ELEC9711 Advanced Power Electronics

Solution of Tutorial 2 1 F. Rahman/September 2009

ELEC9711 Advanced Power Electronics
Solution of Tutorial 2

Question 1

Figure 1
The DC transformer equivalent of the Buck converter including R
ds
and R
L
is:
DV
d
D
2
R
ds
R
L
R V
o
I
o

Figure 2
(a) It can be shown from figure 2 that

2
1
o
d ds L
V D
V D R R
R R
=
+ +
(2.1)
2
1 0.15 0.015/ 5
o
d
V D
V D
=
+ +
for R
L
/R = 0.15
D =0.46
For other values of R
L
/R, the V
o
/V
d
ratio can be found similarly.


L
C R (load)
V
d

D
T
i
d
i
T
i
D
i
L
i
C
V
o
I
o +

v
oi
+

R
ds
R
L

ELEC9711 Advanced Power Electronics
Solution of Tutorial 2 2 F. Rahman/September 2009
2
d
o
ds L
DV
I
D R R R
=
+ +
and V
o
= I
o
R
The V
o
/V
d
characteristic for various D for specified R
L
, R
ds
and R can be found from these two
equations.
(b) Efficiency calculation for the specified output voltage and load :
20
4
5
o
o
V
I
R
= = = A
2 2 2 2 2 2
20 4
20 4 4 0.15 5 4 0.46 0.015
o o
o o o L o ds
V I
V I I R I D R
q

= =
+ + + +

= 0.8685
Similarly, the conversion efficiency for other values of R
L
/R can be found. D for each R
L

must be found first.
(c)
DV
d
D
2
R
ds
R
L
R
V
o
I
o
C
R
C
i
C
I
o
t
DT
s
(1-D)T
s

D
L
(I
o
R
L
+V
o
)

For finding the efficiency when R
c
is included, the RMS capacitor current I
CRMS
should be
found. The power loss in R
C
is given by
( )
2
CRMS c
I R . A approximate power loss in R
c
is
found by finding the average of the ripple current iL and assuming that it gives the power
loss in R
c
.
During (1-D)T
s
, the inductor current falls by

( ) ( ) 1
o L o s
L
I R V D T
i
L
+
A =
The average ripple in the inductor current =
( ) ( ) 1
1
2 2
o L o s
L
I R V D T
i
L
+
A =
Thus power loss in R
c
=
( ) ( )
2
1
2
o L o s
c
I R V D T
R
L
+
`
)
= 0.301 W for R
c
= 0.5.
Note that the specified value of R
c
(= 0.5), as indicated in the question, is too high. For
acceptable efficiency, its value should be much lower, perhaps as low as 0.005.
ELEC9711 Advanced Power Electronics
Solution of Tutorial 2 3 F. Rahman/September 2009
(d) Assuming that the peak-peak ripple in R
C
adds algebraically to V
o
(the worst case) which is
produced by the ripple current in the capacitor C is given by,
( )
2
1
7.76 0.084 7.84
8
o
o L c
s
V D
V i R
CLf

A = A + = + = V.
Note again, that the specified value for R
c
is clearly too high.
******************

For Questions 2-5, only the procedures are given.
Question 2.


R
L
L
V
d
D
T
R
ds
C
R
I
o
V
o
i
c

Figure 2. Assuming V
D
= 0 and V
T
= 0.
The DC transformer equivalent circuit is

d
V
1 D
( )
L
2
R
1 D
( )
ds
2
DR
1 D
V
o
R
I
o



(a)
( )
( )
2
1 1
1
1
1
1
o
d
L ds
V
V D
R DR
R D
=

+ +

See page 3.13 of lecture notes.

For the given V
d
and V
o
, D can be found.
ELEC9711 Advanced Power Electronics
Solution of Tutorial 2 4 F. Rahman/September 2009
The
o
d
V
V
ratio can be found for various values of R
L
/R ratio.
(b)
o
o
V
I
R
=
Output power, P
o
= V
o
I
o
.
Losses, P
L
=
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1
ds L
o
DR R
I
D D


+
`


)

Efficiency,
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1
o o
ds L
o o o
V I
DR R
V I I
D D
q =


+ +
`


)


Note that D has to be found for the specified R
L
and R
ds
.
(c) To find the power loss in R
c
, the ESR in series with C, the RMS current through C must be
found. Assuming continuous conduction, and ripple-free inductor current, I
CRMS
can be
found the i
c
waveform which is plotted below.

o
DI
1 D
I
o
DT
s
(1-D)T
s
i
c
I
o
V
o
R
C
C
D

Power loss in R
C
=
2
CRMS C
I R
where ( )
2
2
0
1
1
s s
s
DT T
o
CRMS o
DT
s
DI
I I dt dt
T D
(
| |
= + (
|

\ .
(

} }

With R
C
included,
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 1
o o
ds L
o o o CRMS C
V I
DR R
V I I I R
D D
q =


+ + +
`


)

(d)
1
s o o
o o c
DT V DI
V I R
RC D
| |
A = + +
|

\ .

ELEC9711 Advanced Power Electronics
Solution of Tutorial 2 5 F. Rahman/September 2009
The first term is the
o
V A due to the ripple current in the capacitor, while the second term is
the ripple voltage due to the ripple current in R
C
. Algebraic sum of the two gives the worst-
case ripple voltage.
Question 3
Figure 3
The DC transformer equivalent circuit is (with V
T
and R
D
zero):


(a)

()

()

(3.1)
This equation is useful for finding the V
o
/V
d
characteristic versus D.
For efficiency calculation:
V
o
= I
o
R (3.2)
P
o
= V
o
I
o
(3.3)

()

()

) (3.4)


R
ds
L
V
d
D
T
R
L
C
R
I
o
V
o
i
c

V
D

ELEC9711 Advanced Power Electronics
Solution of Tutorial 2 6 F. Rahman/September 2009
o
o Loss
P
P P
q =
+
(3.5)

Given: V
o
= 5V, R = 5.
D is first found from 3.1 and 3.2. After the operating D is found, the maximum allowable value
for R
L
so that the efficiency is 0.7 can be found from eqs 3.4 and 3.5.