Name: __________________________ Date: _____________ 1.

Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ________. A) conservation; habituation B) imprinting; maturation C) object permanence; insecure attachment D) sensorimotor stage; preoperational stage E) assimilation; accommodation 2. Critics of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have suggested that postconventional morality is more characteristic of ________ than of ________. A) men; women B) Democrats; Republicans C) socialists; capitalists D) African Americans; white Americans E) Catholics; Protestants 3. A) B) C) D) In a pleasant but unfamiliar setting, infants with a secure maternal attachment are most likely to: act as though their mothers are of little importance to them. use their mothers as a base from which to explore the new surroundings. cling to their mothers and ignore the new surroundings. show hostility when their mothers approach them after a brief absence.

4. Four-year-old Karen can't remember anything of the first few months of her life. This is best explained by the fact that: A) the trauma of birth interfered with the subsequent formation of memories. B) most brain cells do not yet exist at the time of birth. C) experiences shortly after birth are a meaningless blur of darkness and light. D) many neural connections that underlie memories are only beginning to form shortly after birth. 5. A) B) C) D) Dementia is most commonly associated with: menopause. role confusion. Alzheimer's disease. crystallized intelligence.

6. Older people's capacity to learn and remember meaningful material does not decline as much as their capacity to learn and remember meaningless material. This best illustrates the value of: A) concrete operational thought. B) crystallized intelligence. C) formal operational thought. D) fluid intelligence. 7. A) B) C) D) E) Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called: egocentrism. assimilation. imprinting. attachment. accommodation.

8. Chloe can clearly sense when her sister's teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down. This best illustrates that Chloe has developed a(n): A) sense of object permanence. B) insecure attachment. C) concept of conservation. D) theory of mind.

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9. A) B) C) D)

Authoritative parents are likely to have children who: are obedient but have low self-esteem. have high self-esteem and are self-reliant. have high self-esteem but are somewhat dependent. are rebellious and have low self-esteem.

10. The heritability of a trait will be largest among genetically ________ individuals who grew up in ________ environments. A) dissimilar; dissimilar B) dissimilar; similar C) similar; similar D) similar; dissimilar 11. A) B) C) D) 12. A) B) C) D) 13. A) B) C) D) E) 14. A) B) C) D) 15. A) B) C) D) 16. A) B) C) D) E) 17. A) B) C) D) A teratogen is a(n): fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division. unborn child with one or more physical defects or abnormalities. chromosomal abnormality. substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child. According to Erikson, adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to: integrity. autonomy. generativity. intimacy. Maturation is to education as ________ is to ________. accommodation; assimilation learning; experience nature; nurture imprinting; critical period environment; learning If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to: deal with the discipline of toilet training. see things from the point of view of another person. recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape. retain earlier schemas when confronted by new experiences. Maturation refers to: the acquisition of socially acceptable behaviors. biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience. any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development. the physical and sexual development of early adolescence. According to Erikson, isolation is to intimacy as role confusion is to: mistrust. guilt. competence. inferiority. identity. Harlow observed that most monkeys raised in total isolation: were totally apathetic and indifferent to the first monkeys they encountered. were incapable of mating upon reaching sexual maturity. showed slower social development but more rapid cognitive development. showed no lasting adverse effects when placed in a socially enriched environment.

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18. A) B) C) D) 19. A) B) C) D) 20. A) B) C) D) 21. A) B) C) D) 22. A) B) C) D) 23. A) B) C) D) 24. A) B) C) D)

Children are likely to experience the greatest sense of personal control over their lives if their parents are: permissive. disengaged. authoritarian. authoritative. According to Piaget, schemas are: fixed sequences of cognitive developmental stages. children's ways of coming to terms with their sexuality. people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences. problem-solving strategies that are typically not developed until the formal operational stage. Compared with Americans 40 years ago, Americans today are likely to: establish their adult careers at an earlier age. marry for the first time at a later age. live separately from their parents at an earlier age. experience their first menstrual period at a later age. Erikson suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for: competence. intimacy. autonomy. trust. When placed in strange situations without their artificial mothers, Harlow's infant monkeys demonstrated signs of: insecure attachment. egocentrism. basic trust. curiosity. Piaget is to cognitive development as Kohlberg is to ________ development. emotional physical moral social The egocentrism of preschoolers was most strongly emphasized by: Haidt's social intuitionist theory. Kohlberg's moral development theory. Piaget's cognitive development theory. Erikson's psychosocial development theory.

25. The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as ________ parents. A) authoritarian B) egocentric C) disengaged D) authoritative 26. A) B) C) D) Nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________. secure attachment; imprinting heredity; maturation accommodation; assimilation temperament; responsive parenting

27. Branden is so apathetic about his occupational future that within two years of his high school graduation he had already been fired by four different employers. According to Erikson, Branden best illustrates: A) crystallized intelligence. B) preconventional morality. C) role confusion. D) egocentrism.
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28. Mr. and Mrs. Batson can't wait to begin toilet training their year-old daughter. The Batsons most clearly need to be informed about the importance of: A) imprinting. B) habituation. C) fluid intelligence. D) maturation. E) object permanence. 29. A person who thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because one might get punished for doing so is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality. A) conventional B) postconventional C) preconventional D) preoperational E) formal operational 30. A) B) C) D) 31. A) B) C) D) E) 32. A) B) C) D) E) 33. A) B) C) D) 34. A) B) C) D) E) 35. A) B) C) D) E) According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the: toddler. preschooler. elementary school child. adolescent. Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational concrete operational, sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational According to Erikson, trust is to ________ as identity is to ________. infancy; childhood childhood; adolescence adulthood; childhood adolescence; adulthood infancy; adolescence My sibling and I developed from a single fertilized egg. Who are we? opposite sex identical twins. same-sex identical twins. opposite sex fraternal twins. same-sex fraternal twins. When golden hamsters were repeatedly threatened and attacked while young, they suffered long-term changes in: object permanence. brain chemistry. the rooting reflex. maturation. habituation. An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with: fetal alcohol syndrome. crystallized intelligence. concrete operational thought. role confusion. autism.

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36. Authoritarian parents demonstrate ________ levels of parental control and ________ levels of parental responsiveness. A) high; high B) low; low C) high; low D) low; high 37. A) B) C) D) 38. A) B) C) D) 39. A) B) C) D) 40. A) B) C) D) According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to: a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking. young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure. the inability to perceive things from another person's point of view. the inability to realize that things continue to exist even when they are not visible. According to Piaget, accommodation refers to: parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure. incorporating new experiences into existing schemas. developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers. adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences. Erikson would have suggested that adolescents can most effectively develop a sense of identity by: seeking a lifelong romantic relationship. severing the emotional ties between themselves and their childhood friends. investigating the personal suitability of various occupational and social roles. adopting whatever values and expectations their parents recommend. Mr. Hersch triggered a rooting reflex in his infant son by touching him on the: foot. knee. arm. cheek.

41. Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb's altered conception of a nurse illustrates the process of: A) habituation. B) assimilation. C) accommodation. D) attachment. E) imprinting. 42. A) B) C) D) E) Preschoolers' acquisition of a theory of mind suggests that Piaget overestimated young children's: accommodation. egocentrism. habituation. stranger anxiety. sense of object permanence.

43. A belief that adult personality is completely determined in early childhood years would be most relevant to the issue of: A) continuity or stages. B) stability or change. C) fluid or crystallized intelligence. D) conventional or postconventional morality. E) cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. 44. A) B) C) D) Darlene smoked heavily during the entire 9 months of her pregnancy. Her newborn baby will most likely be: underweight. autistic. hyperactive. hearing impaired.

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45. A) B) C) D)

A critical period is a phase during which: children frequently disobey and resist their parents. children become able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly. parents frequently show impatience with a child's slowness in becoming toilet trained. certain events have a particularly strong impact on development.

46. Lilianne is beginning to develop a fear of strangers and will reach for her mother when she sees someone who is unfamiliar. It is likely that Lilianne has just: A) mastered the principle of conservation. B) overcome the limitation of egocentrism. C) developed a sense of object permanence. D) lost her sense of secure attachment. 47. Little Karen will approach and play with unfamiliar animals only if her mother first reassures her that it is safe to do so. This best illustrates the adaptive value of: A) conservation. B) attachment. C) habituation. D) egocentrism. E) imprinting. 48. A) B) C) D) E) 49. A) B) C) D) 50. A) B) C) D) E) 51. A) B) C) D) 52. A) B) C) D) 53. A) B) C) D) E) The powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called: attachment. imprinting. habituation. assimilation. the rooting reflex. Most human traits are: learned. determined by a single gene. influenced by many genes acting together. unpredictable. The rooting reflex refers to a baby's tendency to: withdraw a limb to escape pain. turn the head away from a cloth placed over the face. open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek. be startled by a loud noise. look longer at human faces than at inanimate objects. Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's: accumulated knowledge. ability to reason speedily and abstractly. ability to assume the perspective of others. ability to solve practical problems effectively and efficiently. Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in a: rectangular shape. circular shape. bull's-eye pattern. drawing of a human face. Children's sense that their parents are trustworthy and dependable is most indicative of: maturation. accommodation. secure attachment. object permanence. habituation.

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54. Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of: A) object permanence. B) conservation. C) assimilation. D) egocentrism. E) accommodation. 55. The fact that after age 2, language forces children to begin organizing their worlds on the basis of gender is most consistent with which theory of how gender-linked behaviors develop? A) gender schema theory B) gender identity theory C) gender-typing theory D) social learning theory 56. During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n) ________ and finally develops into a(n) ________. A) embryo; zygote B) zygote; embryo C) embryo; fetus D) zygote; fetus E) fetus; embryo 57. A) B) C) D) 58. A) B) C) D) The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of the ________ stage of development. conventional preconventional preoperational formal operational Lewis is a 70-year-old retired college professor. In contrast to when he was 30, he now probably: does not hear as well. is more susceptible to catching the flu. has significantly fewer neural connections. has all of the above problems.

59. Rita expected all college professors to be old, bearded males. She found it difficult to recognize young Kim Lee as a legitimate professor due to her own: A) egocentrism. B) stranger anxiety. C) insecure attachment. D) rigid schema. 60. During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational 61. Four-year-olds are not completely egocentric and 5-year-olds can exhibit some understanding of conservation. This indicates that Piaget may have underestimated the: A) importance of critical periods in early life. B) role of motivation in cognitive development. C) continuity of cognitive development. D) importance of early attachment experiences. 62. A) B) C) D) The best predictor of a couple's marital satisfaction is the: frequency of their sexual intimacy. intensity of their passionate feelings. ratio of their positive to negative interactions with each other. experience or nonexperience of a prior marriage.
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63. A) B) C) D)

Which theory states that gender becomes a lens through which children view their experiences? social learning theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Piaget's theory gender schema theory

64. In a 1998 movie, a young girl finds that a gaggle of geese follows her wherever she goes because she was the first object they saw after they were born. This is an example of: A) conservation. B) imprinting. C) egocentrism. D) basic trust. 65. A) B) C) D) 66. A) B) C) D) 67. A) B) C) D) 68. A) B) C) D) 69. A) B) C) D) 70. A) B) C) D) The process of imprinting involves the formation of a(n): attachment. identity. theory of mind. primary sex characteristic. Adolescence extends from: the beginning of concrete operations to the end of formal operations. 12 to 15 years of age. the beginnings of sexual maturity to independent adulthood. the beginning to the end of the growth spurt. Alzheimer's disease involves a deterioration of neurons that produce: dopamine. estrogen. acetylcholine. epinephrine. A cross-sectional study is one in which: the same people are retested over a period of years. different age groups are tested at the same time. different characteristics of a given individual are assessed at the same time. the behavior of a group is assessed by different researchers. The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome are most likely to include: egocentrism. mental retardation. visual impairments. autism. Piaget was convinced that the mind of a child: is like a blank slate at birth. is not heavily influenced by maturation. assimilates reality differently than an adult's does. is heavily dependent on the child's personality.

71. After living together for a year, Sylvia and Yefim have decided to marry. Research on premarital cohabitation most strongly suggests that: A) they have more positive attitudes toward the institution of marriage than the average couple. B) their marriage will have a higher-than-average probability of being successful. C) most of their college friends and acquaintances have viewed their cohabitation negatively. D) their marriage will have a higher-than-average probability of ending in divorce.

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72. Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with: A) adequate nourishment. B) body contact. C) the opportunity to explore. D) protection from harm. E) self-esteem. 73. A) B) C) D) 74. A) B) C) D) 75. A) B) C) D) E) An evolutionary psychologist would be most interested in studying: why most parents are so passionately devoted to their children. hereditary influences on skin color. why certain diseases are more common among certain age groups. genetic differences in personality. According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves: behavior based on self-interest. affirmation of self-defined ethical principles. strong concern for social approval. unquestioning obedience to authority figures. Piaget is best known for his interest in the process of ________ development. motor social cognitive emotional physical

76. In considering day-care opportunities for their four children, Mr. and Mrs. Taylor should be most concerned about whether the experience will influence: A) egocentrism in their 3-year-old son, James. B) object permanence in their 2-year-old son, Billy. C) secure attachment in their 6-month-old daughter, Julia. D) maturation in their 4-year-old daughter, Sandra. 77. A) B) C) D) 78. A) B) C) D) Despite their poor memories of early life experiences, 14-month-olds are still capable of: imitating actions that they observed others perform three months earlier. remembering the trauma of their own birth. retaining lifelong memories of sexual abuse. all the above. The human genome is best defined as: a complex molecule containing genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. a segment of DNA. the complete instructions for making an organism. the four-letter genetic alphabet.

79. Physical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output reach their peak during: A) late adolescence. B) early adulthood. C) puberty. D) middle adulthood. 80. A) B) C) D) E) One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is: epinephrine. testosterone. serotonin. dopamine. alcohol.

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81. A) B) C) D) 82. A) B) C) D) 83. A) B) C) D) E)

Temperament refers to a person's characteristic: emotional reactivity and intensity. attitudes. behaviors. role-related traits. Elderly people are not increasingly susceptible to: pneumonia. Parkinson's disease. common cold viruses. dementia. The body structures that enable reproduction are the: primary sex characteristics. secondary sex characteristics. teratogens. sex-linked genes. gender schemas.

84. Explaining why the best work of scientists is often produced in early adulthood while that of novelists often originates during middle adulthood requires a distinction between: A) initiative and generativity. B) concrete and formal operations. C) cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. D) fluid and crystallized intelligence. E) conventional and postconventional morality. 85. A) B) C) D) 86. A) B) C) D) 87. A) B) C) D) E) Compared to others their own age, children who form a positive self-concept are more likely to be: obedient. egocentric. sociable. habituated. To say that the heritability of a trait is approximately 50 percent means that: genes are responsible for 50 percent of the trait in an individual, and the environment is responsible for the rest. the trait's appearance in a person will reflect approximately equal genetic contributions from both parents. of the variation in the trait within a group of people, 50 percent can be attributed to genes. all of the above are correct. Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality as respecting the laws of society is to ________ morality. conventional; postconventional preconventional; postconventional postconventional; conventional conventional; preconventional preconventional; conventional

88. If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a(n): A) FAS. B) form of DNA. C) depressant. D) teratogen. E) neurotransmitter. 89. Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician's waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. Sandra most clearly shows signs of: A) habituation. B) egocentrism. C) insecure attachment. D) the rooting reflex. E) object permanence.
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90. According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents a(n) ________ morality. A) egocentric B) conventional C) preconventional D) concrete operational E) postconventional 91. Mary believes that cognitive development is a matter of gradual and almost imperceptible changes over time. Her viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of: A) nature or nurture. B) behavior or mental processes. C) continuity or stages. D) rationality or irrationality. 92. A) B) C) D) E) 93. A) B) C) D) The Russian psychologist Vygotsky suggested that children's ability to solve problems is enhanced by: basic trust. egocentrism. inner speech. conservation. imprinting. Gender refers to: the biological and social definitions of male and female. the biological definition of male and female. one's sense of being male or female. the extent to which one exhibits traditionally male or female traits.

94. Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a(n) ________ psychologist. A) cognitive B) developmental C) biological D) psychodynamic E) educational 95. Marlys is a sensitive, responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Sara, her infant daughter. According to Erikson, Sara is likely to: A) form a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the world. B) encounter some difficulty in overcoming the limitation of egocentrism. C) encounter some difficulty in forming an attachment to her father. D) achieve formal operational intelligence more quickly than the average child. 96. Sixteen-year-old Brenda questions her parents' values but does not fully accept her friends' standards either. Her confusion about what she really wants and values in life suggests that Brenda is struggling with the problem of: A) autonomy. B) identity. C) initiative. D) integrity. 97. Joshua and Ann Bishop have a 13-month-old boy. According to Erikson, the Bishops' sensitive, loving care of their child contributes to: A) the child's sense of basic trust. B) the child's secure attachment. C) the child's sense of control. D) a. and b. only.

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98. Cross-sectional research indicated that during early and middle adulthood, aging is associated with ________ levels of intelligence. Longitudinal research indicated that during this same period of life, aging is associated with ________ levels of intelligence. A) increasing; declining B) declining; increasing C) increasing; increasing D) declining; declining 99. When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly in Piaget's ________ stage. A) sensorimotor B) formal operational C) concrete operational D) preoperational 100. A) B) C) D) Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? female ovaries male facial hair the male grip female height

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Answer Key

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.

E A B D C B B D B B D A C C B E B D C B B A C C A D C D C D C E B B E C C D C D C B B A D C B A C C B D C B A D D A D
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60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.

A C C D B A C C B B C D B A B C C A C B E A C A D C C E D C C C C A B A B A B A B

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