Top Careers & You _________________________________________________________________________________________________

ALGEBRA
USE OF FORMULAE IN MULTIPLICATION:

The following formulae are very handy tools while solving any type of mathematical problems.
Memorise each by heart.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) (a b) = a 3a b + 3ab b = a b 3ab (a b)
3 3 2 2 3 3 3

a2 b2 = (a + b) (a b) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 ab + b2) a3 b3 = (a b) (a2 + ab + b2) (a + b)2 (a b)2 = 4ab (a + b)2 + (a b)2 = 2(a2 + b2 ) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca )
If (a + b + c) = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

LINEAR EQUATION OF ONE AND TWO VARIABLES Linear Equation: The equation which when reduced to its simplest form contains only the first power of the variable is called linear equation or simple equation. In other words, a linear equation in one variable is an equation of the type ax + b = 0,or ax = c, where a, b, c are constants (real numbers), a 0 and x is a variable. We know that the solution of ax + b = 0,a 0 is x =

b b . We say x = is a root of the equation ax + b = 0. a a

Linear Equation in two variables: A general linear equation in two variables x and y is usually written in the

following forms:
(i) (ii) ax + by + c = 0 where a 0, b 0; a, b, c are real constants ax + by = d where a 0, b 0; a, b, d are real constants

Any pair of values of x and y which satisfies ax + by + c = 0 is called its solution.

A pair of linear equations in two variables say x and y is said to form a system of simultaneous linear equations in two variables. The general form of a system of linear equations in two variables x and y is a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0

www.TCYonline.com

_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Page : 1

Top Careers & You _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Set of Equations

Consistent System means have solution

Inconsistent System means

have no solution a1 = b1 c1
a2 b2 c2

Dependent system, has infinitely many solutions a b c Condition: 1 = 1 = 1 a2 b2 c 2

Independent system: Only one / Unique solution

Condition: a1 b1
a2 b2

Nature of Roots The term (b2 4ac) is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c and is denoted by D. Rules: 1. if D > 0, x1 & x2 are real and unequal. 2. if D = 0, x1 & x2 are real and equal. 3. if D is a perfect square, x1 & x2 are rational and unequal. 4. if D < 0, x1 & x2 are imaginary, unequal, and conjugates of each other.

If x1 and x2 are the two roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then sum of roots = x1 + x2 = roots = x1 x2 = c/a.
Formation of equation from roots: 1. If x1 and x2 are the two roots, then (x x1) (x x2) = 0 is the required equation

b/a and product of

2.

If (x1 + x2) and x1 x2 are given then equation is x2 (x1 + x2) x + x1 x2 = 0.

x2 Sx + P = 0 where S = sum of roots, P = product of roots.

www.TCYonline.com

_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Page : 2