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Approach to prospecting
y i.e. Not looking for clean units y Depositional Environments
Marcellus Shale
Barnett Shale
http://www.mapwv.gov/website/unconventi onalresources/index.htm
Estimation of Reserves
Jenkins 2009
Sub-Oxic Environment
-Oxygen is virtually exhausted -Dyserobic bacteria use nitrates as an oxidant -Process is slower - No oxygen present -Anerobic bacteria use sulfates as an oxidant -Process is very slow
Anoxic Environment
Need a low amount of sediment input, low circulation and a high amount of organic input in order for a stratiphied water column to develop http://blacksea-education.ru/images/map.jpg
NE
Harrell Shale
Tully Limestone ?
Subsidence
SW
Oxic Conditions
OM OM OM OM
Erosion ?
OM
NE
OM
OM
OM
Oxic Conditions
OM
NE ?
OM
OM
OM
OM
SW
NE
Mahantango Siliciclastics
Onondaga Limestone
Tully Limestone
Onondaga Limestone Onondaga Limestone Shale Marker Shale Marker
A
West Limb of the Rome Trough
A
West Limb of the Rome Trough West Limb of the Rome Trough Harrell Shale
? ?
Paleo Structure ??? Local highs and lows
Subsidence
Erosion ? ?
Mahantango Siliciclastics
Mahantango Limestone Bed
Black shale is deposited across the study area Shale appears to be sourced primarily from the NE Thicker Marcellus deposits exist in Onondaga lows and to the NE Organic matter extends across the study area, however more organic matter accumulates in the paleo-topographic lows Shelf break at A and B Subsidence continues
Anoxia allows for Harrell Shale deposition The thickest deposits are in paleo-lows
Harrell Shale Marcellus Shale
Surface to Sub-Surface
Marcellus Shale
GeoChem
y TOC data is essential
Regional Mapping
Organic Rich Marcellus at 15 ppm 15 ppm
CI = 5ft
Summary on Marcellus:
High TOC 5-15% Very brittle (i.e. fracable) Relatively shallow Wide extent Possible 4,359 trillion cubic feet of gas (Engelder 2001) Overall economics can make one Marcellus well more profitable than three shallow wells??????? Price of gas is a big issue
Tar Sands
Oil Shale
1.2 to 1.8 trillion barrels in place Recoverable? Global Resource: 2.8 to 3.3 trillion barrels
Economics
Viable at $70 to $95/bbl in USA Energy Produced/Energy Used = 3 to 4 Environmental impact is significant Water usage is a problem
Crystal Structures
1 mole methane for 5.75 moles water 1 liter hydrate= 168 liters methane at STP
Stability
www.nrcan.gov
Resource
Twice the amount found in all fossil fuels How can we produce it?