INDEX

S.No 1 2 3

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer through Pin Fin [Free convection] Stefan Boltzman Constant

REMARKS

HEAT EXCHANGER AIM: To determine the Heat transfer rate and Effectiveness by Parallel flow and Counter flow methods using Heat Exchanger Apparatus.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS: Heat exchangers are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another. Common examples of the heat exchangers are the radiator of a car, condenser at the back of domestic refrigerator etc. Heat exchangers are classified mainly into three categories. 1. Transfer type 2. Storage type 3. Direct contact type. Transfer type of heat exchangers are most widely used. A transfer type of heat exchanger is one in which both fluids pass simultaneously through the device and head is transferred through separating walls. Transfer type of exchangers are further classifies as 1. Parallel flow type in fluids flow in the same direction. 2. Counter flow type in fluids flow in the opposite direction. 3. Cross flow type in which fluids flow at any angle to each other. A simple heat exchanger of transfer type can be in the form of a tube arrangement. One fluid flowing through the inner tube and the other through the annulus surrounding it. The heat transfer takes place across the walls of the inner tube.

SPECIFICATIONS: Length of the Exchanger Inner diameter of Copper tube Outer diameter of copper tube Outer tube inner diameter Outer tube outer diameter = 1.8 m = 9.5 m = 12.5 mm = 28.5 mm = 32.0 mm

FORMULAE: mT mass flow rate of Hot water mt mass flow rate of cold water 1 Heat rejected by hot water, QT =mT cpT (T1 T2) 2. Heat gained by cold water Qt =mt cpt (t1 t2) Where, T1 = hot water inlet temp C. T2 = hot water outlet temp C. t1 = Cold water inlet temp C t2 = Cold water outlet temp C 3. Logarithmic mean temperature difference, LMTD = ( 1 - 2) In ( 1 / 2) Where, 1 = T1 t1 for parallel flow 2 = T2 t2 for parallel flow 4.Heat transfer rate , Qavg = (QT + Qt) / 2 5. overall heat transfer Co-efficient V = Qavg / A x LMTD A = DL, D = 12.5mm, L = 1.8 m. 1 = T1 t2 for counter flow 2 = T2 t1 for counter flow

6. Maximum possible heat transfer Qmax = (mCp) min (T1-t1) 7. Effectiveness E = Actual heat transfer / Maximum possible heat transfer = (Qavg / Q max) PRECEDURE: Parallel flow Arrangement: 1. The gate valve of the geyser is opened and water is admitted to flow in to the heater. 2. The main switch is then put ON to heat the water. 3. Then the valves are opened to make it work as parallel flow. 4. After few minutes and start observing the temperature of the water at inlet and exit points. 5. Observe the thermometer reading every few minutes and record them. T1 & T2 give the temperatures of cold water at inlet and exit. 6. Once when the temperature attains steady state, record the readings. 7. Measure the time taken for collecting 1 liter hot water and cold water in the measuring jar. 8. Repeat this procedure for different flow conditions as given in the tabulation.

Counter flow arrangement 1. The gate valve is opened and water is admitted to flow into heater. 2. Then main Switched is ON. 3. Then Valve is opened to make the water to flow through the counter flow arrangement. 4. After few minutes note down temperature of water at inlet and exit points. 5. Observe thermometer readings. 6. Once when the temperature attains steady state record the readings. 7. Measure the time taken for collecting 1 liter hot water and cold water in the measuring Jar. 8. Repeat this procedure for different flow conditions as given in the tabulations. RESULT: The heat transfer rate and effectiveness were found by Parallel flow and Counter flow methods using Heat Exchanger apparatus.

COLD T
ci

PARALLEL FLOW
T
ho

HEAT EXCHANGER

hi

HOT T T
ho co

hi

PARALLEL FLOW
T
co o

Ti T Length of the Exchanger

ci

Ti Log e

T TT

o i o

COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

co

hi

HOT COLD T
ho

ho

hi

COUNTER FLOW

ci

T Length of the Exchanger

T T
ci

co

Ti Log e

T TT

o i o

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH PIN FIN FREE CONVECTION APPARATUS AIM: To determine the heat transfer Co-efficient from pin fin by Natural and Forced Convection using the Pin Fin Apparatus.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS: Consider a PIN-FIN having the shape of rod whose base is attached to a wall at a surface temperature Ts, the fin is cooled along the axis by a fluid at temperature TAMB. The fin has a uniform cross sectional area Ao is made of material having a uniform thermal conductivity K and the average heat transfer co-efficient between the surface to the fluid. We shall assume that transverse temperature gradients are so small so that the temperature at any cross section of the fin is uniform. The apparatus consists of a Pin-fin placed inside an open duct, (one side open) the other end of the duct is connected to the suction side of a blower, the delivery side of a blower is taken up through a gate valve and an orifice meter to the atmosphere. The airflow rate can be varied by the gate valve and can be measured on the U tube manometer connected to the orifice meter. A heater is connected to one end of the pin-fin and seven thermocouples are connected by equal distance all along the length of the pin and the eigth thermocouple is left in the duct. The panel of the apparatus consists of voltmeter, ammeter and digital temperature indicator. Regulator is to control the power input to the heater. U tube manometer with connecting hoses.

FORMULAE:

Free convection: 1. Mean temperature, T = (T1+T2+T3+T4+T5) / 5 2.Mean film temperature, Tf = (T+Tatm) / 2 3. Grashoff number Gr = (g TD3) / = (Tf + 273)-1 K-1, T = T Tf Pr Prandtl number 4. Rayleigh number Ra = GrPr 5. Nusselt number Nu = C (Ra)n Refer HMT data book P 134 for values of C & n 6. Heat transfer coefficient hth = (Nu x K) / D PROCEDURE: 1. Switch on the power supply. Set the ammeter reading to a desired value and note down the Voltmeter and ammeter readings. Wait for half an hour until it reaches a fairly steady state temperature. thermometer readings for natural convection. RESULT: The Heat Transfer Co-efficient from pin fin by Natural and Forced Convection are found using the Pin Fin Apparatus. Note down the

PIN - FIN APPARATUS

T7 T6 T5 T4 T3 T2 T1

HEATER

BRASS PIN - FIN T8 ORIFICE DIA PIPE DIA = 20 mm = 40 mm LENGTH = 145 mm DIA = 12 mm

STEFAN BOLTZMAN APPARATUS AIM: To determine the value of Stefan Boltzmann Constant.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS: Stefan Boltzman law which establishes the dependence of integral hemispherical radiation on temperature. We can verify this phenomenon in this unit. The experimental set up consisting of concentric hemispheres with provision for the hot water to pass through the annulus. A hot water source is provided. The water flow may be varied using the control valve provided, there by to control the hot water temperature. A small disk is placed at the bottom of the hemisphere, which receives the heat radiation and can be removed (or) refitted while conducting the experiment. A multi point digital temperature indicator and thermocouples (Fe/Ko) are provided to measure temperature at various points on the radiating surface of the hemisphere and on the disc. FORMULAE: 1. Average temperature Tavg = (T1+T2-T3) / 3 in K 2. Disc temperature Td in K 3. Area A = [ / 4 d2 ] m 2 4. Stefan boltzman constant = m Cp (dT/dt) / A (T4 avg Td4) Cp = specific heat capacity of disc. Cp = 0.091 x 4.186 KJ / Kg K. d = 25 mm

Mass, m = 0.008 Kg. PROCEDURE:1. Switch on the Stefan - Boltzman apparatus and adjust the flow of water through the heater to some desired level. 2. Wait for some time until the temperature reaches steady state. 3. After Steady state is reached, take down the temperature at various positions at the plate, which is indicated by thermocouple. 4. Now the temperature of disc is noted and value of time for each degree rise in disc temperature is note down continuously. 5. Take the time taken for each degree rise in temperature readings until it reaches steady state. 6. Repeat the same procedure for second set of readings.

RESULT: The Stefan Boltzman constant was found to be ------------------- W /m2 K

HEATER

WATER

T2 T1 T3

T4

TABULATION: Heat Exchanger HOT WATER COLD WATER Overall Heat Transfer LMTD coefficient K W / m2 K

Type of flow

1 liter discharge T sec

Inlet temp T1

Outlet temp T2

Mass flow rate mT

1 liter discharge t sec

Inlet temp t1

Outlet temp t2

Mass flo w rat e mt

Parallel flow

Min/min

Max/max

Min/min

Effectiveness

Time for

Time for

Counter flow Max/max

TABULATION: Pin Fin free convection Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Sl. No. Thermocouple Reading (0C) T1
0

T2
0

T3
0

T4
0

T5
0

NU

havg

TABULATION: Stefan Boltzmann Apparatus

Sl. No. T1
0

Thermocouple Reading
(0C)

T3
0

T2
0

Td

Time Sec

dT / dt

W / m2 K