Bacteriology Prepared by Dr. Jhason John J. Cabigon I. Structures A. Internal Structures 1. Chromatin Body genetic material 2.

. Plasmids genetic material separate from the chromosomal DNA 3. Ribosomes protein synthesis 4. Mesosomes infoldings of the cytoplasmic membrane B. Cell Membrane made of lipids; for encasement of internal structure, transport of nutrients and biochemicals, site of energy production and respiration C. Cell Envelope a layer of peptidoglycan (murein) for cell shape and rigidity which acts as an osmotic barrier D. External Structures 1. Glycocalyx extracellular material (glycoprotein) produced by some bacteria; Capsule a distinct, gelatinous glycocalyx Slime layer an irregular, diffuse layer 2. Appendages pili, flagella, fimbriae Morphology A. Cocci spherical B. Bacilli rod-shaped; elongated Bacterial Groups in 1883, Hans Christian Gram discovered a staining method that divided bacteria into 2 major groups A. Gram positive stains blue The major characteristic of Gram positive cell wall is the depth of the peptidoglycan layer; this layer is insoluble but porous The thick peptidoglycan layer contains teichoic acid 1. Cocci a. Staphylococcus clumps; Catalase-positive Coagulase test if positive, Staphylococcus aureus; if negative, S. epidermidis S. aureus - normal skin flora; causes skin infections & abscesses; produces TSST-1, exfoliative toxin, leukocidin and enterotoxin S. epidermidis - adheres to foreign medical devices b. Streptococcus in chains Beta Hemolytic can completely lyse red cells in agar 1. Group A streptococci S. pyogenes; Tonsillitis (Strep throat), RHD 2. Group B streptococci S. agalactiae; normal flora of female genital tract Alpha Hemolytic not able to lyse red cells

II. III.

1. Viridans streptococci normal flora of URT and oral cavity; causes Infective Endocarditis 2. S. pneumoniae normal flora of URT; most common cause of Pneumonia; capsulated; not in chains, but in pairs Gamma Hemolytic 1. Enterococci Group D; bile resistant 2. Peptostreptococci anaerobe 2. Bacilli My New And Luscious Coca Cola Body 1. Mycobacterium acid fast M. tuberculosis TB M. leprae leprosy Nocardia acid fast and fungi-like Actinomyces fungi-like Listeria Corynebacterium produces diphtheria Clostridium spore-forming anaerobe C. tetani tetanus C. botulinum botulism 7. Bacillus spore-forming; anthrax B. Gram negative stains red Have a third outer layer, the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer 1. Cocci Neisseria sp N. gonorrhea gonorrhea N. meningitides meningitis 2. Bacilli Escherichia coli normal flora of GIT; most common cause of UTI; also causes diarrhea Salmonella typhi Typhoid fever Vibrio cholera rice-water stools; comma-shaped Bordetella pertussis pertussis or whooping cough Pseudomonas aeroginosa common nosocomial infection; ubiquitous and found wherever there is water Legionella pneumophila water loving and can be found in heating towers, air conditioners, water and plumbing Helicobacter pylori causes gastric ulcer Bacteroides fragilis normal flora of colon; anaerobe Spirochetes a. Leptospira interrogans leptospirosis b. Treponema pallidum syphilis C. Miscellaneous 1. Mycobacterium the cell wall is composed of high molecular weight mycolic acids and waxes; the high lipid content imparts the acid fast characteristic; causes Tuberculosis and Leprosy 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2. Chlamydia obligate intracellular gram negative bacteria; do not contain peptidoglycan layer 3. Treponema thin, small, coiled spirochetes; can be seen by the use of dark field microscopy 4. Mycoplasma the smallest self-replicating organism; lacks cell wall; causes atypical pneumonia (walking pneumonia) Encapsulated Bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitides, Klebsiella pneumoniae Obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia, Ricketssia Lactose fermenters Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterobacter; also Citrobacter, Serratia