FOUND

Version 2008 May 2008

Copyright ATIR Engineering Software Ltd.

FOUND
Copyright ATIR Engineering Software Ltd.
All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems - without the written permission of the authors. Products that are referred to in this document may be either trademarks and/or registered trademarks of the respective owners. The publisher and the author make no claim to these trademarks. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, the publisher and the author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this document or from the use of programs that may accompany it. In no event shall the publisher and the author be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this document.

Disclaimer
The FOUND program has been written by a team of highly qualified engineers and programmers and have been extensively tested. Nevertheless, the authors of the software do not assume responsibility for the validity of the results obtained from the program or for the accuracy of this documentation

The user must verify his own results

The authors remind the user that the programs are to be used as a tool for structural design and analysis, and that the engineering judgement of the user is the final arbiter in the development of a suitable model and the interpretation of the results.

Special thanks to: All the people who contributed to this document, the programmers, secretaries, CROSEC dealers and users. EC Software who wrote the help tool called Help & Manual that was used to create this document.

Contents

Table of Contents
Foreword 0

Part I Main menu Part II General Part III File options Part IV Foundation options Part V Design options

4 5 7 9 10

1 How to use FOUND ................................................................................................................................... 5

1 Parameters ................................................................................................................................... 10
.......................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 General 1.2 Allowable Q .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 .......................................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3 Loads .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Reinforcement .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 1.5 Uplift 2 Loads ................................................................................................................................... 17

3 Dimensions ................................................................................................................................... 19 4 Sloped footing ................................................................................................................................... 20 5 Quick design ................................................................................................................................... 20

Part VI Output
2 DXF out

22
................................................................................................................................... 25

1 Results by load ................................................................................................................................... cases 25 3 Print drawing/results ................................................................................................................................... 26

Part VII Setup Part VIII Design assumptions

1 ACI 318 2 BS8110

28 30

................................................................................................................................... 30 ................................................................................................................................... 30

3 CSA A23.3 ................................................................................................................................... 31 4 Eurocode 2 ................................................................................................................................... 31 5 IS 466 ................................................................................................................................... 32 6 IS:456 (India) ................................................................................................................................... 33

Index

34

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FOUND

Main menu
Standalone program:

STRAP: Design individual footings:

Design all footings

Refer also to the following topics: General 5 How to use FOUND 5 Design assumptions 30

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General

General
Program FOUND designs reinforced concrete spread footings. The program features are: design for axial force and biaxial moments (in same load case) eccentric column allowed in both directions "Quick design" of several footings by entering data in table multiple load cases (up to 25) automatic design of base dimensions and reinforcement according to Code requirements automatic design of height according to punching and shear, including sloped upper surface automatic design and detailing of reinforcement according to Code requirements user defined dimensions may be checked design units may be specified by the user graphic output of footing - plan and section - to scale and in colour DXF file of graphic output may be created The following symbols are used by the program

Note the sign conventions for: positive eccentricity of the column about the center of the base positive applied moments and axial load.

2.1

How to use FOUND

Standalone program: Specify column dimensions and design parameters: Select Design in the menu bar and then Parameters in the pull-down menu Define loads: Select Design in the menu bar and then Loads in the pull-down menu; more than one load case may be defined. The program then displays a solution based on the specified parameters, loads and dimensions. Refine the footing base dimensions: Select Design in the menu bar and then Dimensions in the pull-down menu; enter new footing base dimensions (eccentric footings may be defined at this stage) and the program checks their validity. Each set of dimensions is displayed in the table on a separate line; click on any line to select a solution. Refine the footing height dimensions: Select Design in the menu bar and then Sloped footing in the pull-down menu; enter a new footing height (define a different exterior height to create a sloped footing) and the program checks their validity; click on any line to select a solution. Print results: Select Output in the Menu bar and the Print drawing or the Print results options.

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FOUND

Save the results: Select Foundation in the Menu bar and the Save option. STRAP: The STRAP footing postprocessor designs rectangular spread footings at all nodes assigned with restraints (and springs, if specified by the user). The postprocessor automatically retrieves from STRAP: the reactions for all STRAP load combinations at these nodes (force and moments) the column dimensions (if possible) from the section of the member attached to the node. The postprocessor works in two modes: All/several footings The program automatically designs the footings for the group of supports selected. Design parameters may be defined for the entire model. Results for the entire model are displayed in tabular form. Results for footings previously designed with the Single footing option will not be overwritten. Single footing The program automatically designs the footing for the support selected. Design parameters may be revised for the individual footing. Load cases may be added, revised or deleted. Results for the individual footing are displayed in graphic form. Results for footings previously designed with the All/several footings option are overwritten. Current results for any footing may be viewed by selecting Single footing and then selecting the associated node. Note: footings are assumed to be oriented according to the local x2,x3 axis of the column the program always transfers the column dimensions as a rectangle that bounds the actual section dimensions. The loads are assumed to act in the center of this rectangle. for columns defined by properties (A,I), the program transfers zero dimensions and the postprocessor begins the design with a default dimension that may be revised by the user.

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File options

File options
Standalone program:

New
Open a new footing file. If you have not saved footings defined in the current session, the program asks whether to save them in the current file before opening the new one (the footings are erased if you do not save them). The program prompts for the file name only when you select Save, Save as or Exit.

Open
Open an existing file. The program displays the list of footing files in the current folder: double-click on one of the file names to open it, or type in the file name in the File name edit box and click use the box to select a different folder or open a new folder. options at the top of the dialog

Save
Save all footings created in the current session in the current file (the file name is displayed at the top of the screen).

Save as
Save all footings created in the current session and all columns in the current file in a New file. type in the file name in the File name edit box and click .

Exit
Exit from the program. STRAP:

Save and close Save the current parameters for the footings that were designed. If parameters were previously revised for 'single footings' the new parameters may also be assigned to them:

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FOUND

Select: All footings .... The new parameters are assigned to all footings in the project Only footings .... The new parameters are not assigned to those footings designed using the option Quit Do not save the changes to the parameters

Single footings

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Foundation options

Foundation options
(Standalone only) Click options where the is displayed for more detailed Help:

New
Design a new foundation; note that the design parameters for the new foundation are the same as for the previous foundation.

Select
The program displays a list of the foundations saved in the current file:

click and highlight one of the foundations in the list click the
OK

button

The program displays the selected foundations on the screen.

Delete
Select a foundation from the list and delete it from the current file.

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FOUND

Design options
Standalone program:

STRAP: Design all footings

Design individual footings

5.1

Parameters

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Design options

11

5.1.1

General
Standalone program:

STRAP:

Project title
Enter a project title, i.e. a title describing all foundations in the current file.

Foundation description / title

Enter a title for the current footing

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Concrete
Select a concrete type from the list box. Concrete types and parameters may be revised in the Setup option.

Steel grade
Define the grade of the reinforcement steel according to the units displayed adjacent to the text box.

Cover
Define the gross concrete cover (to the center of gravity of the reinforcement)

Minimum height
Specify a minimum footing height for the current footing.

Column dimensions (Standalone only)

Enter the column dimensions according to the units displayed adjacent to the text boxes (the units may be revised in the Setup option). Note: column dimension C is parallel to footing dimension A column dimension D is parallel to footing dimension B.

Save as default
The parameters specified in this menu will be used as the default values for all subsequent footings.

Solution type (STRAP only)

The program designs footings such that the distance from the edge of the column to the edge of the footing in both directions is identical.

This option enables you to design square footings for rectangular columns. Enter a column dimension ratio (>1.0); all footings with a ratio smaller than this value are designed as square. Example: Column 60x40, ratio = 1.5 Ratio specified in this option: 1.3 : program designs a rectangular footing 1.5 : program designs a square footing

Save as default
All footings or selected footings:
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Design options

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All revisions made in the Parameters option are saved as the default parameters for the entire model. Single footings: All revisions made in the Parameters option are saved for the specific footing only and the default parameters for the model do not change.

5.1.2

Allowable Q

Specify the allowable bearing pressure value. The pressure is always a service value (i.e. not increased by the load factor). Two options are available: Q= Enter a value for bearing pressure according to the units displayed adjacent to the text box. Qmax, Pmin, .... Define the axial load and pressure values at the two points on the following graph:

The program then uses the axial load value in each load case to calculate the value of Q for that case. Note: the program does not accept a load outside of the range Pmax-Pmin. P values must be the same type as the loads - service or factored values

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5.1.3

Loads

Loads
Service or factored loads may be defined: Service Define loads not increased by the Code load factors for Dead and Live loads (e.g. 1.4, 1.6, etc). The program multiplies all loads entered by the Load factor specified in this option. Factored Define loads already increased by the Code load factors for Dead and Live loads. Note that a value for Load factor must be specified even if this option is selected because the program must convert the loads to service values in order to calculate bearing pressures Load Factor: Define the average load factor (normally between 1.40 and 1.60). The load factor must be defined for both service loads and factored loads: all loads are increased by the factor Service loads: Factored loads: loads are reduced by the factor to calculate the bearing pressure

Density / Self-weight
The additional loads used for calculating the stability of the footing may be defined: Wc = Self weight of the footing = hf x concrete density This load is applied only when Include foundation self-weight Ws = Soil above the footing = (hL - hf) x soil density Enter soil density =0 to cancel the application of this load Wadd = Additional uniform load acting on the top face of the footing. Enter a value according to the units displayed.

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Design options

15

Define additional load cases. The program displays the STRAP load cases at the top of the dialog box; additional load cases may be defined in the lower table. Note: Only the allowable bearing pressure (Q) may be revised for the STRAP load cases up to 21 additional load cases may be defined each load case may contain an axial load and moments about both axes (uniaxial or biaxial moments)

5.1.4

Reinforcement

Min/max diameter
Select the minimum and maximum reinforcement diameters The program selects the smallest diameter that provides a spacing greater than the Code minimum in both directions. Reinforcement is not detailed (only area required is displayed) if the spacing for the largest diameter is not adequate.

Minimum spacing
Specify the minimum spacing between parallel reinforcement bars. If a zero value is entered, the program uses the minimum bar spacing value specified in the Code (refer to Design assumptions 30 ).

Round length
Round-off the length of all reinforcement bars to the value specified here.

Hooks
Specify the hook details for the reinforcement; select one of the following options:

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Diameter x The total length of the hook is always the factor entered multiplied by the reinforcement diameter. A horizontal segment at the top of the footing is provided if the footing height (less the cover) is insufficient for the total hook length. y= Specify the length of the vertical hook: enter y = 0 if you do not want a hook enter a very large value to terminate the hook to the top of the footing (less cover); the program always terminates the bar inside the footing. x= Specify the length of the horizontal portion of the hook at the top of the footing; a full vertical segment (height - 2xcover) is provided

Divide into strips

Many codes specify that the reinforcement required should be concentrated adjacent to the column. For example:

Divide As req'd into strips (spacing within each strip is uniform) Do not divide As req'd into strips; spacing is uniform over the footing width Refer to Design assumptions
30

for the method used for each design Code.

Ignore code minimum

The program ignores the minimum reinforcement percentage specified by the Code and displays the area required by the calculation only.

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Design options

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5.1.5

Uplift
"Uplift"occurs when the soil pressure diagram does not extend along the entire footing dimension:

The program can prevent or limit uplift by increasing the footing dimensions:

The program first selects dimensions without consideration of the uplift options specified in this dialog box. If the uplift width exceeds the x/W limit or Qmax/Qmax exceeds the percentage specified, the program first tries to increase the footing height to solve the problem. If increasing the footing height up to the maximum specified does not solve the problem, the program increases the footing dimensions, resets the height to the value required by shear punching and returns to the previous stage. The calculation is repeated until the uplift requirements are satisfied.

5.2

Loads
Define the load cases: up to 25 different load cases may be defined, in additional to the STRAP reactions. each load case may contain an axial load and moments about both axes (uniaxial or biaxial moments) Standalone program:

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STRAP:

P, Mx, My
Enter the axial load (P) and moments (Mx and My) according to the units displayed in the header bar. (units may be revise in the Setup 28 option) Up to 25 different load cases may be defined; the program checks all of them when designing the footing and uses the worst condition. Sign conventions:

Q
A different value of Q (allowable bearing pressure) may be defined for each load case. The default value (defined in the Parameters option) is used if a value is not defined.

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Design options

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Use it (STRAP only)

STRAP load cases may be disabled: click on the cell; the following check box is displayed:

set the checkbox to: to use the load case to disable the load case Note: STRAP load cases with uplift or no axial load are automatically disabled and their status cannot be revised by the user.

5.3

Dimensions
Check alternate solutions by typing in the dimensions. You may check up to 40 different solutions. To select one of the solutions, click and highlight the line, then click the is then displayed on the main screen.
OK

button; the selected footing

The graph at the lower-right shows all possible combinations of A and B for each load case: type in values for A and B; the program calculates the height and reinforcement required and displays them in the continuation of the line type in a value for A or B; the program calculates the length required for the other dimension to design an eccentric footing, type in values for Ae and/or Be; note the positive direction of the eccentricity in the sketch displayed in the dialog box. Note:
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the program displays two initial solutions: square footing A - C = B - D, i.e. footing dimensions proportional to column dimensions the footing height may be revised in the Design - Sloped footing option the table is cleared if parameters are revised.

5.4

Sloped footing
The program automatically calculates a footing with a uniform depth. Use this option to: specify a different uniform depth specify a sloped footing For example:

up to 20 different combinations of hi and he may be tested define both hi and he: the program calculates both the punching and the shear stresses and displays the maximum value in the fifth column. The uplift status is shown in the last column. define he/hi only: the program calculates the minimum value of hi/he required so that max(punching, shear) displayed in the last column is less than the allowable shear stress, i.e. the program calculates a footing, if possible.. To select design height values, highlight the line and click the
OK

button.

5.5

Quick design
(Standalone only) Design a series of footings by entering data in a single table: only one load case may be defined per footing. the program automatically computes undefined dimensions the entire table is saved when the File - save/save as option is selected. the Quick design footings can have different design parameters than the other footings in the file.

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Design options

21

Data table
Enter loads, footing dimensions and column dimensions may be specified: Loads: service or factored according to the option specified in Parameters 14 Footing dimensions (A,B): optional: the program calculates a square footing if the dimensions are not defined the program calculates the minimum second dimension required if only A or B are defined the program calculates the remaining values (height, Q, etc) if both A and B are defined Column dimensions: the program uses the values specified in Parameters 19 if values are not defined here.

Recompute
Select this option to recalculate the footings after parameters have been revised.

Parameters
Specify design parameters
11

for the footings in the Quick design list.

Note: the parameters for the Quick design footings are separate from the parameters for the regular footings in the file, i.e. any changes made here do not affect the design of the regular footings. click
Recompute dimensions

to recalculate the footings after the parameters have been revised.

Clear table
Erase all data currently displayed in the table.

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Output
Standalone program:

STRAP: Design all footings Design individual footings

Select Display foundation results to calculate the footings for the current model.

Column dimensions
Note that the program takes the column dimensions from the STRAP geometry where possible (dimensions of the the member attached to the node and parallel to the height direction). Where this is not possible (e.g. STRAP members defined by section properties, etc) the program automatically assigns default dimensions (the program requests default dimensions the first time the user selects All footings for the model). Revise the column dimensions for any of the footings in the model. For example:

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Output

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Enter the dimensions according to the units indicated in the header.

Foundation results
Calculate and display the results for the footings in the model. For example:

where: No A,B,H C,D Q/Qall Punch/stress Shear/stress Steel

= = = = = = =

STRAP node number footing dimensions column dimensions ratio of actual bearing pressure to allowable bearing pressure ratio of actual punching stress to allowable punching stress ratio of actual shear stress to allowable shear stress required reinforcement in both directions N.S. indicates "No solution" (revise diameter range).

Properties
Display the properties for all foundations in the model. For example:

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where: No Conc, Steel, etc

Constraints

= STRAP node number = current parameter value. All parameters are initially assigned with the project default values and may be revised for individual footings if Individual footings is selected in the STRAP output file menu. = constraints on dimensions specified for individual footings. The program maintains these constraints when Display foundation results is selected (i.e. when the footings are designed).

To cancel a constraint: select Individual footings is selected in the STRAP output file menu. select the support node click on the Dimensions option in the Design pulldown menu select a program default solution - square (or rectangular) footing - on the first (second) line of the table.

Design loads
Display the design load case for each footing, including the loads and the resulting bearing pressure. For example:

Additional weights

Display the additional loads and overturning data for all footings in the model:

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Output

25

self-weight soil weight and footing base elevation additional uniform load on footing uplift limits

6.1

Results by load cases

Display tabular results for each load case. For example:

where: P, Mx, My Qall Qmax Punch Shear st Max Mdx,Mdy

= = = = = =

input loads allowable bearing pressure maximum bearing pressure for load case punching shear stress shear stress ** indicates governing design case (pressure diagram, moments, etc. for this case are displayed on the screen) = design moments used for calculating the reinforcement

6.2

DXF out
Create a DXF file of the footing drawing. Specify the options:

Transfer to
any of the items in the group box to transfer them to the DXF file:

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Coordinates
Select one of the following options: World coordinates The footing dimension transferred to the DXF file is the actual footing dimension. The "scale" option in this menu is required to determine the size of the text in the DXF file. metric units: the coordinates are written in millimeters American units: the coordinates are written in inches Paper coordinates The footing size transferred to the DXF file is the scaled footing dimension, i.e. dimension/scale. For example, a 2000 mm footing with a scale of 1:50 is written as 2000/50 = 40 drawing units in the file. metric units: the coordinates are written in millimeters/scale American units: the coordinates are written in inches/scale

Scale
Specify the scale of the DXF drawing.

6.3

Print drawing/results
Print the graphic display, the results table or the Quick design table.

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Output

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Send output to
Select the output unit, e.g. printer, plotter, etc. The devices must be installed by the "Printers" option in the Windows "Control panel".

Setup
Specify general information for the output device selected: paper size graphic resolution etc.

Prepared by
Define information that is printed in the header at the top of every printed page: Date: the date format is specified in the Windows "Control panel" Prepared by: enter a name

Output to file
to send the table/drawing to a file; the program prompts for the file name to send the table/drawing to the printer

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Setup

Colors
Specify the screen color for any of the elements displayed on the screen: Elements and colors: To change the color of any of the display elements on the screen: click the of the element in the left group box (e.g. Regular text) click on one of the colors in the right group box; the small display example is revised immediately Background: Revise the screen background color: click on one of the color boxes click the
OK

button

Black and white: Print the drawing using black for all colors, even if a color printer is used. Print the drawing with the screen colors (color printer) or gray shades (black & white printer)

DXF file
Specify default parameters for the DXF out
25

option:

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Setup

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Specify the layer name and associated colour for each DXF object. No blank spaces are allowed in the layer name.

Steel & concrete

Specify: a list of reinforcing bars and their diameters a list of concrete grades and corresponding bending compression strengths.

Codes
Select a national design Code from the list displayed. Refer also to Design assumptions
30

Units
Select one of the following default units:

Save as default

: the parameters specified here will be the default parameters every time a new footing is defined.

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Design assumptions
ACI 318 30 BS8110 30 CSA A23.3 31 Eurocode 2 31 IS:456 (India) 33 IS 466 32

8.1

ACI 318
The design is based on ACI 318-05. General: Minimum footing depth = 6 in. (15.7)

Bending The maximum moment is calculated at the face of the column (15.4.2). The reinforcement is calculated according to Code section 10. For rectangular footings only, the program divides the reinforcement in the short direction only into strips (if requested by the user), as follows (15.4.4.2): 2/(b +1) of the reinforcement in the column strip (= length of short side) 1/2 of the remainder of reinforcement in each edge strip (= half of remaining width) Minimum reinforcement percentage: (7.12) 40 ksi and 50 ksi: 0.0020 0.0018 60 ksi 0.0018(60/fy) > 60 ksi: Shear: Shear strength of the footings is calculated according to Code 11.12. the critical section is taken at d from the face of the column. Vc = 2ff'c bwd Punching: The punching perimeter is at d/2 from the face of the column Vc for punching is taken as the minimum of: (2 + 4/b c) f'c bod (11-33) (40d/bo + 2) f'c bod (11-34) 4 f'c bod (11-35) where bo = 2C + 2D + 4d The program checks that V fVc where f = 0.75 - if Chapter 9.3 is selected, or f = 0.85 - if Appendix C.3 "

8.2

BS8110
The design is based on BS8110- 1997. General: Minimum footing depth = 150 mm. (15.7)

Bending: The maximum moment is calculated at the face of the column.

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Design assumptions

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The reinforcement is calculated according to Code section 3.4.4. Reinforcement is arranged in strips (when specified by the user) according to the recommendations of the ISE "Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete", section 5.5.11.2(b): "If the breadth of the section is greater than 1.5(C+3d), at least 2/3 of the reinforcement should be concentrated in a band width of (C+3d) centered on the column". Shear: the critical section is taken at Do from the face of the column. the allowable shear stress is calculated from the equations at the bottom of Table 3.8. Punching: the punching perimeter is at 1.5 Do from the face of the column the allowable shear stress is calculated from the equations at the bottom of Table 3.8.

8.3

CSA A23.3
The design is based on CSA A23.3. Bending: The maximum moment is calculated at the face of the column. For rectangular footings only, the program divides the reinforcement in the short direction only into strips (if requested by the user), as follows: 2/(b +1) of the reinforcement in the column strip (= length of short side) 1/2 of the remainder of reinforcement in each edge strip (= half of remaining width) Shear: Vc = (260/1000+d) l fcf'c bwd 0.1 < Vc < 0.2 Punching: The punching perimeter = 2C + 2D + 2do Vv for punching is taken as the minimum of: Vv1 = (1 + 2/b ) 0.2 l fc f'c (13-4) Vv2 = (4d/bo + 0.2) l fc f'c (13-5) Vv3 = 0.4 l fc f'c (13-6) where bo = 2C + 2D + 4d (13.4.3) (11.7)

8.4

Eurocode 2
The design is based on Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures - Part 1 (2002) General: Minimum footing depth = 150 mm. Bending: The design moment is computed at the face of the column. Division of reinforcement in strips is not available. Shear: Shear strength: Vsd tRD k (1.2 + 40 r1) tRD values are taken from Table 8 r1 = As/bwd

(Eq. 4.18)

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Punching: Vsd calculated for shear is used. Punching perimeter = 2pR + 2(c+d) where: R= 1.5 do c,d = column dimensions do = foundation design height (h - cover)

(4.3.4.2.2)

8.5

IS 466
Bending: The calculation is based on Figure 72: the design depth, d, at the column centre is increased according to the 1:3 slope the moment at the column centre is reduced parabolically the program calculates the reinforcement required at the column centre and the column edge and uses the maximum value. The program divides the reinforcement into strips (if requested by the user) as specified in section 28.3 and Figure 73: 2/3 of the reinforcement in the column strip (= L/2) 1/6 of the reinforcement in each edge strip (= L/4) Shear: The design shear stress is calculated at the column face, as specified in section 28.1.2 and Figure 73. The footing height is determined from greater of the shear and punching stresses. IS 466 Part 1 (2003) Shear: The allowable shear force VRd1 is calculated according to Section 5.72, Eq. 5.48; the reinforcement percentage is always assumed to be equal to zero. Punching: The allowable punching stress VRd1 is calculated according to Section 5.9.2.1, Eq 5.82. The critical perimeter, ui, is calculated according to Figures 5.24. and 5.25. IS 466 Part 1 (1988) Shear: The allowable shear stress is taken from Table 14 in Part 1; the reinforcement percentage is always assumed to be equal to zero. Punching: The punching stress, td, is calculated according to section 23.6.5, equation (115). The critical perimeter, u, is calculated as follows: u = p(dm+d) C > 2D (D = minimum column dimension) dm = 1.13C' D C' = 2D C 2D dm = 1.13CD

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Design assumptions

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8.6

IS:456 (India)
The design is based on IS:456 - 2000. General: Minimum footing depth = 150 mm. Bending: The maximum moment is calculated at the face of the column. Division of reinforcement in strips is not available. Minimum reinforcement spacing: min(2f, f + 25 mm) Maximum reinforcement spacing: min(20f, 300 mm) Shear: the critical section is taken at d from the face of the column. the allowable shear stress is calculated from Table 19. Punching: the punching perimeter is at d/2 from the face of the column the allowable shear stress is calculated according to 31.6.3.1.

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Index
-AACI 318 30

-BBS8110 30

-DDesign assumptions DXF 25 30, 31, 32, 33

-EEurocode 2 31

-GGeneral 5, 30

-IIS:456 33

-LLoads 17

-SSetup 28 Sloped footing 20

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