimal gains were shown for a
dynamic mapping method. The mappings are shown in Table 13. Note that in LTE
all RBs belonging to the same codeword use the same MCS, even if a codeword is
mapped to multiple layers.
Table 13 Codeword-to-layer mapping
Codeword 1 Codeword 2
Rank 1 Layer 1
Rank 2 Layer 1 Layer 2
Rank 3 Layer 1 Layer 2 and Layer 3
Rank 4 Layer 1 and Layer 2 Layer 3 and Layer 4
The PDSCH transmission modes for open-loop spatial multiplexing and closed-loop
spatial multiplexing use precoding from a defined codebook to form the transmitted
layers. Each codebook consists of a set of predefined precoding matrices, with the size
of the set being a trade-off between the number of signalling bits required to indicate a
particular matrix in the codebook and the suitability of the resulting transmitted beam
direction.
3.9.2 Cyclic Delay Di versity (CDD)
In the case of open-loop spatial multiplexing, the feedback from the UE indicates only
the rank of the channel, and not a preferred precoding matrix. In this mode, if the rank
used for PDSCH transmission is greater than 1 (i.e. more than one layer is transmitted),
Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) is used
. CDD involves transmitting the same

set of OFDM symbols on the same set of OFDM subcarriers from multiple transmit


antennas, with a different delay on each antenna. The delay is applied before the CP is
added, thereby guaranteeing that the delay is cyclic over the Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) size. This gives CDD its name.
Adding a time delay is identical to applying a phase shift in the frequency domain. As the
same time delay is applied to all subcarriers, the phase shift will increase linearly across
the subcarriers with increasing subcarrier frequency. Each subcarrier will therefore
experience a different beamforming pattern as the non-delayed subcarrier from one
antenna interferes constructively or destructively with the delayed version from another
antenna. The diversity effect of CDD therefore arises from the fact that different
subcarriers will pick out different spatial paths in the propagation channel, thus
increasing the frequency-selectivity of the channel. The channel coding, which is applied
to a whole transport block across the subcarriers, ensures that the whole transport block
benefits from the diversity of spatial paths.
Although this approach does not optimally exploit the channel in the way that ideal
precoding would (by matching the precoding to the eigenvectors of the channel), it does
help to ensure that any destructive fading is constrained to individual subcarriers rather
than affecting a whole transport block. This can be particularly beneficial if the channel
information at the transmitter is unreliable, for example due to the feedback being limited
or the UE velocity being high. The general principle of CDD is shown in Figure 24.
Figure 24 Principle of Cyclic Delay Diversity
Delay
CP addition and
transmission
CP addition and
transmission
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Subcarrier 1
Subcarrier 2
Subcarrier K
OFDM
subcarriers

3.10 Closed-loop Spatial Multiplexing
In the case of closed-loop spatial multiplexing, a UE feeds back to the eNodeB the most
desirable entry from a predefined codebook. The preferred precoder is the matrix which
would maximize the capacity based on the receiver capabilities. In a single-cell,
interference-free environment the UE will typically indicate the precoder that would result
in transmission with an effective SNR following most closely the largest singular values
of its estimated channel matrix.
As an example, the set of defined precoder matrices for the case of two antenna ports is
shown in Table 14.
Table 14 Precoder matrices in case of two antenna ports
One layer
(
1
1
2
1

(
1
1
2
1

(
j
1
2
1

(
j
1
2
1



Two Layers
(
1 1
1 1
2
1

(
j j
1 1
2
1

To assist the eNodeB in selecting a suitable precoder matrix for transmission, UE may
report: Rank Indicatior (RI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) plus Channel Quality
Indicator (CQI).
RI: providing information about the channel rank or, expressed differently, the
number of layers that should, preferably, be used for downlink transmission to the
UE. RI only needs to be reported by terminals that are configured to be in one of the
spatial-multiplexing transmission modes.
PMI: providing a precoder matrix that should, preferably, be used for the downlink
transmission. The reported precoder matrix should be determined assuming the
number of layers indicated by the RI. PMI is only reported if the UE is configured to
be in closed-loop spatial-multiplexing mode. In case of open-loop spatial
multiplexing, the eNodeB instead selects the precoder matrix to use for
transmission according to a pre-defined rule. The precoder recommendation may
be frequency-selective, implying that the terminal may recommend different
precoders for different parts of the downlink spectrum
CQI: representing the recommended modulation scheme and coding rate that
should, preferably, be used for the downlink transmission. The CQI points into a
table that consists of a set of pre-defined modulation-scheme/coding-rate
combinations.
With regards to the precoder-related recommendations, the eNodeB has two choices:
The eNodeB may follow the UE recommendation, in which case it only has to
confirm (a one bit indicator in the downlink scheduling assignment) that the
precoder configuration recommended by the terminal is used for the downlink
transmission. On receiving such a confirmation, the UE will use its recommended
configuration when demodulating and decoding the corresponding DL-SCH
transmission.
The eNodeB may select a different precoder configuration, information about which
then needs to be explicitly included in the downlink scheduling assignment. The UE
then uses this configuration when demodulating and decoding the DL-SCH. To
reduce the amount of downlink signaling, only a single precoding matrix can be
signaled in the scheduling assignment.
3.11 Closed-loop Spatial Multiplexing (Rank = 1)
Rank-1 means only 1 codeword transmitted as mentioned in Table 13. A rank-1
transmission can happen for the case of one, two or four antenna ports while for rank-2
transmission, the number of antenna ports needs to be at least 2.


In case of rank-1 transmission, the complex-valued modulation symbols d
(0)
(i) from a
single codeword are mapped to a single layer as shown in Figure 25.
Figure 25 Rank-1 transmission
d
(0)
(0) d
(0)
(1) d
(0)
(2) ... Precoding
Codeword 1
Layer 1
.
.
.
Antenna ports
(1, 2 or 4)

Also the number of modulation symbols per layer is equal to the number of modulation
symbols per codeword. For rank-1 transmission, the layer mapping operation is
transparent with codeword modulation symbols simply mapped to a single layer.
3.12 Uplink RX Diversity with IRC
The Interference Rejection Combining (IRC) receiver calculates and applies a set of
antenna weights in the receiver to maximise the SINR of the signal post-combining,
taking into account the instantaneous direction of arrival of the wanted and interfering
signals. This is in contrast to a Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) receiver which does
not consider the spatial characteristics of the interference when calculating the antenna
weights.
3.13 Uplink MU-MIMO
Uplink MU-MIMO consists of multiple UEs transmitting on the same set of RBs, each
using a single transmit antenna. From the point of view of an individual UE, such a mode
of operation is hardly visible, being predominantly a matter for the eNodeB to handle in
terms of scheduling and uplink reception.
However, in order to support uplink MU-MIMO, the eNodeB specifically provides
orthogonal DMRS using different cyclic time shifts to enable the eNodeB to derive
independent channel estimates for the uplink from each UE.
A cell can assign up to eight different cyclic time shifts using the 3-bit PUSCH cyclic time
shift offset on the uplink scheduling grant. As a maximum of eight cyclic time shifts can
be assigned, SDMA of up to eight UEs can be supported in a cell. SDMA between cells
(i.e. uplink inter-cell cooperation) is supported in LTE by assigning the same base
sequence groups and/or RS hopping patterns to the different cells.
3.14 PUCCH Blanking
For adjacent UL/DL co-existence, in order to meet regulatory requirements from the
edge of an operating band/channel, it is normal to specify a guard band and an



associated spurious emission limit. The guard / protection band is usually specified as a
fixed spectrum block and used to address UE to UE co-existence as well as Base
station to Base station co-existence. This issue of co-existence happens when allocating
a high power transmission at the channel edge nearest a victim or protected band.
In particular, it notes for these deployment scenarios the PUCCH would be transmitting
at maximum power and would be located at the channel edge. Reducing the power of
the PUCCH transmissions to meet the required emission target would have a severe
impact on coverage and system performance and is therefore not a realistic solution.
In the general case each physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) consists of a single
physical resource block (PRB) pair comprising one PRB per slot located near each band
edge. The ACK/NACK, SR, and CQI transmissions on PUCCH use up to +23dBm power
levels (for Class 3 UEs) which can contribute to spurious emissions that impact adjacent
carriers with guard bands less than the larger carrier bandwidth. Such configurations are
unlikely to meet the spurious emission target for UL/DL co-existence.

PUCCH blanking is a method that the number of PRBs allocated for PUCCH is over-
provisioned (i.e.
) 2 (
RB
N
or nRB-CQI is larger than nominally required) and then only the
PUCCH PRBs farthest from each band edge (i.e., offset from either band-edge) are
actually assigned for ACK/NACK, SR, and CQI/PMI/RI transmissions. Thus it appears as
if the active PUCCH locations have been shifted away from the band edge by the same
(symmetrical) frequency offset on each edge as shown in the following figure.
Figure 26 PUCCH blanking (over-provisioned PUCCH)

The resulting over-provisioning on both the lower band-edge and upper band-edge
results in PUSCH peak rate loss which can be quite large especially when over-
provisioning is not needed on one of the band edges. Also, due to the unnecessary
symmetric PUCCH relocation, the PUCCH frequency diversity is reduced.
m=14 m=12 m=10 m=8
m=15 m=13 m=11 m=9
0 1 2 3 4 43 42 41 40
1ms
Slot 1
Slot 0
PUCCH
1/1a/1b
Allocated
PUCCH
2/2a/2b
Frequency
(PRB Index)
m=6 m=4
m=7 m=5
m=2 m=0
m=3 m=1
m=5 m=7 m=9 m=11 m=13 m=15
m=4 m=6 m=8 m=10 m=12 m=14
m=1 m=3
m=0 m=2
49 48 47 46 45 44 39 38 11 10 9 8 7
1 PRB
(
(
(
(
2
) 2 (
RB
N
(
(
2
) 2 (
RB
N
5 6
Over-provisioned
PUCCH region
(
(
(
(
2
PUCCH
RB
N
(
(
2
PUCCH
RB
N
12
) 2 (
=
RB
N # of RBs for PUCCH format 2/2a/2b
16 =
PUCCH
RB
N # of PUCCH RBs
PUCCH
1/1a/1b
Allocated
PUCCH
2/2a/2b


4 Configuration of Parameters
4.1 Parameters related to the serving cell
4.1.1 Parameter list related to the serving cell
Abbreviated name Parameter name
dwDlCenterFreq
Downlink center carrier frequency
dwUlCenterFreq
Uplink center carrier frequency
byFreqBandInd Band indicator for DL and UL frequency
wPhyCellId Physical cell id
byDlAntCapacity Capacity of downlink antenna in a cell
byUlAntCapacity Capacity of uplink antenna in a cell
byPhyChCPSel CP selection for physical channel
byTransDivInd Indicator of cell transmission diversity used
byOpenLpSpMulInd Indicator of cell open-loop spatial multiplexing used
byClsLpSpMulInd Indicator of cell closed-loop spatial multiplexing
used
byDlSysBandWidth Downlink system bandwidth
byUlSysBandWidth Uplink system bandwidth
byComPhChTrDivInd Transmission diversity indicator for common
channel (PBCH/PCFICH/PHICH/PDCCH)
wCellRadius UL 64QAM demodulation support indicator
byUl64QamDemSpInd Cell radius
byMUMIMOSupport Switch for whether MU-MIMO is supported
byMIMOTestMode Switch for whether test mode for MIMO is
supported
byCFI CFI selection
4.1.2 Parameter configuration related to the serving cell
4.1.2.1 Downlink Center Carrier Frequency
Parameter name Downlink Center Carrier frequency
Abbrevatied name dwDlCenterFreq
Description
This parameter indicates the downlink E-UTRA Absolute Radio
Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN). F_DL is center carrier
frequency, F_DL_low is dl lowest carrier frequency, N_DL is
DlEARFCN, N_Offs-Dl is carrier frequency offset indicated by band
indicator.
Range and Step
It depends on the band indicator for DL and UL frequency. (1:2110-
2170, 2:1930-1990, 3:1805-1880, 4:2110-2155, 5:869-894,
7:2620-2690, 8:925-960, 9:1844.9-1879.9, 10:2110-2170,
11:1475.9-1500.9, 12:728-746, 13:746-756, 14:758-768, 17:734-
746, 18:860-875, 19:875-890, 20:791 -821, 21:1495.9-
1510.9)MHz, step 0.1MHz.
Unit MHz



Parameter name Downlink Center Carrier frequency
Default Value N/A
4.1.2.2 Uplink Center Carrier Frequency
Parameter name Uplink Center Carrier Frequency
Abbrevatied name dwUlCenterFreq
Description
This parameter indicates the uplink E-UTRA Absolute Radio
Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN). F_UL is center carrier
frequency, F_UL_low is dl lowest carrier frequency, N_UL is
DlEARFCN, N_Offs-Ul is carrier frequency offset indicated by band
indicator.
Range and Step
It depends on the band indicator for DL and UL frequency. (1:2110-
2170, 2:1930-1990, 3:1805-1880, 4:2110-2155, 5:869-894,
7:2620-2690, 8:925-960, 9:1844.9-1879.9, 10:2110-2170,
11:1475.9-1500.9, 12:728-746, 13:746-756, 14:758-768, 17:734-
746, 18:860-875, 19:875-890, 20:791 -821, 21:1495.9-
1510.9)MHz, step 0.1MHz.
Unit MHz
Default Value N/A
4.1.2.3 Band Indicator for DL and UL Frequency
Parameter name Band Indicator for DL and UL Frequency
Abbrevatied name byFreqBandInd
Description
This parameter indicates the frequency band for downlink and
uplink frequency. The downlink and uplink frequency is own to the
same band.
Range and Step enum (1, 2, ..., 5, 7,,14,17,,21)
Unit N/A
Default Value N/A
4.1.2.4 Physical Cell ID
Parameter name Physical Cell ID
Abbrevatied name wPhyCellId
Description
This parameter is used to identify a cell. There are 504 unique
physical-layer cell identities. The physical-layer cell identities are
grouped into 168 unique physical-layer cell-identity groups, each
group containing three unique identities. The grouping is such that
each physical-layer cell identity is part of one and only one
physical-layer cell-identity group. And the physical cell identities
are space multiplexing and programmed by network programming
people.
Range and Step
int (0,1,,503)
Unit N/A


Parameter name Physical Cell ID
Default Value N/A
4.1.2.5 Capacity of Downlink Antenna in a Cell
Parameter name Capacity of Downlink Antenna in a Cell
Abbrevatied name byDlAntCapacity
Description
This parameter indicates the number of antenna port in a cell.
Transmit diversity and spatial multiplexing will use multi-antenna
port.
Range and Step enum (1, 2, 4)
Unit N/A
Default Value 2
4.1.2.6 Capacity of Uplink Antenna in a Cell
Parameter name Capacity of Uplink Antenna in a Cell
Abbrevatied name byUlAntCapacity
Description
This parameter indicates the number of antenna port in a cell.
Transmit diversity and spatial multiplexing will use multi-antenna
port.
Range and Step enum (1, 2, 4)
Unit N/A
Default Value 2
4.1.2.7 CP Selection for Physical Channel
Parameter name CP Selection for Physical Channel
Abbrevatied name byPhyChCPSel
Description
This parameter indicates the cyclic preamble length used all
pyhical channels except PRACH in non MBSFN subframe. If the
cyclic preamble length is normal_cyclic_prefix, there are 7 OFDM
symbol in a slot. If the cyclic preamble length is extended cyclic
prefix, there are 6 OFDM symbol in a slot.
Range and Step enum (normal cyclic prefix, extended cyclic prefix)
Unit N/A
Default Value Normal cyclic prefix
4.1.2.8 Indicator of Cell Transmission Diversity Used
Parameter name Indicator of Cell Transmission Diversity Used
Abbrevatied name byTransDivInd



Parameter name Indicator of Cell Transmission Diversity Used
Description
This parameter indicates whether transmit diversity is used in the
cell. Downlink common physical channel can use transmit
diversity. PDSCH can use transmit diversity and open-loop spatial
multiplexing and closed-loop spatial multiplexing. And each
physical channel will configure transmission mode according to
Cell transmit diversity used indicator and Cell open-loop spatial
multiplexing used indicator and Cell closed-loop spatial
multiplexing used indicator.
Range and Step Enum (not used, used)
Unit N/A
Default Value used
4.1.2.9 Indicator of Cell Open-loop Spatial Multiplexing Used
Parameter name Indicator of Cell Open-loop Spatial Multiplexing Used
Abbrevatied name byOpenLpSpMulInd
Description
This parameter indicates whether open-loop spatial multiplexing is
used in the cell. Downlink common physical channel can use
transmit diversity. PDSCH can use transmit diversity and open-
loop spatial multiplexing and closed-loop spatial multiplexing. And
each physical channel will configure transmission mode according
to Cell transmit diversity used indicator and Cell open-loop
spatial multiplexing used indicator and Cell closed-loop spatial
Unit N/A
Default Value Not used
4.1.2.10 Indicator of Cell Closed-loop Spatial Multiplexing Used
Parameter name Indicator of Cell Closed-loop Spatial Multiplexing Used
Abbrevatied name byClsLpSpMulInd
Description
This parameter indicates whether closed-loop spatial multiplexing
is used in the cell. Downlink common physical channel can use
transmit diversity. PDSCH can use transmit diversity and open-
loop spatial multiplexing and closed-loop spatial multiplexing. And
each physical channel will configure transmission mode according
to Cell transmit diversity used indicator and Cell open-loop
spatial multiplexing used indicator and Cell closed-loop spatial
Unit N/A
Default Value Not used


4.1.2.11 Downlink System Bandwidth
Parameter name Downlink System Bandwidth
Abbrevatied name byDlSysBandWidth
Description
This parameter indicates the downlink system band width. It is
used to determine the position of frequency for downlink physical
channel and the resource allocation.
Range and Step (6, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100)
Unit RB
Default Value 100
4.1.2.12 Uplink System Bandwidth
Parameter name Uplink System Bandwidth
Abbrevatied name byUlSysBandWidth
Description
This parameter indicates the uplink system band width. It is used
to determine the position of frequency for uplink physical channel
and the resource allocation.
Range and Step (6, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100)
Unit RB
Default Value 100
4.1.2.13 Transmission Diversity Indicator for Common Channel
Parameter name
Transmission Diversity Indicator for Common channel (PBCH/
PCFICH/ PHICH/ PDCCH)
Abbrevatied name byComPhChTrDivInd
Description
This parameter indicates whether transmit diversity for PBCH/
PCFICH/ PHICH/ PDCCH is active. If This parameter value is
active, transmit diversity is used for PBCH/ PCFICH/ PHICH/
PDCCH.
Range and Step (inactive, active)
Unit N/A
Default Value inactive
4.1.2.14 Cell Radius
Parameter name Cell Radius
Abbrevatied name wCellRadius
Description This parameter indicates the size of cell radius.
Range and Step (0~65535)
Unit 10m
Default Value 100



4.1.2.15 UL 64QAM Demodulation Support Indicator
Parameter name UL 64QAM Demodulation Support Indicator
Abbrevatied name byUl64QamDemSpInd
Description
This parameter indicates the uplink 64QAM capability of eNodeB.
If it is supported, the uplink 64QAM demodulation is supported by
the eNodeB.
Range and Step (supported, non-supported)
Unit N/A
Default Value Supported
4.1.2.16 Switch for Whether MU-MIMO is Supported
Parameter name Switch for Whether MU-MIMO is Supported
Abbrevatied name byMUMIMOSupport
Description
This parameter is a switch to determine whether MU-MIMO is
supported or not, 0: not support, 1:support
Range and Step (0:not support1:support)
Unit N/A
Default Value Not Support
4.1.2.17 Switch for Whether Test Mode for MIMO is Supported
Parameter name Switch for Whether Test Mode for MIMO is Supported
Abbrevatied name byMIMOTestMode
Description
This parameter is a switch to determine whether test mode for
MIMO is supported or not, 0: Normal Mode, 1: Test Mode.
Range and Step (Normal Mode, Test Mode)
Unit N/A
Default Value Normal
4.1.2.18 CFI Selection
Parameter name CFI Selection
Abbrevatied name byCFI
Description
This parameter indicates the CFI Value configured by high layer for
cell. The CFI Value could be 1, 2, 3 or could be configured as auto-
adjusted.
Range and Step (1, 2, 3, Dynamic)
Unit N/A
Default Value 2


4.2 Parameters related to baseband configuration
4.2.1 Parameter list related to baseband configuration
byDLEnabledAntNum
Enabled Downlink Antenna Number
byDLAnt1
Flag for Downlink Antenna No.1 in Use
byDLAnt2
byDLAnt3
byDLAnt4
byULEnabledAntNum
Enabled Uplink Antenna Number
byULAnt1
Flag for Uplink Antenna No.1 in Use
byULAnt2
byULAnt3
byULAnt4
4.2.2 Parameter configuration related to baseband configuration
4.2.2.1 Enabled Downlink Antenna Number
Parameter name Enabled Downlink Antenna Number
Abbrevatied name byDLEnabledAntNum
Description
This parameter is used to determine how many DL antennas can
be enabled.
Range and Step (1, 2, 4)
Unit N/A
Default Value 1
4.2.2.2 Flag for Downlink Antenna No.1 in Use
Parameter name Flag for Downlink Antenna No.1 in Use
Abbrevatied name byDLAnt1
Description
This parameter is a flag for downlink to determine whether
antenna No.1 is in use or not.
Range and Step (NO, YES)
Unit N/A
Default Value YES



Description
Unit N/A
Default Value YES
Description
Unit N/A
Default Value YES
Description
Unit N/A
Default Value YES
4.2.2.6 Enabled Uplink Antenna Number
Parameter name Enabled Uplink Antenna Number
Abbrevatied name byULEnabledAntNum
Description
This parameter is used to determine how many UL antennas can
be enabled.
Range and Step (1, 2, 4)
Unit N/A
Default Value 1
4.2.2.7 Flag for Uplink Antenna No.1 in Use
Parameter name Flag for Uplink Antenna No.1 in Use


Abbrevatied name byULAnt1
Description
This parameter is a flag for uplink to determine whether antenna
No.1 is in use or not.
Unit N/A
Default Value YES
Description
Unit N/A
Default Value YES
Description
Unit N/A
Default Value YES
Description
Unit N/A
Default Value YES



4.3 Parameters related to physical uplink channel
4.3.1 Parameter list related to physical uplink channel
byPuschHopInd
PUSCH Frequency Hopping Indicator
byPucchBlankFlag
PUCCH blanking
byPucchBlankNum
Numbers of Blanked RB of PUCCH
4.3.2 Parameter configuration related to physical uplink channel
4.3.2.1 PUSCH Frequency Hopping Indicator
Parameter name PUSCH Frequency Hopping Indicator
Abbrevatied name byPuschHopInd
Description
This parameter indicates whether PUSCH frequency hopping is
enabled.
Range and Step (False, True)
Unit N/A
Default Value False
4.3.2.2 PUCCH blanking
Parameter name PUCCH blanking
Abbrevatied name byPucchBlankFlag
Description This parameter indicates whether PUCCH blanking is enabled.
Range and Step (Close, Open)
Unit N/A
Default Value Close
4.3.2.3 Numbers of Blanked RB of PUCCH
Parameter name Numbers of Blanked RB of PUCCH
Abbrevatied name byPucchBlankNum
Description This parameter indicates the number of PUCCH RB is blanked.
Range and Step Int (0, 1, , 98)
Unit N/A
Default Value 28


4.4 Parameters related to physical downlink channel
4.4.1 Parameter list related to physical downlink channel
byPuschHopInd
Factor of PHICH Group
byPhichDuration
PHICH Duration
byNd
Number of PRB that VRB is Mapped Into
4.4.2 Parameter configuration related to physcial downlink channel
4.4.2.1 Factor of PHICH Group
Parameter name Factor of PHICH Group
Abbrevatied name byNg
Description
The Number of PHICH Group determines the number of PHICHs
allocated for UEs in the cell. A PHICH group consists of multiple
PHICH. If the preamble length is normal CP length, a PHICH
group consists of 8 PHICH; If the preamble length is extened cp
length, a PHICH group consists of 4 PHICH. The equation of
PHICH group is N_PHICH^Group =ceil(N_h * (N_RB^DL / 8)) (for
normal CP) or N_PHICH^Group =2 * ceil(N_h * (N_RB^DL/ 8))
(for extended CP)
Range and Step (1/6, 1/2, 1, 2)
Unit N/A
Default Value 1
4.4.2.2 PHICH Duration
Parameter name PHICH Duration
Abbrevatied name byPhichDuration
Description
The duration of PHICH determines how many OFDM symbols that
PHICH will be mapped on, one OFDM symbol or three OFDM
symbols.
Range and Step (Normal, Extended)
Unit N/A
Default Value Normal
4.4.2.3 Number of PRB that VRB is Mapped Into
Parameter name Number of PRB that VRB is Mapped Into
Abbrevatied name byNd
Description This parameter configures the RB number Which is used to map



Parameter name Number of PRB that VRB is Mapped Into
from VRB to PRB.
Range and Step (2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
Unit N/A
Default Value 3
5 Glossary
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

A

B

C
CDD Cyclic Delay Diversity
CFI Control Information Indicator
CM Cubic Matrix
CP Cyclic Prefix
CQI Channel Quality Indicator

D
DCI Downlink Control Information
DMRS DeModulation Reference Signal
DS-CDMA Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access

E

F


FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FSTD Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity

G
GT Guard Time

H

I
IRC Interference Rejection Combining
ISI Inter Symbol Interference

L
LTE Long Term Evolution

M
MBMS Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Services
MBSFN Multimedia Broadcast Single Frequency Network
MIB Master Information Block
MU-MIMO Multi-UE Multiple Input Multiple Output

N

O
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access

P



PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
PMCH Physical Multicast Channel
PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
PRB Physical Resource Block
PSS Primary Synchronization Signal
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

Q

R
RA Random Access
RACH Random Access Channel
RB Resource Block
RI Rank Indicator
RS Reference Signal
RTD Round Trip Delay

S
SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing Access
SFBC Space Frequency Block Code
SR Scheduling Request


SRS Sounding Reference Signal
SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal
STBC Space Time Block Code

T
TB Transport Block
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TPC Transmit Power Control

U
UL-SCH Uplink Shared Channel

V

W

X

Y

Z

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ZTE LTE FDD Physical Layer Overview Feature Description

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LTE FDD

Physical Layer Overview

Subset Selection = 0, Shift = 0

Subset Selection = 1, Shift = 0

Subset Selection = 0, Shift = 1

Subset Selection = 1, Shift = 1

. CDD involves transmitting the same

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