Patterns of Inheritance The Universal Principles of Heredity Gregor Mendel worked out the basic laws of heredity in 1865

5 Help us to understand how traits are passed from parents to children Blending model of heredity Before Mendels discovery, people believed that heredity was a blend of characteristics from mother and father Particulate model of heredity Mendel disproved the blending theory Conducted a long-term study of pea plants Produced hybrids (offspring of two individual with differing forms of a gene) The Universal Principles of Heredity In Mendels pea plant experiments, the parental (P1) generation was pure-bred and self-fertilized (mated with itself) In Cross-fertilization (deliberate crosses between two organisms) the parents resulted in the first filial (F1) generation The trait showing up in F1 generation was dominant The trait that did not show up was recessive The F1 generation was allowed to self-fertilize The Filial (F2) generation resulted in a mix of traits with the dominant trait showing up more often than the recessive trait Rules Governing Inheritance of a Single Trait Genes and alleles: Gene - influences a specific trait in an organism Alleles - alternate forms of a gene Genes and alleles of the pea plant: Gene: length of pea stem Allele: The gene for the pea plant has 2 alleles: one for short stems and one for long stems Rules Governing Inheritance of a Single Trait 1. A heredity trait is governed by a gene 2. Genes reside on chromosomes 3. A gene for each trait can exist in two or more alternative forms called alleles 4. Most higher organisms have two copies of each gene in body cells (diploid), but gametes (egg & sperm) have only one copy of each gene (haploid) 5. Two chromosomes similar in size, shape, and genetic content are called homologous 6. A homozygote has two identical alleles of a gene. A heterozygote has two different alleles of a gene 7. A phenotype is the physical appearance of an organism whereas a genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism 8. The dominant allele shows the phenotype and the recessive allele is hidden 9. Pairs of alleles separate before egg and sperm formation (meiosis) Fertilization brings a single gene from each parent so that the progeny have two genes 10.Genes on different chromosomes assort independently of each other into gametes 11.Linked genes lie on the same chromosome and tend to be packaged into gametes together Law of Segregation Mendel concluded that each individual has two copies of each gene and the two alleles from a parent must separate One from the mother One from the father Punnett Square a useful tool for visualizing genetics Construct a square consisting of four boxes On one side, place the possible genotypes for the pollen and on the other side the genotypes for the eggs

Fill in the squares with the results for each egg type mating with each pollen type and interpret your results Genetics and probabilities Rely on the laws of chance and probability Perform a test by flipping two coins at once to mimic the mating possibilities Homo sapiens is not a good experimental animal WHY? Pedigrees Diagrams that show Family relationships Birth order Gender Males are represented by squares, females by circles Phenotype Genotype (when possible) Incomplete dominance Ex. sickle cell trait The phenotype of heterozygotes which are intermediate between the phenotypes of two homozygotes Codominance Ex. human ABO blood types Heterozygotes show both phenotypes Phenotype is intermediate How Organisms Inherit Multiple Traits Parental type gametes 2 of the sons gametes are like his parents (CF A and CF+O) Recombinant type gametes 2 of the sons gametes are recombined and not present in his parents (CF O and CF+A)