BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

CHAPTER 14
# 1)

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION

DEFINITIONS TERMS Free-space

Propagation of electromagnetic waves often called radio-frequency (RF) propagation or simply radio propagation. Electrical energy that has escaped into free space. The orientation of the electric field vector in respect to the surface of the Earth. Polarization remains constant Forms of Linear polarization Polarization vector rotates 360 as the wave moves one wave-length through the space and the field strength is equal at all angles of polarization. Field strength varies with changes in polarization. Used to show the relative electromagnetic wave propagation. direction of

2)

Electromagnetic wave

3)

Polarization

4) 5)

Linear Polarization Horizontal Polarization and Vertical Polarization

6)

Circular Polarization

7)

Elliptical Polarization Rays

8)

9)

Formed when two points of equal phase on rays propagated from the same source are joined together. A single location from which rays propagate equally in all directions. Invisible force field produced by a magnet, such as a conductor when current is flowing through.
Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

Wavefront

10)

Point source

11)

Magnetic Field
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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

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Strength of a magnetic field (H) produced around a conductor is expressed mathematically as: Invisible force fields produced by a difference in voltage potential between two conductors. Electric filed strength (E) is expressed mathematically as: Dielectric constant of the material separating the two conductors. The permittivity of air or free space is approximately. The rate at which energy passes through a given surface area in free space. Intensity of the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave propagating in free space. Mathematically power density is expressed as:

H = 1/2d

13)

Electric fields

14)

E = q/4d2

15)

Permittivity

16)

8.85 x 10 -12 F/m

17)

Power density

18)

Field intensity

19)

P = H W/m2

20)

The characteristic impedance of a lossless transmission medium is equal to the square root of the ratio of its magnetic permeability to its electric permittivity. Point source that radiates power at a constant rate uniformly in all directions. Power density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.
Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

Zs = (o/0)1/2

21)

Isotropic radiator

22)

Inverse Square Law

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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

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Propagation medium. Waves propagate through free space, they spread out, resulting in a reduction in power density. Reduction of Power. Reduction in power density with distance is equivalent to a power loss. Spherical spreading of the wave. One with uniform properties throughout. Absorption coefficient varies considerably with location, thus creating a difficult problem for radio systems engineers.

Isotropic medium

24)

Attenuation

25)

Absorption Loss

26)

Wave attenuation

27) 28)

Space attenuation Homogeneous medium

29)

Inhomogeneous medium

30)

Optical properties of Radio Waves.

Refraction, Reflection, Diffraction and Interference Refraction

31)

Bending of the radio wave path. Square root of the dielectric constant and is expressed in: (k) Equivalent dielectric constant relative to free space (vacuum). Boundary between two media with different densities.

32)

Refractive index; n = (k)

33)

K = (1- 81N/f2)1/2

34)

Plane

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

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Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

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Imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the interface at the point of incidence. Angle formed between the incident wave and the normal. Angle formed between the refracted wave and the normal. Ratio of velocity of propagation of a light ray in free space to the velocity of propagation of a light ray in a given material. Perpendicular to the direction of propagation (parallel to the waveform) To cast or turn back. Ratio of the reflected to the incident voltage intensities. Portion of the total incident power that is not reflected. Fraction of power that penetrates medium 2. Incident wave front strikes an irregular surface, it is randomly scattered in many directions.

Normal

36) 37)

Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction

38)

Refractive Index

39)

Density gradient

40)

Reflect

42)

Reflection Coefficient

43)

Power transmission coefficient Absorption coefficient

44)

45)

Diffuse reflection

46)

Reflection from a perfectly smooth surface.

Specular (mirrorlike) reflection

47)

Surfaces that fall between smooth and irregular.

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

Semirough surfaces

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Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

48)

Semirough surface will reflect as if it were a smooth surface whenever the cosine of the angle of incidence is greater than /8d, where d is the depth of the surface irregularity and is the wavelength of the incident wave. Modulation or redistribution of energy within a wavefront when it passes near the edge of an opaque object. Diffraction occurs around the edge of the obstacle, which allows secondary waves to sneak around the corner of the obstacle. States that the total voltage intensity at a given point in space is the sum of the individual wave vectors. Electromagnetic atmosphere. waves travelling within Earths

Rayleigh criterion Cos i > /8d

49)

Diffraction

51)

Shadow zone

54)

Linear Superposition

52)

Terrestial waves

53)

Communications between two or more points on Earth. Used for high-frequency applications. Earth guided electromagnetic wave that travels over the surface of earth.
Surface

Terrestial radio communications Sky waves

54)

55)

Surface wave
Relative Conductivity Good Fair Fair Poor Poor Unusable

56)

Relative Conductivity of Earth Surfaces

Seawater Flat, loamy soil Large bodies of freshwater Rocky terrain Desert Jungle

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

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Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

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Disadvantages of surface waves.

1. Ground waves require a relatively transmission power. 2. Ground waves are limited to very low, low, and medium frequencies. 3. Requiring large antennas. 4. Ground losses vary considerably with surface material and composition. 1. Given enough transmit power, ground waves can be used to communicate between any two locations in the world. 2. Ground waves are relatively unaffected by changing atmospheric conditions.

58)

Advantages of ground wave propagation.

59)

Travel essentially in a straight line between the transmit and receive antennas. Space wave propagation with direct waves. The curvature of Earth presents a horizon to space wave propagation. Occurs when the density of the lower atmosphere is such that electromagnetic waves are trapped between it and Earths surface. Lowest layer of the ionosphere and is located approximately between 30 miles and 60 miles (50 km to 100 km) above Earths surface.
Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

Direct waves Line-of-Sight (LOS) transmission Radio Horizon

60)

61)

62)

Duct propagation

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D Layer
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Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

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Located approximately between 60 miles and 85 miles (100 km to 140 km) above Earths surface. The upper portion of the E layer. Made up of two layers, F 1 and F 2 layers.

E Layer

65)

Sporadic E layer

66)

F Layer

67)

Highest frequency that can be propagated directly upward and still be returned to Earth by the ionosphere. Maximum vertical angle at which it can be propagated and still be refracted back by the ionosphere. A measurement technique used to determine the critical frequency. Height above the Earths surface from which a refracted wave appears to have been reflected.

Critical frequency

68)

Critical Angle

69)

Ionospheric Sounding

70)

Virtual Height

71)

Highest frequency that can be used for sky wave propagation between two specific points on Earths surface.

Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF)

72)

Secant law. Operating at a frequency of 85% of the MUF provides more reliable communications. Minimum distance from a transmit antenna that a sky wave at a given frequency will be returned to Earth.
Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

MUF = critical frequency/cosi Optimum Working Frequency (OWF)

73)

74)

Skip distance

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Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

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The area between where the surface waves are completely dissipated and the point where the first sky wave returns to Earth. Formed by the ionosphere is raised, allowing sky waves to travel higher before being returned to Earth. Define as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic waves as it propagates in a straight line through a vacuum with no absorption or reflection of energy from nearby objects. Occurs simply because of the inverse square law. Variation in signal loss. To accommodate temporary fading, an additional loss is added to the normal path loss

Quiet, or skip, zone

76) 77)

Ceiling Free-space path loss

78) 79) 80)

Spreading loss Fading Fade margin Fm = 30 logD + 10log (6ABf) 10log (1-R) 70

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

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