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= =
t
1
log 10
10 a r
SPL SPL TL
If a barrier consists of multiple sections area Si with different values of and varying exterior pressures its average
effective transmission coefficient can be estimated as:
SPL
e
SPL
e
Insulation Barriers
Absorption Material
Carpet Absorption
NVH Basics (Intro 8) Noise Reduction and Sound Package Page 3
Author: D. Griffiths Rev. 03/25/2011
2
2
i i
i i i
P S
S P
E
E
=
t
t
This means that we should have the best barriers when the exterior sound pressure is highest.
In the case of limp, massive material, such as lead, the transmission loss is given by the mass law:
| | 47 ) ( log 10 ) (
2
10
= f f TL =mass per unit area of barrier
(
=
224
log 20 ) (
10
f
f TL
The high frequency behavior may be improved by creating a sandwich barrier:
Figure 8.3.1: Sandwich Barrier
The transmission coefficient of a hole is unity:
1 =
hole
t
If we have a barrier of area Sb with a barrier transmission coefficient (no hole) b, then a hole of area a changes this
to:
{ }
b
b b b
b
S
a
a S
S
+ = + = t t t
1
Now the typical value of b at 1000 Hz is .0001, and the value is halved every octave. In consequence we can see
that very small holes can severely reduce the high frequency capability of the sound package.
8.3.2 Absorption Coefficient
If the sound power incident on a surface is
2
d
P , and the reflected sound power is
2
r
P , then the absorption
coefficient is :
2
1
(
=
d
r
P
P
o ; Pr = Reflected sound
To a good approximation we can assume that the interior sound field is constant and so the surface averaged value
of can be computes as the average over various interior surfaces weighted by their areas:
Sheet Metal
Septum
Porous Intermediate Layer (Felt)
Mastic Damping Material
NVH Basics (Intro 8) Noise Reduction and Sound Package Page 4
Author: D. Griffiths Rev. 03/25/2011
j
i i
S
S
E
E
=
o
o {This assumes a uniform sound field}
We should of course take the maximum advantages of interior surfaces such as the surface of seats. On the other
hand, certain areas such as the windshield cannot be moved.
The absorption coefficient of damping material tends to be low at low frequency and to increase with frequency
until the wavelength of sound is between and 1/8
th
of the material thickness. The absorption then falls off slowly
with frequency. In general this means that we get more absorption with thicker damping material.
Typical behavior is shown in figure 8.3.2
Figure 8.3.2: Typical Behavior of Absorption with Frequency and Thickness of Material
8.4 Approximation for NR
Based on the simple model we can give a rough formula for the Noise Reduction Factor based on the barrier and
absorption properties. This formula then allows us to prioritize design factors.
(
+
(
=
b
c
S
S
NR log 10 log 10
t
o
; Sc= Surface area of passenger compartment interior
; Sb= Effective Barrier area
Evidently our task is to minimize and maximize .
To give an example of how this works we consider the following assumptions:
- The average barrier transmission coefficient corresponds to a sandwich barrier, the only important
barriers are the floor and firewall with a total area Sb=2.6 m/sq.
- All the panels have absorption values that vary with frequency like the 25 mm data shown in figure 8.3.2,
but scaled to an average absorption coefficient at 1000 Hz, (1000 Hz)=.4
- We also show the effect of holes = 0.2% of the barrier area.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1
2
5
1
6
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
3
1
5
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
3
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
5
0
1
6
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
6
4
0
0
8
0
0
0
A
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
C
o
e
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
Frequency Hz
Material Aprox 25 mm Thick
Material Aprox 50 mm Thick
NVH Basics (Intro 8) Noise Reduction and Sound Package Page 5
Author: D. Griffiths Rev. 03/25/2011
Figure 8.4: TL of a Sandwich Barrier and NR of Barrier plus Absorption and .2% Hole
Finally, in figure 8.4, we show a comparison of the theoretical estimate for NR with the typical good NR. The actual
sound package is not as good as the theory at high frequencies suggesting that there may be leakage through small
holes. Also, we have assumed average values, there could be local weakness in the sound package which reduce the high
frequency performance.
Figure 8.4: Comparison of Theory and Practice
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1
2
5
1
6
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
3
1
5
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
3
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
5
0
1
6
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
6
4
0
0
8
0
0
0
N
R
/
T
L
d
B
Frequency Hz
Sandwich Barrier TL
Estimated Sound Pack NR
Sound Pack. NR with Holes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1
2
5
1
6
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
3
1
5
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
3
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
5
0
1
6
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
6
4
0
0
8
0
0
0
N
R
d
B
Frequency Hz
Estimated NR (no
holes)
Actual (Good) NR