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Chapter Overview
In this chapter, performing linear buckling analyses in Mechanical will be covered. Contents:
A. Background On Buckling B. Buckling Analysis Procedure C. Workshop 7-1
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above.
Some options discussed in this chapter may require more advanced licenses, but these are noted accordingly.
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A. Background on Buckling
Many structures require an evaluation of their structural stability. Thin columns, compression members, and vacuum tanks are all examples of structures where stability considerations are important. At the onset of instability (buckling) a structure will have a very large change in displacement {x} under essentially no change in the load (beyond a small load perturbation).
F
Stable Unstable
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Background on Buckling
Eigenvalue or linear buckling analysis predicts the theoretical buckling strength of an ideal linear elastic structure. This method corresponds to the textbook approach of linear elastic buckling analysis.
The eigenvalue buckling solution of a Euler column will match the classical Euler solution.
Imperfections and nonlinear behaviors prevent most real world structures from achieving their theoretical elastic buckling strength. Linear buckling generally yields unconservative results by not accounting for these effects. Although unconservative, linear buckling has the advantage of being computationally cheap compared to nonlinear buckling solutions.
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For a linear buckling analysis, the eigenvalue problem below is solved to get the buckling load multiplier i and buckling modes i:
([K ] + i [S ]){ i } = 0
Assumptions:
[K] and [S] are constant:
Linear elastic material behavior is assumed Small deflection theory is used, and no nonlinearities included
It is important to remember these assumptions related to performing linear buckling analyses in Mechanical.
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A Static Structural analysis will need to be performed prior to (or in conjunction with) a buckling analysis. The steps in italics are specific to buckling analyses.
Attach Geometry Assign Material Properties Define Contact Regions (if applicable) Define Mesh Controls (optional) Include Loads and Supports Solve Static Structural Analysis Link a Linear Buckling Analysis Set Initial Conditions Request Results Solve the Model Review Results
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Although Point Masses may be included in the model, only inertial loads affect point masses, so the applicability of this feature may be limited in buckling analyses
For material properties, Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio are required as a minimum
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Contact Regions
Contact regions are available in free vibration analyses, however, contact behavior will differ for the nonlinear contact types exactly as with modal analyses. Discussed earlier (see chapter 5).
Linear Buckling Analysis Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region Bonded Free No Separation Free Free Free Free Free
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At least one structural load, which causes buckling, should be applied to the model:
All structural loads will be multiplied by the load multiplier () to determine the buckling load (see below). Compression-only supports are not recommended. The structure should be fully constrained to prevent rigid-body motion.
F x = Buckling Load In a buckling analysis all applied loads (F) are scaled by a multiplication factor () until the critical (buckling) load is reached
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Special considerations must be given if constant and proportional loads are present.
The user may iterate on the buckling solution, adjusting the variable loads until the load multiplier becomes 1.0 or nearly 1.0. Consider the example of a column with self weight WO and an externally applied force A. A solution can be reached by iterating while adjusting the value of A until = 1.0. This insures the self weight = actual weight or WO * = WO .
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Buckling Setup
Buckling analyses are always coupled to a structural analysis within the project schematic.
The Pre-Stress object in the tree contains the results from a structural analysis. The Details view of the Analysis Settings under the Linear Buckling branch allows the user to specify the number of buckling modes to find.
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After setting up the model the buckling analysis can be solved along with the static structural analysis.
A linear buckling analysis is more computationally expensive than a static analysis on the same model. The Solution Information branch provides detailed solution output.
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Reviewing Results
Fbuckle = (Fapplied x )
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Reviewing Results
Interpreting the Load Multiplier ():
The tower model below has been solved twice. In the first case a unit load is applied. In the second an expected load applied (see next page)
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Reviewing Results
Interpreting the Load Multiplier ():
BucklingLoad =
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Reviewing Results
The buckling load multipliers can be reviewed in the Timeline section of the results under the Linear Buckling analysis branch
It is good practice to request more than one buckling mode to see if the structure may be able to buckle in more than one way under a given applied load.
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Verify linear buckling results in Mechanical for the pipe model shown below. Results will be compared to closed form calculations from a handbook.
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Goals
The goal in this workshop is to verify linear buckling results in ANSYS Mechanical. Results will be compared to closed form calculations from a handbook. Next we will apply an expected load of 10,000 lbf to the model and determine its factor of safety. Finally we will verify that the structures material will not fail before buckling occurs.
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Assumptions
The model is a steel pipe that is assumed to be fixed at one end and free at the other with a purely compressive load applied to the free end. Dimensions and properties of the pipe are: OD = 4.5 in ID = 3.5 in. E = 30e6 psi, I = 12.7 in^4, L = 120 in. In this case we assume the pipe conforms to the following handbook formula where P is the critical load:
EI P' = K 2 L
2
For the case of a fixed / free beam the parameter K = 0.25.
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Assumptions
Using the formula and data from the previous page we can predict the buckling load will be:
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Project Schematic
1. Double click Static Structural in the Toolbox to create a new system.
1.
2. Drag/drop a Linear Buckling system onto the Solution cell of the static structural system.
2.
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Project Schematic
Drop Target
The drop target from the previous page indicates the outcome of the drag and drop operation. Cells A2 thru A4 from system (A) are shared by system (B). Similarly the solution cell A6 is transferred to the system B setup. In fact, the structural solution drives the buckling analysis.
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Project Schematic
Verify that the Project units are set to US Customary (lbm, in, s, F, A, lbf, V). Verify units are set to Display Values in Project Units.
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. . . Project Schematic
3. From the static structural system (A), double click the Engineering Data cell. 3.
4. To match the hand calculations referenced earlier, change the Youngs modulus of the structural steel.
a. Highlight Structural Steel. a. b. Expand Isotropic Elasticity and modify Youngs Modulus to 3.0E7 psi.
Note : changing this property here does not affect the stored value for Structural Steel in the General Material library. To save a material for future use we would Export the properties as a new material to the material library.
b.
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. . . Project Schematic
5. From the static structural system (A), RMB the Geometry cell and Import Geometry. Browse to the file Pipe.stp. 5.
When the Mechanical application opens the tree will reflect the setup from the project schematic.
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Preprocessing
7. Set the working unit system to the U.S. customary system:
a. U.S. Customary (in, lbm, psi, F, s, V, A).
a.
b. a. c.
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Environment
9. Add buckling loads: a. a. Select the surface on the opposite end of the pipe from the fixed support. b. RMB > Insert > Force. c. In the force detail change the Define by field to Components. d. In the force detail enter 1 in the Magnitude field for the Z Component.
b.
c. d.
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. . . Environment
10. Solve the model:
a. Highlight the Solution branch for the Linear Buckling analysis (B6) and Solve.
Note, this will automatically trigger a solve for the static structural analysis above it.
a.
b. RMB in the Timeline and choose Select All. c. RMB > Create Mode Shape Results (this will add a Total Deformation branch to the tree).
c. a. b.
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Recall that we applied a unit (1) force thus the result compares well with our closed form calculation of 65648 lbf.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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. . . Results
12. Change the force value to the expected load (10000 lbf):
a. Highlight the Force under the Static Structural (A5) branch b. In the details, change the Z Component of the force to 10000.
11a.
13. Solve:
a. Highlight the Linear Buckling Solution branch (B6), RMB and Solve.
12a.
11b.
Release 13.0 November 2010
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. . . Results
When the solution completes note the Load Multiplier field now shows a value of 6.56. Since we now have a real world load applied, the load multiplier is interpreted as the buckling factor of safety for the applied load.
Given that we have already calculated a buckling load of 65600 lbf, the result is obviously trivial (65600 / 10000). It is shown here only for completeness.
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Verification
A final step in the buckling analysis is added here as a best practices exercise. We have already predicted the expected buckling load and calculated the factor of safety for our expected load. The results so far ONLY indicate results as they relate to buckling failure. To this point we can say nothing about how our expected load will affect the stresses and deflections in the structure. As a final check we will verify that the expected load (10000 lbf) will not cause excessive stresses or deflections before it is reached.
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. . . Verification
14. Review Stresses for 10,000lbf load:
a. Highlight the Solution branch under the Static Structural environment (A6). b. RMB > Insert > Stress > Equivalent Von Mises Stress. c. RMB > Insert > Deformation > Total. d. Solve.
a.
b.
c.
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. . . Verification
A quick check of the stress results shows the model as loaded is well within the mechanical limits of the material being used (Engineering Data shows compressive yield = 36,259 psi). As stated, this is not a required step in a buckling analysis but should be regarded as good engineering practice.
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