International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 6340(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) IAEME

AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013), pp. 259-265 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.7731 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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PREDICTION OF FRICTION FACTOR AND NON DIMENSIONS NUMBERS IN FORCE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF INSULATED CYLINDRICAL PIPE
S.K. Dhakad1, Pankaj Sonkusare2, Pravin Kumar Singh3, Dr. Lokesh Bajpai 4 Assistant Professor Department of mechanical Engg. S.A.T.I, Engineering College Vidisha M.P India 2 Lecturer in Department of mechanical Engg. S.A.T.I Engineering College Vidisha M.P. India 3 Assistant Professor Department of mechanical Engg. BUIT, Bhopal M.P. India 4 Professor and Head of Mechanical Engg. Deptt., S.A.T.I. Engineering College Vidisha M.P. India
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ABSTRACT The heat transfer through convection mode is very important in the thermal engineering and industrial application. In the present work force convection heat transfer analysis has been done for 40 mm diameter and 400 mm length of pipe subjected to insulated thickness of 5mm on outer span. The experimental analysis has been done for the 1/3, 2/3, 1 opening positions of the flow control valve, and along with bypass valve fully opened. This present work an experimental study on the Nusselt number (Nu), Reynold number (Re), Frictional factor (Ff) has been done with short length 30 mm diameter pipe insert under uniform wall heat flux boundary condition. In the experiment measured Reynolds number with air as a test fluid. The analysis has been done in steady state condition and regulated the flow of water so as to obtained temperature rise up-to 3-40C limits. The Experimental results are cross validated with analytical results using the open literature as design data book. The experimental results are also validated with standard references available in open literature. The experimental results are well compare with analytical results also with standard open literature results. KEY WORDS: Force convection, experiment, convective heat transfer coefficient, Frictional Factor. 1. INTRODUCTION Heat transfer from a solid surface/ wall in the fluid in contact takes place by conduction to a very small extent because fluid particles are no more confined to their position as in solid. Convection involving macroscopic motion of fluids is thus the prominent mode responsible for heat
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) IAEME transfer in such cases. If motion of fluid is made faster, with the help of pump or fan or blower, for rapid heat transfer then it is termed as forced convection heat transfer on the other hand if no external agency is involved to increase the flow velocity then heat transfer continues to takes place at a slow rate, only due to setting-up of natural convection currents and is called natural or free convection heat transfer. Rate of heat transfer in both these cases, as per Newtons law of cooling. 2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILED The apparatus consists of a test section surrounded by water jacket complete test rig shown in figure 1. Air supplied from a blower, regulate with the help of a bypass valve & a flow control valve, is passed through an orifice, fitted with a manometer for measurement of pressure difference across it, and a heating section before entering the test section detailed components are shown in figure 2. Power input to the heater of heating section is regulated by a dimmer & measured by a wattmeter (or a voltmeter & ammeter). Thermocouples with a selector switch an installed for measurement of temperature of:1. Air before entrance to the test section (at exit of the air heating section). 2. Pipe wall at seven positions in the test section. 3. Air at exit from the test section.

Figure 1 Position of thermocouple in test section

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) IAEME

Figure 2 Experimental set up 3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY Rate of heat transfer in both these cases, as per Newtons law of cooling, is expressed as: q = h A (Ts - T). (1) it is evident from this expression that for given surface temperature (Ts), fluid temperature (T), and surface area (A) the rate of heat transfer depends only on the value of heat transfer coefficient (h) h in turn depends on a number of parameters including the thermo physical properties of fluid, the surface dimensions and roughness and velocity of flow. h is thus not as simple as it seems to be in the above mentioned equation. Investigations have arrived at various empirical equations on the basis of wide range of experiments conducted. A well known and widely accepted relationship for forced convection heat transfer between the walls of a circular or non-circular duct or annular passage and the fluid flowing through it in the fully developed turbulent flow mode (found applicable for constant wall flux as well as constant wall temperature) named as Dittus Boelter Equation is: Nu = h L / Kf = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n (2) for 0.7 < Pr < 100 Where n is a constant having value 0.3 for cooling and 0.4 for heating, L is characterstic dimension of the body (L = inner dia. of a circular duct or equivalent dia. of a noncircular duct) and kf is thermal conductivity of the fluid, Nu, Re and Pr are Nusselt number, Reynold number and Prandtl number respectively. All thermophysical properties are evaluated at average of temperatures of bulk of the fluid at inlet and exit. In fully developed laminar flow inside a smooth tube where, Re Pr (d/1) > 10, average value of nusselt number can be obtained from the equation. Nu = 1.86 [ Re Pr/(1/d)]0.33 (/ s)0.25 .(3) Suggested by Sieder and Tate, which is applicable to the constant wall temperature situation. Flow rate of water through the cooling water jacket around the test section & temperature of water at inlet to & exit from it are measured by a measuring flask & mercury in glass thermometer. Pressure difference across orifice in mm of air column h = hm/a .. (4)
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) IAEME Flow rate of air, ma = C A [2 h / (1-4)] .. (5) Velocity of air in flow sections V = M /At (6) Where, Ao = /4 do2, At = / 4 dt2, Ats = .dt . Lt . (7) Bulk mean (average) temperature of air in test section Tst = (Tst + Tse)/2 . (8) Mean temperature of tube surface Tt = (T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T6 + T7)/7 ... (9) Heat lost by air in the test section q = ma Cpa (Tai - Tae) (10) Also, q = hexp Ats (Tat - Tt) (11) Experimental value of heat transfer coefficient is thus: hexp = q/[Ats (Tat - Tt)] (12) Note down properties of air at average temperature of air Tat .. .. (13) Reynold number, Re = a Va dt / a Prandtl number, Pr = a Cpa / ka .. (14) The relationship between Reynold number and frictional factor as [1] f=0.758Re-0.331. (15) Theoretical value of heat transfer coefficient hth can be calculated using appropriate equation as per the type of flow/ value or Re. 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS The Table 1 has shown the experimental measurement of convective heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number, (Nu) Reynold number (Re) corresponding to three flow rate of air by regulating the bypass valve of the blower. Table1: Experimental measurement of convective heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, Reynold number Heat transfer rate Q (w) 1840 2050 2295 Convective heat transfer h (w/m2C) 287.50 340.03 351.39 Nusselt number (Nu) 3194.44 3778.11 3904.3 Reynold number (Re) 2245.48 2568.11 2636.5

Flow rate of air 1/3, Opening of bypass valve 2/3, Opening of bypass valve Full Opening of bypass valve

5. ANALYTICAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS: The analytical results of convective heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number (Nu), Reynold number (Re) corresponding and frictional factor are shown in the tables 2, 3 & 4corresponding to three flow rate of air by regulating the bypass valve of the blower.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) IAEME Table 2 shown Analytical results corresponding to 1/3 opening of bypass valve
Test section Length L(mm) Heat transfer rate Q (w) 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 Convective heat transfer h (w/m2 C) 162.774 195.329 219.965 254.77 271.290 283.542 284.85 Temp . (C) 39 37.5 36.6 35.7 35.4 35.16 35.14 Mass flow rate of air (ma)kg/sec 0.000061 0.000061 0.000061 0.000061 0.000061 0.000061 0.000061 Velocity of air (Va) M/s 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 Nusselt number Nu. 226.075 434.06 855.42 1415.4 1959.3 2520.3 3165.05 Reynold number Re 270.58 455.98 784.60 1173.84 1522.6 1862.42 2234.65 Friction Factor (Ff) 0.118 0.099 0.083 0.073 0.066 0.062 0.059

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

50 80 140 200 260 320 400

Table 3: shown Analytical results corresponding to 2/3opening of bypass valve

Test section Length L(mm) Heat transfer rate Q (w) 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 Convective heat transfer h (W/m2C) 204.020 233.166 272.027 310.888 326.43 337.689 336.034 Temp. (C) Mass flow rate of air (ma) kg/sec 0.000061 0.000061 0.000061 0.000061 0.000061 0.000061 0.000061 Velociy of air (Va) M/s 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 Nusselt number Nu. 283.36 518.14 1057.8 1727.1 2357.57 3001.68 3733.7 Reynold number Re 324.175 525.37 929.94 1376.48 1765.54 2141.89 2550.4 Friction Factor (Ff) 0.111 0.095 0.078 0.069 0.063 0.059 0.056

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

50 80 140 200 260 320 400

38 37 36 35.25 35 34.8 34.8

Table 4: shown Analytical results corresponding to full opening of bypass valve.

Test section Length L(mm) Heat transfer rate Q (w) Convective heat transfer h (W/m2C) 228.403 261.03 288.509 317.779 338.375 351.390 358.280 Temp.(C) Mass flow rate of air (ma) kg/sec 0.000063 0.000063 0.000063 0.000063 0.000063 0.000063 0.000063 Velociy of air (Va) M/s Nusselt number Nu. Reynold number Re Friction Factor (Ff)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

50 80 140 200 260 320 400

2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295 2295

38 37 36.33 35.75 35.4 35.2 35.1

0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050

317.22 580.07 1121.982 1765.43 2443.8 3123.4 3980.8

354.80 575.032 974.75 1400.83 1817.03 2211.1 2684.6

0.108 0.092 0.077 0.068 0.063 0.059 0.055

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The variation of Nusselt number and Reynold number with three different opening of bypass valve have been shown in figure 3. The analytical as well experimental results are comparing well with each other. The results are also well comparing along with standard references [1].

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) IAEME

4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

Nusselt number

1/3 Opening of blower valve[Experimental results] 2/3 Opening of blower valve [Experimental results] Full opening of blower valve [Experimental results]

Reynolds number Figure 3: The variation of Nusselt number and Reynold number with three different opening of bypass valve The variation of frictional factor with respect to different flow rate has been shown in the figure 4.The experimental as well analytical validation of friction factor compare well with each other along with references [1].

0.14 0.12 0.1

Friction factor

0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Reynolds number 3000

Experimental Results Analytical Results reference results

3500

Figure 4: the variation of frictional factor with respect to different flow rate

CONCLUSION The experimental analysis of convective heat transfer coefficient at the different flow rate of air has been analyzed in this paper. The validation of non dimension numbers and friction factor with analytical results has been done, using the standard properties of air available in the open literature, corresponding steady state temperature of the fluid (air).The both the results (experimental and analytical) are well compared with the standard references [1].
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) IAEME ABRASION: Re - Reynold number Pr - Prandtl number Nu - Nusselt number D - Diameter of pipe Lp - length of pipe h convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2C) ma - mass flow rate of air (kg/sec.) Va - velocity of air (m/s) Ff - friction factor T temperature (C) L length of test section (in mm) Q heat transfer rate (W) Tai inlet air of temperature Tae exhaust air of temperature experimental value of heat transfer coefficient hexp a density of air a dynamic viscosity of air Ats area of test section h pressure difference Tt Mean temperature of tube surface REFERENCES [1] Smith Eiamsa-ard et al., Convective heat transfer in a circular tube with short-length twisted tape insert International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 36, (2009), PP. 365371. [2] T.S. Zhao et al., Forced convection in a porous medium heated by a permeable wall perpendicular to flow direction: analyses and measurements International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 44, (2001), pp. 1031-1037 [3] W. L. Pu et al., an experimental study of mixed convection heat transferin verticalpacked channel AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol.13 (4), 1999, pp. 517-521. [4] Zhai, Z. and Chen, Q., Numerical determination and treatment of convective heat transfer coefficient in the coupled building energy and CFD simulation, Building and Environment, Vol. 36(8), 2004, pp. 1000-1009. [5] P. Promvonge et al., Heat transfer behaviors in a tube with combined conical-ring and twisted-tape insert International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 34, (2007), PP. 849859. [6] C.V. Herman, F. Mayinger, Experimental Analysis of forced convection heat transfer in a grooved channel Advances in Heat Transfer, 1992, PP. 900-913. [7] G. Refai Ahmed and M.M. Yovanovich, Analytical Method for Forced Convection from Flat plates, Circular Cylinders and Spheres, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 9, No. 3, (July-September 1995), PP. 516-523. [8] Pankajsonkusare, s.k. dhakad et al., Force convection heat transfer analysis through different channel (Review of work) Indian Journal of Applied Research Vol.3 Issue 8 august2013 p.p.256-258. [9] Sudhanshu Dogra, Nitin Chauhan and Gaurav Bhardwaj, Effect of Artificial Roughness on Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Characteristics in Rectangular Duct of a Double Pass Solar Air Heater, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 289 - 298, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359.
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