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,
_
(2)
rq
s
m
s
sq
sq
I
L
L
L
I
,
_
(3)
Then these expressions are properly substituted in equation
(1) and differentiated upon the q-component of the rotor
current, as follows
0
rq
Cu
I
P
(4)
With the previous computed value of the optimal q-
component of the rotor current, the optimal q-component of
stator current can be calculated, in a sense that both must
build the machine rated flux.
2 2
m s s r
sq m s
rq
L R L R
L R
I
N
OPT
+
(5)
OPT
N
OPT
rq
s
m
s
sq
sq
I
L
L
L
I
,
_
(6)
The machine parameters employed here are described in
table 1 at the end of the paper. The curves showing the
machine copper losses for different values of stator power
factor and in relation to the d-axis stator current are plotted
in fig. 2. It is noticeable here that for each value of Isd or
active power, there is one optimal value of stator power
factor that minimises the generator losses. These optimal
values are normally inductive due to this natural
characteristic of the machine.
Fig. 2 Machine copper losses in relation to the d-axis
stator current Isd.
The copper losses in percent related to the optimal values
for different stator power factors can be seen in fig. 3.
These curves are computed by expression (7).
opt Cu Cu
Cu
Cu
P P
P
P
(7)
Fig. 3 Copper losses in percent of the optimal losses
Fig. 4 and 5 show, respectively, the optimal stator power
factor curve and the generator efficiency in relation to
active power range or Isd.
Fig. 4 Optimal stator power factor versus current Isd.
Fig. 5 Generator efficiency .
4. CONVERTER LOSSES
In order to calculate the converter losses, the following
model from [ 7] is used:
) ( ) ( ) ( D P T P T P P
VS VS VD V
+ + , (8)
whereby Pv is the total loss on the converters, Pvd(T) and
Pvs(T) are the conducting and switching losses of the used
semiconductor, IGBT's in this case, respectively, and
Pvs(D) correspond to the switching losses of the diodes.
Further, expression (9) is so characterised:
1
]
1
,
_
+ +
2
2
1 2
6
a CE a c a CE V
I r E I f I U P
(9)
whereby ,
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
D out T out T in
e e e E + +
(10)
In these equations (9) and (10) UCE is the collector-emitter
voltage of the IGBT's, fc corresponds to the switching
frequency, ein and eout the turn on and off switching energy
of the semiconductors and Ia the converter rms current.
These parameters were obtained from the SEMIKRON
Databook for semiconductors [8].
In fig. 6 one sees the copper and MSC energy dissipation by
full load and for different power factors in relation to the
reactive power dividing factor .
,
n
s
Q
Q
(11)
where Qs and Qn are the reactive power values on the stator
and on the network, respectively. The dashed line
corresponds to the minimal copper losses in the generator.
For each value of the power factor there is meets a certain
value of , which minimises these losses.
Fig. 6 Machine Copper Losses
The RSC losses have their minimal loss points near the
minimal copper losses line whilst the MSC minimal losses
occur on different points and are more significant than those
of the RSC and the generator, as it is shown in fig. 7.
Therefore it is meaningful to employ an optimisation of
the MSC losses instead of the generator or the RSC. In
fig. 8 one sees that this procedure gives the closest results to
the minimal total losses.
Fig. 7 MSC losses
Fig. 8 Total losses
The optimal values of , which minimise the total losses for
different conditions, differ from the sub-optimal values,
which optimise the machine copper losses. The former are
closer to the sub-optimal values of , which minimise the
MSC losses. With this interpretation one can then project
the whole system.
5. OPTIMAL SYSTEM LOSSES
The maximal wind energy density is found somewhere
between the minimum and maximum power ratings. If the
system operates under different values of active power, it is
important to calculate the optimal values of for the whole
power operating range.
In fig. 9 to 11 one sees the surfaces representing the system
losses in relation to the active power and , for values of
slip and power factors. On these surfaces the locus of the
points of minimum losses for each active power value is
plotted. The diagrams show the copper, MSC converter
losses and their specific minimum values (indicated by the
thicker line), as well as the total minimum values. In
addition one can also say that minimising the MSC loss is
the procedure which most closely reaches the optimum for
the entire operating range.
Fig. 9 Total system losses in relation to the active power
and
Fig. 10 MSC losses in relation to the active power and
Fig. 11 Generator copper losses in relation to the active
power and .
The following diagram in fig. 12 illustrates the optimal
values of for a certain slip and different values of the
power factor.
Fig. 12 Locus of the optimal reactive power dividing
factor.
For small values of the active power the values of lead
against infinite, which is to be expected, if the LC-filter
supplies the necessary reactive power for magnetisation of
the generator. These values can be implemented as a look-
up table, as it is described in [7] for a sub-optimal method.
These results were simulated for a 5 minutes time series of
measured wind data for the real plant from [2], for the
system working with 0.9 inductive power factor, and
compared with the sub-optimal method of dividing the
reactive power implemented in the generator control. This
latter is based on fixed values of for each power factor
and were derived from the optimal values for full load
condition. It is clear that the optimal method shown here
achieved better energy savings because it considers all load
conditions to which the windmill is submitted regarding to
the variation of wind.
Figure 13 shows the speed on the generator axis as well as
the developed electromagnetic torque and the input power
for this wind time series. The torque values were computed
from the speed versus torque characteristic of the
WINDTEC 600 windmill [9].
Fig. 13 Speed, electromagnetic torque and power input on
the generator axis.
The instantaneous gains on the system efficiency for
optimal and sub-optimal reactive power dividing are
compared on the figure 14.
Fig. 14 Achieved efficiency values for both methods
optimal and sub-optimal.
In average for the simulated real time the optimal method
efficiency was 98.8 % against 97.1 % of the sub-optimal
method. Furthermore, it seems that the improvements are
better for weak wind speeds. It is remarkable to say that the
best results on improving the system efficiency occur for
inductive operation of the plant and the optimal and sub-
optimal methods have the same results for unity power
factor.
These results will be published on further works, where the
annual energy production will be computed and so the
impact on the costs of energy production will be analysed.
6. CONCLUSION
In order to minimise the losses, which occur in the machine
copper, there is an optimal stator power factor for each
active power value. The network reactive power
requirement is then fulfilled by the MSC converter and the
LC filter.
The fact that the minimisation of the copper losses
regarding the system total losses is not optimal is evident.
However, this is not negligible, if the life span of the
generator is taken into account.
The question arises as to whether it is or not worthwhile to
use the system total loss optimisation procedure instead of
the sub-optimal procedures. Furthermore, the expected
improvements and their expenditure also need to be
considered.
The loss models used here are parameter dependent, and
these parameters should correspond with reality, in order for
the optimisation to be successful. This calls for adaptive
control and/or artificial intelligence schemes.
In future work, the LC-filter losses as well as the harmonic
losses will be considered as well as its dimensioning
regarding not only the filtering characteristics but also
system losses. The dynamic behaviour of the wind power
plant will also be investigated. Thus the variation of the
system states will be determined during changes in the
operating conditions. This will allow for the development of
suitable control strategies.
7. REFERENCES
[1] Leonhard. W.,Control of Electrical Drives, Springer-
Verlag, Berlin,1985.
[2] Hofmann,W., Thieme, A., Control of a Double-Fed
Induction Generator for Wind-Power Plants, Proceedings
of Power Quality, pp.275-282, May,1998.
[3] Dittrich,A., Hofmann,W., Stoev,A., Thieme, A., Design
and Control of a Wind Power Station with Double Fed
Induction Generator, Proceedings of EPE97,pp.2723-
2728, Trondheim,1997.
[4] Quang,N.P., Dittrich,A., Thieme,A., Doubly-fed
induction machine as generator: control algorithms with
decoupling of torque and power factor, Electrical
Engineering 80, pp 325-335, 1997.
[5] Hofmann,W.,Optimal Reactive Power Splitting in Wind
Power Plants Controlled by Double-Fed Induction
Generator, Proceedings of AFRICON99, pp. 943-948,
Cape Town, Sept. 1999.
[6] Tang,Y., Xu,L.,A Flexible Active and Reactive Power
Control Strategy for a Variable Speed Constant Frequency
Generating System, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications,1993.
[7] Hofmann, W., 'Blindleistungsoptimierte Regelung von
Windkraftanlagen mit Doppeltgespeisten
Drehstromgeneratoren', Fachtagung Leistungselektronik u.
Intelligente Bewegungssteuerungen, LIBS99, pp.216-221,
Magdeburg, March, 1999.
[8] SEMIKRON 99 Power Electronics99
[9] Windtec 600 Windmill Technical Data;
http://www.windtec.tlk.co.at.co.at
Parameter Value
Power 600 KW
Number of Poles 4
Rs 3.6 m
Rr 4.3 m
Lls 0.680 mH
Llr 0.865 mH
Lm 5.4 mH
Tab. 1 Machine Parameters
THE AUTHORS
Mr. Balduino Rabelo was born in
Guanhaes, Brazil and got his B.Sc. and
M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering
from the Federal University of Minas
Gerais (UFMG) in 1992 and 1998,
respectively. He is currently working
towards his Ph.D. degree at the Technical
University of Chemnitz. His research
interests are control of induction machines and converters,
parameter identification and renewable energy systems.
Prof. Wilfried Hofmann was born in
Dresden, Germany and got his Dipl.Ing.
and Dr. Ing. degrees in electrical
engineering at the TU Dresden in 1978
and 1984, respectively. He is the
Chairman of the Department of Electrical
Machines and Drives at the Technical
University of Chemnitz since 1992. His
research interests are control of induction machines and
converters, position control, magnetic bearings, hybrid
electromechanical vehicles and renewable energy systems.
ACKONWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank for the financial and technical
support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
and from the Department of Electrical Machines and
Drives of the Technical University of Chemnitz.