MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2002-2003 ACADEMIC YEAR, FALL SEMESTER IR 508 ISSUES IN TURKISH

FOREIGN POLICY Instructor: Suha Blkbasi Office Hour: Wed. 1-3 p.m. The aim of this graduate seminar is to give the student an awareness of the various foreign policy issues that confront Turkey. Instead of examining Turkeys foreign policy in a descriptive or chronological way, an attempt will be made to discuss the causes and consequences of the various crises and regional problems between Turkey and its neighbors. The Turco-Greek problems, the Cyprus dispute, Turkeys relations with the Middle Eastern states, and with the Turkic republics of the former Soviet Union, as well as the Turco-American and Turco-European ties will be examined. In order to accomplish this goal we will focus on the cause and effect relationship, historical factors, the larger geopolitical framework, the different perceptions of policymakers, domestic political situation and bureaucratic decision-making. Furthermore, we shall dwell on the dichotomy between Turkeys traditional status quo policy and its apparently newly-adopted revisionism. In addition, the relationship between the goals and the means of the Turkish foreign policy will be examined in order to find out whether a consistent relationship or solvency exists between the two. The emphasis of this course in its entirety will be on student participation. Students are expected to come to class having read the weekly assignments. Each student is also required to write three 5-page long research papers examining the texts in the reading list, or one 10-page research paper examining one of the salient aspects of Turkeys foreign policy. The semester grade will be based on the points earned for class participation (40%) and for the research papers(60%).

The Legacy of the Past 1- S. Deringil, Aspects of Continuity in Turkish Foreign Policy: Abdulhamid II and Ismet Inn, International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol. 4, No.1 (1987), pp. 39-54. 2- Mim Kemal ke, The Ottoman Empire, Zionism, and the Question of Palestine (1880-1908), International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 14 (August 1982), pp. 329-341. 3-Gerassimos Karabelias, The Evolution of Civil-Military Relations in post-War Turkey, MES, Vol. 35, No. 4(Oct. 1999), pp. 130-151. 4- Stephen Duguid, The Politics of Unity: Hamidian Policy in Eastern Anatolia, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.9 (May 1973), pp. 139-155. 5-Mesut Yegen, The Turkish State Discourse and the Exclusion of Kurdish Identity, MES, Vol. 32, No. 2(Apr. 1996), pp. 216-229. 6-kr Haniolu, Notes on the Young Turks and the Freemasons, 18751908,Middle Eastern Studies. 7- S.R. Sonyel, Enver Pasha and the Basmaji Movement in Central Asia, Middle Eastern Studies. 8- Robert Olson, The Churchill-Cox Correspondence Regarding The Creation of the State of Iraq: Consequences for British Policy Towards the Nationalist Turkish Government, 1921-1923. International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1985/81), pp. 121-136. 9-Yucel Yankda, Ottoman Prisoners of War in Russia, 1914-1922, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Jan. 1999), pp. 69-86. 10- Iran and Russia: Tsar Versus Shah, in Fuller, of. cit., pp. 136-154. 11- Gwynee Dyer, Turkish Falsifiers and Armenian Deceivers Historiography and the Armenian Massacres, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 12, (January 1976). 12- Kamuran Grn, The First World War, The Armenian File: The Myth of Innocence Exposed (New York: St. Martins Press, 1985),pp. 186-245. 13- Roger R. Trask, Rejection of the Lausanne Treaty and Resumption of Diplomatic Relations, 1923-1927, in The United States Response to Turkish Nationalism and Reform, 1914-1939 (Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1971), pp. 3764. 14- Vigen Guroian, Collective Responsibility and official Excuse Making: The Case of the Turkish Genocide of the Armenians, in Richard G. Hovanisian, The Armenian Genocide in Perspective (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1988), pp. 135-152. 15-Metin Heper, The Ottoman Legacy and Turkish Politics, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54, No. 1(Fall 2000), pp. 63-82. 16-Richard G. Hovannisian, The Armenian Genocide and Patterns of Denial, in The Armenian Genocide in Perspective, pp. 111-133. 17-Armin T. Wegner, An Open Letter to the President of the U.S., Woodrow Wilson on Mass Deportation of the Armenians into the Mesopotamian Desert, Journal of Genocide Research, Vol. 2, No. 1(March 2000), pp. 127-132. 18-Paul Dumont, French Free Masonry and the Turkish Struggle for Independence (1919-1923), International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol.3, No. 2 (1985\86), pp. 115. 19-Othman Ali, Southern Kurdistan during the Last Phase of Ottoman Control: 18391914, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 17, No. 2(Oct. 1997), pp. 283-291. 20-Othman Ali, The Kurds and the Lausanne Peace Negotiations, MES, 33, No.3 (July 1997), 521-534.

21-Eliezer Tauber, Syrian and Iraqi Nationalist Attitudes to the Kemalist and Bolshevik Movements, MES, Vol. 30, No. 4(Oct. 1994), pp. 896-914. 22-J. Fisher, The Safety of Our Indian Empire: Lord Curzon and British Predominance in the Arabian Peninsula, 1919, MES, 33, No. 3(1997), 494-520. 23-Robert Olson, The Kurdish Rebellions of Sheikh Said(1925), Mt. Ararat(1930), and Dersim(1937-38): Their Impact on the Development of the Turkish Air Force and on Kurdish and Turkish Nationalism, Welt des Islams , Vol. 40, No. 1(March 2000), pp. 67-94. 24- Robert Olson, Kurds and Turks: Two Documents Concerning Kurdish Autonomy in 1923 and 1923, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XV, No. 2 (Winter 1991), pp. 2031. 25-David Kushner, Mustafa Kemal and His Period in the Eyes of the Hebrew Press and Publications in Palestine, International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1985\86), pp. 95-106. 26-Robert Melson, Provocation or Nationalism: A Critical Inquiry into the Armenian Genocide of 1915, in The Armenian Genocide in Perspective, pp. 61-84. 27-Richard G. Hovannisian, The Historical Dimensions of the Armenian Question, 1878-1923, in the Armenian Genocide in Perspective, pp. 19-39. 28-Pashalis M.Kitromilides, Greek Irredentism in Asia Minor and Cyprus, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1 (1990), pp. 3-17. 29-Peter J. Beck, A Tedious and Perilous Controversy: Britain and the Settlement of the Mosul Dispute, 1918-1926, Middle East Studies, Vol. 17 (April 1981), pp. 256276. 30-Marian Kent, British Policy, International Diplomacy and the Turkish Revolution, International Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol. 3 (Winter 1985-1986), pp. 33-51. 31-Helmut Mejcher, Iraqs External Relations, 1921-1926, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 13 (October 1977), pp. 340-357. 32-Kemal Melek, Trk-ngiliz likileri (1890--1926) ve Musul Petrolleri, in Trk D Politikasnda Sorunlar (stanbul: Ders Yaynlar, 1989), pp. 25-79. 33-Robert Olson, The Second Time Around: British Policy Toward the Kurds from Mudros to Lausanne, in The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism, pp. 128-152, 205209. 34-Robert Olson, The International Aspects of the Sheikh Said Rebellion, in The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism, pp. 128-152, 205-209. 35-Leo Kuper, The Turkish Genocide of Armenians, 1915-1917 in Hovannissian, op.cit., pp. 43-59. 36-Ismail Soysal, The 1937 Saadabad Pack, Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations, Vol. 3 (1988), pp. 131-157. 37-Ellen Marie Lust-Okar, Failure of Collaboration: Armenian Refugees in Syria, MES, Vol. 32, No. 1(Jan. 1996), pp. 53-68. (Armenians during Mandate era Syria) 38-G. Leiser, The Turkish Air Force, 1939-1945: The Rise of a Minor Power, MES, Vol. 26, No. 3 (1990), pp. 383-395. 39-Brock Millman, Turkish Foreign and Strategic Policy 1934-1942, MES, Vol. 31, No. 3(July 1995), pp. 483-508. 40-. al, Pan-Turkism and Europeanism: A Note on Turkeys Pro-German Neutrality During the Second World War, CAS, 16, No.1, 1997, 103-114. 41-A. Macfie, The Turkish Straits in the Second World War, 1939-45, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 25, No.2. (1989), pp. 238-48.

42-Selim Deringil, Process of Government and the Foreign Policy Leadership, in Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An Active Neutrality (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 41-57. 43-Selim Deringil, The Historical Conditioning of a Generation, in Ibid., pp. 58-70. 44- Selim Deringil, The Economic Background, in Ibid., p. 12-30. 45-Michael Eppel, Iraqi Politics and Regional Policies, MES, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1992), pp. 108-119. 46-Ekavi Atanassopoulou, Western Defense Developments and Turkeys Search for Security in 1948, MES, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Apr. 1996), pp. 77-108. 47-George McGhee, The Truman Doctrine: Origins and Significance, 1947, in The US-Turkish-NATO Middle East Connection (New York: St. Martins Press, 1990), pp. 19-34. 48-George McGhee, The Beginnings of Greek-Turkish aid, 1947-51, in The USTurkish NATO Middle East Connection, pp. 35-50. 49-George Lenczowski, American Presidents and the Middle East (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1990), pp. 13-21 (Truman Doctrine); 52-66 (Eisenhower Doctrine); 92-105 (1964 Cyprus Crisis and Johnson); 142-147 (Cyprus and US Bases). 50-George McGhee, The United States Develops a Middle East Policy, 1948-52, in The US- Turkish-NATO Middle East Connection, pp. 51-71. 51-George McGhee, Turkish Entry into NATO: The United States Rle, 1950-51, Ibid., pp. 72-90. 52-George McGhee, The United States Helps Turkey Assume Its NATO Responsibilities, 1951-1955, Ibid., pp. 91-113. 53-George McGhee, A Turkish Role in Regional Defense, 1952, in op.cit., 126-142. 54-George McGhee, Progress Toward a Middle East Defense Organization and Its Early Demise, 1951-58, in op.cit., pp. 143-160. 55-Ismail Soysal, The 1955 Baghdad Pact, Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations, Vol. 5 (1990), pp. 43-92. 56-George Harris, Problems of Military Cooperation, in Troubled Alliance (Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1972), pp. 149-172. 57-George Harris, Development Assistance Problems, in Troubled Alliance, pp. 173-198. 58-C. D. Haley, the Desperate Ottoman: Enver Paa and the German Empire,II, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2 (1994), pp. 224-251. 59-C. Livingston, One Thousand Wings: The United States Air Force Group and the American Mission for Aid to Turkey, 1947-1950, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 30, No. 4 (1994), pp. 778-825. 60-B. Millman, Turkish Foreign and Strategic Policy: 1934-1942 MES, 31:3 (1995), 483-508. 61- B. Gkay, The Turkish Independence War and Bolshevik Russia: Some New Aspects in the Light of Soviet Documents, TSA Bulletin, 18:2 (1994), 41-57. 62-M. Trke, The Balkan, The Balkan Pact and Its Immediate Implications for the Balkan States, 1930-34, MES, 30:1 (1994), 132-144. 63- K. D. Watenpaugh, Creating Phantoms: Zaki al-Arsuzi, the Alexandretta Crisis and the Formation of modern Arab nationalism in Syria, IJMES, 28, 3 (1996), 363-389. 64- B. Millman, The Turkish Armed Forces on the Eve of the Second World War: The British View, TSA Bulletin, 20:1 (1996), 38-55. 65-Behet K. Yeilbursa, Turkeys Participation in the Middle East Command and Its Admission to NATO, MES, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Oct. 1999), pp. 70-102.

66-Mustafa Aydn, Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy:Changing Patterns and Conjunctures during the Cold War, MES, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Jan. 2000), pp. 103-139.

Turkey and the Middle East 67-Cihat Goktepe, The Forgotten Alliance: Anglo-Turkish Relations and CENTO, 1959-1965, MES, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Oct. 1999), pp. 103-129. 68-Ara Sanjian, The Formulation of the Baghdad Pact, MES, Vol. 33, No. 2(Vol. 33), pp. 226-266. 69-Ayegl Sever, The Compliant Ally: Turkey and the West in the Middle East, 1954-58, MES, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Apr. 1998), pp. 73-90. 70-Bulent Aras, Turkish Foreign Policy and Jerusalem: Toward a Societal Construction of Foreign Policy, Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 31-59. 71- Philip Robins, Turkish Policy and the Gulf Crisis, in C.H.Dodds Turkish Foreign Policy (Cambridgeshire: Eothen Press, 1992). 72- Sabri Sayari, Turkey: The Changing European Security Environment and the Gulf Crisis MEJ, Vol. 46, No. 1 (1992), pp. 9-22. 73-Sabri Sayar, Turkey and the Middle East in the 1990s, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Spring 1997), pp. 44-55. 74- Michael Bishku, Turkey and Its Middle Eastern Neighbors Since 1945, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Spring 1992). 75- William Hale, Turkey, the Middle East and the Gulf Crisis, International Affairs (London), Vol. 68 (1992) pp. 679-692. 76- Robert Olson, The Creation of a Kurdish State in the 1990s, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Summer 1992), pp. 1-25. 77-Robert Olson, The Kurdish Question in the Aftermath of the Gulf War: Geopolitical and Geostrategic Changes in..., Third World Quarterly, Vol 13, No. 3(1992), pp. 475-499. 78- S. Bolukbas, Turkey Copes with Revolutionary Iran, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 13, Nos. 1-2 (1989), pp. 94-109. 79-Bulent Aras, Turkish Foreign Policy towards Iran: Ideology and Foreign Policy in Flux, Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1(Spring 2001), pp 105-124. 80- Andrew Mango, Turkish Policy in the Middle East, in C.H. Dodd, Turkish Foreign Policy. 81-Robert Olson, Turkey-Iran Relations, 1997 to 2000, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 5 (Oct. 2000), pp. 871-890. 82-John Calebrese, Turkey and Iran: Limits of a Stable Relationship, British Journal of MES, Vol 25, No. 1(May 1998), pp. 75-94. 83-Michael B. Bishku, Turkey and Iran During the Cold War, Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1(Spring 1999), pp. 13-28. 84- J. Brown, Turkey and the Persian Gulf Crisis, Mediterranean Quarterly, Vol. 2, (1991). pp. 46-54. 85-Robert Olson, Turkish and Russian Foreign Policies, 1991-1997: The Kurdish and Chechniya Questions, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Oct. 1998), pp. 209-227. 86-M.Gunter, The Armenian Terrorist Campaign Against Turkey, Orbis, Vol. 27, No. 2 (1983), pp. 447-478.

87-H. Yavuz, Turkish-Israeli Relations Through the Lens of the Turkish Identity Debate, JPS, 27, No.1 (1997), 22-37. 88-S. Sayari, Turkey and the Middle East in the 1990s, JPS, 26, No.3(1997), 44-55. 89- M. Gunter The Kurdish Insurgency in Turkey, Journal of South Asia and Middle East Studies, Vol. 13, No. 4 (1990), pp. 57-81. 90- Michael Eppel, Iraqi Politics and Regional Politics, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1, Jouary 1992, pp. 108-119. 91- S. Bolukbas, Ankara Damascus, Baghdad and the Regionalization of Turkeys Kurdish Sesessionism, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 14 (1991), pp. 15-36. 92- Hakan Yavuz, Mugjeb R. Khan, Turkish Foreign Policy Toward the Arab-Israli Conflict (1950-1991). 93- F. Ahmad, Politics and Islam in Modern Turkey, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1 (1991), pp. 3-21. 94- Philip Robins, Turkey and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, in Turkey and the Middle East (London: Pinter Publishers, 1991), ppp. 74-86. 95- Philip Robins, Turkeys Economic Relations with the Middle East, in Turkey and the Middle East, pp. 100-113. 96- Philip Robins, Turkeys Uncertain Identity, in Turkey and the Middle East, pp. 316. 97- Ali Fuat Boroval, Kurdish Insurgencies, the Gulf War, and Turkeys Changing Role, Conflict Quarterly, No. 7 (Fall 1987), pp. 29-45. 98- George E. Gruen, Turkeys Relations With Israel and Its Arab Neighbors, Middle East Review, Spring 1985, pp. 33-43. 99- S. Bolukbas, Trkiye ve Yaknndaki Ortadou (Ankara: D Politika Enstits, 1992). 100- John F. Kolars, William A. Mitchell, the Years Ahead, in The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project (Carbondale and Adwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991). 101- J. Starr, Water Wars, Foreign Policy, No. 82 (1991), pp. 17-36. 102-Amikam Nachmani, Water Jitters in the Middle East, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol 20, No. 1(1997), pp. 6793. 103- S. Bolukbas, Turkey Challenges Iraq and Syria: The Euphrates Dispute, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 16, No.4, Summer 1993, 9-32. 104- Hasret omak, International Law Issues, Euphrates/Tigris Watercourse System, Foreign Policy, Vol. 15, Nos. 3-4 (1990). 105- Norman Frankel, Water and Turkish Foreign Policy, Political Community and Persuasion (United Kingdom), Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct. andn Dec. 1991), p. 260. 106- Natasha Becshorner, The Tigris-Euphrates Basin Region, Water and Instability in the Middle East, Adelphi Paper No. 273, 1992, pp. 27-44. 107- A. Mango, Turks and Kurds, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 30, No. 4 (1994), pp. 975-997. 108-Alain Gresh, Russias Return to the Middle East, JPS, Vol. 28, No. 1(Autumn 1998), pp. 67-77. 109-Alain Gresh, Turkish-Israeli-Syrian Relations and Their Impact on the Middle East, MEJ, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Spring 1998), pp. 188-205. 110-Suha Bolukbasi, Behind the Turkish-Israeli Alliance: A Turkish View, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Autumn 1999), pp. 21-35. 111-Raphael Israeli, The Turkish-Israeli Odd Couple, Orbis, Vol. 45, No. 1(Winter 2001), pp. 65-79.

112-Dov Waxman, Turkey and Israel: A New Balance of Power in the Middle East, Washington Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Winter 1999), pp. 25-32. 113-Gil Dibner, My Enemys Enemy, Harvard Intl. Review, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Winter 98/99), pp. 34-39. (Turkey-Israel) 114-Cengiz andar, A Turk in the Palestinian Resistance, JPS, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Autumn 2000), pp. 68-82. 115-Anat Lewin, Turkey and Israel, Journal of Intl. Affairs, Vol. 54, No.1 (Fall 2000), pp. 239-262. 116-Mehran Kamrava, Military Professionalization and Civil-Military Relations in the Middle East, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 115, No. 1(Spring 2000), pp. 6792. 117- R. Olson, The Kurdish Question and Geopolitiic and Geostrategic Changes in the Middle East After the Gulf War, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 17, No. 4(1994), pp. 44-67. 118- P. Robins, The Overlord State: Turkish Policy and the Kurdish Issue International Affairs, vol. 69, No. 4 (1993), pp. 657-676. 119- M. Yavuz, Nationalism and Islam: Yusuf Akura and Siyaset, J. of Islamic Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1993), pp. 175-207. 120- M. Yavuz, M. Khan, Turkish Foreign Policy Toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Duality and the Develpoment, 1950-1991, Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 4 (1992), pp. 69-94. 121- B. Aras, The Impact of the Palestinian-Israeli Peace Process on Turkish Foreign Policy, JSAMES, 20:2 (1997), 49-92. 122- M. B. Aykan, Turkeys Policy in Northern Iraq, 1991-1995, MES, 32:4 (1996), 343-366. 123- H. J. Barkey, G. Fuller, Turkeys Kurdish Question: Critical a Turning Points and Missed Opportunities, MEJ, 51:1 (1997), 59-79. 124- K. Krii, Turkey and the Kurdish Safe-Haven in Northern Iraq, JSAMES, 19:3 (1996), 21-39. 124-Svante E. Cornell, The Kurdish Question in Turkish Politics, Orbis, Vol. 45, No. 1(Winter 2001), pp. 31-46. 126- R. Olson, The Kurdish Question and Chechnia: Turkish and Russian Foreign Policies Since the Gulf War, Middle East Policy, 4:3 (1996), 106-118. 127-Michael Radu, The Rise and Fall of the PKK, Orbis, Vol. 45, No. 1(Winter 2001), pp. 47-63. 128- R. Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkeys Foreign Policy, 1991-1995:From the Gulf War to the Incursion into Iraq, JSAMES, 19:1 (1995), 1-30. 129- M. Mftler, Turkey:A New Player in Middle Eastern Politics, Med-Quart, 6:4 (1995), 110-120. 130-Robert O. Freedman, Russian Policy Toward the Middle East: The Yeltsin Legacy and the Putin Challenge, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Winter 2001), pp. 58-91 131-Ali arkolu, Mine Eder, Domestic Concerns and the Water Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris Basin, MES, Vol. 37, No. 1(Jan. 2001), pp. 41-72. 132-Hisham Awartani, Ephraim Kleiman, Economic Interactions Among Participants in the Middle East Peace Process, MEJ, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Spring 1997), pp. 215-229. Turkey, the U.S., and NATO

133-Ian O. Lesser, Turkey in a Changing Security Environment, Journal of Intl. Affairs, Vol. 54, No.1 (Fall 2000), pp.183-198. 134- B. Kuniholm, Turkey and the West, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 70, No. 2 (1991), pp. 34-48. 135- R.N. Haas, Alliance Problems in the Eastern Mediterranean: Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, Pt.1, Adelphi Papers, No. 228 (1996). 136- Michael Ball, Turkeys New National Security Concept: What It Means for NATO; Orbis, Fall 1979. 137- B. Kuniholm, Turkey and NATO: Past, Present, and Future, Orbis, Summer 1983. 138- G.Harris, The Troubled Alliance: Turkish-American Problems in Historical Perspective: 1945-1917 (Washington: Hoover Institution, 1972). 139- Roger R. Trask, The United States Response to Turkish Nationalism and Reform, 1914-1939 (University of Minnesota Press, 1917). 140- S. Bolukbas, The Evolution of a Close Relationship: Turkish-American Relations, 1917-1960, D Politika, Vol. 26, Nos. 1-2 (1991), pp. 80-104. 141- Duygu Sezer, Turkeys Security Policies, in J. Alford, ed., Greece and Turkey: Adversity in Alliance (New York: St. Martins Press, 1984). Adelphi Paper No.164. 142- Duygu Bazolu Sezer, Turkeys Grand Strategy Facing a Dilemma, The International Spectator, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan-March 1992), pp. 17-32. 143- Ian O. Lesser, Bridge or Barrier: Turkey and the West After the Gulf War, International Spectator, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan-March 1992). 144- Ian O. Lesser, Bridge or Barrier: Turkey and the West After the Cold War (Santa Monica, California: Rand, 1992). 145- Monteagle Stearns, The 70 Percent Solution to Our Military Aid Dilemma, in Entangled Allies: US Policy Toward Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992), pp. 40-50. 146- Monteagle Stearns, The Soviet and Middle East Connections: Barriers and Stepping Stones, in Entangled Allies, pp. 51-67. 147- Ali L. Karaosmanolu, Naval Security in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean: A Turkish View, International Spectator, Vol. 29, No. 4, (1994), PP. 139-144. 148- E. Athanassopolou, Ankaras Foreign Policy Objectives After the End of the Cold War, Orient, 36:2 (1995), 269-285. 149-Ian O. Lesser, Turkey in a Changing Security Environment, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54, No. 1(Fall 2000), pp. 183-199.

Turkey and the CIS 150- Turkkaya Atav, Turkeys Expanding Relations With the CIS and Eastern Europe, in C.H. Dodds Turkish Foreign Policy. 151-S. Bolukbasi, The Controversy Over the Caspian Sea Mineral Resources: Conflicting Perceptions, Clashing Interests, Europe-Asia Studies, 50, No.3 (May 1998). 152- T.Dragadze, The Armenian-Azerbaijani Conflict: Structure and Sentiment, Third World Quarterly. Vol. 11, No. 1 (1989), pp. 55-71. 153-Paul B. Henze, Turkeys Caucasian Initiatives, Orbis, Vol. 45, No. 1(Winter 2001), pp. 81-91. 154-Svante E. Cornell, Turkey and the Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh, MES, Vol. 34, No. 1(Jan. 1998), pp. 51-72.

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Turkey, Greece, Cyprus 177- S. Bolukba, The Superpowers and the Third World: Turkish-American Relations and Cyprus (Lanham: University Press of America, 1988).

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