Marine Geology 212 (2004) 35 44 www.elsevier.

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Holocene and Quaternary uplift in the central part of the southern coast of the Corinth Gulf (Greece)
P.A. Pirazzolia,*, S.C. Stirosb, M. Fontugnec, M. Arnoldc
a

CNRS-URA 141 Laboratoire de Ge ographie Physique, 1 Place A. Briand, 92195 Meudon cedex, France b Geodesy Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Patras University, Patras 26500, Greece c LSCE (CNRS-CEA), Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France Received 25 April 2003; received in revised form 1 September 2004; accepted 23 September 2004

Abstract The southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, has long been recognized as an area of rapid Quaternary uplift in a normal faulting environment, but the amplitude, dating and significance of this uplift remain a matter of debate, mainly due to the scarcity of reliable and detailed estimates of Holocene and longer-term uplift. Evidence of Holocene emergence is analysed for two sites in the most uplifted area of the southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth. At Mavra Litharia, the uppermost Holocene marine limit has been identified at +9.3 m and dated about 7100 14C years BP. Near Platanos, where the Holocene marine limit is above +12.5 m, in situ infralittoral boring shells at +11.5 m have been dated about 4800 14C years BP. Average uplift rates can be estimated between 2.9 and 3.5 mm/year at Mavra Litharia and possibly even greater (ca. N2.12.7 mm/year) near Platanos. The pattern of the variation of Holocene uplift along the coast seems to mimic the pattern of Late Quaternary terraces, well constrained in the eastern pattern of the Gulf (CorinthXylokastro area). D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Gulf of Corinth; Greece; Holocene; Quaternary; marine terraces; uplift; radiometric dating

1. Introduction The southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece is famous for a flight of Quaternary marine terraces, at least several hundred meters high. While there is much

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 1 45 07 55 52; fax: +33 1 45 07 5830. E-mail address: pirazzol@cnrs-bellevue.fr (P.A. Pirazzoli). 0025-3227/$ - see front matter D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.09.006

consensus that the height and number of these terraces gradually increase towards the west, and that they take their maximum amplitude nearly in the middle of the Gulf (Fig. 1; Philippson, 1892; Dufaure, 1975; Mariolakos, 1975; Se brier, 1977; Jackson and McKenzie, 1983; Stiros, 1988), their geographical distribution, age and tectonic and tectono-eustatic significance are a matter of debate among scientists (Se brier, 1977; Dufaure and Zamanis, 1980; Keraudren and Sorel, 1987; Vita-Finzi and King, 1985; Mariolakos and

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Fig. 1. (Top) Location Map. Ac: Ancient Corinth, Ev: Evrostini, Ka: Kamares, Ms: Megalo Spilaio, Z: Zevgolatio. (Middle) Minimum and maximum uplift rates along the southern shore of the Gulf of Corinth deduced from the highest elevation of the marl-conglomerate series and elevation of the Ancient Corinth (IS 7, approximately 220 ky, Old Terrace). These estimates, though not precise enough, describe from a qualitative point of view the uplift of this area, partly based on data of Se brier (1977). (Bottom) Variation of the elevation of main corinthian terraces along the coast. Modified after Keraudren et al. (1995).

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Stiros, 1987; Stiros, 1988; Doutsos and Piper, 1990; Pirazzoli et al., 1994; Keraudren et al., 1995; Armijo et al., 1996; McNeill and Collier, 2004). The main reasons for these debates are: (1) the Gulf of Corinth terraces are rather well preserved and continuous only in the eastern part of the Gulf, between the Isthmus and the Kiato/Xylokastro area, along a distance of approximately 30 km, but are erratic, poorly preserved or completely eroded farther west, along a distance of approximately 80 km; (2) datable palaeontological or radiometric remains on these terraces are rare (Collier and Thompson, 1991; Keraudren et al., 1995; McNeill and Collier, 2004). Consequently, the geographical distribution and age of the Corinthian terraces are only known in the southeastern part of the Gulf of Corinth, and their main characteristics are: (1) they originate from a system of laterally continuous marine terraces; (2) their height, number and spacing gradually increase to the west, at least till the Xylokastro area; and (3) they are of Late Quaternary agethe older one of isotopic stage 11, less than 450 ky old, according to palaeontological dating (NN20 nannoplankton zone; Fig. 1; Se brier, 1977; Dufaure and Zamanis, 1980; Keraudren and Sorel, 1987; Keraudren et al., 1995; Armijo et al., 1996) or, with assumptions, of isotope stage 13 (McNeill and Collier, 2004). Farther west, their characteristics remain poorly known. Recently, however, systematic coastal interdisciplinary studies by various scientists have provided a more accurate record of Late Quaternary coastal change, especially of uplift, at a Gulf-wide scale. An international field trip organised in 1998, in the framework of the final meeting of IGCP Project 367, gave an opportunity to the international geological community to visit and discuss such data in detail (Stiros and Pirazzoli, 1998). In the present paper, evidence of Holocene coastal uplift, supported by several new radiocarbon dates, is summarized and discussed for Mavra Litharia and Platanos (Fig. 1), two sites located 13.5 km apart in the area of highest uplift.

2. Geological background The Gulf of Corinth represents a major structural discontinuity in the Alpine mountain ranges and

tectono-sedimentary units of Greece; it is, therefore, one of the most important neotectonic features of the region. Due to its morphotectonic importance and high seismicity, the Gulf of Corinth was regarded as a (micro)-plate boundary in the early days of plate tectonics (McKenzie, 1972), an idea abandoned later. The Gulf of Corinth Graben is bordered by normal faults, and has been regarded as a result of NS crustal extension dominating in the region over the last 5 my (Se brier, 1977; Mercier et al., 1979), or the last 13 my (Le Pichon and Angelier, 1979). Focal mechanisms of earthquakes showing normal faulting (Bernard et al., 1997) seem to support this conclusion. A major characteristic of the Gulf of Corinth is the pattern of vertical movements, with subsidence prevailing along the north coast and uplift along the southern one; this resulted in an at least 10-km northward shift of the southern coast of the Gulf in less than 0.5 my. Uplift along the southern coast is not uniform, but it takes its maximum value in the central part of the Gulf and dies out at its ends (bbourrelet CorinthienQ, Corinthian bulge, according to Dufaure, 1975 and Se brier, 1977; see Fig. 1). The amplitude of this uplift is at least 880 m, as the maximum elevation of preserved Quaternary marine sediments reveals (Koutsouveli et al., 1989). These sediments, however, were found in the Corinth area, where uplift is clearly smaller than farther west. Hence, the amplitude of Quaternary uplift is between 900 and 1600 m; this last estimate was obtained by Philippson (1890) and Mariolakos (1975) on the basis of the elevation of the highest mountain in the area built of Plio-Quaternary sediments. Concerning the Gulf floor subsidence, estimates ranging between 2 and 3 km, based on seismic surveys (Brooks and Ferentinos, 1984; Myrianthis, 1982, 1984), have been proposed. The explanation for the pattern of vertical movements in the Gulf of Corinth is also a matter of debate. According to Jackson and McKenzie (1983), subsidence reflects the variable throw of a normal mega-fault along the axis of the Gulf (about 100 km long), takes its maximum amplitude, about 5 km, at the centre of the Gulf and dies out away from it. According to this hypothesis, uplift along the southern coast reflects isostatic response to the unloading of the footwall of this fault due to the fault slip. A somewhat similar explanation for the

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observed uplift, but for an EW striking (i.e., oblique to the shoreline) fault between Xylokastro and Corinth, was proposed by Armijo et al. (1996). Sorel (2000) associated the evolution of the Corinth Gulf with a detachment fault, while Mariolakos and Stiros (1987) and Stiros (1988) interpreted the bulge-type uplift of southern coast and the subsidence of the Gulf floor as evidence of a megabanticlineQ and of a mega-bsynclineQ developed in response to EW compression from the Hellenic arc, with normal faulting reflecting lateral (NS) spreading; a result consistent with the hypothesis of a bgiga-foldQ characterizing the wider area (Jackson et al., 1992).

3.1. Mavra Litharia This site was first described by GeorgiadesDikeoulia and Marcopoulou-Diakantoni (1976), who ascribed it to the last interglacial period. Mouyaris et al. (1992) reported in this (?) area major erosion levels bat 2.2, 4.5 and 5.7 m; in other words, three major stillstandsQ. Stewart (1996), who calls this site bAegiraQ, mentions prominent erosional levels at +2.3 and +5.5 m. A rich marine fauna is exposed at the Mavra Litharia site where the limestone rock is covered by marine encrustations and marked by bioerosion almost continuously between the present sea level and an almost horizontal line at about +9.3 m (Fig. 2). This line clearly indicates the uppermost boundary of Holocene emergence, i.e., the only Holocene shoreline that can be recognized with some confidence. It seems difficult to identify other individual emerged shorelines at Mavra Litharia. A well-preserved Spondylus shell, bored by a Lithophaga hole, collected embedded in a marine crust at +9.2 m, close to the upper marine limit, was dated 7140 14C years BP (58905510 BC; other possibilities of calibration are mentioned in Table 1). A similar age (7190 14C years BP) was obtained from a Cladocora coral sample collected at +5.5 m (Fig. 3). Other marine samples collected at various

3. Evidence of elevated Holocene shorelines Variable uplift rates have been estimated by several authors in this area. We shall focus below on two sites, Mavra Litharia and Platanos, because we could add here, among other new dates, the radiocarbon age of two samples closer to the Holocene marine limit (97MA2 at Mavra Litharia, and 97PL3 at Platanos), which are therefore especially significant to assess, even if still by default for the second sample, the local Holocene uplift rate.

Fig. 2. The Holocene upper marine limit, at +9.3 m at Mavra Litharia, is recognizable by a difference in colour of the limestone rock, the darker grey colour being due to raised marine encrustations. The Spondylus shell dated 7140F95 14C years BP is visible, still in situ before sampling, left of the hammer (Photo P.A.P. no. G45, June 1997).

P.A. Pirazzoli et al. / Marine Geology 212 (2004) 3544 Table 1 Radiometric dates of raised marine samples from Mavra Litharia and Platanos Elevation (m) Sample no. Material Radiometric age (F1r ) 7140F95 8040F85 4880F280 10000F300 2965F50 7190F90 5705F75 6400F200 2070F50 717F45 Dating method or Lab. no. Gif-10833 AA-10323 Beta-29306 U-series AA-10321 GifAMS Gif-10834 U-series GifAMS GifAMS 1.98 d 13C (x) 0.54 3.3 3.43 Calibrated age (2r )
14

39

Source

Mavra Litharia 9.2 97MA2 7.5 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.5 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.2 8902

Spondylus Lithophaga Lithophaga Cladocora Lithophaga Cladocora marine crust on pool rim Cladocora Lithophaga V. triqueter (displaced?) Dendropoma

58905510 55505040 73306780 64005930 44903500 34801980

BCA BC B BC BC B BC BC B

7 5, 6 1, 5, 6 4 5, 6 7 7 3 7 7

3.30

92MV1 97MA4 89/4 92MV4 92MV5

740400 BC 55040 BC B 59305570 BCA 56005140 BC B 43934043 BCA 39603520 BC B AD 90370A AD 520920 B AD 14401645A Not valid for calibration B AD 7701040A AD 11701480 B

1.0

90SS2

1420F60

GifAMS

Platanos 11.5 6.5 6.2 4.0 3.7 2.3

97PL3

Lithophaga Lithophaga Lithophaga Lithophaga Lithophaga Lithophaga

4800F80 8050F60 3285F65 8730F340 2420F130 2785F50

GifA-97387 Beta-76125 AA-10324 Beta-30231 Beta-68492 AA-10322 2.6 3.7 3.6 2.6 2.7

34602930 BCA 28902340 BC B 80507450 BC 63805990 BC B 1170730 BC 900410 BC B 102507850 BC 78206200 BC B 1060 BC AD 230 AD 10660 B 370 BCAD 20 340 BCAD120 B

7 5, 6 5, 6 1, 5, 6 5, 6 5, 6

1: Mouyaris et al. (1992); 2: Papageorgiou et al. (1993); 3: Vita-Finzi (1993); 4: Keraudren et al. (1995); 5: Stewart and Vita-Finzi (1996); 6: Stewart (1996); 7: this paper. A: Calibration according to Stuiver and Reimer (1993), with a reservoir effect of 320F25 years for the Mediterranean (Stiros et al., 1992). B : Calibration according to Stuiver et al. (1998) with a reservoir effect of 780F80 years for the Gulf of Corinth according to Broecker and Olson (1961) and Heezen et al. (1966). Slightly different ages would be obtained using the reservoir effects of 390F85 years for the Mediterranean, as proposed by Siani et al. (2000), or of 480F72 years for the Aegean Sea, or of 396F61 years for the Adriatic Sea, as proposed by Reimer and McCormac (2002).

elevations below the upper Holocene marine limit gave radiometric ages ranging from a few centuries to 10,000 years ago (Table 1). However, for coral 8902, dated 10,000F300 years BP, the 230Th/232Th ratio (=8) is less than 20, suggesting detrital contamination and a real age probably younger than the apparent U-series age (Keraudren et al., 1995).

Near the same outcrop, a salt pan forming a basin on the limestone rock, at about +4.0 m, suggests the existence of a former splash zone at this level (Fig. 4). The feature is quite isolated, however. A sample of marine crust collected from the outer rim of the salt pan gave an age of 5705F75 14C years BP. This age postdates the time of salt pan development, because

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Fig. 3. Detail of a raised Holocene Cladocora reef at Mavra Litharia. (Photo P.A.P. no. D570, Aug. 1992).

the marine encrustation could be formed only after the basin was submerged. This may indicate the occurrence of a relative sea-level oscillation. Another short-lived shoreline can be located at about +1.0 m, where a Dendropoma shell, collected in growth position, was dated 1420F60 14C years BP. Other available dates of marine material (Table 1) correspond either to Lithophaga shells, which may have lived at any depth in the sublittoral zone (Laborel and Laborel-Deguen, 1994), or to Cladocora coes-

pitosa corals, which usually develop at a depth of a few meters. Some pottery fragments (sherds) can be seen entrapped in the Cladocora formation, confirming their late Holocene age. 3.2. Platanos At about 1 km west of Platanos, on the seaside of the road, many Lithophaga holes, occasionally containing articulated shells still in growth position, can

Fig. 4. Raised salt pan forming a basin at about +4 m at Mavra Litharia. A marine crust capping the outer rim has been dated 5705F75 14C years BP (Photo P.A.P. no. D577, Aug. 1992). This level roughly corresponds to the sea level at the time of the construction of the ancient Aigeira harbour, around the second century AD (Stiros, 1998).

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be seen up to the top of limestone outcrops, reaching up 12.5 m in elevation (Fig. 5). A Lithophaga shell collected at +11.5 m was dated 4800 14C years BP (about 34602340 BC after calibration) (Table 1). Other Lithophaga samples, from lower levels, gave ages between 2420F130 and 8730F340 14C years BP (Table 1). The Platanos section is similar to the Mavra Litharia one, but it shows greater emergence and, consequently, the uplift rate must have been faster. All the above dates correspond to samples that could have developed at any depth in the infralittoral zone and therefore indicate only minimum elevations for the corresponding sea-level positions. The total amount of Holocene emergence could not be determined at Platanos, owing to the construction of the nearby road and railway line, which has probably cleared away the upper line of marine marks. 3.3. Holocene uplift Unpublished data from the National Centre for Marine Research (Athens) show that the maximum bathymetry along the axis of the Rion Strait (threshold between the Ionian Sea and the Gulf of Corinth) is about 65 m. According to the most reliable sea-level

curves obtained in the Mediterranean (Pirazzoli, 1991), as well as to the isostatic predictions proposed by Lambeck (1996), the postglacial sea-level rise is likely to have connected the Gulf of Corinth with the Mediterranean Sea slightly before the beginning of the Holocene. All the radiometric ages obtained are therefore consistent with the large-scale palaeogeographic situation. The absence of individual fossil shorelines at Mavra Litharia is an evidence that the relative sea level did not remain stable during long periods. The reason is that clear shoreline marks are usually left only during periods of tectonic and eustatic stability or, in an uplifting area, when the rate of eustatic rise equals the rate of tectonic uplift. The available radiometric data also indicate that at Mavra Litharia the upper Holocene marine limit is about 7200 14C years BP old. This discloses that prior to that date, the uplift rate remained smaller than the rate of the eustatic rise. After 7200 14C years BP, on the contrary, the tectonic displacements predominated over the eustatic movements, causing gradual emergence. Though clear evidence of vertical coseismic displacement is missing, the uplift displacement rate at Mavra Litharia was probably not uniform. In partic-

Fig. 5. Remnants of Lithophaga and other in situ marine crusts capping this limestone rock, on the seaside of the road near Platanos, show that this outcrop was completely submerged during the Holocene (Photo P.A.P. no. G73, June 1997).

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ular, it must have been faster than average between 740400 BC (sea level certainly above a Lithophaga shell at +6.0 m) and AD 7701040 (Dendropoma and sea level at +1.0 m). To explain the development of a short-lived salt pan at about +4 m before 5700 14C years BP, and the short-lived activity of a harbour at about the same elevation in the 2nd c. AD (Stiros, 1998), a relative sea-level oscillation must also have taken place. The above data are based on relative sea-level information. To deduce local uplift rates, the regional sea-level history and its eustatic and isostatic components should be known in detail, but this is still not the case in the study region. Flemming and Webb (1986) have suggested a bbest fit eustatic curveQ for the Mediterranean, deduced from archaeological data. This curve has occasionally been adopted by some authors to deduce tectonic rates in the Gulf of Corinth (for instance Stewart and Vita-Finzi, 1996). However, as noted by Pirazzoli (1991, p. 89), the curve proposed by Flemming and Webb (1986) systematically remains above 12 m for the last 10,000 years, and hence clearly overestimates the position of earlyand mid-Holocene sea levels. The most complete deglacial sea-level record is probably that reconstructed from Tahiti corals by Bard et al. (1996). According to this curve, sea level was at about 18 m around 5900 BC and 11 m around 5000 BC. If a similar situation was existing also in the Gulf of Corinth, this would give at Mavra Litharia, combining the various possibilities of calibration (Table 1), an uplift rate of the order of 3.2F0.3 mm/year for sample 97MA2, which clearly exceeds the rough Quaternary estimate of Fig. 1. For the Holocene, such rate is much higher than the time-averaged rate of 1.5 mm/year obtained by Stewart and Vita-Finzi (1996) by correcting past elevations with the bbest fit eustatic curveQ by Flemming and Webb (1986). Nevertheless, temporary vertical displacements accompanying up-anddown movements have probably largely exceeded average rates. At Platanos, it can only be said that the relative sea level was above +11.5 m during the Holocene and this implies, assuming that the eustatic sea level did not change since 3500 BC and taking into account the various possibilities of calibration, that the uplift rate exceeded 2.4F0.3 mm/year. The fact that the Hol-

ocene marine limit is higher at Platanos than at Mavra Litharia suggests even that the local uplift rate might have been greater at Platanos, i.e., N3.2F0.3 mm/year, which is not far from the rate of 2.4F0.8 mm/year proposed by Soter (1998) for a nearby coastal segment. According to Sorel (1998), such a rapid uplift rate may characterise this area since midQuaternary times.

4. Conclusions Analysis of coastal data in the central part of the southern coast of Gulf of Corinth testifies to a Holocene uplift, with a minimum rate of the order of 3 mm/year in the area of maximum Late Quaternary uplift, much higher than in its eastern part. Such exceptionally high rates explain why the Gulf of Corinth and the SE Rhodes coast in the Hellenic (Aegean) arc (Pirazzoli et al., 1989) are among the very few, if not the only areas in the Mediterranean where fossil Holocene shorelines older than 60007000 years, not drowned by the eustatic sea level rise, have been identified. The variation of the rates and of the amplitude of Holocene uplift can also be used to attempt extrapolation of the Late Quaternary terraces in the Corinth Xylokastro area farther west, in an area where only poor remains of marine terraces exist, and their direct correlation and dating is not possible. This impressive uplift, the mechanism of which remains a matter of long debate among scientists, may reflect a superimposition of a local effect (deformation of the flanks of the Gulf, whatever its causes are) on the subregional scale warping of the Peloponnese.

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