Atoms, elements, Atoms elements minerals and rocks

Carbon 12 6p + 6n + 6e

Carbon 13 6p + 7n + 6e (i isotope t )

Carbon 14 Electron cloud surrounds the nucleus 6p p + 8n + 6e ( isotope )

Distribution of elements in the Earths crust

potassium 2% magnesium

sodium 3%
calcium 4% Iron 6%

others th 1%

aluminium 8%

oxygen 47%

silicon 28%

Minerals
Elements combine to form minerals There are 2 main bonding (combination) types 1) ) Ionic o c bo bonding d g 2) Covalent bonding

Ionic bonding g

2e + 8e + 7e = 17e

2 + 8e 2e 8 + 1e 1 = 11e 11

8 Electrons in the outer circle makes the atom stable

NaCl

Halite

H lit (S Halite (Salt lt N NaCl Cl ) (closed format)

H Halite lit ( (open f format) t)

Covalent bonding of carbon ions

Diamond mineral made of carbon

Graphite mineral made of carbon

Covalent bonding Ionic b di bonding Covalent bonding

Covalent bonding in all directions

Silica tetrahedron

( SiO4 )

Basic building block

O Open format f t

Closed Cl d format f t

Symbol S b l tetrahedron

Isolated tetrahedra

Mg

OLIVINE

Fe

K
Covalent bonding

Chain

Ionic bonding

Chain

Covalent bonding

Covalent bonding

Double chain

Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

Double chain

Amphibole group

Minerals break easily along weaker (ionic) bonding zones zones. Such zones are called cleavage

Pyroxene minerals e.g. g Augite

A hib l minerals Amphibole i l eg. Hornblende

Distribution of more than 3500 known minerals in Earths crust

Olivine 3% Ironoxides 4% Muscovite + biotite 5% All other minerals 4%

Pyroxene + amphibole 12%

Feldspar p 60%

Quartz 12%

Definition of a mineral: A mineral is a substance, which is Naturally occuring Inorganic Solid Crystalline (with a geometric internal structure) With defined chemical composition With characteristic physical properties

If any one of these properties is not present, the substance is called a Mineraloid Minerals are distinguished by their special properties, which reflect their chemical composition and crystallographic structure. HARDNESS, COLOR HARDNESS COLOR, STREAK STREAK, CRYSTAL FORM FORM, CLEAVAGE CLEAVAGE, FRACTURE, LUSTRE, MAGNETISM, and OPTICAL PROPERTIES are the main physical properties used in the identification of minerals. Chemical compositions are determined by various chemical analysis methods.

Practical classification of MINERALS

Rock forming minerals

SILICATES Feldspar Quartz Pyroxene Amphibole Biotite Muscovite Olivine Clay minerals NONSILICATES Calcite Dolomite Gypsum Anhydrite Halite

Economic minerals
ORE MINERALS Hematite Magnetite Chromites Pyrite Chalcopyrite Sphalerite Galena etc NONMETALLIC MINERALS Halite Diamond etc

Mineraloids
SOLID Coal Glass Opal etc FLUID Petroleum Water Natural gas etc

ROCKS
Definition: A rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of ONE or MORE minerals. GRANITE ( aggregate gg g of quartz, feldspar, mica) ) MARBLE (aggregate of calcite) LIMESTONE (aggregate of calcite) SANDSTONE (aggregate of quartz) MUDSTONE (aggregate of clay minerals)

In geo geology, ogy, a rock oc does NOT O have a e to be solid so d (cemented, consolidated, lithified ). e.g. SAND is an unconsolidated sedimentary rock, MUD is also and unconsolidated rock

Rocks are g grouped p under 3 major j Rock families: 1. IGNEOUS ROCKS: Granite, Basalt, ......etc. They are crystallized from a hot liquid, made of molten rock (magma). 2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: Sand, , Sandstone, , Mudstone, Limestone, .....etc. They are formed by the physical or chemical deposition of materials, which are derived from the earlier existing rocks. 3 METAMORPHIC ROCKS: Marble 3. Marble, Slate Slate, Hornfels Hornfels, Gneiss, ....etc. They are formed from earlier existing rocks, by changing under the effects of HEAT, HEAT PRESSURE and FLUIDS (liquids and gasses).

Lava forms igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks

sea
Magma

Magma forms igneous rocks

Altered rocks

Basin

Metamorphic rocks

Country rocks

ROCK CYCLE

Subduction zone

R O C K

C Y C L E Oceanic crust Igneous rock

Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Continental crust

Metamorphic rock

Subcrust

ASTHENOSPHERE

A s t h e n o s p h e r e

ROCK CYCLE

Legent