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HP-UX 11i
Company / developer Hewlett-Packard

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● Main page OS family UNIX System V
● Contents Working state Current
● Featured content
Source model Closed source
● Current events
Latest stable release 11.31.0809 - HP-UX 11i v3 Update 4 /
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April 2009
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Package manager Software Distributor
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Supported platforms PA-RISC, IA-64
Interaction
Kernel type Monolithic kernel with dynamically
● About Wikipedia
loadable modules
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Website www.hp.com/go/hpux/
● Donate to Wikipedia
HP-UX (Hewlett Packard UniX) is Hewlett-Packard's proprietary
● Help
implementation of the Unix operating system, based on System
Toolbox
V (initially System III). It runs on the HP 9000 PA-RISC-based
● What links here
range of processors and HP Integrity Intel's Itanium-based
● Related changes
systems, and was also available for later Apollo/Domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX (1 of 18)6/2/2009 5:26:37 PM

● Upload file
systems. Earlier versions also ran on the HP 9000 Series 200,
● Special pages
300, and 400 computer systems based on the Motorola 68000
● Printable version
● Permanent link series of processors, as well as the HP 9000 Series 500
● Cite this page computers based on HP's proprietary FOCUS processor
architecture.
Languages
● ••••••• HP-UX was the first Unix to use access control lists for file
● •esky access permissions rather than the standard Unix permissions
● Deutsch system. HP-UX was also among the first Unix systems to
● Español include a built-in logical volume manager. HP has had a long

● Français partnership with Veritas Software, and uses VxFS as the
● Galego
primary file system. HP-UX 11i is currently credited with
● 한국어 [1]
leadership in integrated mission-critical virtualization ,
● Bahasa Indonesia
[2]
observed performance, high availability and manageability.
● Italiano
● Latviešu The current shipping release is HP-UX 11i v3 (11.31) with
● Nederlands Update 4 (0903).
● 日本語
Contents [hide]
● Polski
● 1 Characteristics
● Português
● 2 Release history
● Русский
❍ 2.1 Versions
● Suomi
● 3 Earlier history
● Svenska
● 4 Operating
● Türkçe
environments
● Укра•нська
❍ 4.1 See also

● 中文
● 5 References
● 6 External links
Characteristics [edit]
Since about 2000, the focus of HP-UX has increasingly been on
enhanced reliability, security, workload management, and
partitioning. The reliability is provided through clustering
technology and application failover on a system outage, as well
as error monitoring and correction. HP-UX 11i offers a common
root disk for its clustered file system. HP provides HP
Serviceguard as the clustering solution for HP-UX 11i, as well
as for Linux. HP Global Workload Management adjusts
workloads to optimize performance, and integrates with Instant
Capacity on Demand so installed resources can be paid for in
30-minute increments as needed for peak workload demands.
Security features have significantly increased with 11i v2, with
the addition of kernel-based intrusion detection, strong random
number generation, stack buffer overflow protection, security
partitioning, role-based access management, and various open
source security tools. The system partitioning (virtualization)
ranges from hardware partitions to isolated OS virtual partitions,
and most recently the Virtual Server Environment (VSE).
HP-UX 11i v3 scales as follows:

● 128 processor cores
● 2 TB main memory
● 32 TB maximum file system
● 16 TB maximum file size
● 100 million ZB storage
With the acquisition of Compaq in 2001, HP obtained another
Unix-based system, the Tru64 for AlphaServer hardware
platform. HP continues to sell Tru64 UNIX, together with
TruCluster software, but discontinued AlphaServer
manufacturing in 2007.
Release history [edit]
Prior to the release of HP-UX version 11.11, HP used a decimal
version numbering scheme with the first number giving the
major release and the number following the decimal showing
the minor release. With 11.11, HP made a marketing decision to
name their releases 11i followed by a v(decimal-number) for the
version. The i was intended to indicate the OS is Internet-
enabled, but the effective result was a dual version-numbering
scheme. The name change was apparently made to pay
citation needed
homage to the World War I Armistice anniversary,[ ]
which occurs on 11.11 in nations that use decimal dates.
Versions [edit]

1.0 (1984)
Support for the HP Integral PC (embedded ROM version)
basic kernel runs from ROM other commands are disk
based.
5.0 (1985)
Updated and renamed HP-UX 1.0 for the HP Integral PC.
6.x (1989)
Support for 300 series only. Introduced sockets from
4.3BSD.
7.x (1990)
[3]
Support for 300/400, 600/700 (in 7.03) /800 HP systems.
Provided OSF/Motif.
8.x (January 1991)
[3]
Support for 300/400 600/700/800 HP systems. Shared
libraries introduced.
9.x (July 1992?1995)
9.00, 9.02, 9.04 (s600/s800), 9.01, 9.03, 9.05, 9.07 (s300/
s400/s700), 9.10 (s300/s400 only). These provided
support for the series 300, 700 and 800 HP systems.
Introduced SAM. This version also introduced a feature of
context dependent files (CDF), a method of allowing a
fileserver to serve different configurations and binaries to
different client machines (and even architectures) in a

heterogeneous environment. A directory containing such
files had its suid bit set and was made hidden from both
ordinary and root processes under normal use. Such a
scheme was sometimes exploited by hackers to hide
[4]
exploits. CDF's and the CDF filesystem were dropped
with release 10.0. The Logical Volume Manager (LVM)
was presented at 9.00 for s800 as a replacement for the
older methods of disk management.
10.0 (1995)
This major release saw a convergence of the operating
system between the series 700 (workstation) and series
800 (server) systems. (The OS no longer supported the
older series.) There was also a significant change in the
layout in the system files and directories, based on the
AT&T SVR4 UNIX standard. Applications were removed
from /usr and moved under /opt; startup configuration files
were placed under /etc/rc.config.d; users were moved to /
home from /users. Software for HP-UX was now
packaged, shipped, installed, and removed via the
Software Distributor (SD) tools. LVM was made available
for s700, too.
10.20 (1996)
This release included support for PA-RISC processors that
support PA2.0, including 64-bit data registers. Pluggable

Authentication Modules (PAM) were introduced for use
within CDE. The root file system could be configured to
use the Veritas File System (VxFS). For legacy as well as
technical reasons, the file system used for the boot kernel
remained Hi Performance FileSystem (HPFS; a variant of
UFS) until version 11.23. 10.20 also supported 32-bit user
and group identifiers. The prior limit was 60,000, or 16-bit.
This and earlier releases of HP-UX are now effectively
obsolete, and support by HP ended on June 30, 2003.
10.24
This is a Virtual Vault release of HP-UX, providing
enhanced security features. Virtual Vault is a
compartmentalised operating system in which each file is
assigned a compartment and processes only have access
to files in the appropriate compartment and unlike most
other UNIX systems the superuser (or root) does not have
complete access to the system without following correct
procedures
10.30 (1997)
This was primarily a developer release with various
incremental enhancements. The use of PAM continued to
expand in the system security components. Various
changes to system calls were also made. This OS also
provided the first support for Kernel Threads, with a 1x1

thread model (each user thread is bound to one kernel
thread). 10.30 was also the first release of HP-UX that
was fully year 2000 compliant.
11.00 (1997)
The first HP-UX release to also support 64-bit addressing;
previous releases had been 32-bit only. It could still run 32-
bit applications on a 64-bit system. This release was also
deemed Y2K-compliant. It supported 1×1 kernel threads,
symmetric multiprocessing, fibre channel, and NFS PV3. It
also included tools and documentation to convert 32-bit
code to 64-bit.
11.04
Virtual Vault release.
11.10
This was a limited release to support the V2500 SCA
(Scalable Computing Architecture) and V2600 SCA
servers. Other versions supported the V-class server in a
single cabinet configuration, 11.10 ran on the SCA
versions where two servers are stacked on top of each
other, interconnected by a hyperplane crossbar. 11.10
also added JFS 3.3, 128-CPU support, AutoFS, and a new
ftpd. It was not available separately.
11.11 (2000)

Also known as 11i, this release of HP-UX introduced the
concept of Operating Environments. It was released in
December, 2000. These are bundled groups of layered
applications intended for use with a general category of
usage. The available types were the Mission Critical,
Enterprise, Internet, Technical Computing, and Minimal
Technical OEs. (The last two were intended for HP 9000
workstations.) The main enhancements with this release
were support for hard partitions, gigabit ethernet, NFS
over TCP/IP, Loadable Kernel Modules, dynamic kernel
tunable parameters, kernel event Notifications, and
protected stacks.
11.20 (2001)
Also known as 11i v1.5, this release of HP-UX was the
first to support the new line of Itanium-based (IA-64)
systems. It was not intended for mission critical computing
environments and did not support HP's ServiceGuard
cluster software. It did provide support for running PA-
RISC compiled applications on IA-64 systems, and for
Veritas Volume Manager 3.1.
11.22 (2002)
An incremental release of the Itanium version of HP-UX, it
was designated 11i v1.6. This version achieved 64-way
scalability, MxN threads, added more dynamic kernel

tunable parameters, and supported HP's Logical Volume
Manager on IA-64. It was built from the 11i v1 source code
stream.
11.23 (2003)
The original release of this version was in September
2003 to support the Itanium-based systems. This version
is also identified as 11i v2. In September 2004 the OS was
updated to provide support for both Itanium and PA-RISC
systems. Besides running on IA-64 systems, this release
includes support for ccNUMA, web-based kernel and
device configuration, IPv6 and a strong random number
generation.
11.31 (2007)
This release is also identified as 11i v3. This release
[5]
supports both PA-RISC and IA-64. It was released on
[6]
February 15, 2007. Major new features include native
multipathing support, a unified file cache, NFS v4, Veritas
ClusterFS, multi-volume VxFS, and integrated
virtualization. Hyperthreading is supported on Itanium
systems with Montecito processors. HP-UX 11i v3
[7]
conforms to the The Open Group's UNIX 03 standard.
Earlier history [edit]
The first version of HP-UX was 1.0, built about 1983. It started

out based on System III Unix, and later on System V.
The first HP-UX, for the FOCUS systems (Series 500s), had a
kernel written in MODCAL, a modified Pascal with extensions
for low-level programming. Pascal/MODCAL was in vogue at
HP for operating system work in the early-to-mid 1980s. This
kernel in turn was hosted on top of another lower-level kernel
called SUNOS (no relation to Sun Microsystems' SunOS) and
emulated a file system similar to UFS on top of an HP-peculiar
filesystem called Structured Directory Format (which led to
curious features like . and .. not actually existing in a directory
as opened and read). The userland was a mix of AT&T, UCB,
and HP sources.
The series 200/300 history also started out claiming System III
and later System V. The HP-UX ROMs for the HP Integral PC
had two versions: 1.0 which was System III based and 5.0
which was System V based.
HP announced its Precision Architecture in the second half of
1986, for two hardware lines: the HP3000 series 930 which had
an equivalent HP9000 series 840, and the HP3000 series 950
which also had an HP9000 series 8xx equivalent. Unlike later
PA-RISC systems, in the 3000/930 and 9000/840, the PA-RISC
processor was spread across several boards of TTL.
At the time, HP did not have shippable quantities of hardware,

but did have some installed at third-party developers sites. It
was another year before MPE/XL was ready for its 1.0 release
to customers, and in that time the HP9000 series 840 had
shipped with HP-UX and the HP3000 series 930 had been
dropped from the price list, not being enough faster than a
classic HP3000 series 70 running a similar workload.
When it came time to do a Unix for the first PA-RISC systems
(Series 800), at least the kernel was based on 4BSD but then
worked over to make it behave more like System V and other
HP-UXs. BSD-isms gradually got put back into it over the late
1980s and 1990s. That is, HP started a fresh port of Unix and
then layered the old code and APIs on top.
The last release for the series 500 was 5.2.
Series 200 and Series 800 HP-UXs started with versions 1.0
and later got version number bumps up to other ports' version
numbers as they became more compatible with those ports. So
s200 went from 2.x to 5.0 when it got demand paging and more
compatible with s500 5.0, and PA-RISC went from 3.1 to 7.0
when its userland was being built from common sources used in
7.0 on the s300.
By HP-UX 7 even the series 300 port was feeling somewhat
BSDish, including the BSD Fast File System and a filesystem
with long filenames.

Kernel had common source (across series 700/800 at least,
maybe s300/400 too) in 8.0.
Operating environments [edit]
HP sells HP-UX 11i in Operating Environments (OEs). OEs are
HP-tested and integrated operating system plus application
bundles designed to simplify installation and maintenance while
providing the functionality needed for the system's purpose.
In 2008, HP introduced new OEs for HP-UX 11i v3 to align
application bundles with today's typical systems' use. OEs for
HP-UX 11i v2 remain unchanged. The following lists the
currently available HP-UX 11i v3 OEs:
HP-UX 11i v3 Base OE (BOE)
Delivers the full HP-UX 11i operating system plus file
system and partitioning software and applications for Web
serving, system management and security. BOE includes
all the software formerly in FOE & TCOE (see below), plus
software formerly sold stand-alone (e.g. Auto Port
Aggregator).
HP-UX 11i v3 Virtualization Server OE (VSE-OE)
Delivers everything in BOE plus GlancePlus performance
analysis and software mirroring, and all Virtual Server
Environment software which includes virtual partitions,

virtual machines, workload management, capacity advisor
and applications. VSE-OE includes all the software
formerly in EOE (see below), plus additional virtualization
software.
HP-UX 11i v3 High Availability OE (HA-OE)
Delivers everything in BOE plus HP Serviceguard
clustering software for system failover and tools to
manage clusters, as well as GlancePlus performance
analysis and software mirroring applications.
HP-UX 11i v3 Data Center OE (DC-OE) -
Delivers everything in one package, combining the HP-UX
11i operating system with virtualization and high
availability. Everything in the HA-OE and VSE-OE is in the
DC-OE.
Solutions for wide-area disaster recovery and the compiler
bundle are sold separately.
The following lists the currently available HP-UX 11i v2 OEs
HP-UX 11i v2 Foundation OE (FOE)
Designed for the demands of Web servers, content
servers and front-end servers, this OE includes
applications such as HP-UX Web Server Suite, Java, and
Mozilla Application Suite. This OE is bundled as HP-UX

11i FOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Enterprise OE (EOE)
Designed for database application servers and logic
servers, this OE contains the HP-UX 11i v2 Foundation
OE bundles and additional applications such as
GlancePlus Pak to enable an enterprise-level server. This
OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i EOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Mission Critical OE (MCOE)
Designed for the large, powerful back-end application
servers and database servers that access customer files
and handle transaction processing, this OE contains the
Enterprise OE bundles, plus applications such as MC/
ServiceGuard and Workload Manager to enable a mission-
critical server. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i MCOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Minimal Technical OE (MTOE)
Designed for workstations running HP-UX 11i v2, this OE
includes the Mozilla Application Suite, Perl, VxVM, and
Judy applications, plus the OpenGL Graphics Developer's
Kit. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i MTOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Technical Computing OE (TCOE)
Designed for both compute-intensive workstation and
server applications, this OE contains the MTOE bundles
plus extensive graphics applications and Math Libraries.
This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i-TCOE.

See also [edit]
● HP-UX Process Resource Manager (PRM) software
References [edit]
1. ^ Ideas International (2008). "HP-UX 11i v3 Delivers Superior
Capabilities for Virtualized Data Centers" (PDF). HP. http://
h71028.www7.hp.com/ERC/downloads/4AA2-2291ENW.pdf.
Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
2. ^ Gabriel Consulting Group (2008). "4Q'07 Unix Survey: HP
Surges" (PDF). HP. http://h20219.www2.hp.com/ERC/
downloads/4AA2-1457ENW.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
ab
3. ^ Loftus, Chris (1994). ADA Yearbook 1994. IOS Press.
ISBN 905199155X.
4. ^ HP-UX cdf(4) man page
5. ^ Staff (2007-03-14). "HP-UX 11i compatibility for HP Integrity
and HP 9000 servers" (PDF). HP. http://h20338.www2.hp.com/
hpux11i/downloads/HP-UX_Binary_Compatibility.pdf.
Retrieved on 2008-07-24.
6. ^ Staff (2007-02-15). "HP Eases Deployment of UNIX
Virtualization with Newest HP-UX Operating System, HP
Integrity Servers". HP. http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/
press/2007/070215a.html. Retrieved on 2008-07-24.
7. ^ The Open Group (2007-02-27). "HP-UX 11i v3 Open Brand
Certificate" (PDF). The Open Group. http://www.opengroup.
org/openbrand/certificates/1188p.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-11-

14.
● Scott W. Y. Wang and Jeff B. Lindberg "HP-UX:
Implementation of UNIX on the HP 9000 Series 500 Computer
Systems", Hewlett-Packard Journal (volume 35 number 3,
March 1984)
● Frank McConnell, More about the HP 9000, gaby.de
External links [edit]
● HP-Journal oct. 1985 introducing the HP Integral and HP-
UX 1.0
● HP-UX Guides Blog
● Hewlett-Packard HP-UX
● The HP-UX Porting and Archive Center: Porting Open
Source Software to HP-UX
● HP-UX FAQ
● Securing HP-UX
● HP and Veritas to Accelerate HP-UX 11i Virtualization
● New HP-UX 11i v3 Operating Environments
● 11i v3 Update 2, a name that's practically poetry

v•d•e Unix and Unix-like [hide]
operating systems
AIX · BSD · DragonFly BSD · FreeBSD · GNU · HP-UX · IRIX · Linux
· LynxOS · Mac OS X · MINIX · NetBSD · OpenBSD · Plan 9 · QNX
· Research Unix · SCO OpenServer · Solaris · System V · Tru64
· VxWorks · more
Categories: System V | Unix variants
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Company / developer Hewlett-Packard

● Main page OS family UNIX System V

● Contents Working state Current

● Recent changes License Proprietary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX (1 of 18)6/2/2009 5:26:37 PM

● Permanent link series of processors, as well as the HP 9000 Series 500

● Cite this page computers based on HP's proprietary FOCUS processor

● •esky access permissions rather than the standard Unix permissions

● Español include a built-in logical volume manager. HP has had a long

● Latviešu The current shipping release is HP-UX 11i v3 (11.31) with

● Nederlands Update 4 (0903).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX (2 of 18)6/2/2009 5:26:37 PM

Since about 2000, the focus of HP-UX has increasingly been on

enhanced reliability, security, workload management, and

partitioning. The reliability is provided through clustering

technology and application failover on a system outage, as well

as error monitoring and correction. HP-UX 11i offers a common

root disk for its clustered file system. HP provides HP

Serviceguard as the clustering solution for HP-UX 11i, as well

as for Linux. HP Global Workload Management adjusts

workloads to optimize performance, and integrates with Instant

Capacity on Demand so installed resources can be paid for in

30-minute increments as needed for peak workload demands.

Security features have significantly increased with 11i v2, with

the addition of kernel-based intrusion detection, strong random

number generation, stack buffer overflow protection, security

partitioning, role-based access management, and various open

source security tools. The system partitioning (virtualization)

ranges from hardware partitions to isolated OS virtual partitions,

and most recently the Virtual Server Environment (VSE).

HP-UX 11i v3 scales as follows:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX (3 of 18)6/2/2009 5:26:37 PM

● 128 processor cores

● 32 TB maximum file system

● 16 TB maximum file size

● 100 million ZB storage

With the acquisition of Compaq in 2001, HP obtained another

Unix-based system, the Tru64 for AlphaServer hardware

platform. HP continues to sell Tru64 UNIX, together with

TruCluster software, but discontinued AlphaServer

Release history [edit]

Prior to the release of HP-UX version 11.11, HP used a decimal

version numbering scheme with the first number giving the

major release and the number following the decimal showing

the minor release. With 11.11, HP made a marketing decision to

name their releases 11i followed by a v(decimal-number) for the

version. The i was intended to indicate the OS is Internet-

enabled, but the effective result was a dual version-numbering

scheme. The name change was apparently made to pay

which occurs on 11.11 in nations that use decimal dates.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX (4 of 18)6/2/2009 5:26:37 PM

Support for the HP Integral PC (embedded ROM version)

basic kernel runs from ROM other commands are disk

Updated and renamed HP-UX 1.0 for the HP Integral PC.

Support for 300 series only. Introduced sockets from

8.x (January 1991)

9.x (July 1992?1995)

9.00, 9.02, 9.04 (s600/s800), 9.01, 9.03, 9.05, 9.07 (s300/

s400/s700), 9.10 (s300/s400 only). These provided

support for the series 300, 700 and 800 HP systems.

Introduced SAM. This version also introduced a feature of