8/18/2013 6:21:00 AM

PITHING the process of destroying the brain or/and the spinal cord rendering the frog free form pain the most effective way of ensuring that the animal will not feel any of the surgical procedures Tetanus - simple muscle contraction Tone- prolonged contraction Treppe - gradual increase in muscle contraction following rapid repeated stimulation Refracting period - period of time during which an organ/ cell is incapable of repeating a particular action Signs of Successful Pithing: eyes are half open head bends downward/ anteriorly less active legs are straight skin is loose - the amount of time it take for an excitable membrane to ready for a second stimulus Absolute - no reaction Relative - a new action potential can be elicited under correct circumstances

Types of Pithing: Single Pithing - spinal frog | destroying brain function thus any action is a reflex Double Pithing

All or None Law - strength of stimulus should be enough to move the muscle or not at all

COMPLEX COORDINATED & UNCOORDINATED REFLEXES

Muscle Nerve Preparation: Thigh muscle: attached to the muscle clamp Thigh bone (femur) Sciatic nerve Gastrocnemius muscle: muscle component Tendon of Achilles

Complex reflex - prolonged reflex Uncoordinated reflex - disorderly response and eventually death through asphyxia (deficient supply of O2) Withdrawal reflex (spinal reflex) - intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli Reflex - does not have the participation of brain function

Amphibian Ringer's Solution: NaCl KCl CaCl2 NaHCO3 NaH2PO4 6.5 g 0.14 g 0.12 g 0.20 g 0.01 g

- an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus

Ringer's solution stimulates the Blood plasma of frogs and moistens the exposed muscle. Isotonic to amphibians | Hypertonic to humans

Spinal frog - central reflex is on the spinal chord; all movement is a reflex POSITION APPLICATION OF THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF STIMULI Head

SPINAL FROG

NORMAL FROG erect

SPINAL FROG

drooping/ bent

Stimulus - any change in environment strong enough to produce an action potential Electrical stimulus : preferred nearest approach to the nerve impulse intensity and duration can be easily controlled and measured can be applied and removed easily produces limited and reversible change Threshold stimulus - stimulus that can elicit a response/action Subminimal stimulus Maximal stimulus Supramaximal stimulus - having strength significantly above that required to activate all the muscle fibers in contact Threshold - level of stimulation required to trigger the smallest measurable contraction Subminimal Submaximal - stimulus intensity above threshold | increase in stimulus, more muscle fibers will be stimulated Maximal - no further increase in tension will occur

Eyes Limbs

wide open folded/ contracted

half-closed extended