Section7 1-DTT PT2 Iex

Transformer Excitation Current Test Procedures
Doble Engineering Diagnostics Toolbox
The Doble Excitation Current Test has been effective in finding:

Abnormal core grounds Winding faults: shorts, open circuits LTC problems Manufacturing defects
89 Years of Diagnostic Instrumentation and Services for the Electric Power Industry
Iexcitation
= Imag
mag
V1
-
+
V2
-
1) When an AC Voltage Source, such as a Doble Test Set, is placed on a transformer, a small current will flow. 2) This small current is the Magnetizing Current: the current required to magnetize the Transformer core with the Magnetic Flux mag. This Magnetizing Current is the Excitation Current we measure and record. 3) This Magnetic Flux will induce a voltage across the secondary windings: V2
89 Years of Diagnostic Instrumentation and Services for the Electric Power Industry 3
Iexcitation = Imag + I2 + V1 -
+ 2
mag
2
+ V2 -
I2 R2
1)
When a Load is placed on the secondary windings a current will flow I2=V2/R2 [ Ohms Law ]
2) 3)
The Current I2 will in-turn create an Opposing Magnetic Flux
2.
The Generator, which regulates voltage at a set level, will provide more current to maintain the core magnetized equal to the opposing flux
Iexcitation =Imag + I2
E1 + -
HV UST
Imag+ If H1
mag+ fault
fault X1
Ifault X0
LV
H0
1) 2)
If a fault develops in the secondary windings, this fault will act as a load across the faulted windings drawing a current Ifault As a result, the Excitation Current will go up due to the opposing flux created by the fault [fault]
Result: A Fault will cause Excitation Current to Increase

Iexcitation=Imag+ Ifault
UST HV
mag+ fault
H1
fault
X1
Ground Fault
+ Ifault LV H0 Xo
Neutral Ground
1) If the secondary winding has a grounded neutral and one of the windings develops a fault to ground, grounded windings will draw a fault current 2) As a result, the Excitation Current will go up due to the opposing flux created by the fault [fault]
Result: A grounded winding on a transformer with a grounded neutral will cause the Excitation Current to go up.
Iexcitation=Imag+ IAT
UST HV
mag+ AT
H1
AT
X1
IA
+ LV H0 Xo
When an autotransformer is connected across two taps it acts as a load and the primary current goes up.
Result: When a LTC transitioning device such as a Preventive Autotransformer is in the bridging position the excitation current goes up.
Excitation Current test results present patterns: Three Phase Transformers:

Between phases (Two Similar Highs and One Low)* Within each Phase (When Tap Changers are present)**
Single Phase Transformers

Reverse measurement for confirmation
* There are exceptions ** Pattern will depend on Tap Changer type and Manufacture
=
(a) Ferrous Core (b) Reluctance Circuit
For simplicity assume that each section has a reluctance of 1 A 1 B 1 C
1
1
1
1
In this example we have a three Phase three legged core

When you energize Phase A the equivalent reluctance circuit becomes:

P1 HV 3.75
P1 HV
P2 A B C P2
The same holds true when you energize Phase C
11
For Phase B the equivalent reluctance circuit becomes:

P1 HV B 2.5 P1
P2 P2
12
13
When Tap Changers are present, test as follows:

Benchmark or Base Measurement: LTC only: all positions NLTC only: all positions LTC and NLTC combination: all LTC positions with NLTC in center position; then all positions in NLTC with LTC in neutral On a Routine Basis: NLTC only: as found or position regularly tapped LTC only: one full range plus neutral and one position in opposite range NLTC and LTC combination: NLTC in regularly tapped position or as found testing the LTC one full range plus neutral and one position in opposite range
14
Perform tests at the highest Voltage possible Test each Phase at the same Voltage Perform subsequent tests at the same Voltage for comparison If a Preventive Autotransformer is included in the transformer, it might not be possible to excite that position of the LTC. In this event, testing might be possible with the Preventive Autotransformer bypassed or at a lower voltage If the test set trips, choose a lower Voltage and repeat all three phases Never allow test voltage to exceed rated L-L for Delta and L-G for Wye
Be aware of test equipment limitations Have consistent procedures Document special conditions, be specific If the Test set trips, choose a lower Voltage and repeat all three phases
Example M4K is rated for 300 mA at 10 kV 10 kV 300 mA 9 kV 333 mA 8 kV 375 mA 7 kV 429 mA 6 kV 500 mA 5 kV 600 mA
Remember this:
=
(a) Ferrous Core
Because test must comply with: Test at the highest Voltage possible Test each Phase at the same Voltage Phase demanding the highest current should be tested first
(b) Reluctance Circuit
18
HV UST
H1 I1-2 I1-3 Test 1 2 3 H3 Measure H1-H2 H2-H3 H3-H1
H2 LV
When Low Voltage side is Wye configuration, remember to ground the Neutral
HV H1 UST LV I1-0 H0 Test 1 2 3 Measure H1-H0 H2-H0 H3-H0
H2
H3
When Low Voltage side is Wye configuration, remember to ground the Neutral
10
HV H1 UST LV I1-0 H0
Remember that the Excitation Current test is the only test where the short circuit jumpers are taken off the bushings
Check the pattern: two similar high readings and one low reading is normal (though there are exceptions) When Tap Changers are present, consider the pattern within the phase For three-phase units, compare both high readings with the following criterion: Readings <= 50 mA, difference should not exceed 10%
Readings > 50 mA, differences should not exceed 5%
For single phase units both readings should be compared using the same above criterion Compare Normal test to alternate tests; results should be similar for a winding in good condition
11
Compare Normal test to alternate tests; results should be similar for a winding in good condition Compare readings to previous results. Ensure that the same voltage was used for both tests for consistent numerical comparison If the core is magnetized an irregular pattern (high, medium, low readings) will be present and you will be unable to compare results effectively. A true problem could be masked, therefore core should be demagnetized and test should be repeated If unusual results are obtained, consider performing an alternate test to further investigate
12

Section7 1-DTT PT2 Iex

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Transformer Excitation Current Test Procedures

Doble Engineering Diagnostics Toolbox

The Doble Excitation Current Test has been effective in finding:

The Current I2 will in-turn create an Opposing Magnetic Flux

Result: A Fault will cause Excitation Current to Increase

Excitation Current test results present patterns: Three Phase Transformers:

Single Phase Transformers

For simplicity assume that each section has a reluctance of 1 A 1 B 1 C

In this example we have a three Phase three legged core

When you energize Phase A the equivalent reluctance circuit becomes:

The same holds true when you energize Phase C

For Phase B the equivalent reluctance circuit becomes:

When Tap Changers are present, test as follows:

(b) Reluctance Circuit

H1 I1-2 I1-3 Test 1 2 3 H3 Measure H1-H2 H2-H3 H3-H1

HV H1 UST LV I1-0 H0 Test 1 2 3 Measure H1-H0 H2-H0 H3-H0

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