Manual de Ingles Ingles para Negocios

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales
Hebert C. Barreto.
UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE SINALOA

UNIDAD REGIONAL NORTE UNIDAD ACADEMICA DE NEGOCIOS LIC. EN RELACIONES COMERCIALES INTERNACIONALES
Manual de Ingls para Negocios 5to y 6to Semestre
Introduccin a los Negocios
ALUMNO
Relaciones comerciales internacionales Barreto
RUPO 2-3 Los Mochis Sinaloa. Agosto del 2010
Hebert C. Barreto.
Temario
Lesson 1
Recruitment Key Vocabulary Reading Comprehension: Job Advertisements Reading: Job Ads: Reading between the lines The Curriculum Vitae Grammar: Expressing Contrasts Vocabulary: Recruitment The Interview Key Vocabulary The letter of Application The Interview Writing - Answering Interview Questions Listening - What is wrong? Grammar - Relative Clauses Vocabulary - The Interview Management Styles Key Vocabulary Reading Comprehension - Management Styles Grammar - Obligations Vocabulary: Management Vocabulary Marketing & Advertising Key Vocabulary Adverts (Slogans) Reading: Hollywood Stars come to Spain Listening: Coca Cola to drop advertising in Schools Grammar - The Passive Vocabulary: Marketing and Advertising Word puzzle Franchising
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
Lesson 5
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Key Vocabulary Reading: Mc Donald's Reading - Franchising Case Studies Grammar - Gerund or Infinitive Vocabulary - Franchising Lesson 6 Accounting Key vocabulary Banking & Exercise Don't bank on it! Grammar - Expressions with Get Vocabulary - Accounting Word Puzzle Insurance Key Vocabulary Reading - Do you really need to be quoted happy? Grammar - The Conditional Vocabulary - Insurance Retailing Key Vocabulary Reading - Thanks for the gift, now how do I get what I really want? Grammar - Idioms Vocabulary - Retailing Stocks & Shares Key Vocabulary Reading - New York Stock Exchange to float Grammar: Describing Economic Trends Reading - Cuffley Football Club in shares launch Grammar: Comparatives & Superlatives Vocabulary - The Stock Exchange
Lesson 7
Lesson 8
Lesson 9
Lesson 10 Starting up a new business Key vocabulary Reading - You and your ideas
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Quiz - How do you rate as an entrepreneur? Writing - Business plan Vocabulary - Starting up a business Lesson 11 Business & the environment Key Vocabulary - Definitions Listening - Recycling Reading - Green energy will never meet needs, says Exxon Grammar - Indefinite and Definite Article Vocabulary - Business and the environment Lesson 12 International Trade Key Vocabulary Reading - G8s free trade project is here to stay - along with world poverty Listening - How different countries approach business Grammar - Correcting Mistakes Vocabulary Lesson 14 Telephone English Answering the phone Introductions and Greetings Grammar Point Starting Conversation Vocabulary - Telephone & Social English Lesson 15 Writing e-mails How to start an e-mail Difference between writing a letter and an e-mail Abbreviations Writing - Changing a letter into an e-mail Lesson 16 How to make a speech Techniques & Exercise Writing a speech -
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Lesson 1: Recruitment
Key Vocabulary
When a company needs to recruit or employ new people, it usually advertises the job or position in the recruitment section of a newspaper or magazine. People who are interested can then apply for the job by sending a letter of application and a curriculum vitae containing details of their education and experience to the company. The company will then draw up a shortlist of candidates, who are then invited to attend an interview.
INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales Reading Read the following job advertisements, and then answer the questions. A) Job Advertisements St. Mary's Junior School Heath Drive, Ware, Herts SG12 ORL TEACHING ASSISTANT Required from: November 2002 - Term time only, four mornings weekly We are looking for a caring and enthusiastic teaching assistant to work in a Y3 classroom to work alongside children who require extra support. Experience of working with children is essential. You will be part of a friendly and committed staff team and we shall offer opportunities to help you develop professionally. Please telephone Jane Hannibal, School Secretary for further details. Visits are welcomed. Letters of application and CV with the details of 2 referees should be sent to Liz Neville, Head teacher by October 14.
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B) Job Advertisements CONTRACTS MANAGER Diamond PLC has been providing a quality service for over 25 years, specialising in refurbishment and major alterations for Local Authorities & Housing Associations in the London area. Our continued success is due to the commitment of our dedicated team of professionals. We are looking for an experienced Contracts Manager, able to demonstrate the drive necessary to lead a team of Surveyors, Site Managers and Trades, reporting to the Contracts Director. You will be responsible for controlling projects of all sizes up to 3m using the company's management control process and our fully computerised ICT system. This is a great opportunity for an individual with a proven track record of delivering projects on time & within budget whilst able to maintain our mission statement of 'Building Quality on Time'. If you feel this is the challenge for you, please apply in writing with a full CV to: Sarah Curry HR Department Diamond Plc52 Stamford Road London N15 4PZ
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Comprehension Questions 1. Read through the advertisements again and make a list of all the words and expressions used to describe: a) The job requirements b) The benefits offered by the job. vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
(Haga click en el cuadro para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
2. Look at the job advertisement labelled (B) and answer the questions.
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Job Ads: Reading between the lines
Checking out job advertisements is popular with executives worldwide. But though the activity is universal, is the same true of the advertisements? Are executive positions in different countries advertised in the same way? A comparison of the jobs pages of The Times of London, Le Monde of Paris and Germany's Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung suggests not. First, what UK job seekers consider an essential piece of information -what the post paysis absent from French and German adverts. It is often left to applicants to raise this themselves. In contrast, most British advertisements mention not only salary, but also other material incentives including a car and fringe benefits. French or German advertisements rarely refer to these. The attention given to rewards in the UK indicates the importance of the job and its responsibility. In Germany and France, that information is given by the level of experience and qualifications demanded. Salary can be assumed to correspond with this. If French and German adverts are vague about material rewards, they are precise about qualifications. They usually demand "a degree in ...", not simply "a degree". In Germany, for example, a technical director for a machine tool company will be expected to have a Dipl.-Ing degree in Mechanical Engineering. French advertisements go further. They may specify not just the type of grande cole degree, but sometimes a particular set of institutions (Formation suprieure X, Centrale, Mines, HEC, ESSEC), these being the most famous grandes coles.
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All this contrasts with the vague call for "graduates" (or "graduate preferred"), which is found in the UK. British companies often give the impression that they have a particular type of applicant in mind, but are not sure about the supply and will consider others. Their wording suggests hope and uncertainty, as in this advertisement from The Times: "Whilst educational standards are obviously important, a large measure of personal enthusiasm is likely to secure the success of your application." In the UK, qualifications beyond degree level make employers nervous, but in France or Germany it is difficult to be "overqualified". Many people on German executive boards have doctorates and the French regard five or six years of intensive post-bacealaurat study at a grand cole as ideal training. British managers are not selected primarily for their intelligence, as managers are in France or for their expert knowledge, as in Germany. Instead the British give importance to social, political and leadership skills. This difference also shows in the personal qualities mentioned. British advertisements stress energy, ability to communicate and motivate. German advertisements like achievement, but it tends to be less personality-driven. German companies want candidates with sound knowledge, experience and competence in their field. They rarely recruit novices, as do British employers. French advertisements refer more to intellectual qualities like analytical aptitude and independence. Even the tone of the job advertisements is different in the three countries. By French and German standards, British advertisements are very audacious: They attract young executives with challenges such as: "Are you reaching your potential?" whereas French and German advertisements are boringly direct, aiming to give information about the job rather than to sell it. All this points to three different conceptions of management. The French regard it as intellectually complex, the Germans as technically complex, and the British as interpersonally complex. But they agree on one thing: it's complex.
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Questions
The Curriculum Vitae Study the following CV and decide where each of the following headings should be placed. References Interests & Achievements Personal Details Employment Education & Qualifications Additional Skills
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1.- ________________________________ DATE OF BIRTH: 15th June 1977 MARITAL STATUS: Single NATIONALITY: British DRIVING LICENCE: Full UK Driving Licence (Sep 1994) 2.- ________________________________ 1995 - 1999 UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND, Bristol BA (Hons) Modern Languages & European Studies (2i) 1989 - 1995 GOFFS LANGUAGE COLLEGE, Cheshunt A-Levels: German (C) French (E) AS-Levels: Religious Instruction (E) General Studies (D) 3.- ________________________________ - Computer, Internet and E-Mail literate. - Proficient in the use of Windows 95, 98; experience of Windows NT. - Detailed knowledge of Microsoft Word, Excel, Access and PowerPoint. - Fully conversant with Microsoft Outlook and Netscape Messenger. - Accurate keyboard skills and the ability to type 50 w.p.m.
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4.- ________________________________ Jun 2000 - present SDRC UK Limited, Hitchin, Hertfordshire Position: Training Co-ordinator At SDRC, my role is to support the Automotive Team in the processing and marketing of training for all UK-based Ford and Jaguar approved Suppliers. I am responsible for coordinating all training orders, acting as the sole point of contact for Automotive Suppliers. Sep 1999 - Jan 2000 Trade Mark Consultants Co, Harrow, Middlesex Position: Trade Mark Agent As a Trade Mark Agent, my time was spent performing an array of tasks, including: conducting search reports; reporting to the client; filing U.K. and Community Trade Mark Applications; answering clients' Trade Mark enquiries and updating the company's Trade Mark Database. 5.- ________________________________ - I take great pleasure from the cinema, especially contemporary foreign cinema. - I am a sports enthusiast and especially enjoy playing badminton, tennis, golf and football. 6.- ________________________________
Employment Mr Mark Parry SDRC UK Limited Milford House Priory End Academic Mrs Ann Kennard Faculty of Languages and European Studies University of the West of England
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INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales Expressing Contrast

Despite, in spite of, although and even though are all used to express contrast between two ideas. Look at the following sentences: Despite her lack of hard work, she was promoted. This sentence means that she didn't work very hard, but she was still promoted. Despite promises by the government to cut working hours, the average Brit works 38 hours a week. This sentence means that the British government has promised to reduce working hours, but the Brits still continue to work very hard.
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Practice
Finish each of the following sentences so that it has the same meaning as the sentence printed before it.
1. Although he is the boss, he does not find solutions to problems very easily. In spite of _______________________________________________
2. In spite of his hard work, he could not finish the job. Although ________________________________________________
3. Despite the increase in their salaries, many French employees spend Saturday at work. Even though _____________________________________________
4. Although they are dedicated to their companies, many German employees want more leisure time. In spite of _______________________________________________
5. Despite the fact that some German and British management styles are similar, there are many differences between them. Even though _____________________________________________
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Recruitment Benefit Bonus Business Candidates Career Challenge Communication skills Curriculum Vital (CV) Graduate Post graduate Under graduate Good standard of.... Headquarters Health insurance Honours degree Human Resources Interview Letter of application Manager Pension Policy Position Recruitment Recruitment Agency Recruitment Section Responsibility Salary Shortlist Staff To apply for To be in charge of Beneficio Bonus Negocio Candidato Carrera profesional Reto / desafo Habilidades comunicativas Currculum Vitae Licenciado Post-grado Estudiante de carrera Buen nivel de... Oficinas centrales Seguro mdico Diploma con mencin de honores Recursos Humanos Entrevista Carta de Presentacin Jefe/a Pensin Pliza Puesto Seleccin Agencia de empleo Seccin de empleo Responsabilidad Salario Lista de candidatos finales Empleados Solicitar Estar a cargo de
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Test your Vocabulary Find a word from the vocabulary section (above) which corresponds to the following definitions:
(Haga click en el cuadro para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
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The Interview
Key Vocabulary Once you have seen a job advertisement that interests you, you should send a covering letter together with your Curriculum Vitae to the person of contact. The covering letter is equally as important as your Curriculum Vitae as it provides the first direct contact between a candidate and an employer. If this letter is not well written or poorly presented, you will give a bad impression.
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The Letter of Application
The letter of application usually has the following layout. Four Paragraphs which explain the following:
1. Why you are writing 2. Why you are interested in the position 3. What you personally can contribute to the job - highlight your relevant skills and experience. 4. Willingness to attend an interview -------- ooo O ooo -------Exercise Complete the following letter of application using the following verbs: Contact / discuss / employed / welcome / involved / apply / enjoy / notice / advertised / matches
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Dear Ms Swan, I am writing to 1.___________ for the position of Public Affairs Associate, which was 2.__________ last week in The Guardian. Although I am presently 3.________ by a non-profit making organisation, it has always been my intention to work in a commercial environment. I would particularly 4.________ the chance to work for your company and as you will 5.___________ on my enclosed Curriculum Vitae, the job you are offering 6.____________ both my personal and professional interests. My work experience has familiarised me with many of the challenges 7._________ in Public Relations today. I am sure that this, together with my understanding of the needs and expectations of sport and nature enthusiasts, would be extremely relevant to the position. Moreover, as my mother is Spanish, I am fluent in this language and would definitely 8._______________ working in a Spanish-speaking environment. I would be pleased to 9.___________ my curriculum vitae with you in more detail at an interview. In the meantime, please do not hesitate to 10.___________ me if you require further information. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely Sarah Brown
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Lesson 2: The Interview
Job interviews can be some of the most stressful situations we have to face. From the moment you enter the potential employer's building to the time you are back outside, you are on show - and preparing to give a good performance is what can guarantee success or at least give your best.
Possible interview questions

Warm-up questions: What made you apply for this position? How did you hear about this job opening? Briefly, would you summarize your work history & education for me? Work history: What special aspects of your work experience have prepared you for this job? Describe for me one or two of the biggest disappointments in your work history? Why are you leaving your present job? (Or, why did you leave your last job?) What is important to you in a company? What things do you look for in an organization?
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INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales Job performance: Everyone has strengths & weaknesses as workers. What are your strong points for this job? What areas do you consider need improving? Do you prefer working alone or in a team? What kind of people do you find it most difficult to work with? Why? What are some things you would like to avoid in a job? Why? In your previous job what kind of pressures did you encounter? What would you say is the most important thing you are looking for in a job? What are some things you particularly liked about your last job? Education: What special aspects of your education or training have prepared you for this job? What courses in school have been of most help in doing your job? Career goals: What is your long-term employment or career objective? What kind of job do you see yourself holding five years from now? What do you feel you need to develop in terms of skill & knowledge in order to be ready for that opportunity? Why might you be successful in such a job? What might make you leave this job?
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INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales Self-assessment: What kind of things do you feel most confident in doing? Can you describe for me a difficult obstacle you have had to overcome?, How did you handle it?, How do you feel this experience affected your personality or ability? How would you describe yourself as a person? What do you think are the most important characteristics & abilities a person must possess to become a successful (............... )? How do you rate yourself in these areas? What do you consider to be your greatest achievements to date? Why? Decisiveness: Do you consider yourself to be thoughtful, analytical or do you usually make up your mind fast? Give an example. (Watch time taken to respond) What was your most difficult decision in the last six months? What made it difficult? How do you go about making an important decision affecting your career? What was the last major problem that you were confronted with? What action did you take on it? Motivation: What is your professional goal? Can you give me examples of experience on the job that you felt were satisfying? Leadership: What specifically do you do to set an example for your employees? What sort of leader do your people feel you are? Are you satisfied? How do you get people who do not want to work together to establish a common approach to a problem? How would you describe your basic leadership style? Give specific examples of how you practice this? Do you feel you work more effectively on a one to one basis or in a group situation?
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INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales Oral presentation skills: Have you ever done any public or group speaking? Recently? Why? How did it go? Have you made any individual presentations recently? How did you prepare? Written communication skills: Would you rather write a report or give a verbal report? Why? What kind of writing have you done? For a group? For an individual? Flexibility: What was the most important idea or suggestion you received recently from your employees? What happened as a result? What do you think about the continuous changes in company operating policies & procedures? How effective has your company been in adapting its policies to fit a changing environment? What was the most significant change made in your company in the last six months, which directly affected you, & how successfully do you think you implemented this change? Stress tolerance: Do you feel pressure in your job? Tell me about it. What has been the highest-pressure situation you have been under in recent years? How did you cope with it? Stability & Maturity: Describe your most significant success & failure in the last two years. What do you like to do best? What do you like to do-least? What in your last review did your supervisor suggest needed improvement? What have you done about it? The ways in which you answer interview questions are very important. 9 times out of 10 the same types of interview questions come up time and time again. "Be Prepared!" Before you go to the interview prepare your answers carefully.
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Lesson 2: Writing
Answering Interiew Questions Write the answers to the following interview questions, including the vocabulary given in brown in your answer. 1. Why are you leaving your present job? (Or, why did you leave your last job?) Firstly...... / in the long term...... / besides......
2. What is important to you in a company? What things do you look for in an organization? From my point of view...... / it is extremely important that.......
3. Everyone has strengths & weaknesses as workers. What are your strong points for this job? As far as I know...... / having said that......... / what's more.........
4. What is your long-term employment or career objective? What is your professional goal? My one ambition is to...... / to aim high.....
5. What has been the highest-pressure situation you have been under in recent years? How did you cope with it? At first ........ / to face up to the situation........
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lesson 2: Listening
What is wrong? Listen to an interviewer interviewing a candidate for a Secretarial Position within a company. The secretary will answer questions 1, 2 and 3. 1. Why are you leaving your present job? 2. What is important to you in a company? 3. What are your strong points for this job? What does she say wrong? -------- ooo O ooo -------Listenings 1. I left my last job firstly because I felt that I had achieved a lot working with that company and that it was time to move onto a bigger company, besides the money was really bad and I think that this company offers a better salary. 2. I am an extremely hard working person. I like working alone or in a team and I like working to deadlines. You know what I mean?! 3. In a company it is important to have a cafeteria where you can go if you want a break and also clean toilets.
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Lesson 2: Grammar
Relative Clauses Look at the following sentences. The relative clause is in bold: Mc Donald's is a place which sells hamburgers. Sally Jones is the manager of the McDonalds on Oxford Street, which was one of the first fast food restaurants opened. The relative clause in the first sentence is a defining clause. It tells us what type of restaurant Mc Donald's is and is therefore essential to the meaning of the sentence. The relative clause in the second sentence is a non-defining clause. It gives us extra information about Mc Donald's. -------- ooo O ooo --------
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Practice
(Haga click sobre las oraciones para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
1.- Look at the following sentences and decide whether they are defining or non-defining relative clauses.
2.- Join each pair of sentences using a relative pronoun
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The Interview Application form Approach Body language Branch Dole Fee Flexi-time work HR (Human Resources) Head office Job hunting Leadership Minimum wage Paid holidays Paperwork Purpose Research Safety regulations Salary Self-starter Shift work Short notice Skill Unemployment To assemble To attend an interview To be aware To be unemployed To break the ice To behave To contract To develop To earn To encounter To implement To judge To overcome To sack To set an example To shake hands To solve Formulario de solicitud Enfoque Lenguaje corporal Sucursal Subsidio de desempleo Honorarios Trabajo a tiempo flexible RRHH (Recursos Humanos) Oficina central, oficina principal Bsqueda de empleo Liderazgo Salario mnimo Vacaciones pagadas Papeleo Propsito Investigacin Normas de seguridad Sueldo Persona dinmica Trabajo por turnos Aviso a corto plazo Habilidad Desempleo Reunir, ensamblar Asistir a una entrevista Estar al tanto, ser consciente de algo Estar desempleado Romper el hielo Comportarse Contratar Desarrollar Cobrar, ganar Encontrar Aplicar, poner en funcionamiento Juzgar Vencer Despedir Poner un ejemplo Dar la mano Resolver
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Lesson 3: Management Styles
Key Vocabulary
The amount of responsibility of any individual in a company depends on the position that he or she occupies in its hierarchy. Managers, for example, are responsible for leading the people directly under them, who are called subordinates. To do this successfully, they must use their authority, which is the right to take the decisions and give the orders that will allow their subordinates to reach certain objectives. Managers often delegate authority. This means that employees at lower levels of the company hierarchy can participate in decision-making.
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Lesson 3: Reading Comprehension
Management Styles The characteristics of management often vary according to national culture, which can determine how managers are trained, how they lead people and how they approach their jobs.
Below you will find five brief portraits of managers in five different countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Sweden. Managers from the United States... Generally attend business schools. Communicate easily and informally at work. Admire the qualities of a leader. Expect everyone to work hard. Individual performance is measured and initiative is rewarded. Have competitive and sometimes aggressive attitudes towards work. Often accept innovation and change. Managers from the United Kingdom... Receive a general education. Delegate authority. Take a practical approach to management. Have relatively formal relationship at work. Encourage their employees to work individually.
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Believe it is important to continue education and training at work. Managers from Germany... Consider professional and technical skills to be very important. Have a strong sense of authority. Respect the different positions in the hierarchy of their companies. Clearly define how jobs should be done. Are very loyal to their companies and expect their subordinates to obey them. Are often older than in other countries. Managers from France... Go through an elitist educational system. Have a strong sense of hierarchy and power. Often have impersonal relationships at work. Analyze problems in great detail before taking decisions. Consider speaking skills to be particularly important. Move easily between state and private sectors. Managers from Sweden... Consider social qualities to be as important as education. Encourage their employees to take an interest in their work. Pay close attention to the quality of working life. Do not use as much authority as in other countries. Appreciate low-level decision-making. Are often women. -------- ooo O ooo --------
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Questions
(Haga click sobre las preguntas para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
1.- Decide which country the following statements refer to:
2.- Find synonyms in the text for the following words:
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Lesson 3: Grammar
Obligations Obligation is expressed using must, should and have to . Must and Have to Must and have to is used to express a strong obligation 1. You must do this exercise again. (obligation) 2. You musnt smoke in the hotel. (prohibition) 3. Every night you have to do your homework. (obligation) Should Should is used to express a mild obligation of a suggestion 1. You should apologize to him. (mild obligation) 2. You should go to bed before 11pm if you feel tired. (suggestion) Past obligation Must does not have a past tense form. We use had to to express a past obligation 1. We had to wake up early in order to take the exam. Asking about obligation Must is rarely found in the question form We normally use have to to ask about obligation 1. Do we have to go to the extra class? 2. Do I have to get up early on Sunday?
-------- ooo O ooo --------
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Questions
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of obligation, according to the rules.
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Management Achievements Administrative Apprenticeship Approach Authority Benefit Competition Contract Contribution Customer Demands De-motivation Development Discipline Discrete Goals Incentives Knowledge Outcome Overtime Planning Principles Quality control Rates Regulations Logros Administrativo Becara, prcticas Enfoque (perspectiva) Autoridad Beneficio / aportaciones positivas Competicin Contrato Contribucin Cliente Demanda Desmotivacin Desarrollo Disciplina Discreto Objetivos / metas Incentivos Conocimiento Resultado Hacer horas extras Planificacin / planning Principios Control de calidad Mrgenes, bandas (ej. salariales) Regulaciones
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Skill Specialised Strategic Subsidiaries Supervisor Supervision Task Training Turnover Underpaid Undervalued Wages Worker To achieve To alter To be promoted To co-ordinate To deal with To develop To inspire To lead To make a decision To plan To supervise To supply To survive
Habilidad / conocimiento Especializado Estratgico Subsidiarios/as Supervisor Supervisin Tarea Entrenamiento / training Facturacin Mal pagado Devaluado Salario Trabajador Lograr / conseguir Alterar Ser ascendido de categora Coordinar Tratar con Desarrollar Inspirar Liderar Tomar una decisin Planificar Supervisar Suministrar / proporcionar Sobrevivir
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Test your Vocabulary
Match a word from the vocabulary section above to the definition. 1. A system of training regulated by law or custom which combines on-the-job training and work experience while in paid employment with formal off-the-job training.
2. To Monitor: keep tabs on; keep an eye on; keep under surveillance
3. A competent person in charge of a workplace or who has authority over a worker
4. The amount of money paid for some specified quantity of labour. Apprenticeship To supervise Supervisor Wages
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Lesson 4: Advertising & Marketing
Key Vocabulary Advertising is very important and is used to expand sales by making the product or service known to a wider audience. The advert that a company uses is its personal message. It has to be received loud and clear. If not customers do not understand why they should buy from the company or what it is they are getting. Knowledge of the target market is needed to help refine the message and to select the most useful way to communicating the message to the particular group. Advertising can be done through various different ways: Writing the message - direct mail, web sites, brochures, local newspapers, etc. Speaking the message - telephone selling, television, local radio, etc.
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Lesson 4: Adverts
In what other ways can we advertise? Many adverts contain a slogan (a short phrase to attract the customer's attention). Effective slogans are usually short, easy to remember and easy to repeat. Here are some authentic slogans from adverts used in the United Kingdom. - I'm lovin it - We rent a lot more than a car - The web's favourite airline - Once you pop you can't stop - Connecting people - Where good food costs less 1. What type of product do you think each slogan is advertising? 2. Do you think they are effective? Endorsement is an advertising technique that leading companies use in which a celebrity is used to advertise a certain product. 1.- Give examples of famous people endorsing a product in your country.
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Lesson 4: Reading
Hollywood Stars Come to Spain
2006: Claudia Schiffer (Mango) 2005: Gisele Bundchen (El Corte Ingls) 2004: Nicole Kidman, George Clooney (El Corte Ingls) 2003: Sylvester Stallone (El Corte Ingls) These are just a few of the Hollywood Celebrities that have recently taken to advertising Spanish brands and shops. In 2005, the world-famous Super Model Gisele Bundchen could be seen on thousands of billboards in the Iberian Peninsula advertising clothes, bikinis and accessories for Spain's leading department store, 'El Corte Ingls' (The English Cut). El Corte Ingls is Spain's best-known and best-loved store. El Corte Ingls is to Spain as Selfridges is to London and Macy's to New York. Whatever you need, an MP3 player, a CD, a Burberry bag or a Papaya, El Corte Ingls has it. But why do these rich and famous superstars come to Spain? According to Juan Morales*, Director of El Corte Ingls, "many Hollywood stars have holiday homes either in mainland Spain (Alicante, Marbella, etc) or in the Balearic or Canary Islands, therefore El Corte Ingls is their favourite department store. We pay them a lot of money and promise to run their ads only within the confines of the Iberian Peninsula".
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The Superstars Agents protect their clients' reputation by demanding that "Spain only" clauses be written into advertising contracts. The clauses impose heavy penalties if the ad somehow gets shown in the U.S. In the past, American stars confined their endorsement exploits to Japan. However, according to Brian Dubin, senior vice-president at the William Morris Agency, stars can get between $1 million and $5 million for a single overseas campaign. US stars wish to be seen by their home fans endorsing only products that boost their image. For example, in the US, Arnold Schwarzenegger is seen advertising the off-road vehicle, the Hummer and Sarah Jessica Parker fashionable Gap Clothes. For many years now celebrities have been known to stoop pretty low to make some extra cash, but now they don't mind if we see it. In the near future we can expect more Hollywood embarrassing endorsements, coming soon whatever the country. *Fictitious name Katherine Mansfield - Queens English College
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Questions
Synonyms (click sobre las preguntas para ver las respuestas) Find synonyms for these words in the text: 1. a couple of 2. make (noun) 3. sign 4. merchandise 5. fine (noun) 6. confined 7. rather
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Lesson 4: Listening
Coca Cola to drop advertising in schools
You are going to listen to a news report from The Guardian that describes how and why Coca- Cola is going to stop advertising its product in British Schools. Listen carefully answer the questions below.
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Coca-Cola to drop advertising in schools
By John Steele (The Guardian 26/01/2004)
Coca-cola is to remove advertising of its products from the front of around 4,000 vending machines in secondary schools across Britain. The step, a major shift in policy for one of the world's most energetically promoted companies, follows a decision last month to remove pictures of products from machines in Scottish schools. Coca-Cola Enterprises, the distribution arm of the company, said the decision recognised the "conflict" between vending machines in schools and the status of classrooms as "commercial-free" areas. The company also announced changes to the content of machines in schools, with a greater emphasis on drinks such as Oasis, Five Alive and Dasani bottled water. The move comes after concerns have been raised about the effects on children's health, particularly obesity, of fast food and regular consumption of drinks such as Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola has 4,000 vending machines (*) in around 1,500 secondary schools in England, Scotland and Wales. There are none in primary schools. The company operates each machine and pays the school a percentage of the takings. In a programme of changes to machines between now and September, pictures of cans of Coca-Cola or Fanta will be replaced by panels showing children playing in a cartoon scene. Ian Deste, head of corporate affairs at Coca-Cola Enterprises (GB), said: "We share the view that classrooms should be a commercial-free area and clearly there is some conflict then with highly visible, highly branded machines. "We hope this move will be seen as us being responsive to the sensitivities in this area." He rejected talk of vending machines being banned from schools altogether. "There are three reasons why we are in schools," he said. "Firstly our products provide refreshment, secondly we provide a valuable revenue stream to the school, and finally it enables teachers to keep children on the premises who might want to leave to buy the products elsewhere." Doug McAvoy, general secretary of the National Union of Teachers, said: "This is a sensible move but we would like to see the end of advertising unhealthy food and drink to children altogether." The BBC agreed earlier this month to drop mention of Coca-Cola from its weekly music charts after a sponsorship deal was criticised. The corporation was attacked for plugging the fizzy drinks firm on the Radio 1 chart rundown and BBC1's Top of the Pops. Coca-Cola had signed a multi-million pound deal with the Official UK Charts Company to sponsor the singles and albums lists. (*) Maquinas expendedoras
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Questions
Listen and answer the following questions.
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Lesson 4: Grammar
The Passive Look at the following sentences: 1. John Turner opened the company in 1995 2. The company was opened in 1995 by John Turner What are the differences between the two sentences in terms of: Information Emphasis Form of the verb
-------- ooo O ooo --------
Practice
1.- Complete the following sentences using the present form of the passive.
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2.- Complete the following sentences using the past form of the passive.
3.- Change the following sentences from the active to the passive.
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Lesson 4: Vocabulary
Advertising Advertising Advertisement / Advert / Ad (abbreviation) Aim Anonymity Audience Brand Budget Buyer Celebrity Consumer Customer research Dealer Directory Fees Firm Goods Image Knowledge Marketing Market research Media Publications PR - Public Relations Sales Status symbol Sum (money) Survey Target audience Publicidad Anuncio Meta, objetivo Anonimato Audiencia Marca Presupuesto Comprador Famoso / a Consumidor Investigacin de cliente Fabricante Directorio Tasas de inscripcin Empresa Mercancas Imagen Conocimiento Marketing Estudio de mercado Prensa, medios de comunicacin Publicaciones Relaciones Publicas, RRPP Ventas Smbolo de Status Suma (de dinero) Encuesta Clientela objetivo
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Trick According to On behalf of To appear To carry out To determine To emphasise To expect To demand To deserve To get across (idea) To handle To imply To manufacture To persuade To promote To rely on To refine To supplement
Truco Segn En nombre de... Aparecer Llevar a cabo Determinar Enfatizar Esperar Exigir Merecer Exponer una idea Manejar Implicar Fabricar Persuadir Promocionar (producto) Contar con Refinar Suplementar
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Lesson 4: Word puzzle
World puzzle Read the clues and write the words downwards in the puzzle. What are the two hidden words which goes across the middle of the puzzle to make number 13? These words (7 and 5 letters) describe a set of different goods produced by a company. Print this page and complete the puzzle offline.
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1. The ..... to the new product has been very good. 2. The market which the company hopes to attract is called the ..... market. 3. A company's market can have a high or low ..... rate. 4. A class of goods which is the product of a particular company or producer ("What is your favourite ..... of cigarette?") 5. ..... buying is the purchasing of goods that one does not really want. 6. Market ..... is a detailed study to find out what kinds of goods consumers want. 7. ..... is the extent to which a company gains a share of the market. 8. Most companies have a marketing ..... which is a plan to decide how the marketing will be carried out. 9. A ..... market is one in which goods are easily sold. 10. This is an arrangement by which a monopoly producer gives a trader the right to sell goods in a particular area. 11. This is a sign, representing a company name which is often used as a tarde mark. 12. This is part of the market.
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Lesson 5: Franchising
Key Vocabulary
The term franchise refers to a type of business in which a group or individual receives a license from a corporation to conduct a commercial enterprise. Corporate franchises enable a franchisee to market a well-known product or service in return for an initial fee and a percentage of gross receipts. The franchiser usually provides assistance with merchandising and advertising. Major franchise networks, which have grown rapidly in the United Kingdom since the 1960s, include fast-food restaurants, petrol stations, car dealerships, and real-estate agencies, and the system has expanded into many other fields.
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Lesson 5: Reading
McDonald's
Franchising When it comes to franchising our approach is unique and starts with a rigorous selection process for potential new franchisees. We franchise only to individuals and not to partnerships, corporations, absentee investors or families. And we ask for a level of commitment from our franchisees that equals our own. Commitment As our success is intrinsically linked to the success of our franchisees we make a commitment that lasts not only through initial training but right through the 20 year life of each franchise agreement. What this means is that each franchisee is provided with a Franchise consultant who will always be on hand with advice and practical help. Because we believe that even though a McDonald's franchise allows you to work for yourself that's no reason why you should ever be on your own.
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And Yours In addition to a level of financial commitment you will be required to commit your time to a training programme which takes about twelve months full time or longer if you opt to do it part time. Training is split between restaurant experience and residential courses at our Training Centre covering areas such as team building, customer relations, people skills, business management, health & safety, hygiene and general first aid. Now, if twelve months seems a long time, particularly as you will need to fund yourself for this time, then chances are this is not the franchise for you as our experience has proven that it takes at least this long to become competent at running a McDonald's restaurant. The Costs Depending on the capital you have available you can choose between two financial routes namely the Conventional Franchise or the Business Facilities Lease (BFL). Basically if you choose the Conventional Franchise route you can either buy an existing restaurant or open a new one with a greater financial commitment - 40% as against 25% of total purchase price - and higher start up costs attached to the latter. The BFL on the other hand is available to people who have the right potential but not enough capital and involves using the cash flow of the restaurant to buy the franchise out within the first three years of trading. Other than that there is a monthly rent and service fee as well as a contribution to the annual marketing spend all of which are based on a percentage of sales. Questions
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Lesson 5: Reading
Franchising Case Studies You are now going to read two case studies concerning people who decided to buy a franchise. The studies show how the franchise is going and how the franchisees feel. Read and answer the questions below. -------- ooo O ooo -------1. Female Franchising Pioneer Since opening a FASTSIGNS sign and graphics centre in Chelmsford, Essex, in 1996 with Ian Clemson, Jenny Boreham has been successful as well as a female pioneer in franchising in the United Kingdom. At the 2004 FASTSIGNS International, Inc. convention held recently near Dallas, Texas, the centre received the second highest award for sales in 2003 of any single FASTSIGNS store in the United Kingdom. A few years ago, the centre, which provides a full range of sign and graphic solutions, received a similar international award for sales achievement. Now, as the sole owner of the centre, Jenny is the only single female owner of a FASTSIGNS store in the United Kingdom. She believes that both the FASTSIGNS network and franchising in general are friendly to women. "The sign and graphics industry is one in which women can compete very effectively, and FASTSIGNS' support for all its franchisees is very comprehensive," said Jenny. "Signs and graphics are a form of marketing for business, and this is not a gender-specific industry," she said. "The Chelmsford FASTSIGNS centre has been one of our most successful stores in the United Kingdom, and we look forward to its continued success," said Larry Lane, FASTSIGNS' senior vice president of franchise relations and development. "Jenny excels in sales, customer service and quality workmanship, which should help ensure future successes." Until very recently, Jenny also worked with FASTSIGNS International to develop franchisees in the United Kingdom. Jenny has vacated that role to take on full-time management of her FASTSIGNS centre. FASTSIGNS International is an international franchisor of sign and graphics centres, and recently opened its 450th centre worldwide. Centres are located in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil and in Australia, where they operate under the name, SIGNWAVE.
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2. Prontaprint Brighton Rocks
Within Brighton's cosmopolitan buzz and energy, young entrepreneurs John and Angela Wilkinson run their Prontaprint Franchise with the same dynamism that encapsulates the south-coast city. In just two years at their print-on-demand centre they have moved up over 60 places in the Prontaprint rankings, more than doubling its turnover from 120k a year to well past 240k. This business triumph has brought with it all the trappings of success. "Running a Prontaprint Franchise has radically changed the lifestyle that Angela and I have in a positive way," explains John. "When we first came here I had previously worked as a sales consultant and had grown tired of the rat race, helping other people grow their companies. We decided that we wanted our own business direction suited to our personal needs and Franchising seemed the natural way forward. "Now we have the freedom to run our own business but with the back up and support of a well known brand. Prontaprint is one of the best-known names you can trade under with 93 per cent prompted brand recognition according to recent research. That really limits the risks of launching your own start up." "We did our research and we found Prontaprint to be a dynamic franchise organisation which suits people with the ambition and drive to succeed," adds Angela. "Being relatively young, our energy has more than seen us through and Prontaprint has provided us with a proven formula for success. As long as you apply yourself as a Franchisee, the rewards are definitely there for the taking." The Prontaprint network offers a vast range of major organisations and blue chip clients which its Franchisees can develop print projects for. Names such as British Airways, Hush Puppies, Oxfam, Exel Logistics and De Vere Hotels all utilise Prontaprint's business-tobusiness print solutions for their printed communication. And its not just Prontaprint's clients that make the brand an attractive proposition for potential Franchisees. The company also has one of the highest ratios of support staff to Franchisees in the UK Franchising industry - not surprising when you consider
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Prontaprint's commitment to quality and the fact that the organisation is a founder member of the British Franchise Association. Continues John: "Prontaprint's intensive training courses, sales kits, marketing collateral, handbooks, customer care guides, direct mail and PR support all play a crucial role in promoting the brand. As Franchisees we also receive comprehensive support in sales & marketing, property matters, financial administration, IT, technical development, personnel and business planning. In every case we benefit from one of the best support programmes in the business." Concludes Angela: "Our business is really moving in the right direction thanks to the support we receive and, although the 'know-how' is there from Prontaprint and it's their name that goes above the door, it's really is up to the Franchisee to make success out of it. That said, there's no doubt that we would recommend a Prontaprint Franchise to anyone interested in running their own business and making lots of money." The Prontaprint network is truly forging ahead, recruiting ambitious young entrepreneurs with a strong sales and business background who can carry the business even further forward. (Case studies taken from The British Franchise Association official Website www.british-franchise.org) -------- ooo O ooo -------Questions According to the text are the following statements True or False? If the statements are False, please correct them.
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Lesson 5: Grammar
Gerund or Infinitive Gerunds are verbs used as nouns, and are formed by adding -ing to the infinitive. E.g. dance - dancing, enjoy - enjoying, etc. They are used: 1. After prepositions: Before making decisions I always consult my friends. I am quick at reaching conclusions. After watching the film I went to bed. 2. After certain verbs (e.g. verbs of emotion Like, love, enjoy, hate, etc and verbs such as finish and stop): I love walking in the park. We enjoy dancing on Saturdays. I finished working at three o'clock. 3. As the subject of a sentence: Translating French is a challenge. Eating pizza is one of my favourite hobbies. Checking detail is not one of my strong points.
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Infinitives are used: 1. After certain verbs: To try to do something To persuade somebody to do something, etc To choose to do something To decide to do something To forget to do something To promise to do something To need to do something To help somebody to do something To hope to do something To want to do something To would like to do something 2. After certain adjectives: Hard to do something Easy to do something
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Questions Complete the following sentences using a gerund or an infinitive.

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Franchising Franchise Franchisee Franchising Franchisor Accredited Non-accredited Advice Affiliated Agreed by Among others Business format Ethics European Franchise Federation (EFF) Invaluable Investment Legislation License Merchandising Network Promotion Proposition Realism Requirements Step-by-step Support Trade name Training Programme Trade mark Value Website Wisdom To acquire To appoint To deliver To disclose To endeavour To launch To run a business Franquicia Franquiciado Franquiciamiento Franquiciador Acreditado No acreditado Consejo Afiliado Acordado por Entre otros Formato de negocio tica Federacin Europea de Franquicias De valor incalculable Inversin Legislacin Licencia Comercializacin La red, una red Promocin Proposicin Realismo Requisitos Paso a paso Apoyo Nombre comercial Programa de formacin Marca comercial Valor Sitio web Sabidura Adquirir Apuntar, distinguir Entregar Revelar Intentar Lanzar Llevar un negocio
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Test your Vocabulary Find a word from the section above which corresponds to the following definitions.
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Lesson 6: Accounting & Banking
Key Vocabulary
Accounting deals with recording, summarizing and reporting a company's transactions. There are various types of accounting: Financial accounting Cost accounting Managerial accounting A statement is a copy of the bank's account with you. It contains a record of the money paid into your account, money withdrawn, etc. The balance is the total amount of money in your account. A balance sheet is a vital part of accounting. It shows your company's financial position at a particular point in time. It could indicate one business to be in a strong financial position and another to be in serious financial difficulties. By comparing balance sheets at different periods it is possible to find out the profit made. Profit generation is the objective of a business and this requires the preparation of profit statements. Resources, debts and owner's interests are known correspondingly as assets, liabilities and capital: Assets - anything of value owned by a company. Liabilities - financial obligations to outside parties such as a loan repayable to the bank.
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Capital - the sum of money invested in a business by the owners / partners / shareholders, etc. Capital represents the rights of owners to the assets after the prior claims of outside parties (liabilities) have been satisfied in the event of the business closing.
E.g. You set up a business with 1000. This money (Cash) is known as an Asset (1000). The proprietor has introduced 1000 Capital. The two are equal: Assets = Capital One month later the owner buys a photocopier for 300. The business now has two assets: Cash 700 + Photocopier 300 =Total: 1000 (Assets) Capital introduced 1000 =Total: 1000 (Capital) Six months later the owner decides to borrow 500 from the bank. The asset is increased. However, the company now owes the bank money. Cash 1200 + Photocopier 300 =Total: 1500 (Assets) This money owed to the bank is called a Liability: Capital 1000 + Loan 500 = Total 1500 (Capital + Liabilities) Therefore the Accounting Equation is: Assets = Liabilities + Capital Cost - money that is spent on maintaining a business. This includes wages, equipment, etc. Expense - is a cost that benefits the company in an accounting period.
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Questions
(Haga click sobre las preguntas ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
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Lesson 6: Banking
Banking The pictures below show some of the everyday items and documents used in banking. Match each of these with the appropriate word from the following list.
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Lesson 6: Don't bank on it!

Don't bank on it!
The banking sector has been radically affected by technological change, especially automation, to the extent that the industry is nearly unrecognisable compared to twenty years ago. People are beginning to ask themselves, "What is a bank?" The branch Customers are now far more likely to transact business using a cashpoint machine than facing a teller across the counter. Speed, efficiency and convenience seem to be the key factors in retail banking these days. As competition between banks increases, the ability to provide new and more flexible products and services distinguishes winners from losers in the market. Banking by telephone is set to become the norm for most personal clients within the next decade; the customer need never enter his or her local branch. However, there is a price to be paid for these changes. Thousands of jobs have been lost in the banking sector, and more are likely to go. The image of banking has become tarnished; along with many complaints about impersonal service and computer error, many people dislike the more obvious sales role of banking staff. So, have banks allowed themselves to be seduced too quickly by the promise of technology? Or, do we customers expect too much of our bank these days? Do we need to change our thinking and accustom ourselves to a different view of what banks can and cannot do? Globalization Another issue in banking is the question of globalization. It is not so many years ago that the term "global player" was on the lips of bankers in many countries across Europe, a proud boast in the faces of less adventurous provincial rivals. European banks made expensive purchases in the United States and elsewhere, some more successful than others. Cultural differences and ill-considered strategies have since shown that there is more to the process than simply putting a logo on a letterhead. While it is certainly true that banks need to follow their customers and to be present in emerging markets, some have felt that they would prefer to be national banks with an international presence, rather than truly multinational institutions. So where does banking go from here? The industry is changing so rapidly that it would need a brave man to answer that question with any degree of confidence. Two things are, however, certain. Firstly, the information revolution that is taking place in all sectors of the industry will continue to have far-reaching effects within financial institutions. Secondly, as a result of those changes, a bank of the twenty-first century will bear little resemblance to its historical forebears founded six hundred years ago.
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Questions
True or False Please correct the false statements
Vocabulary Find synonyms for the following words in the text.
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Lesson 6: Grammar
Expressions with Get In English, the verb "To get" has many different meanings. In the following sentences replace the word get with one of the verbs below. arrive / have / become / earn / buy / catch / fetch / receive
Get + adverb / preposition This is used to express movement. Put the correct adverb or preposition in the gap so that it means the same as the verb.
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Lesson 6: Vocabulary Accounting

Account Accountant Affair Analysis Appreciation Auditor Balance Branch (bank) Budget Capital Cash Depreciation Dividend Equity Expenses Financier Forecast Funds Investment Liability Liquidation Loan Margin Inflation Mortgage Overdraft Party Percentage Profit Profitability Planning Procedure Proprietor Ratio Record Report Cuenta Contable Asunto Anlisis Apreciacin Auditor Balance Sucursal Presupuesto Capital Dinero en metlico Depreciacin Dividendo Ttulo valor Gastos Financiero Previsin Fondos Inversin Liquidez / solvencia Liquidacin Prstamo Margen Inflacin Hipoteca Rebasar el lmite de crdito Parte (en contrato) Porcentaje Beneficio Rentabilidad Planning / Planificacin Procedimiento Propietario Ratio Record Informe
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Responsibility Shares Statement Tax Transaction Account holder Financial difficulties Financial transactions Gross Profit In balance Interest rate Legal purposes Liquidity ratios Shareholder The stock market To borrow To debit To declare To decrease To defer To determine To drop To forecast To grant To increase To invest To justify To lend To manage To purchase To record To reduce To reflect To report To retain To repay To set up To summarize
Responsabilidad Acciones / participaciones (bolsa) Justificante / recibo Impuesto / tasa Transaccin Propietario Dificultades financieras Transacciones financieras Beneficio bruto En equilibrio Tasa de inters Propsitos legales Ratios de liquidez Accionista La bolsa Pedir prestado Cargar en cuenta Declarar Disminuir Diferir Determinar Dejar caer Pronosticar Otorgar Aumentar Invertir Justificar Prestar Manejar Comprar Registrar Reducir Reflejar Informar Retener Devolver Establecer Resumir
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To withdraw
Retirar
Lesson 6: Word puzzle
Word puzzle Find the words hidden in the letters. They can be read horizontally and vertically. Nearly all the words relate to money. Print this page and complete the puzzle offline.
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Lesson 7: Insurance
Key Vocabulary
Insurance protects us against the financial consequences of damage or loss of our own or other people's property . It also provides financial compensation for accidental injury or death. For all types of insurance, the insurance company calculates the level of risk and fixes a premium. The insured person or company agrees to pay the premium. In return, the insurance company guarantees to pay financial compensation if what is insured against happens. The details of each insurance are contained in the insurance policy . This shows the risks that have been insured against and the levels of compensation that will be paid. When someone wishes to make a claim for compensation he or she completes an application form and submits it to the insurance company. The claim is then considered and then either accepted or rejected.
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Lesson 7: Reading
Do you really need to be quoted happy? Every day "peace-of-mind" insurance offers land on doormats across the country. The utility companies are now at the forefront, blitzing householders with various plans. But are they worth it? Some offer valuable protection, others are near junk. We found that a typical family could spend more than 7,000 a year on cover if they bought all the offers. Our guide pinpoints the insurances worth having, and the ones you should simply chuck in the bin The Guardian, Saturday February 19, 2005 -------- ooo O ooo -------Home contents insurance
Cost? 135 (Norwich Union - "new for old" cover, includes no claims discount and 60 excess). Average contents policy is 151, although shopping around can reduce this to 87, according to the AA. Standard policies cover loss or damage by fire, theft or flooding. Worth having? You'd be daft to go without, but one in four households doesn't have it. In particular, many people who rent don't insure their possessions.
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Travel Insurance
Cost? 175 First Direct (worldwide annual family policy). Worth Having? Not at that price. Much better to go for one of the internet providers Insurefor.com will offer the same family cover for 75, or a pared down version for 60 year.
Pet Insurance Cost? For a cat, 45 (Saga basic plan) to 142.50 (Petplan - SuperCat). For a dog, Saga's minimum is 93, while Petplan's Supreme is 343. Prices depend on age, the excess and levels of cover. Worth Having? If you seriously dote on your cat then it is worth it. For example, to fix a broken leg on a cat costs 1,000. But those on tight budgets will find the average 50 excess policy proves expensive and Moggy is better off staying fit and healthy.
Bicycle insurance
Cost? 50 (for a 500 bike). Worth Having? Half a million bikes are stolen each year, but unless you own a 2,000 bike, avoid a stand alone policy and stick it on your home contents which will add 10-15 to the premium.
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Car insurance Cost? 350 (comprehensive cover). Worth having? The one insurance we are legally obliged to buy, but most of us pay too much because we are too lazy to shop around at renewal time. Insurers quote a low first premium and hope for an automatic renewal. Most people will save 50-80 by switching.
Sports injury insurance
Cost? 59.40 (Pinnacle child policy) to 312 (B&CE Insurance) according to level of cover. Offers lump sum for broken bones and weekly payout to cover lost earnings while off work. Worth having? Only if you're self-employed (and it runs out after 3-6mths). Largely a waste of cash for the employed. And why should children need it? An income protection plan may be better value for the self employed.
Critical illness insurance Cost? Around 2,800 for a policy paying a one-off lump sum of 150,000 if you contract any one of the insurer's specified illnesses. Worth having? Can be hideously expensive, and prices vary markedly. Regularly over sold as an add-on when people are taking out a mortgage. Use a broker such as lifesearch.co.uk to find a better quote; for 150,000 cover on a 47-year-old, it said NU charged 2,436, while BUPA were 2,820 a year.
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Wedding insurance
Cost? 100 to 300 (British Insurance Brokers Association). Covers the bridegroom breaking a leg or the marquee burning down. Worth having? If it's going to be a very fancy do, perhaps it's worth it. But the average couple can probably do without this additional cost.
Life insurance Cost? For a 250,000 policy covering both partners should either die in the next 15 years, the Prudential charges 1,070. Legal & General is cheaper at 869 while Scottish Provident is around average at 1,225. Worth having? This policy will pay out while the children are still at home. But before signing up, the parents should check on life cover provision at their workplace and through pension plans.
Mobile phone cover
Cost? The Link charges 96 for a typical policy for each contract phone. Pay-as-you-go phones for the children cost 19 to 49 according to the phone's value. Worth having? Only if you are very careless, keep strictly to the policy conditions and are prepared to be patient in claiming. It is generally cheaper to buy a new phone. And most companies will give a reconditioned phone to contract customers whose phone is lost or stolen.
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Garden insurance Cost? 24.84 (Saga - only available as an add-on to its home insurance). Insures items such as plants, lawns, rockeries, ponds, pergolas and gazebos for up to 1,000 against a range of incidents including theft and malicious damage. Worth having? Cover for outbuildings (sheds, greenhouses etc) is standard with most buildings insurance policies, and most home contents policies also offer some cover for possessions in outbuildings and those in the open, says insurer ensure. So most people probably won't need garden cover.
Dental insurance Cost? Our family would typically pay 399 at Denplan assuming they were all in top dental health. This is not technically insurance but a form of maintenance contract which spreads costs monthly. The fees pay for almost all care. Worth having? Children can normally find free NHS treatment. Adults can avoid sudden big bills should they need major dental care.
Alien abduction insurance
Cost? Yes, it does exist. A family is covered for life for a one-off 100 premium. The payout, assuming you survive the abduction and can claim, is 1m. It's only available from insurers GRIP. Worth having? Depends on your view of aliens and whether you believe they will scoop humans up into spaceships and then return them to Earth. So far, no claims have been successful. (Article reduced and pictures added)
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-------- ooo O ooo -------Questions

A)
B) Find synonyms in the text for the following words. (Words appear from the beginning of the article up to Critical Injury Insurance).
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Lesson 7: Grammar
The Conditional Form a) 0 Conditional: Present + Present If I go to work I use the telephone b) 1st Conditional: Present Simple + Future (will) If I go to New York I will see the Statue of Liberty. c) 2nd Conditional: Past Simple + would + infinitive If I won the lottery I would buy a big house d) 3rd Conditional: Past Perfect + would have + past participle If I had been to Paris I would have seen the Eiffel Tower. N.B. As soon as and when can be used to mean IF. -------- ooo O ooo --------
Practice
A) Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
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B) Write a sentence with if for each situation.
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Insurance Damage Financial compensation Insurance Insurance policy Insurance broker Level of risk Liability Loss Policy holder Premium Property Third party Underwriter Valuable protection To accept To quote To reject To settle To submit To throw away Dao Compensacin financiera Seguro Pliza de seguros Corredor de seguros Nivel de riesgo Obligacin Prdida Suscriptor de la pliza Prima Propiedad A terceros (seguro) Asegurados Proteccin valiosa Aceptar Citar Rechazar Llegar a un acuerdo Ssometerse Tirar
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Questions
A. Fill in the gaps with the correct word:
B. Who do the following definitions refer to?
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Lesson 8: Retailing
Key Vocabulary
Retailing is the general term covering all forms of selling goods to the public. It is a profitable sector in the UK, especially for larger food retailers. Retailer - In commerce, a retailer buys goods or products in large quantities from manufacturers or importers, either directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells individual items or small quantities to the general public or end user customers, usually in a shop, also called store. Retailers are at the end of the supply chain Retail businesses in the UK are usually classified according to the number of shops or outlets they have. The smallest operations, such as local grocery or convenience stores are called single outlet retailers. These are independent businesses run from one shop. Small multiple retailers operate a maximum of nine shops, all selling the same range of products. Large multiple retailers (also known as chain stores) are the big names in the business, such as Marks and Spencer, Debenhams and the House of Fraser. These companies have large numbers of stores selling a wide variety of items. Some operate from out of town locations with parking facilities, known as either superstores (over 20,000 square feet) or hypermarkets (over 50,000 square feet). Department stores, such as Harrods in London, are large shops, which sell a wide variety of products. They are organised in departments, each with its own manager, and are usually found in city centres.
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Discussion 1. What are the largest chain stores in your country? 2. Why are they popular? 3. Who are the main retailers in your country? 4. Do they sell a specific product or do they sell a wide variety of items?
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Lesson 8: Reading
Thanks for the gift, now how do I get what I really want? Christmas and the sales have seen much frantic shopping - with the inevitable need to return some goods later. Juliet Shedden on your rights to take items back. Saturday January 10, 2004 The Guardian -------- ooo O ooo -------So you hated that garish tie and ghastly pullover given to you at Christmas? Before you go marching into the store to demand the money back and huff and puff about consumer rights, take a step back. You have no automatic right to your money back. As Moira Haynes, from the National Association of Citizens Advice Bureau (NACAB), says: "It's a common misconception that people have a right to return goods. That right, as a legal right, doesn't exist." A shop has no legal obligation to offer you a refund or exchange unless the item is faulty. The big retailers like Marks & Spencer are being remarkably understanding when they offer you a refund or credit note on a non-faulty item. So, what are your precise rights of return? We put your questions to the retailers and consumer organisations:
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1. I haven't got the receipt for this. Can I still get my money back? Marks & Spencer: "If you do not have a receipt, we would be glad to offer you a Marks & Spencer credit note." HMV: "HMV will exchange items purchased in error or that are unwanted gifts provided they are returned within 21 days in perfect condition and are accompanied by a valid receipt. All goods must include original packaging. HMV is unable to accept items that have been previously exchanged, or multiple returns. HMV staff will, however, seek to use their discretion where appropriate." NACAB: "You only have a legal right to a refund if the goods are faulty, misleadingly described or unfit for the purpose they're sold. However, some retailers offer additional rights and will give refunds, exchange goods or offer credit notes provided certain conditions are met: for instance, proof of purchase, like a receipt, or goods are returned in a certain time frame - often 28 days."
2. If I have the receipt. Can I demand cash back instead of a credit note? OFT: "If the law has been breached (that is, the goods are not of a satisfactory quality, are damaged or defected, not fit for their purpose or are not as described) then a consumer is entitled to a full refund, they do not have to accept a credit note." Marks & Spencer: "If you have a receipt, we would offer you a cash or card refund." HMV: "Provided the items have been returned within 21 days in their original packaging and in perfect condition they can be exchanged for other goods up to the same value, but not for a cash refund." NACAB: "If the item was faulty, misleadingly described or unfit for the purpose within six years you have a legal right to chose from a repair, a replacement, a partial or full refund or compensation. If you report the fault within six months the retailer has to prove the goods were not faulty when purchased."
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3. I bought this present full price for Christmas, but my son already has it. Now it is in the sale: can I get a full refund or do I just get the sale price now? OFT: "Depends on exchange policy of the company - if there's nothing wrong with the product then there is no automatic right to refund/redress." Marks & Spencer: "You will receive a refund of the price paid for the present." HMV: "Provided the items have been returned within 21 days in their original packaging and in perfect condition they can be exchanged for other goods up to the same value as that originally paid, but not for a cash refund." 4. I bought this present two months ago for Christmas. It turns out my wife did not like it. Can I get my money back? Marks & Spencer: "If you have a receipt, you can have a cash refund. Otherwise, we can give you a credit note." HMV: "No. Unless there are exceptional circumstances, items must be returned within 21 days in accordance with HMV's returns policy." NACAB: "No, not as a right." 5. This was bought for my daughter but it broke two days after Christmas. Can I get my money back? OFT: "The law says that goods you buy: must be of a satisfactory quality and be safe; must not be damaged or defective unless the person selling them to you points out a fault. The seller is liable for faulty goods or goods which do not meet the shoppers' rights. In this case the consumer would have the right to a full refund for the faulty goods, they would not have to accept a free repair, a replacement or credit note." Marks & Spencer: "If the product is faulty, we will provide you with a full refund." HMV: "If it is evident the item was faulty when purchased then customers are covered by their statutory rights. If the item was purchased in perfect condition, and has since been damaged or broken by the customer, HMV would not offer a refund or exchange."
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6. I have just bought in the sales, but want to take an item back. Do I have fewer rights? OFT: "You have the same rights when you buy something in a sale. But sales goods can be sold with a defect. If the defect has been pointed out, you can't ask for a refund. If the shoppers' rights have not been breached then there is no statutory right to a refund or redress." Marks & Spencer: "Absolutely not. You can get a full refund for the price you paid for the product." HMV: "HMV's refund policy applies equally to all products sold in its stores." 7. I got some vouchers at Christmas for a shop I'd never go in - can I swap them back for the cash?
OFT: "Depends on the terms and conditions of the voucher, but no automatic right to cash." Marks & Spencer: "Unfortunately not. We have a wide range of great products, across clothing, home and food which you can spend your vouchers on when you choose." HMV: "No." -------- ooo O ooo --------
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Questions
True or False Are the following questions true or false? (correct the false statements)
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Lesson 8: Grammar Idioms

The use of idioms is so widespread that an understanding of these expressions is essential to successful communication. According to (in the order of - on the authority of) The people interviewed will be ranked according to their professional experience. According to Claire, we do not have an English class today. Day in day out - Day after day (constantly - continually) During the month of April it usually rains day in day out. Day after day I waited for a phone call from him, but he never rang. To hand in (to submit or deliver something) The report has to be handed in on Wednesday 5th June at the latest. Every week the students had to hand in at least one piece of homework. To look into (to investigate - to examine carefully) The police are looking into the murder of a girl in the area of south London. I will look into your grammatical mistakes. To look on (to watch as a spectator - to observe) We were looking on at the game as the referee sounded his whistle. I looked on as the police took away the thief. To look up (to find - to research) He looked up the meaning of the word in the dictionary. I lost his phone number so I looked it up in the phone book. To look up to (to admire - to respect greatly) Philip was the youngest boy in his family. He looked up to his older brothers. Everybody looks up to the director of my company because he is a very clever person. To look down on (to feel superior to, to think of someone as less important) People who have a lot of money should not look down on those who do not have a lot. Rhea constantly looked down on her class mates because she was so intelligent.
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Questions Find synonyms in the list for the following words.

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Retailing Deal Discount Hypermarket Model Order Profit Range Receipt Retailer Retailing Secure Stock Superstore Supplier Surplus Turnover Warehouse Acuerdo Descuento Hipermercado Modelo Orden Beneficio Gama, margen Recibo Comerciante minorista Venta al por menor Seguro Stock, mercanca en almacn Gran superficie Proveedor Supervit Facturar Almacn
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Lesson 9: Stocks and Shares
Key Vocabulary
When a company needs to raise money in order to grow, it can choose between two different options. It can issue shares which can be bought by the general public. These shares are known as equities or ordinary shares, and are the most common form of share. When you buy shares in a company, you become a shareholder and own a part of that company. As part-owner of a company, you can therefore make or lose money depending on the company's profits. If the company does make profits, it pays a sum of money per share, known as a dividend, to its shareholders usually twice a year. Companies can also borrow money from the bank or from the general public by issuing bonds which are loans with a fixed amount of interest to be paid each year.
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Lesson 9: Reading
New York Stock Exchange to float David Teather, Thursday April 21, 2005 The Guardian The New York Stock Exchange announced plans last night to become a publicly quoted company in one of the biggest upheavals in its 212-year history. The exchange is merging with the electronic trading firm Archipelago Holdings. It will create a new firm called NYSE Group that will become a conventional for-profit organisation and spin off its regulatory arm into a not-for-profit entity. The exchange's 1,366 "seat holders", its current owners, will get $400m (210m) in cash and 70% of the shares in the new company. The move will increase the volume of electronic trading on the exchange although the chief executive, John Thain, said the deal was "absolutely not" the end of the traditional floor trading on Wall Street. The NYSE has been under increasing pressure from electronic exchanges including the technology-heavy Nasdaq market. Confidence in the floor traders, known as specialists, has also been undermined by revelations that some were profiting illegally at their clients' expense. Mr Thain described the move as "an essential step to maintaining our global competitiveness and leadership". The deal is subject to approval of the members and the securities and exchange commission, the US watchdog. Archipelago, based in Chicago, trades both shares and options based on stock holdings. It handles about 25% of the trades in stocks listed on the Nasdaq but has made little impact on the NYSE, where more than 80% of listed stocks trade on the exchange floor. The firm's chief executive, Jerry Putnam, will become co-chief operating officer and one of three co-presidents at the combined group. Mr Thain will remain as chief executive.
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Questions
Complete the following summary of the article using an appropriate word/s.
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Lesson 9: Grammar
aga click sobre las tablas y preguntas para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
Exercise 1 Complete the following table by introducing the correct noun.
Exercise 2 Complete the following table by introducing the correct noun.
Exercise 3 Use an appropriate adjective, verb or adverb to complete the descriptions of the following graphs.
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Other expressions describe trends - To fluctuate - To reach a peak - To remain stable - To level off - To stand at. Exercise 4 - Inflation Graph
used to
Which years do the following sentences refer to? Writing Study the following graph, and then write a short paragraph describing retail sales between Feb 1999 and Jan 2000. Can you think why in June and December sales are at a high?
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Lesson 9: Reading
Reading Read the article and decide where these parts of the text belong: A. These fans have followed their club's success from the bottom half of the second division to their present position at the top level of English football. B. "It has been a lot of fun", he said, "but now I have a wife and a family and it's time to put the club on a proper footing and hand the ownership over to the people who it really should belong to - the fans". C. On the whole, these shares are for enthusiasts of the club rather than those who want to make serious money. D. The club's fortunes reached their lowest point in the late 1970's when they were struggling to avoid being dropped from the league altogether. E. This launch, with the shares expected to start trading at about 2 per share, will represent a 56% in the club, with a further 22% issue planned for later in the year. -------- ooo O ooo -------(Haga click sobre el texto para ver la solucin; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
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Cuffley Football Club in shares launch.
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Lesson 9: Grammar
Comparatives and Superlatives
-------- ooo O ooo -------Questions Haga click sobre las preguntas para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original) A) Complete the conversations with the correct form of the adjectives.
B) questions superlative
Complete the with the form of the
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adjective.
The Stock Market
Stock Share Bond Co-operation Debt Deflation Discretion Dividend Equity Inflation Loan Proxy Ownership Proprietor Purchaser Stockholder To assign To dissolve To invest To purchase To redeem To register To rise in value To transfer Bargain Broker Buying Valores, acciones Accin Bono Cooperacin Deuda Deflacin Discrecin Dividendos Ttulos valores Inflacin Prstamo Poder Propiedad Propietario Comprador Accionista Asignar Disolver Invertir Adquirir, comprar Desempear Registrar Aumentar de valor Transferir Ganga Agente de bolsa Comprando
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Capitalisation Investor Selling Specialist The floor Trade Transaction To execute To operate Capitalizacin Inversor Vendiendo Especialista Suelo, lmite inferior Comercio Transaccin Ejecutar Operar
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Test your Vocabulary Find a word from the section above and match it to its corresponding definition.
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Lesson 10: Setting up a new Business

Key Vocabulary
When an individual wants to set up their own business they have to decide what legal form their business will take. They can choose between sole trader, partnership or limited company. If a person wants to work on their own, they choose either sole trader or limited company. If they want to work with others, they can choose between a partnership and a limited company. It is believed that a limited company gives more credibility than a partnership or sole trader. Sole Trader This is the easiest way of starting a business. You are self-employed and entirely responsible for all aspects of running your own business. On the other hand, owners are personally responsible for all business debts. Sole traders tend to be for small businesses. Partnership
A partnership is an association of two or more people. It is relatively easy to establish. You have to divide both the profits and debts. You also have to divide duties and responsibilities according to personal expertise and abilities. Disagreements among partners can often harm partnership businesses. Limited company A Company can be formed with a minimum of two people becoming its shareholders. Investors can easily buy and sell stocks on the Stock Market. A limited company enables anyone with some money to buy the stock and become a part owner of the company. As a result, this type of company can easily raise capital for business expansion. Investors control the company through the election of a managing body, known as a board of directors.
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Questions What type of business would you advise the following people to set up and why?
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Lesson 10: Reading

You and your ideas
As a way of earning a living, running your own business has two distinctive features. The first is that you do not submit yourself to a selection process; there is not, as there is with a job as an employee, a sifting carried out of possible applicants for a vacancy. There is no personnel manager wielding a battery of psychological tests or cunning interview questions to test your suitability for the job or the level of skills you have acquired. You are the sole arbiter of your fitness to start and run your own business. This puts a very heavy responsibility on your self-knowledge, because without a doubt not everyone is suited to being an entrepreneur or being self employed. The only external check, which may be carried out on your fitness to found a business, occurs if you need to raise money; in this case, a bank manager or other lender or investor judges you. But by the time you reach this stage, you may already have committed time and money to your project. The answer to the dilemma of this self-selection process is self-analysis: know thyself. Additional insight can be provided by the opinion of colleagues, friends or family. But this can be fraught with emotional problems. Those you ask for an opinion may feel under pressure to give a favourable view for fear of offending. If an unbiased view cannot be expected, do not seek an opinion at all. The second unusual characteristic of starting your own business to create your own income is that you decide what type of business it is and what market you will be selling to. While you can select a salaried job in a firm of a particular size or selling to a particular market, you are restricted by the vacancies that are available. When it comes to establishing a business, in theory, the world is your oyster. A well-run business should succeed in any market. In practice, however, you can make success more likely by choosing your product and market carefully. (Extract taken from: Small Business Guide, Sara Williams, Penguin Books, Scotland 2001)
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Questions
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Lesson 10: Quiz
How do you rate as an entrepreneur? For each of the following questions, choose the answer, which comes closest to what you feel about yourself. 1. Are you a self-starter? a. I only make an effort when I want to. b. If someone explains what to do, then I can continue from there. c. I make my own decisions. I don't need anyone to tell me what to do. 2. How do you get on with other people? a. I get on with almost everybody. b. I have my own friends and I don't really need anyone else. c. I don't really feel at home with other people. 3. Can you work long hours? a. Always. b. Occasionally. c. Never. 4. Can you take responsibility? a. I like to take charge and to obtain results. b. I'll take charge if I have to but I prefer someone else to be responsible. c. Someone always wants to be the leader and I'm happy to let them do the job. 5. Are you a good organiser? a. I tend to get confused when unexpected problems arise. b. I like to plan exactly what I'm going to do.
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c. I just let things happen. 6. How good a worker are you? a. I'm willing to work hard for something I really want. b. I find my home environment more stimulating than work. c. Regular work suits me but I don't like it to interfere with my private life. 7. Can you make decisions? a. I am quite happy to execute other people's decisions. b. I often make very quick decisions, which usually work but sometimes don't. c. Before making a decision I need time to think it over. 8. Do you enjoy taking risks? a. I always evaluate the exact dangers of any situation. b. I like the excitement of taking big risks. c. For me safety is the most important thing. 9. Can you stay the course? a. The biggest challenge for me is getting a project started. b. If I decide to do something, nothing will stop me. c. If something doesn't go right first time I tend to lose interest. 10. Are you motivated by money? a. For me, job satisfaction cannot be measured in money terms. b. Although money is important to me, I value other things just as much. c. Making money is my main motivation. 11. How do you react to criticism? a. I dislike any form of criticism.
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b. If people criticise me I always listen and may or may not reject what they have to say. c. When people criticise me there is usually some truth in what they say. 12. Can people believe what you say? a. I try to be honest, but it is sometimes too difficult or too complicated to explain things to other people. b. I don't say things I don't mean. c. When I think I'm right, I don't care what anyone else thinks. 13. Do you delegate? a. I prefer to delegate what I consider to be the least important tasks. b. When I have a job to do I like to do everything myself. c. Delegating is an important part of my job. 14. Can you cope with stress? a. Stress is something I can live with. b. Stress can be stimulating element in a business. c. I try to avoid situations, which lead to stress. 15. How do you view your chances of success? a. I believe that my success will depend to a large degree on factors outside my control. b. I know that everything depends on me and my abilities. c. It is difficult to foresee what will happen in the future. 16. If the business was not making a profit after five years, what would you do? a. Give up easily. b. Give up reluctantly. c. Carry on.
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Key
44 or above: You definitely have the necessary qualities to become the director of a successful business. You have a strong sense of leadership, you can both organise and motivate and you know exactly where you and your team are going. Between 44 and 22: You may need to think more carefully before setting up your own business. Although you do have some of the essential skills of running a business, you will probable not be able to deal with the pressures and strain that are a part of the job. You should perhaps consider taking some professional training or finding an associate who can compensate for some of your weaknesses. Below 22: Managing your own business is not for you. You are better suited to an environment where you are not responsible for making decisions and taking risks. To operate successfully you need to follow well-defined instructions and you prefer work that is both regular and predictable.
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Lesson 10: Writing
Business Plan You have decided to set up your own business (use your own ideas). You have approached a bank for advice. They have asked you to prepare a business plan giving information about your proposed business. Fill in the Business Plan form with all of the relevant details. -------- ooo O ooo -------Business Plan Business Idea Name of business. Type of business. The product or service (Give a simple description of what it does). Why is the product unique or distinct? Financial analysis Personal details How much money is needed to start? Relevant work experience. Personnel Who will work in the company? How many people? Marketing What is the market? Likely customers - who are they? Brief summary of competition. Monthly profit and loss forecast for two years. Principal risks which could affect figures? Business objectives What are your long term and short-term objectives? Operation details Where will you be based? Location. Equipment needed?
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Starting up a business Entrepreneur Individual proprietorship Limited company Partnership Sole owner Accessible Advice (a piece of advice) Assistance Barrier Capital Consultation Enterprise Environment Expectations Factor Guidance Improvement Innovation Merger Policy Professionals Empresario Propietario nico del negocio (no sociedad) Sociedad limitada S.L. Sociedad annima S.A. nico propietario Accesible Consejo, dar un consejo Asistencia, ayuda Barrera Capital Consulta Empresa Medio ambiente, entorno Expectativas Factor Gua, Mejora Innovacin Fusin Poltica Profesionales
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Provision Recommendation Employment opportunities Start-ups The competitiveness Up-to-date Working population To adapt To combine To deserve To encourage To ensure To flourish To gather (together) To invest To launch a business To promote To run a risk To stimulate To succeed To support
Provisiones Recomendaciones Oportunidades, ofertas de empleo Poner en marcha, arrancar La competitividad Hasta la fecha Poblacin trabajadora Adaptar Combinar Merecer Animar a hacer algo Asegurar Florecer Reunir, agrupar Invertir Emprender un negocio Ascender profesionalmente Correr riesgos Estimular Tener xito Apoyar
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Lesson 12: International Trade
Key Vocabulary Every year countries throughout the world exchange goods and services. Some countries import goods (bring in goods from other countries) and some countries export goods (send goods to other countries). Whether a country exports or imports all depends on what the country produces and what the country needs.
What products does your country import? What products does your country export? The United Kingdom imports a lot of fruit and vegetables from Spain and it exports products like cars, iron and steel to hundreds of countries in the world. So, why do countries trade? Countries trade business because every nation wants the best for its inhabitants. If we take the United Kingdom as an example, we see that they import tomatoes, cucumbers, strawberries and many other groceries from Spain. They do this because as a nation they do not have the correct environment to produce these products all year round, whereas Spain does. The UK also imports these products because they buy them cheaper than if they were to cultivate them themselves. Governments can control international trade in different ways. The most common means are tariffs and quotas. A tariff is a tax imposed on imported goods, whereas a quota is the maximum quantity of a product that may be admitted in a country during a certain period of time. In 1957 The European Community was founded with the aim of creating a single European Market. This EC has effected trade between European countries. Tariffs and quotas are slowly being eliminated. Questions
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Lesson 12: Reading

G8's free trade project is here to stay - along with world poverty Monday July 4, 2005, The Guardian As world leaders prepare to meet in Gleneagles, against the backdrop of activist protests and the Make Poverty History carnival in full swing, their pursuit of ever-freer international trade is in the dock as never before. Anti-poverty and development campaigners are united in their support for the Make Poverty History campaign, which demands an increase in aid, debt cancellation and, crucially, reform of the rules governing international trade. At the same time, the EU - the world's second largest trading bloc - is in political crisis, thanks to voters' rejection of the EU constitution in France and the Netherlands, driven partly by concerns over the EU's enthusiasm for economic globalisation.
In rejecting the constitution, France and the Netherlands in effect joined the list of countries, both rich and poor, that are calling ever-more loudly for protection against the impact of cheap imports. This is fuelled, at least in part, by the penetration of the world's textile markets by China, after protective quotas were abandoned earlier this year. According to the European Apparel and Textile Organisation (Euratex), the EU's textile sector risks losing 1,000 jobs a day, and up to 1,000,000 jobs before the end of next year, prompting it to call for the introduction of quantitative restrictions. In response the EU trade commissioner, Peter Mandelson, agreed a stop gap deal with China in May to slow down its rate of take over of the EU market to about 10% a year for three years. Severe as these impacts are for Europe, for many developing countries they will be devastating. Since the 1980s, largely as a result of the quota system in place until this year, many have built a huge dependency on the textile sector. In 2000, it accounted for 95% of all Bangladesh's industrial goods exports, in Laos 93%, Cambodia 83%, Pakistan 73%, Sri Lanka 71%, and Nepal 61%. The sector employs more than 1.8 million workers in Bangladesh, 1.4 million in Pakistan and 250,000 in Sri Lanka. Little wonder, then, that at the end of last year several dozen developing countries made an 11th-hour appeal to the WTO to save their textile industries from Chinese imports - it fell on deaf ears. The accession of China to the WTO in 2001 is likely to be seen as a turning point in the battle against free trade as livelihoods are lost all over the globe. Eventually rich and poor
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nations will be forced to ask themselves: is there any sector in which China does not have a comparative advantage based on cheap labour and ever increasing technical expertise? The other Asian power, India, is - like Europe - facing a political backlash against economic globalisation. Last year India's farmers, who make up 70% of the population, voted to throw out the BJP government and its championing of "shining India". This emphasised an urban, hi-tech, open market future. But India was not shining for the majority of her farmers and for the last few years Indian activists and those campaigning for real trade justice have been calling for increased self reliance and trade rules that benefit the poor. These negative experiences of free trade have informed Make Poverty History's demand for a trading system that allows poor countries to protect themselves from damaging imports. However at Gleneagles it is apparent that there is a glaring contradiction between this demand and the G8's interpretation of "trade justice". The latter is a free market travesty of such a programme. The UK chair is a cheerleader for it and, needless to say, a critical questioning of the G8's fundamental commitment to economic globalisation has never been on the table.
As a result, the summit will remain primarily a vehicle for pushing ahead with the free trade project shared by these, the world's most powerful men. The G8 countries will doubtless drop a few more crumbs of aid to their poorer neighbours, and may even keep their pledges to cancel some of the debt with which so many developing nations are shackled. However the effects of this apparent largesse will be swallowed up many times over by the negative impact on poor countries of being forced to open their markets to international competition. Whatever gloss the post-summit statement puts on it, the result of all this free trade emphasis is, in fact, to make poverty inevitable. Yet as trade specialists from the north and south we know that regardless of the results of the G8, the threat to livelihoods worldwide from freer trade will continue apace, as will the political reaction against it. This will centre on an increasing clamour for protective barriers, both north and south. This demand could be a crucial step towards really making poverty history while allaying the fears of the no voters in Europe worried about the threat to jobs of cheap imports and relocation. The present open market emphasis of the G8, WTO and the EU urgently needs to be replaced by trade rules that encourage the protection and diversification of domestic economies. They should also allow exporting governments to set the terms of the trade so that they benefit the majority of their people, rather than the interests of big business at present encoded in the WTO's "free and unfair" trade rules. This approach would allow the G8 to offer its peoples a more secure economic future but one that interacts with the rest of the world in a way beneficial to the poor everywhere, thus meeting the desires of all of us worldwide who are seeking to Make Poverty History.
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Questions
Read the text through carefully and answer the following questions in your own words.
True or False
Questions
Questions
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Lesson 12: Listening
You are going to listen to an interview with an English businessman who travels to different countries exporting his companys products. -------- ooo O ooo -------How different countries approach business On today's programme I will be interviewing Alex Brown from the software company, Symantec. Symantec is a multi-national company that exports its products to thousands of companies throughout America, Europe and the rest of the world. As part of his job, Mr Brown is responsible for installing and configuring Symantec's software at companies all over EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa). Interviewer: Good afternoon Mr Brown, welcome to Business Radio. Alex: Hi, thank you, it's a pleasure to be here. Interviewer: So, how long have you worked for Symantec? Alex: Well, that is an interesting question..and I suppose the answer is roughly two weeks. Interviewer: That's not long? Alex: Well, you see, Symantec recently bought the company where I have worked for over two years and that happened two weeks ago. Interviewer: I see, has the merger gone well? Alex: So far so good. Let's keep our fingers crossed! Interviewer: As part of your job you have to visit different companies all over Europe, how do you handle working in so many different countries? Alex: I am always on the move.one week Ireland, the next Sweden.some times two different countries in one week. It is tiring, but I enjoy it. What I have to bear in mind when I'm visiting different European countries is my behaviour.well; it's not so much behaviour but business etiquette. Interviewer: Why's that?
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Alex: because different countries like to do business in different ways. For example, meetings.generally in the UK if a meeting is scheduled for 09:30 it will start dead on time, however, in Spain the meeting won't start until 10:00 or 10:15. In Germany a meeting is more likely to kick off before its scheduled time. These things take a bit of getting used to. Interviewer: What about when it comes down to business lunches or dinners? Alex: That's another interesting one because what is polite in your country might be rude in another. The British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss business matters with a drink during the meal, but the Germans like to talk business before dinner. However, the Spanish like to eat first and talk afterwards. They have to be well fed and watered before they discuss any business matters. Interviewer: Ok, looks like our time is up. Thank you for your time. Alex: You're welcome!
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Questions Read the questions through carefully before listening. You may listen to the recording a maximum of two times.
(Haga click preguntas respuestas; vuelve a original) sobre las para ver las doble click posicin
True or False Please correct the false statements.
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Lesson 12: Grammar
Correcting Mistakes It is very important that when you finish writing a piece of work in English you check it over at least twice. The process should be as follows: Write - Check - Leave it 15 minutes - Come back - Check This way you can eliminate small and silly mistakes! Exercise 1 -------- ooo O ooo -------Exercise A) In each of the following sentences there is one mistake. Find it and correct it.
(Haga click sobre el texto para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
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B) In each of the following sentences there is one mistake. Find it and correct it.
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Trade Contract Demand Duty Embassy European Union Export Exporter Free trade Government Guidelines Import Importer Invoice Labour Minimum wage Quota Standards Statistic Tariff Tax The World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade Trade inspection Trade restrictions To eliminate To exchange To make a deal To monitor Contrato Demanda Impuestos Embajada Unin Europea Exportar Exportador Libre comercio (sin aranceles) Gobierno Pautas Importar Importador Factura Labor, trabajo Salario mnimo Cuota Estndares Estadstica Tarifa Impuesto Organizacin Mundial del Comercio (OMC) Comercio Inspeccin comercial Restricciones comerciales Eliminar Intercambiar, cambiar (moneda) Hacer un trato Controlar
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Lesson 14: Telephone & Social English

Answering the Phone
There are a number of phrases and idioms that are used when telephoning. We are now going to look at how to answer the phone (as a secretary or receptionist). Company Greeting - Response to greeting - Reply to question / greeting Company Greeting: - Good morning / afternoon Queens English College (or name of company), how can I help you? Responses to greeting: 1. Good morning, yes can you put me through to Mr________ / extension ________ . 2. Sorry, could you tell me if Mrs ________ has arrived? 3. Yes, could you please tell me your Companies fax No. Reply to question / greeting: 1. One minute, your call is being transferred / I'm sorry he is not here today. Can I take a message? 2. Yes, she arrived at 10:00 or No she still hasn't arrived. 3. Of course, the no is ________
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Taking Messages When taking down messages it is very important that you get certain facts right, for example, the name, address and telephone number of the caller. If necessary you will have to ask for them:
1. Information to be clarified: Could you tell me exactly what you said? 2. Ask for repetition: Could I have your name again please? Could you repeat that? I'm sorry I didn't catch that 3. Ask for spelling: Sorry, could you spell that for me please? 4. Show understanding: I see Right 5. Confirm: Let me just repeat that, ...
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Practice A) Complete these dialogues:
B. Choose the most appropriate response:
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Lesson 14: Introductions and Greetings
Introductions and Greetings (in person) Introductions often include these steps: Greeting - Introduction - Response to greeting For Example: Hello - Let me introduce myself, my name's ... Pleased to meet you. I'm ... Or: Good morning/Good afternoon - My name's ... Nice to meet you. Mine's ... Or: How do you do? - I'm ... Nice to meet you. I'm ... Introducing someone else
Now we are going to take a look at how to introduce someone else: Request for information - Introduction - Response For Example: Excuse me, could you introduce me to your colleague? Of Course, Let me introduce you to ... Nice to meet you! Or:
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Excuse me; I haven't met your colleague I'm sorry, this is ... Very nice to meet you. Or: I don't know anyone here. You'll have to introduce me. Of course, I'll introduce you to ... Nice to meet you. Remember! 1. Some introductions are more formal than others. The use of the first names indicates informality. 2. In English-speaking countries, people usually shake hands on first meeting. Presenting Yourself It is very common to present yourself in terms of your job. The job defines the person. This is usually the pattern: Question/Comment - Response - Comment / Question For Example: What do you do for a living? I'm in fashion Oh, that's interesting! Or: Do you work? Yes, I'm a teacher Not a bad job! Or: What do you do in your company? Oh, I work in the marketing department What about you?
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Lesson 14: Grammar
Grammar Point Remember: 1. We use the Present Simple to express our jobs. 2. We use different prepositions to indicate work relationships. E.g.: I work at Harrods (the place) I work for Harrods (they are my employers) I work with Harrods (in the sense of collaboration) I work in fashion (general type of work) I'm in the Human Resources Department (specific place of work) -------- ooo O ooo -------Practice Complete the following sentences so that they mean the same as the original sentence.
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Lesson 14: Starting Conversations
Starting Conversations
When you meet somebody for the first time and start a conversation, it is important to find points in common interest so that the conversation can run smoothly. Successful conversation depends on finding a topic both people can easily talk about. One way of reaching this point is to follow a number of steps until a topic of common interest is found. 1. Opening question 2. Immediate answer 3. Follow-up question 4. Immediate answer 5. Additional comment 6. Next question 7. Topic of common interest For Example: -How was your trip? -Fine, thanks -How long are you staying in Paris? -Two days but I would like to stay longer -What have you visited so far? -Oh, I have been to the Eiffel Tower and that's about it. -The Eiffel Tower was great wasn't it..... - Etc. -------- ooo O ooo --------
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Practice The following two dialogues are in the wrong order. Rearrange them to make a natural conversation.
(Haga click sobre los dilogos para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
Dialogue 1
Dialogue 2
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Telephone & Social English Appointment Appropriately Business trip Committee Convenient Current Engagement Event Hopefully Response Personal Assistant To arrange To be based To fix To manage To respond To set up Cita Apropiadamente Viaje de negocios Comit Conveniente Actual Compromiso Acontecimiento Esperemos que... Respuesta Asistente Personal Organizar Estar basado Fijar Manejar Responder Establecer
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Lesson 15: Writing E-mails

How to start an e-mail
Writing e-mails is an increasingly important aspect of e-commerce. An e-mail must have a good reason for being sent; otherwise it's better to not send it. Keep the e-mail short. From the subject line to the farewell, the e-mail should offer the reader the most relevant information in as few words as possible. Customers are busy, and many feel overwhelmed by a long e-mail. Messages that are short and to the point are more likely to be read. Do choose words carefully. Don't think that having a lot of space means that you should use it all. State the most important things first Customers will start reading an e-mail from the beginning and read the introduction to see if it's worth spending more of their time. Readers tend to pay less and less attention to what is written as they scan more quickly through the rest of the e-mail. To make sure customers read the most relevant information, put the most important information at the top, followed by the most important supporting information. Each successive paragraph will receive less and less of the reader's attention and should contain less and less important information. First line of the e-mail A bad first line of an e-mail will be the only part of the e-mail the customer reads. However, a strong and informative first line, clearly stating the benefit of reading the full email, will increase the chance that more customers will at least scan most of the message. -------- ooo O ooo -------Questions (Haga c)
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Lesson 15: Letter vs. E-mail

Differences between writing a letter and an e-mail
1. E-mails are generally less formal. A normal letter may start Dear Mr Smith or Dear Sam. In an e-mail a friendlier greeting is usually used e.g. Hi Bob. However - BE CAREFUL - if you don't know the person you are writing to ALWAYS use Dear Mr or Dear Ms. 2. E-mails are usually short - about one screen long. They are short because people don't like to read long letters on their computer. 3. Due to the fact that e-mails are short it is easy to sound rude or impolite. E.g. inviting somebody to a BBQ - in a normal letter you may write: Dear Maria,How are you? I hope you are well. As you are probably aware on Friday 13th August it is my birthday! I am going to be 25 I can't believe it! Anyway I was thinking of having a BBQ at my house at 20:00. I would really appreciate it if you could come. If you can please bring along a bottle of wine and some glasses as I don't think I have got enough! Let me know if you can come ASAP. Thanks Katie However if I were writing an e-mail I would probably write: Hi Maria, Would you like to come to my party Friday 13th August at 20:00? Bring some wine and glasses. RSVP Kt xx Katie has tied to make the e-mail as brief as possible, but the line, bring some winesounds like an order. So, BE CAREFUL! After you write an e-mail, read it back to yourself. Make sure there is not threatening language in the e-mail or words whose meaning could be ambiguous.
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Lesson 15: Abbreviations

Often in e-mails the author will use abbreviations instead of writing the whole word. This method is used to save time. The most common abbreviations are as follows: approx. asap Attn. av. bfor. C.A. Chq Comm. Corp def. dft disc e.g. encl. esp. f.a.c f.x. g.a. gr. hgt. H.O i.e. incl. I.O.U Ltd. Max N/A nos. Approximately As soon as possible Attention Average Before Chartered accountant Cheque/check Commission Corporation Deferred Draft Discount For example Enclosed Especially Fast as can Foreign exchange General average Gross Height Head Office That is Inclusive I owe you Limited Maximum Not applicable Numbers yrly p. Pat. PAYE Pcl. pp. qty Re. Ref. RSVP tel. UGT Vat Page Pend Patent pending Pay as you earn Parcel Pages Quantity In regard to Reference Please reply Telephone Urgent Value added tax Yearly
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Lesson 15: Writing
How to start an e-mail Make these letters into an e-mail using and e-mail style and all of the abbreviations necessary.
(Haga click sobre los textos para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)
A) Letter
B) Letter
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Lesson 16: How to make a speech

Techniques When we are giving a presentation, there are certain key words we use to 'signpost' different stages in our presentation. These words are not difficult to learn but it is absolutely essential that you memorize them and can use them when you are under pressure giving a presentation.
When you want to make your next point, you 'move on'. Moving on to the next point. I'd like to move on to the next point if there are no further questions. When you want to change to a completely different topic, you 'turn to'. I'd like to turn to something completely different. Let's turn now to our plans for next year. When you want to give more details about a topic you 'expand' or 'elaborate'. I'd like to expand more on the problem that has effected London. Would you like me to expand a little more on that or have you understood enough? When you want to refer back to an earlier point, you 'go back'. Going back to something I said earlier, the situation in Chicago is serious. I'd like to go back to something Jane said in her presentation. To just give the outline of a point, you 'summarize'. If I could just summarize a few points from John's report. I don't have a lot of time left so I'm going to summarize the next few points. To repeat the main points of what you have said, you 'recap'. I'd like to quickly recap the main points of my presentation. Recapping quickly on what was said before lunch, For your final remarks, you 'conclude'. I'd like to conclude by leaving you with this thought If I may conclude by quoting
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Exercise Put the matching sentences together

Lesson 16: Writing
Taking into account what is said above: 1. Make a speech about the housing situation in your country. 2. Make a speech concerning the political situation in your country.
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INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE SINALOA

Manual de Ingls para Negocios 5to y 6to Semestre

Introduccin a los Negocios

Relaciones comerciales internacionales Barreto

RUPO 2-3 Los Mochis Sinaloa. Agosto del 2010

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Job Ads: Reading between the lines

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales Expressing Contrast

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

The Letter of Application

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Lesson 2: The Interview

Possible interview questions

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

2.- Join each pair of sentences using a relative pronoun

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Lesson 3: Management Styles

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Lesson 3: Reading Comprehension

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

1.- Decide which country the following statements refer to:

2.- Find synonyms in the text for the following words:

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

-------- ooo O ooo --------

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Test your Vocabulary

3. A competent person in charge of a workplace or who has authority over a worker

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Lesson 4: Advertising & Marketing

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hollywood Stars Come to Spain

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Coca Cola to drop advertising in schools

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Coca-Cola to drop advertising in schools

By John Steele (The Guardian 26/01/2004)

INTRODUCCIN A LOS NEGOCIOS Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Listen and answer the following questions.