Biology Study Sheet

Endocrine System vs. Nervous System

– Take the nervous system and consider it like a phone
The nervous system relays a quick message to a single destination (useful b/c of speed)
– Take the endocrine system and compare it to the internet
While the relaying of messages through using hormones is a bit slower, mass broadcasts
messages

The endocrine system works using positive and negative feedback.

Exocrine glands consist of ducts.
Endocrine glands are ductless and the hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream.
Hormones are proteins and steroid based lipids.
Endocrine Glands Hormones/Functions
Hypothalamus – Controls the secretions of the pituitary
gland, secretions and amounts are based
on information collected by the nervous
system
Pituitary – Secretes nine hormones controlling the
functions of other body glands/ systems
– ADH regulates reabsorption of water in
the kidneys
– TSH stimulates the secretion of thyroid
hormones which speed up metabolism
Para thyroid – Parathyroid hormones increase the
concentration of calcium ions in the
blood
Thymus – Tymosin which stimulates the
formation of other hormones
Adrenal – Aldosterone regulates the reabsorption
of sodium ions and the excretion of
potassium ions by the kidneys
– Cortisol helps regulate the rate of
metabolism
– Epinephrine and norepinephrine
increase heart rate, blood flow, flow to
muscles, air passageways to widen, and
the release of extra glucose into the
blood
Thyroid – TSH increases metabolism
 Pancreas – Secretes insulin and glucagon which
regulate blood sugar (insulin removes
sugar from the blood and stores it while
glucagon uses stored sugar to increase
amounts in the blood)
Testes and ovary – Testosterone triggers sperm production
– Estrogen stimulates the menstrual cycle

The Reproductive Systems

Male-
First the sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules which are tightly coiled and
twisted objects within the testes. After creation sperm move to the epididymis which is the
structure where sperm fully mature. From here they go through vas deperens which eventually
merge to the urethra which is the exit out the body through the penis.
Seminal Vesicle- secretes sugars for sperm to get energy

Urethral gland- secretes lubrication fluid

Vas deperens- a series of glands

Prostate gland secretes alkaline fluid to make basic

Female- I think this is easy enough not to include.

The Menstrual Cycle
– Egg released once a month
– If not fertilized, it is expelled from the body along w/ blood, tissue from uterine lining
– Ovaries (there are two) alternate and release an egg each month
– If it is fertilized the zygote will implant itself within the uterine lining

Follicle Ovulation Corpus Luteum Menstruation

Hormones FSH LH Progesterone FSH
Estrogen
Role FSH helps Tells follicle to Builds up the Starts over the
ovary mature release the uterine lining. cycle
an egg. In maturing egg.
response
estrogen builds
up the uterine
lining.
Negative Estrogen tells Tells pituitary
Feedback pituitary gland gland to slow
 to slow down down release of
release of FSH. FSH.

In menstruation the egg, blood, and the broken uterine lining are expelled.
Follicle is that thing surrounding the egg within the ovary.
Cleavage a zygote’s mitotic divisions
Ball of cells blastocyst uterus implantation

*Hereditary is extremely easy so I will just put in these key terms

Gene- code that’s written in DNA to determine traits
Trait- physical characteristic
Allele- version of gene (blue eyes vs. brown eyes)
Genotype- genetic makeup or alleles received from mother + father
Phenotype- physical appearance
Homozygous- genes are the same
Heterozygous- genes are different

1% of sperm released in through vagina reach the fallopian tubes b/c of mutations and
stuff. Egg surrounded by thick protective layer covered with binding sites. When a sperm
attaches to a binding site a sac in the head of the sperm releases strong enzymes to break
down the layers. Once sperm enters the egg the nuclei fuse with the sperm’s becoming
one with the egg’s making a zygote. A sperm joining with an egg is called fertilization.
Zygote goes through cleavage. Forms a group of cells called a blastocyst which is then
implanted in the uterine lining.
In gastrulation the cells in the blastocyst forms in ectoderm, mesoderm, and the
endoderm. After implantation the blastocyst creates the membranes amnion and the
chorion. The chorion becomes the placenta which is the connection between the mother
and the developing uterus. This organ is the organ of respiration, nourishment and
excretion. The mother and child shares halves of the placenta and when something needs
to be exchanged diffusion occurs.