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Other names[hide] Hypochlorous acid, calcium salt Bleaching powder, Calcium oxychloride
Identifiers CAS number ChemSpider EC number UN number RTECS number Jmol-3D images 7778-54-3 22912 231-908-7 1748 NH3485000 Image 1 SMILES
[show]
InChI
[show]
Properties Molecular formula Molar mass Appearance Density Ca(ClO)2 142.98 g/mol white/gray powder 2.35 g/cm3 (20 C)
Melting point
100 C
Boiling point
175 C, decomposes
ICSC 0638 017-012-00-7 Oxidant (O) Corrosive (C) Harmful (Xn) Dangerous for the environment (N)
0 3 1
OX
Flash point LD50 Non-flammable 850 mg/kg (oral, rat) Related compounds Other anions Other cations Calcium chloride Sodium hypochlorite (verify) (what is: / ?)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references
Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with formula Ca(ClO)2. It is widely used for water treatment and as a bleaching agent. This chemical is considered to be relatively stable and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach). Contents
[hide]
. "Bleaching powder" is a mixture of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) and the basic chloride CaCl2, H2O with some slaked lime, Ca(OH)2.
[1]
. A calcium hypochlorite solution is basic. This is due to the hydrolysis performed by the hypochlorite ion, as hypochlorous acid is weak, but calcium hydroxide is a strong base. As a result, the
hypochlorite ion is a strong conjugate base, and the calcium ion is a weak conjugate acid: ClO + H2O HClO + OH
Similarly, calcium hypochlorite reacts with hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, water and gaseous chlorine: Ca(OCl)2 + 4 HCl CaCl2 + 2 H2O + 2 Cl2
1.
Chemical Land
Calcium Categories:
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Sodium bicarbonate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sodium bicarbonate
Other names[hide]
Identifiers CAS number PubChem ChemSpider UNII EC number DrugBank KEGG MeSH ChEBI ChEMBL RTECS number ATC code Beilstein Reference Jmol-3D images 144-55-8 516892 8609 8MDF5V39QO 205-633-8 DB01390 C12603 Sodium+bicarbonate CHEBI:32139 CHEMBL1353 VZ0950000 B05CB04,B05XA02,QG04BQ01 4153970 Image 1 SMILES
[show]
InChI
[show]
Solubility in water
9 g/100 mL 69 g/L (0 C)[2] 96 g/L (20 C)[3] 165 g/L (60 C)[3] 236 g/L (100 C)[2] Soluble[vague] in acetone, insoluble inethanol -0.82 10.329[4] 6.351 (carbonic acid)[4]
1.3344 Pharmacology
Routes of administration
Intravenous, oral
Thermochemistry Std enthalpy of formation fHo298 Standard molar entropy So298 Hazards MSDS Main hazards NFPA 704 External MSDS Causes serious eye irritation 102 Jmol1K1[5] 948 kJmol1[5]
1 0
LD50 4.22 g kg Related compounds Other anions Other cations Sodium carbonate Ammonium bicarbonate Potassium bicarbonate
Related compounds
/ ?)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 C, 100 kPa) Infobox references
Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs. It is among the food additives encoded by European Union, identified by the initials E 500. Since it has long been known and is widely used, the salt has many related names such as baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda, and bicarbonate of soda. In colloquial usage, its name is shortened to sodium bicarb, bicarb soda, or simply bicarb. The word saleratus, from Latin sal ratus meaning aerated salt, was widely used in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. The term has now fallen out of common usage. Contents
[hide]
5 Applications
o o o o o o o o o o
5.1 Fire extinguisher 5.2 Cooking 5.3 Neutralization of acids and bases 5.4 Medical uses 5.5 Personal hygiene 5.6 Baking soda in sports 5.7 As a cleaning agent 5.8 As a biopesticide 5.9 Cattle feed supplement 5.10 Miscellaneous
6 In popular culture
6.1 Film
This compound, referred to as saleratus, is mentioned in the famous novel Captains Courageous by Rudyard Kipling as being used extensively in the 1800s in commercial fishing to prevent freshly-caught fish from spoiling.
[7]
NaHCO3 may be obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The initial reaction produces sodium carbonate: CO2 + 2 NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O Further addition of carbon dioxide produces sodium bicarbonate, which at sufficiently high concentration will precipitate out of solution: Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2 NaHCO3 Commercial quantities of baking soda are also produced by a similar method: soda ash, mined in the form of the ore trona, is dissolved in water and treated with carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate precipitates as a solid from this method: Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2 NaHCO3
+ OH
Sodium bicarbonate can be used as a wash to remove any acidic impurities from a "crude" liquid, producing a purer sample. Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and anacid produce a salt and carbonic acid, which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and water:
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2CO3 H2CO3 H2O + CO2(g) Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid (found in vinegar), producing sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide: NaHCO3 + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O + CO2(g) Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases such as sodium hydroxide to form carbonates: NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O Sodium bicarbonate reacts with carboxyl groups in proteins to give a brisk effervescence from the formation of CO
2.
Applications[edit
source | editbeta]
or cream of tartar.
Sodium bicarbonate was sometimes used in cooking vegetables, to make them softer, although this has gone out of fashion, as most people now prefer firmer vegetables. However, it is still used in Asian cuisine to tenderise meats. Baking soda may react with acids in food, including Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid). It is also used in breadings such as for fried foods to enhance crispness. Heat causes sodium bicarbonate to act as a raising agent by releasing carbon dioxide when used in baking. The carbon dioxide production starts at temperatures above 80 C. Since the reaction does not occur at room temperature, mixtures (cake batter, etc.) can be allowed to stand without rising until they are heated in the oven.
situations, there is no harm in using excess sodium bicarbonate. Also, sodium bicarbonate powder may be used to smother a small fire, as heating of sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide.
[12]
A wide variety of applications follows from its neutralization properties, including reducing the spread of white phosphorus from incendiary bullets inside an afflicted soldier's wounds.
needed] [13][medical citation
It is
Sodium bicarbonate has been known to be used in first aid, in treating scalding, to prevent blistering and scarring with instructions to cover the scalded area with a liberal layer of sodium bicarbonate and water paste and seek medical assistance. This is due to the endothermic reaction that occurs between sodium bicarbonate and water and sodium bicarbonate's mild antiseptic properties
[16][medical citation needed]
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate is an aqueous solution that is sometimes used for cases of acidosis, or when there are insufficient sodium or bicarbonate ions in the blood.
[17]
In cases of
respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left and, thus, raises the pH. It is for this reason that sodium bicarbonate is used in medically supervised cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated only when the blood pH is markedly (<7.17.0) low.
[18]
Oral sodium bicarbonate has been shown to slow progression to end stage renal disease in individuals with stage 4 chronic kidney disease and metabolic acidosis (plasma sodium bicarbonate levels 16-20meq/L). It is used as well for treatment of hyperkalemia. Since sodium bicarbonate can cause alkalosis, it is sometimes used to treat aspirin overdoses. Aspirin requires an acidic environment for proper absorption, and the basic environment diminishes aspirin absorption in the case of an overdose. Sodium bicarbonate has also been used in the treatment
[19]
topically as a paste, with three parts baking soda to one part water, to relieve some kinds of insect bites and stings (as well as accompanying swelling). Adverse reactions to the administration of sodium bicarbonate can include metabolic alkalosis, edema due to sodium overload, congestive heart failure, hyperosmolar syndrome, hypervolemic hypernatremia, and hypertension due to increased sodium. In patients consuming a high-calcium or dairy-rich diet, calcium supplements, or calcium-containing antacids such as calcium carbonate (e.g., Tums), the use of sodium bicarbonate can cause milk-alkali syndrome, which can result in metastatic calcification, kidney stones, and kidney failure. Sodium bicarbonate can be used to treat an allergic reaction to plants such as poison -ivy -oak or sumac to relieve some of the associated itching.
[22] [21]
Bicarbonate of soda can also be useful in removing splinters from the skin.
[23]
removal effect
toothpastes without it. Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredient in some mouthwashes. It works as a mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums, neutralizes the production of acid in the mouth and also acts as anantiseptic to help prevent infections.
[citation needed]
Sodium bicarbonate in combination with other ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorant.
[29][30]
It may also be
[31]
used as a shampoo.
Sodium bicarbonate may be used as a buffering agent, combined with table salt, when creating a solution for nasal irrigation.
[32]
But
and in particular
For
cleaning aluminium objects, the use of sodium bicarbonate is discouraged as it attacks the thin unreactive protective oxide layer of this otherwise very reactive metal. A solution in warm water will remove the tarnish from silver when the silver is in contact with a piece of aluminium foil
[37][38]
A paste of
sodium bicarbonate and water is useful in removing surface rust as the rust forms a water soluble compound when in a concentrated alkaline solution.
[39]
Cold water
Baking soda is commonly added to washing machines as a replacement for softener and to remove odors from clothes. Sodium bicarbonate is also effective in removing heavy tea and coffee
stains from cups when diluted with warm water. During the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb in the early 1940s, many scientists investigated the toxic properties of uranium. They found that uranium oxides stick very well to cotton cloth, but did not wash out with soap or laundry detergent. The uranium would wash out with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). Clothing can become contaminated with depleted uranium (DU) dust and normal laundering will not remove it. Those at risk of DU dust exposure should have their clothing washed with baking soda (about 6 ounces (170g) of baking soda in 2 gallons (7.5l) of water).
[41]
Sodium bicarbonate is
used in BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an alternative to the more corrosive ammonium phosphate in ABC extinguishers. The alkali nature of sodium bicarbonate makes it the only dry chemical agent, besides Purple-K, that was used in large-scale fire suppression systems installed in commercial kitchens. Because it can act as an alkali, the agent has a mild saponification effect on hot grease, which forms a smothering soapy foam. Dry chemicals have since fallen out of favor for kitchen fires, as they have no cooling effect compared to the extremely effective wet chemical agents specifically designed for such hazards.
needed] [citation
Sodium bicarbonate is used in a process for removing paint and corrosion called sodablasting; the process is particularly suitable for
cleaning aluminium panels which can be distorted by other types of abrasive. It can be administered to pools, spas, and garden ponds to raise pH levels.
[45]
It has
[46][47]
Since it acts as a neutralizing agent, it can be used to absorb odors that are caused by strong acids.
[citation needed]
Because baking
soda will absorb musty smells, it has become a reliable method for used-book sellers when making books less malodorous.
[49]
Sodium bicarbonate is also used as required to increase Total Alkinity level in swimming pools and aquarium freshwater fish tanks. Some alternative practitioners have promoted baking soda as a cancer cure, which the American Cancer Society has warned against due to both its unproven effectiveness and potential danger in use.
[50]
In popular culture[edit
source | editbeta]
frequent source of punch lines for Groucho Marx in Marx brothers movies. In Duck Soup, Marx plays the leader of a nation at war. In one scene, he receives a message from the battlefield that his general is reporting a gas attack, and Groucho tells his aide, "Tell him to take a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda and a half a glass of water."
[51]
In A Night at the
Opera, Groucho's character addresses the opening night crowd at an opera by saying of the lead tenor, "Signor Lassparri comes from a very famous family. His mother was a well-known bass singer. His father was the first man to stuff spaghetti with bicarbonate of soda, thus causing and curing indigestion at the same time."
[52]
See also[edit
source | editbeta]
Carbonic acid Baking powder List of minerals Nahcolite Natron Natrona (disambiguation) Trona
References[edit
source | editbeta]
1.
2.
3.
4.
^ a b Goldberg, Robert N.; Kishore, Nand; Lennen, Rebecca M. "Thermodynamic quantities for the ionization reactions of buffers in water". CRC Handbook. pp. 713.
5.
^ a b Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A23. ISBN 0618-94690-X.
6.
7.
8.
^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12352651-5.
9.
10. ^ Radiation Cookery Book 45th Edition, Radiation Group Sales Ltd 1954 11. ^ "Glossary Ingredients". Cooking.com. 12. ^ a b c "Arm & Hammer Baking Soda Basics The Magic Of Arm & Hammer Baking Soda". Armhammer.com. Retrieved 2009-07-30. 13. ^ "White Phosphorus". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2007-09-26. 14. ^ "Sodium Bicarbonate". Jackson Siegelbaum Gastroenterology. 1998. 15. ^ List of ingredients Life Brand Gripe Water 16. ^ "New Scientist Last Word Blog: Soda soother". New Scientist. Retrieved 22 September 2011. 17. ^ "Sodium Bicarbonate Intravenous Infusion". Consumer Medicine Information. Better Health Channel. 2004-07-13. 18. ^ "Respiratory Acidosis: Treatment & Medication". emedicine.
19. ^ de Brito-Ashurst I, Varagunam M, Raftery MJ, Yaqoob MM. (Sep 2009). "Bicarbonate supplementation slows progression of CKD and improves nutritional status.". J Am Soc Nephrol. 20 (9): 2075 84.PMID 19608703. 20. ^ Knudsen, K; Abrahamsson, J (Apr 1997). "Epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate independently and additively increase survival in experimental amitriptyline poisoning". Critical Care Medicine 25 (4): 669 74. doi:10.1097/0000324619970400000019. ISSN 00903493. PMID 9142034. 21. ^ "Insect bites and stings: First aid". Mayo Clinic. 2008-01-15. 22. ^ What is Sodium Bicarbonate Used For?. Virtuowl.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-24. 23. ^ [1] 24. ^ a b Kleber, CJ; Moore, MH, Nelson, BJ (1998). "Laboratory assessment of tooth whitening by sodium
bicarbonate dentifrices.". The Journal of clinical dentistry 9 (3): 72 5. PMID 10518866. 25. ^ Koertge, TE; Brooks, CN, Sarbin, AG, Powers, D, Gunsolley, JC (1998). "A longitudinal comparison of tooth whitening resulting from dentifrice use.". The Journal of clinical dentistry 9 (3): 67 71. PMID 10518865. 26. ^ Yankell, SL; Emling, RC, Petrone, ME, Rustogi, K, Volpe, AR, DeVizio, W, Chaknis, P, Proskin, HM (1999). "A six-week clinical efficacy study of four commercially available dentifrices for the removal of extrinsic tooth stain.". The Journal of clinical dentistry 10 (3 Spec No): 115 8.PMID 10825858. 27. ^ Mankodi, S; Berkowitz, H, Durbin, K, Nelson, B (1998). "Evaluation of the effects of brushing on the removal of dental plaque.". The Journal of clinical dentistry 9 (3): 57 60. PMID 10518862.
28. ^ Putt, MS; Milleman, KR, Ghassemi, A, Vorwerk, LM, Hooper, WJ, Soparkar, PM, Winston, AE, Proskin, HM (2008). "Enhancement of plaque removal efficacy by tooth brushing with baking soda dentifrices: results of five clinical studies.". The Journal of clinical dentistry 19 (4): 111 9. PMID 19278079. 29. ^ Lamb, John Henderson (31 May 1946). "Sodium Bicarbonate: An Excellent Deodorant". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 7 (3): 131 133. doi:10.1038/jid.1946.1 3. 30. ^ "Bicarb soda: natural body deodorant". Retrieved 5 May 2012. 31. ^ Bouchard, Mallory (201005-04). "A Green and Healthy Beauty Secret: Going ShampooFree". Four Green Steps. 32. ^ Ralph B. Metson, M.D., The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healing Your Sinues (McGraw Hill 2005), at p. 68. 33. ^ Bee, Peta (2008-0816). "Is bicarbonate of soda
a performance enhancing drug". The Times (London). Retrieved 2010-05-23. 34. ^ a b Ergogenic Aids. U. Retrieved on 2011-09-11. 35. ^ Baking soda overdose All Information. Umm.edu (2009-10-19). Retrieved on 2010-09-24. 36. ^ "Arm & Hammer Baking Soda Basics The Magic Of Arm & Hammer Baking Soda". Armhammer.com. Retrieved 2009-07-30. 37. ^ Eco Silver Polishing. instructables.com (2006-1220). Retrieved on 2011-1007. 38. ^ "Put a Shine on It". scifun.chem.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2011-03-06. 39. ^ Catherine E. Housecroft; Alan G. Sharpe (2008). "Chapter 22: d-block metal chemistry: the first row elements". Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. Pearson. p. 716. ISBN 9780-13-175553-6. 40. ^ .http://www.sciencelab.co m/msds.php?msdsId=9927 263 41. ^ Orcutt, JA. "Scientist". Pharmacolo gy and Toxicology of
Uranium Compounds. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 21 March 2012. 42. ^ Potassium bicarbonate (073508) and Sodium bicarbonate (073505) Fact Sheet United States Environmental Protection Agency. Updated 17 February 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011. 43. ^ Registered Biopesticides 04/29/02 United States Environmental Protection Agency. Updated 29 March 2002. Retrieved 25 November 2011. 44. ^ "Acidosis Health Warning for Livestock Farmers". Retrieved 5 May 2012. 45. ^ "Arm & Hammer Baking Soda Basics The Magic Of Arm & Hammer Baking Soda". Armhammer.com. Retrieved 2009-07-30. 46. ^ Malik, Ys; Goyal, Sm (May 2006). "Virucidal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate on a food contact surface against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate". International Journal of Food Microbiology 109 (12):
160 3. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro. 2005.08.033. ISSN 01681605. PMID 16540196. 47. ^ William A. Rutala, Susan L. Barbee, Newman C. Aguiar, Mark D. Sobsey, David J. Weber, (2000). "Antimicrobial Activity of Home Disinfectants and Natural Products Against Potential Human Pathogens".Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology (The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America)21 (1): 33 38. doi:10.1086/501694. P MID 10656352. 48. ^ Zamani, M; Sharifi, Tehrani, A; Ali, Abadi, Aa (2007). "Evaluation of antifungal activity of carbonate and bicarbonate salts alone or in combination with biocontrol agents in control of citrus green mold".Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences 72 (4): 7737. PMID 18396809.
49. ^ Gail Altman (2006-0522). "Book Repair for BookThinkers: How To Remove Odors From Books". The BookThinker (69). 50. ^ "Sodium Bicarbonate". 51. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/ tt0023969/trivia?tab=qt 52. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/ tt0026778/trivia?tab=qt&ref _=tt_trv_qu
Further reading[edit
source | editbeta]
Bishop, D; Edge, J; Davis, C; Goodman, C (May 2004). "Induced metabolic alkalosis affects muscle metabolism and repeated-sprint ability". Medicine and science in sports and exercise 36 (5): 807 13.doi:10.1249/01.MSS.00001 26392.20025.17. ISSN 01959131. PMID 15126714.
David R. Lide, ed. (2003). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (84th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0484-9.
External links[edit
source | editbeta]
Baking soda
Categories:
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Sodium hydroxide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sodium hydroxide
Systematic name[hide] Sodium oxidanide[citation needed] Other names[hide] Caustic soda Lye [2][3] Ascarite White caustic Sodium hydrate[1]
Identifiers
CAS number
1310-73-2
PubChem
14798
ChemSpider
14114
UNII
55X04QC32I
EC number
215-185-5
UN number
1823
KEGG
D01169
MeSH
Sodium+Hydroxide
ChEBI
CHEBI:32145
RTECS number
WB4900000
Gmelin Reference
68430
Jmol-3D images
Image 1
SMILES
[show]
InChI
[show]
Properties
Molecular formula
NaOH
Molar mass
39.9971 g mol-1
Appearance
Odor
odorless
Density
2.13 g/cm3
Melting point
Boiling point
Solubility in water
Solubility inmethanol
23.8 g/100 mL
Solubility in ethanol
<<13.9 g/100 mL
Vapor pressure
Acidity (pKa)
13
Refractive index(nD)
1.3576
Hazards
MSDS
External MSDS
GHS pictograms
EU Index
011-002-00-6
EU classification
C
R-phrases
R35
S-phrases
NFPA 704
0 3 1
ALK
Related compounds
Other anions
Sodium hydrosulfide
Other cations
Caesium hydroxide Lithium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Rubidium hydroxide (verify) (what is: / ?)
Infobox references
[2][3]
formula NaOH (also written as NaHO). It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as a 50% saturated solution.
[citation needed]
Sodium hydroxide is soluble in water, ethanol and methanol. This alkali is deliquescent and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide in air. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergentsand as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million tonnes. Contents
[hide]
[4]
1 Properties
o o
1.2.1 Reaction with acids 1.2.2 Reaction with acidic oxides 1.2.3 Reaction with amphoteric metals and oxides 1.2.4 Precipitant 1.2.5 Saponification
2 Production 3 Uses
o o o o o o o o
3.1 Chemical pulping 3.2 Tissue digestion 3.3 Dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds 3.4 Esterification and transesterification reagent 3.5 Food preparation 3.6 Cleaning agent 3.7 Historical uses 3.8 Experimental
glass. Sodium hydroxide does not attack iron since iron does not have amphoteric properties (i.e., it only dissolves in acid, not base). A few transition metals, however, may react vigorously with sodium hydroxide. In 1986, an aluminium road tanker in the UK was mistakenly used to transport 25% sodium hydroxide solution,
[5]
causing pressurization of the contents and damage to the tanker. The pressurization was
due to the hydrogen gas which is produced in the reaction between sodium hydroxide and aluminium: 2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O 2 Na[Al(OH)4] + 3 H2
In 2004, world production was estimated at 60 million dry metric tonnes of sodium hydroxide, and demand was estimated at 51 million tonnes.
[4]
45 million tonnes. North America and Asia collectively contributed around 14 million tonnes, while Europe produced around 10 million tonnes. In the United States, the major producer of sodium hydroxide is the Dow Chemical Company, which has annual production around 3.7 million tonnes from sites at Freeport, Texas, and Plaquemine, Louisiana. Other major US
producers include OxyChem, PPG, Olin, Pioneer Companies, Inc. (PIONA, which was purchased by Olin), and Formosa. All of these companies use the chloralkali process. Historically sodium hydroxide is produced by treating sodium carbonate with calcium hydroxide in a metathesis reaction. (Sodium hydroxide is soluble while calcium carbonate is not.) This process was called causticizing. Ca(OH)2(aq) + Na2CO3(s) CaCO3 + 2 NaOH(aq) This process was superseded by the Solvay process in the late 19th century, which was in turn supplanted by the chloralkali process which we use today. Sodium hydroxide is also produced by combining pure sodium metal with water. The byproducts are hydrogen gas and heat, often resulting in a flame, making this a common demonstration of the reactivity of alkali metals in academic environments; however, it is not commercially viable, as the isolation of sodium metal is typically performed by reduction or electrolysis of sodium compounds including sodium hydroxide.
[7] [6]
Sodium hydroxide is the principal strong base used in the chemical industry. In bulk it is most often handled as an aqueous solution, since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle. Sodium hydroxide, a strong base, is responsible for most of these applications. Another strong base such as potassium hydroxide is likely to yield positive results as well.
Overall 56% of sodium hydroxide produced is used by the chemical industry, with 25% of the same total used by the paper industry. Sodium hydroxide is also used for the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, for pH regulation, and for organic synthesis. It is used in the Bayer process of aluminium production.
[4]
Sodium hydroxide is used in many scenarios where it is desirable to increase the alkalinity of a mixture, or to neutralize acids. For example, sodium hydroxide is used as an additive in drilling mud to increase alkalinity in bentonite mud systems, to increase the mud viscosity, and to neutralise anyacid gas (such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide) which may be encountered in the geological formation as drilling progresses. In the same industry, poor quality crude oil can be treated with sodium hydroxide to remove sulfurous impurities in a process known as caustic washing. As above, sodium hydroxide reacts with weak acids such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans to give the non-volatile sodium salts which can be removed. The waste which is formed is toxic and difficult to deal with, and the process is banned in many countries because of this. In 2006, Trafigura used the process and then dumped the waste in Africa. See also: hydrodesulfurization
[8][9]
[12]
used in the process of decomposing roadkill dumped in landfills by animal disposal contractors.
[11]
Due to its low cost and availability, it has been used to dispose of corpses
by criminals. In Mexico, a man who worked for different drug cartels admitted disposing over 300 bodies with it.
[13]
surface rather than liquid product because it was easier to store and transport. For the manufacture of biodiesel, sodium hydroxide is used as a catalyst for the transesterification of methanol and triglycerides. This only works with anhydrous sodium hydroxide, because combined with water the fat would turn
into soap, which would be tainted with methanol. It is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed.
The Pinoy or Filipino dessert (kakanin) called kutsinta uses a bit of lye water to help give the rice flour batter a jelly like consistency.
A similar process is also used in the kakanin known as pitsi-pitsi or pichi-pichi (pitchi-pit-chi) except that the mixture uses grated cassava instead of rice flour.
The Scandinavian delicacy known as lutefisk (from lutfisk, "lye fish"). Hominy is dried maize (corn) kernels reconstituted by soaking in lye-water. These expand considerably in size and may be further processed by frying to make corn nuts or by drying and grinding to make grits.Nixtamal is similar, but uses calcium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide.
Sodium hydroxide is also the chemical that causes gelling of egg whites in the production of Century eggs.
German pretzels are poached in a boiling sodium carbonate solution or cold sodium hydroxide solution before baking, which contributes to their unique crust.
Lye-water is an essential ingredient in the crust of the traditional baked Chinese moon cakes.
Most yellow coloured Chinese noodles are made with lye-water but are commonly mistaken for containing egg.
[16]
Sodium hydroxide is frequently used as an industrial cleaning agent where it is often called "caustic". It is added to water, heated, and then used to clean process equipment, storage tanks, etc. It can dissolvegrease, oils, fats and protein based deposits. It is also used for cleaning waste discharge pipes under sinks and drains in domestic properties. Surfactants can be added to the sodium hydroxide solution in order to stabilize dissolved substances and thus prevent redeposition. A sodium hydroxide soak solution is used as a powerful degreaser on stainless steel and glass bakeware. It is also a common ingredient in oven cleaners. A common use of sodium hydroxide is in the production of parts washer detergents. Parts washer detergents based on sodium hydroxide are some of the most aggressive parts washer cleaning chemicals. The sodium hydroxide based detergent include surfactants, rust inhibitors and defoamers. A parts washer heats water and the detergent in a closed cabinet and then sprays the heated sodium hydroxide and hot water at pressure against dirty parts for degreasing applications. Sodium hydroxide used in this manner replaced many solvent based systems in the early 1990s
needed] [citation
when trichloroethane was outlawed by the Montreal Protocol. Water and sodium
hydroxide detergent based parts washers are considered to be an environmental improvement over the solvent based cleaning methods.
Sodium hydroxide is used in the home as a type of drain opener to unblock clogged drains, usually in the form of a dry crystal or as a thick liquid gel. The alkali dissolves greases to produce water soluble products. It also hydrolyzes the proteins such as those found in hair which may block water pipes. These reactions are sped by the heat generated when sodium hydroxide and the other chemical components of the cleaner dissolve in water. Such alkaline drain cleaners and their acidic versions are highly corrosive and should be handled with great caution. Sodium hydroxide is used in some relaxers to straighten hair. However, because of the high incidence and intensity of chemical burns, manufacturers of chemical relaxers use other alkaline chemicals in preparations available to average consumers. Sodium hydroxide relaxers are still available, but they are used mostly by professionals. A solution of sodium hydroxide in water was traditionally used as the most common paint stripper on wooden objects. Its use has become less common, because it can damage the wood surface, raising the grain and staining the colour.
Sodium hydroxide is also being used experimentally in a new technology to create synthetic gasoline.
[18]
Chemical burns caused by sodium hydroxide solution photographed 44 hours after exposure.
Like other corrosive acids and alkalis, drops of sodium hydroxide solutions can decompose proteins and lipids in skin, eyes or other living tissues via amide hydrolysisand ester hydrolysis which consequently causes chemical burns and may induce permanent blindness if it contacts eyes.
[2][3]
corrosive nature if there is water so protective equipment such as rubber gloves, safety clothing and eye protection should always be used when handling the material or its solutions. Moreover, dissolution of sodium hydroxide is highly exothermic, and the resulting heat may cause heat burns or ignite flammables. It also produces heat when reacted with acids. The standard first aid measures for alkali spills on the skin is, as for other corrosives, irrigation with large quantities of water. Washing is continued for at least ten to fifteen minutes. Sodium hydroxide is corrosive to several metals, like aluminium which reacts with the alkali to produce flammable hydrogen gas on contact:
[19]
2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O 3 H2 + 2 NaAlO2 2 Al + 6 NaOH + x H2O 3 H2 + 2 Na3AlO3 + x H2O 2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O 3 H2 + 2 NaAl(OH)4 Sodium hydroxide is also mildly corrosive to glass, which can cause damage to glazing or freezing of ground glass joints. Careful storage is needed.
10. ^ Ayres, Chris (27 February 2010) Clean green finish that sends a loved one down the drain Times Online. Retrieved 2013-02-20. 11. ^ a b Thacker, H. Leon; Kastner, Justin (August 2004). Carcass Disposal: A Comprehensive Review. Chapter 6. National Agricultural Biosecurity Center, Kansas State University, 2004. Retrieved 2010-03-08 12. ^ Roach, Mary (2004). Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers , New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32482-6. 13. ^ William Booth (January 27, 2009). "'Stewmaker' Stirs Horror in Mexico". Washington Post. 14. ^ Morfit, Campbell (1856). A treatise on chemistry applied to the manufacture of soap and candles. Parry and McMillan. 15. ^ "Hominy without Lye". National Center for Home Food Preservation. 16. ^ "Olives: Safe Methods for Home Pickling (application/pdf Object)".ucanr.org. 2010 [last update]. Retrieved January 22, 2012. 17. ^ Page 168 in: The Detection of poisons and strong drugs . Author: Wilhelm Autenrieth. Publisher: P. Blakiston's son & Company, 1909. 18. ^ Andrew Hough (18 October 2012). "British engineers produce amazing 'petrol from air' technology". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 October 2012. 19. ^ "aluminium_water_hydrogen.pdf (application/pdf Object)".www1.eere.energy.gov. 2008 [last update]. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
Heaton, A. (1996) An Introduction to Industrial Chemistry, 3rd edition, New York:Blackie. ISBN 0-7514-0272-9.
hydroxide
International Chemical Safety Card 0360 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards CDC - Sodium Hydroxide - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
European Union Risk Assessment Report Production by brine electrolysis Titration of acids with sodium hydroxide; freeware for data analysis, simulation of curves and pH calculation
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