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(Reaffirmed 2001)
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART II TEMPERATURE-RISE
( First Revision )
(Incorporating Amendment Nos. 1 & 2)
UDC
621.314.222.6.017.71
OF
INDIAN
STANDARDS
Price Group 5
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART II TEMPERATURE-RISE
( First Revision )
Transformers Sectional Committee, ETDC 16
Chairman SHRI U. K. PATWARDHAN Prayog Electricals Pvt Ltd, Bombay Members Representing SHRI S. AMMEERJAN Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (R&D Unit) SHRI N. S. S. AROKIASWAMY Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Madras SHRI M. K. SUNDARARAJAN ( Alternate ) SHRI B. G. BHAKEY Kirloskar Electric Co Ltd, Bangalore DR B. N. JAYARAM ( Alternate ) SHRI A. V. BHEEMARAU Gujarat Electricity Board, Vadodara SHRI J. S. IYER ( Alternate ) SHRI S. D. CHOTRANEY Bombay Electric Supply and Transport Undertaking, Bombay SHRI Y. K. PALVANKAR ( Alternate ) DIRECTOR (TRANSMISSION) Central Electric Authority, New Delhi DEPUTY DIRECTOR (TRANSMISSION) ( Alternate ) SHRI T. K. GHOSE Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Ltd, Calcutta SHRI P. K. BHATTACHARJEE ( Alternate ) JOINT DIRECTOR (SUB-STATION) Research, Designs and Standards Organization, Lucknow DEPUTY DIRECTOR STANDARDS (ELECTRICAL) ( Alternate ) SHRI J. K. KHANNA Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals (Inspection Wing), New Delhi SHRI K. L. GARG ( Alternate ) SHRI B. S. KOCHAR Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd, New Delhi SHRI R. D. JAIN ( Alternate ) SHRI J. R. MAHAJAN Indian Electrical Manufacturers Association, Bombay SHRI P. K. PHILIP ( Alternate ) SHRI D. B. MEHTA Tata Hydro-Electric Power Supply Co Ltd, Bombay SHRI R. CHANDRAMOULI ( Alternate ) ( Continued on page 2 ) BIS 2003 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) and reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART II TEMPERATURE-RISE
( First Revision )
0. F O R E W O R D
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part II) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 24 February 1977, after the draft finalized by the Transformers Sectional Committee had been approved by the Electrotechnical Division Council. 0.2 The first revision of IS : 2026-1962* has been undertaken with a view to bring it in line with the revision of IEC Pub 76 (1967) Power transformers. 0.3 In this revision the requirements for power transformers are covered in four parts as follows : Part I General Part II Temperature-rise Part III Insulation levels and dielectric tests Part IV Terminal markings, tappings and connections 0.4 This standard (Part II) has been based on IEC Pub 76-2 (1976) Power transformers, Part 2 Temperature-rise, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission. 0.5 This part shall be read in conjunction with IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977, IS : 2026 (Part III)-1977 and IS : 2026 (Part IV)-I977. 0.6 This edition 2.2 incorporates Amendment No. 2 (October 1984). Side bar indicates modification of the text as the result of incorporation of the amendment. Amendment No. 1 had been incorporated earlier. 0.7 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-1960| |. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
*Specification for power transformers. Specification for power transformers: Part I General Specification for power transformers: Part III Insulation levels and dielectric tests. Specification for power transformers: Part IV Terminal markings, tappings and connections. ||Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).
IS : 2026 (Part II) 1977 1. SCOPE 1.1 This standard (Part II) covers temperature-rise requirements of power transformers. 2. IDENTIFICATION ACCORDING TO COOLING METHOD 2.1 Identification Symbols Transformers shall be identified according to the cooling method employed. Letter symbols for use in connection with each cooling method shall be as given in Table 1.
NOTE In transformers with forced directed oil circulation a certain proportion of the forced oil flow is channelled so as to pass through the windings. Certain windings, however, may have a non-directed oil flow, for instance, separate tapping windings, auxiliary windings and stabilizing windings.
2.2 Arrangement of Symbols Transformers shall be identified by four symbols for each cooling method for which a rating is assigned by the manufacturer. 2.2.1 Dry-type transformers without protective enclosures are identified by two symbols only for the cooling medium that is in contact with the windings of the surface coating of windings with an overall coating (for example, epoxy resin). 2.2.2 The order in which the symbols are used shall be as given in Table 2. Oblique strokes shall be used to separate the group symbols for different cooling methods. 2.2.3 For example, an oil-immersed transformer with forced directed oil circulation and forced air circulation shall be designated ODAF. 2.2.4 For oil-immersed transformers in which the alternatives of natural or forced cooling with non-directed oil flow are possible, typical designations are : ONAN/ONAF ONAN/OFAF
Kind of cooling med- Kind of circulation ium indicating the cooling medium that is in contact with the windings
Kind of cooling med- Kind of circulation ium indicating the cooling medium that is in contact with the external cooling systems
3. LIMITS OF TEMPERATURE-RISE
3.1 Normal Temperature-Rise Limits The temperature-rises of the windings, cores and oil, of transformers designed for operation at altitudes not exceeding those given in 3 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977* and with cooling medium temperatures as described in 3 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977* shall not exceed the limits specified in Tables 3 and 4 when tested in accordance with 4. 3.1.1 The method of verification of the forced directed oil flow shall be subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, normally at the time of tender. 3.1.2 The temperature-rises of transformers immersed in nonflammable synthetic insulating liquids and using insulating materials whose temperature classes are different from A may be raised by an amount to be agreed by manufacturer and purchaser. 3.1.3 In certain types of transformers with concentric windings and vertical axes of core and windings two or more windings can be arranged one above the other. If these windings are identical, the arithmetic mean value of their temperature-rises shall not exceed the permissible temperature-rises given in Tables 3 and 4. If the windings
*Specification for power transformers: Part I General
ii) Cores and other parts a) Adjacent to windings b) Not adjacent windings to All All
NOTE Insulating materials may be used separately or in combination provided that in any application each material shall not be subjected to a temperature in excess of that for which it is suitable, if operated under rated conditions. *In accordance with IS : 1271-1958 Classification of insulating material for electrical machinery and apparatus in relation to their thermal stability in service. For certain insulating materials, temperature-rises in excess of 140C may be adopted by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
3.2 Reduced Temperature-Rises for Transformers Designed for High Cooling-Medium Temperatures or Special Cooling-Medium Conditions If the transformer is designed for service where the temperature of the cooling-medium exceeds one of the maximum values shown in 3 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977* by no more than 10C, the allowable temperature-rises for the windings, cores and oil shall be reduced.
(1)
Air Water (3) (4) C C i) Windings (temperature- 55, when the oil circula- 60, when the oil circularise measured by resistance tion is natural or tion is natural or method) temperature class forced non-directed forced non-directed of insulation A 60, when the oil circula- 65, when the oil circulation is forced directed tion is forced directed (2)
50, when the transformer 55, when the transformer is equipped with a is equipped with a conservator or sealed conservator or sealed 45, when the transformer 50, when the transformer is neither equipped is neither equipped with a conservator with a conservator nor sealed nor sealed iii) Cores, metallic parts, and The temperature shall in The temperature shall in adjacent materials no case reach a value that no case reach a value that will damage the core will damage the core itself, other parts or itself, other parts or adjacent materials adjacent materials NOTE The temperature-rise limits of the windings (measured by resistance method) are chosen to give the same hot-spot temperature-rise with different types of oil circulation. The hot-spot temperature-rise cannot normally be measured directly. Transformers with forced directed oil flow have a difference between the hot-spot and the average temperature-rise in the windings which is smaller than that in transformers with natural or forced but not directed oil flow. For this reason the windings of transformers with forced directed oil flow can have temperature-rise limits (measured by resistance method) which are 5C higher than in other transformers.
If the rated power is 10 MVA or greater, the reduction shall correspond to the excess temperature. For smaller rated powers the allowable temperature-rises shall be reduced as follows : a) by 5C if the excess temperature is less than or equal to 5C, and b) by 10C if the excess temperature is greater than 5C and less than or equal to 10C. Where for air-cooled transformers the excess temperature specified above exceeds 10C, or for water-cooled transformers the temperature of the cooling water exceeds 30C, the allowable temperature-rises shall be agreed to between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Any site conditions which may either impose restrictions on the air cooling or produce high ambient air temperatures shall be specified by the purchaser. 7
3.4 Choice of Tapping for Temperature-Rise Test Temperaturerise test shall be performed at the tapping as desired by the purchaser. If nothing has been stated by the purchaser, the test shall be carried out as indicated below: a) For tapping ranges less than or equal to 10 percent tapping on negative side, the test shall be performed on the lowest tap at appropriate current relating to this tapping; and b) For tapping ranges exceeding 10 percent on negative side, the test shall be performed at 10 percent tapping with appropriate current relating to this tapping.
NOTE 1 While above mentioned tapping limits may be applicable in respect of temperature-rise test only, there shall be no injury to the transformer when delivering the appropriate rated current on any tap including the extreme negative tap. NOTE 2 A transformer may be expected to operate without permanent injury so long as it is operating within the absolute temperature limits and other conditions specified in IS : 6600-1972 Guide for loading of oil immersed transformers.
4. TEST OF TEMPERATURE-RISE (TYPE TEST) 4.1 Measurement of Temperature of Cooling Air 4.1.1 General The cooling-air temperature shall be measured by means of several thermometers arranged according to 4.1.2 and 4.1.3. They shall be protected from draught and abnormal heat radiation. To avoid errors due to the time lag between variations in the temperature of the transformer and that of the cooling air, the thermometers may be inserted in cups filled with liquid, having a time constant of about two hours. The value to be adopted for the temperature of the cooling air for a test is the average of the readings taken on these thermometers at equal intervals of time during the last quarter of the test period. 8
copper aluminium
where 1 and 2 are measured in C. The resistance ( R1) is generally the cold resistance measured in accordance with 16.2 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977*. The resistance ( R2 ) is measured either after switching off the supply, having regard to the corrections indicated in 4.9, or without interruption of the supply by means of the super-position method ( see Appendix A ) which consists of injecting into the winding a dc measuring current of low value superposed on the load current. In case of transformers with concentric windings and vertical axes of core and windings where two or more identical windings are arranged one above the other, all these windings can be connected in series for the
*Specification for power transformers: Part I General
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IS : 2026 (Part II) 1977 4.6 Test Method for Dry-Type Transformers* The method shall be one involving excitation of the core at normal flux density. The input test current It shall be held constant at a value as near as possible to the rated value IN and at least equal to 90 percent of this value, and the run continued until the temperature-rise, t , of the windings, is steady. The temperature-rise of the windings above the temperature of the cooling air, for rated load conditions, N , is calculated from the formula :
N =
4.7 Test Method for Oil-Immersed Type Transformers* Temperature-rise tests of oil-immersed type transformers include the determination of top oil temperature-rise and of winding temperature-rises.
NOTE 1 During the test the power required for the pumps and fans may be measured. NOTE 2 For loading method see 4.8.
4.7.1 Top Oil Temperature-Rise The top oil temperature-rise shall be obtained by subtracting the cooling medium test temperature from the measured top oil temperature, the transformer being supplied with the total losses. The input power shall be maintained at a steady value. If the total losses (taken as the sum of the measured load losses, corrected to the reference temperature and the measured no-load losses) [ see 16.1 and 16.4 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977 ] cannot be obtained, different losses, as near as possible to the above losses, but in any case not less than 80 percent, shall be supplied and the following correction factor applied to the top oil temperature-rise so determined :
Total losses x ------------------------------Test losses
The value of x shall be as follows : For natural air circulation: For forced air circulation and water cooling:
0.8 1.0
NOTE In cases where testing facilities are not available for carrying out the test at 80 percent of the total losses, the losses at which the test is to be conducted and the details of the test shall be subject of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. *It is assured that the transformer has no tappings, or if it has, that the test is made on the principal tapping. If the test is made on another tapping, it is necessary to replace in the text the words rated voltage and rated current by appropriate tapping voltage and appropriate tapping current. Specification for power transformers: Part I General
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The value of y shall be as follows : For natural and forced non-directed oil circulation: For forced directed air circulation:
1.6 2.0
The average oil temperature may be determined by any of the following ways : a) For all cooling methods the average oil temperature in the surroundings of the different windings shall be calculated according to Fig. 2 from the resistance R where the straight line L cuts the ordinate. The winding resistances shall be determined after switching-off the supply according to 4.9. b) In transformers with ON, OF and OD cooling the average oil temperature shall be determined as the difference between the top oil temperature and half the temperature-drop in the cooling equipment. For tanks with tubes or radiators mounted on them, the temperature-drop shall be taken as the difference between the surface temperatures at the top and the bottom of a cooling tube or radiator element, the tube or radiator element chosen being as near as practicable to the middle of a side of the tank. In the case of a separate cooler, the temperature-drop shall be taken as the difference in readings of thermometers in thermometer pockets adjacent to the main tank in the inlet and outlet pipes to and from the cooler. c) For transformers having rated powers up to 2 500 kVA with natural oil circulation and plain or corrugated tanks or with tubes or radiators mounted on the tanks, the average oil temperaturerise is taken approximately as 0.8 times top oil temperature-rise.
NOTE In cases where testing facilities are not available for carrying out the test at 90 percent of rated current the current at which the test is to be conducted and the details of the test shall be subject of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
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FIG. 2 METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE WINDING RESISTANCE AT THE INSTANT OF SWITCHING-OFF THE SUPPLY, AND THE AVERAGE OIL TEMPERATURE
Allowances shall be made for variation in average oil temperature during tests as explained in detail in 4.8.3. It shall be accepted that the average oil temperature-rise may vary with the losses according to the law given in 4.7.1 for the top oil temperature-rise. 4.8 Loading Methods* At the choice of the manufacturer, for twowinding transformers any one of the loading methods according to 4.8.1 to 4.8.3 may be applied for oil-immersed type transformers and either of the loading methods according to 4.8.1 and 4.8.2 for dry-type transformers. 4.8.1 Direct Loading Method One winding of the transformer shall be excited at rated voltage with the other connected to a suitable load such that rated currents flow in both windings. No correction for average oil temperature need be applied to the winding temperaturerise of oil-immersed type transformer.
*It is assured that the transformer has no tappings, or if it has, that the test is made on the principal tapping. If the test is made on another tapping, it is necessary to replace in the text the words rated voltage and rated current by appropriate tapping voltage and appropriate tapping current.
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APPENDIX A
( Clause 4.3 ) TEMPERATURE-RISE OF WINDINGS BY RESISTANCE MEASURED BY THE SUPERPOSITION METHOD A-1. PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD A-1.1 A small auxiliary dc current, supplied preferably from a storage battery is superposed on the ac load current in the transformer winding under consideration. Measurements are made of the magnitude of the superposed current circulating in the winding and also the voltage drop at the terminals of the winding due to this direct current. These measurements are made at least at the beginning and end of the temperature-rise test and are used to determine the mean temperature of the windings by the variation of resistance, the accuracy being in the order of 1C. The method is equally applicable to temperature-rise tests carried out by means of the direct loading, back-to-back or short-circuit methods. The test arrangements vary according to the winding connections; the two most frequent connections are described in A-2 and A-3. A-2. STAR WINDINGS WITH NEUTRAL BROUGHT OUT A-2.1 The injection of dc through the winding neutral does not present any difficulty. Nevertheless it is necessary to arrange for a return neutral point which will generally be that of the supply transformer or a neutral point of the external circuit, or, in the case of a short-circuited winding, the short-circuit connection at the phase terminals. One point of the injection circuit should preferably be earthed. Fig. 3 shows the circuit for a star/star transformer with the neutrals brought out from both windings, the temperature test being carried out by the short-circuit method. For each of the two windings, the sum I of the dc currents injected into the three phases is measured by means of a millivoltmeter connected across a shunt placed in the injection circuit. For the energized winding, a microammeter is connected between the neutral point of the winding and the neutral point of three reactors connected in star to the phase terminals. These reactors are for the
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In the case of the windings on short-circuit, r again being the resistance of the voltage measuring circuit the relation becomes simply :
i R = - 3r I
A-3. DELTA WINDING OR STAR WINDING WITHOUT ACCESSIBLE NEUTRAL A-3.1 Such winding connections do not lend themselves to the injection of dc when they are short-circuited. The phase terminals shall necessarily be connected to an external circuit such as a supply transformer or a loading circuit. The dc injection may be made through one of the phase terminals but the three phases of the winding do not play symmetrical roles and intervene in the measurement with different weights. Return of the dc may often be effected by an accessible neutral point of the external circuit, which is then earthed. The injection circuit must include in series a reactor capable of withstanding the ac phase voltage. In the absence of such an available neutral point in the internal circuit, return of the dc may be effected in another way, for example, by a second phase terminal. One point in the injection circuit is then fixed at earth potential and reactors interposed between this point and the two-phase terminals used. Fig. 4 shows the circuit for a delta-connected winding and where the neutral point is available on the supply transformer. The dc is injected via terminal U1, and the measuring shunt shall be placed between the terminal and the point of injection. The shunt is thus at phase voltage and the millivoltmeter shall be read at a distance. The direct current I which flows via terminal U1 divides equally between the two-phase windings each of resistance R connected to this terminal and flows out via terminals V1 and W1. To measure the dc voltage between terminal U1 and the combination of terminals V1 and W1, three reactors are arranged as shown in the figure. 18
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A-4. MEASURING EQUIPMENT A-4.1 Shunts The shunts placed in the neutral connection do not present any difficulty. For the shunt inserted in a phase conductor, in the case of a delta-connected winding, it is necessary to consider possible thermocouple effects due to the alternating current which is of the order of 100 times the dc measuring current. It shall therefore be constructed with particular care to completely eliminate these thermocouple effects. A-4.2 Microammeter and Millivoltmeter These instruments shall be accurate and linear. The accuracy class shall be 0.5. Both instruments shall be filtered so that the presence of alternating current does not affect the instrument.
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Bureau of Indian Standards BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country. Copyright BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS. Review of Indian Standards Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of BIS Catalogue and Standards : Monthly Additions. This Indian Standard has been developed by Technical Committee : ETDC 16 Amendments Issued Since Publication Amend No. Amd. No. 1 Amd. No. 2 Date of Issue Incorporated earlier October 1984
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