Ad dit io nal Mathe matics

2009 Pr oj ect W ork

Circles Around Us
Name:

Class: 5 Science 1

IC number:

Teacher:

School: SMK wira penrisen

Appreciation
 First and foremost, I would like to thank God that finally, I had succeeded in finishing
this project work.

I would like to thank my beloved Additional Mathematic Teacher for all the assistance
he has provided me during my job search. I appreciate the information and advice he have
given, as well as the connections he have shared with me. His expertise and help have been
very precious during this process.

Also, thanks to my parents for giving me fully moral and finance support in
completing this project work and permission to use their notebook for further research in
completing this project work. I thank them very much for sacrificing their time and money in
helping me to complete this project work.

I would like to give my special thank to my fellow friends who had given me extra
information on the project work and study group that we had done. Thank you for spending
time with me to discuss about the coursework.

I would also like to thank the Ministry Of Education Malaysia for giving me a chance
to apply Additional Mathematics skills in daily life through this valuable coursework.
Without their effort, I would not have a chance to sharpen my Additional Mathematics skills.

Last but not least, I would like to express my highest gratitude to all those who gave
me the possibility to complete this coursework. I really appreciate all your help. Again, thank
you so much.

Introduction
The aims of carrying out this project work are:
i. to apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to
solve problems;

ii. to improve thinking skills;

iii. to promote effective mathematical communication;

iv. to develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving

in a way that increases students’ interest and confidence;

v. to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical

ideas precisely;

vi. to provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances

effective learning;
vii. to develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

Circle

A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of

those points in a plane which are the same distance from a given point
called the centre. The common distance of the points of a circle from its
center is called its radius.

Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions,
an interior and an exterior. In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used
interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure (known as
the perimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior. However, in
strict technical usage, "circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of
the circle is called a disk. The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of
the circle (especially when referring to its length).

A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles
are conic sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a
plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone.

The diameter of a circle is the length of a line segment whose

endpoints lie on the circle and which passes through the centre of the
circle. This is the largest distance between any two points on the circle.
The diameter of a circle is twice its radius.

The term "radius" can also refer to a line segment from the centre a circle
to its perimeter, and similarly the term "diameter" can refer to a line
segment between two points on the perimeter which passes through the
centre. In this sense, the midpoint of a diameter is the centre and so it is
composed of two radii.

A chord of a circle is a
line segment whose two endpoints lie on the circle. The diameter, passing
through the circle's centre, is the largest chord in a circle. A tangent to a
circle is a straight line that touches the circle at a single point. A secant is
an extended chord: a straight line cutting the circle at two points.

An arc of a circle is any connected part of the circle's circumference.

A sector is a region bounded by two radii and an arc lying between the
radii, and a segment is a region bounded by a chord and an arc lying
between the chord's endpoints. The circle has been known since before
the beginning of recorded history. It is the basis for the wheel, which, with
related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern civilization
possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the
development of geometry and calculus.

Early science, particularly geometry and Astrology and astronomy, was

connected to the divine for mostmedieval scholars, and many believed
that there was something intrinsically "divine" or "perfect" that could be
found in circles.

Part 1
There are a lot of things around us related to circles or part of a
circle.

(a)Collect pictures of 5 such objects. You may use a camera to

take pictures around your school compound or get pictures
from magazines, newspaper, the internet or any other
sources.
(b) Pi or π is a mathematical constant related to circles.

Define π and write a brief history of π.

Part 1(b)
Pi

Pi or π is a mathematical constant whose value is the ratio of any circle's

circumference to its diameter in Euclidean space; this is the same value as
the ratio of a circle's area to the square of its radius. It is approximately
equal to 3.14159 in the usual decimal notation (see the table for its
representation in some other bases). π is one of the most important
mathematical and physical constants: many formulae from
mathematics,science, and engineering involve π.

π is an irrational number, which means that its value cannot be expressed

exactly as a fraction m/n, where m and n are integers. Consequently,
itsdecimal representation never ends or repeats. It is also
a transcendental number, which means that no finite sequence of
algebraic operations on integers (powers, roots, sums, etc.) can be equal
to its value; proving this was a late achievement in mathematical history
and a significant result of 19th century German mathematics. Throughout
the history of mathematics, there has been much effort to determine π
more accurately and to understand its nature; fascination with the number
has even carried over into non-mathematical culture.

The Greek letter π, often spelled out pi in text, was adopted for the
number from the Greek word for perimeter "περίμετρος", first by William
Jones in 1707, and popularized by Leonhard Euler in 1737. The constant is
occasionally also referred to as the circular constant, Archimedes'
constant (not to be confused with an Archimedes number), or Ludolph's
number (from a German mathematician whose efforts to calculate more
of its digits became famous).
The letter π
The name of the Greek letter π is pi, and this spelling is commonly used
in typographical contexts when the Greek letter is not available, or its
usage could be problematic. It is not normally capitalised (Π) even at the
beginning of a sentence. When referring to this constant, the symbol π is
always pronounced like "pie" in English, which is the conventional English
pronunciation of the Greek letter. In Greek, the name of this letter
is pronounced /pi/.

The constant is named "π" because "π" is the first letter of

the Greek words περιφέρεια (periphery) and περίμετρος (perimeter),
probably referring to its use in the formula to find the circumference, or
perimeter, of a circle. π isUnicode character U+03C0 ("Greek small letter
pi").
Definition
In Euclidean plane geometry, π is defined as the ratio of
a circle's circumference to its diameter:

The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of a circle's size. For example, if a

circle has twice the diameter d of another circle it will also have twice the
circumference C, preserving the ratio C/d.

Alternatively π can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's area (A) to the
area of a square whose side is equal to the radius:

These definitions depend on results of Euclidean geometry, such as the

fact that all circles are similar. This can be considered a problem when π
occurs in areas of mathematics that otherwise do not involve geometry.
For this reason, mathematicians often prefer to define π without reference
to geometry, instead selecting one of its analytic properties as a
definition. A common choice is to define π as twice the smallest
positive x for which cos(x) = 0. The formulas below illustrate other
(equivalent) definitions.
Irrationality and transcendence
Being an irrational number, π cannot be written as the ratio of
two integers. This was proved in 1768 byJohann Heinrich Lambert. In the
20th century, proofs were found that require no prerequisite knowledge
beyond integral calculus. One of those, due to Ivan Niven, is widely
known. A somewhat earlier similar proof is by Mary Cartwright.

Furthermore, π is also transcendental, as was proved by Ferdinand von

Lindemann in 1882. This means that there is
no polynomial with rational coefficients of which π is a root. An important
consequence of the transcendence of π is the fact that it is
not constructible. Because the coordinates of all points that can be
constructed with compass and straightedge are constructible numbers, it
is impossible to square the circle: that is, it is impossible to construct,
using compass and straightedge alone, a square whose area is equal to
the area of a given circle. This is historically significant, for squaring a
circle is one of the easily understood elementary geometry problems left
to us from antiquity; many amateurs in modern times have attempted to
solve each of these problems, and their efforts are sometimes ingenious,
but in this case, doomed to failure: a fact not always understood by the
amateur involved.
Numerical value
The numerical value of π truncated to 50 decimal places is:

3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510
While the value of π has been computed to more than a trillion (1012)
digits, elementary applications, such as calculating the circumference of a
circle, will rarely require more than a dozen decimal places. For example,
a value truncated to 11 decimal places is accurate enough to calculate the
circumference of a circle the size of the earth with a precision of a
millimeter, and one truncated to 39 decimal places is sufficient to
compute the circumference of any circle that fits in the observable
universe to a precision comparable to the size of a hydrogen atom.

Because π is an irrational number, its decimal expansion never ends and

does not repeat. This infinite sequence of digits has fascinated
mathematicians and laymen alike, and much effort over the last few
centuries has been put into computing more digits and investigating the
number's properties. Despite much analytical work,
and supercomputer calculations that have determined over 1 trillion digits
of π, no simplebase-10 pattern in the digits has ever been found. Digits of
π are available on many web pages, and there is software for calculating
π to billions of digits on any personal computer.
History of Pi

The history of π parallels the development of mathematics as a

whole. Some authors divide progress into three periods: the ancient period
during which π was studied geometrically, the classical era following the
development of calculus in Europe around the 17th century, and the age
of digital computers.
Geometrical period
That the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle is the same
for all circles, and that it is slightly more than 3, was known to ancient
Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian and Greek geometers. The earliest known
approximations date from around 1900 BC; they are 25/8 (Babylonia) and
256/81 (Egypt), both within 1% of the true value. The Indian
text Shatapatha Brahmana gives π as 339/108 ≈ 3.139. The Hebrew
Bibleappears to suggest, in the Book of Kings, that π = 3, which is notably
worse than other estimates available at the time of writing (600 BC). The
interpretation of the passage is disputed, as some believe the ratio of 3:1
is of an interior circumference to an exterior diameter of a thinly walled
basin, which could indeed be an accurate ratio, depending on the
thickness of the walls.

Archimedes (287–212 BC) was the first to estimate π rigorously. He

realized that its magnitude can be bounded from below and above by
inscribing circles inregular polygons and calculating the outer and inner
polygons' respective perimeters:

By using the equivalent of 96-sided polygons, he proved that

223/71 < π < 22/7. Taking the average of these values yields 3.1419.

In the following centuries further development took place in India and

China. Around AD 265, the Wei Kingdom mathematician Liu Hui provided a
simple and rigorous iterative algorithm to calculate π to any degree of
accuracy. He himself carried through the calculation to a 3072-gon and
obtained an approximate value for π of 3.1416, as follows:
π ≈ A3072 = 3 ⋅ 28 ⋅ √(2 - √(2 + √(2 + √(2 + √(2 + √(2 + √(2 + √(2 + √(2 + 1)
≈ 3.14159
Later, Liu Hui invented a quick method of calculating π and obtained an
approximate value of 3.1416 with only a 96-gon, by taking advantage of
the fact that the difference in area of successive polygons forms a
geometric series with a factor of 4.

Around 480, the Chinese mathematician Zu Chongzhi demonstrated that

π ≈ 355/113, and showed that 3.1415926 < π < 3.1415927 using Liu Hui's
algorithm applied to a 12288-gon. This value was the most accurate
approximation of π available for the next 900 years.
Classical period
Until the second millennium, π was known to fewer than 10 decimal digits.
The next major advance in π studies came with the development
ofcalculus, and in particular the discovery of infinite series which in
principle permit calculating π to any desired accuracy by adding
sufficiently many terms. Around 1400, Madhava of Sangamagrama found
the first known such series:

This is now known as the Madhava–Leibniz series[28][29] or Gregory-Leibniz

series since it was rediscovered by James Gregory and Gottfried Leibniz in
the 17th century. Unfortunately, the rate of convergence is too slow to
calculate many digits in practice; about 4,000 terms must be summed to
improve upon Archimedes' estimate. However, by transforming the series
into

Madhava was able to calculate π as 3.14159265359, correct to 11 decimal

places. The record was beaten in 1424 by the Persian
mathematician, Jamshīd al-Kāshī, who determined 16 decimals of π.

The first major European contribution since Archimedes was made by the
German mathematician Ludolph van Ceulen (1540–1610), who used a
geometric method to compute 35 decimals of π. He was so proud of the
calculation, which required the greater part of his life, that he had the
digits engraved into his tombstone.[30]

Around the same time, the methods of calculus and determination of

infinite series and products for geometrical quantities began to emerge in
Europe. The first such representation was the Viète's formula,
found by François Viète in 1593. Another famous result is Wallis' product,

by John Wallis in 1655. Isaac Newton himself derived a series for π and
calculated 15 digits, although he later confessed: "I am ashamed to tell
you to how many figures I carried these computations, having no other
business at the time."[31]

In 1706 John Machin was the first to compute 100 decimals of π, using the
formula

with

Formulas of this type, now known as Machin-like formulas, were used to

set several successive records and remained the best known method for
calculating π well into the age of computers. A remarkable record was set
by the calculating prodigy Zacharias Dase, who in 1844 employed a
Machin-like formula to calculate 200 decimals of π in his head at the
behest of Gauss. The best value at the end of the 19th century was due
to William Shanks, who took 15 years to calculate π with 707 digits,
although due to a mistake only the first 527 were correct. (To avoid such
errors, modern record calculations of any kind are often performed twice,
with two different formulas. If the results are the same, they are likely to
be correct.)

Theoretical advances in the 18th century led to insights about π's nature
that could not be achieved through numerical calculation alone. Johann
Heinrich Lambert proved the irrationality of π in 1761, and Adrien-Marie
Legendre also proved in 1794 π2 to be irrational. When Leonhard Eulerin
1735 solved the famous Basel problem – finding the exact value of
which is π2/6, he established a deep connection between π and the prime
numbers. Both Legendre and Leonhard Euler speculated that π might
be transcendental, which was finally proved in 1882 by Ferdinand von
Lindemann.

William Jones' book A New Introduction to Mathematics from 1706 is said

to be the first use of the Greek letter π for this constant, but the notation
became particularly popular after Leonhard Euler adopted it in 1737. He
wrote:
There are various other ways of finding the Lengths or Areas of particular
Curve Lines, or Planes, which may very much facilitate the Practice; as for
instance, in the Circle, the Diameter is to the Circumference as 1 to
(16/5 − 4/239) − 1/3(16/53 − 4/2393) + ... = 3.14159... = π}}

Part 2
 (a) Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR
of diameter d1 and d2 are respectively inscribed in the semicircle PQR such that
the sum of d1 and d2 is equal to 10cm.

d1 cm
Q
10
d2

Diagram 1

Complete Table 1 by using various values of d1 and the corresponding values of d2.
Hence, determine the relationship between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR.

(b) Diagram 2 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10cm. Semicircles PAB, BCD and
DER of diameter d1, d2 and d3 respectively inscribed in the semicircle PQR such
that the sum of d1, d2 and d3 is equal to 10cm.
E321 cm
D
Q
10
d

(i) Using various values of d1 and d2 and the corresponding values of d3, determine
the relation between the lengths of arc PQR, PAB, BCD and DER.
(ii) Based on your findings in (a) and (b), make generalisations about the length of the
arc of the outer semicircle and the lengths of arcs of the inner semicircles for n
inner semicircles where n = 2, 3, 4 ......
 (c) For different values of diameters of the outer semicircle, show that the
generalisations stated in b (ii) is still true.

d1 cm
Q
10
d2
Part 2 (a)
Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR of diameter

d1 and d2 respectively are inscribed in PQR such that the sum of d1 and d2 is equal to 10cm.

By using various values of d1 and corresponding values of d2, I determine the relation

between length of arc PQR, PAB, and BCR.

Using formula: Arc of semicircle = ½πd

d1 d2 Length of arc PQR in Length of arc PAB in Length of arc BCR in

(cm) (cm) terms of π (cm) terms of π (cm) terms of π (cm)
1 9 5π ½π 9/2 π
2 8 5π π 4π
3 7 5π 3/2 π 7/2 π
4 6 5π 2π 3π
5 5 5π 5/2π 5/2 π
6 4 5π 3π 2π
7 3 5π 7/2 π 3/2 π
8 2 5π 4π π
9 1 5π 9/2 π ½π

Table 1

From the Table 1 we know that the length of arc PQR is not affected by the different in d1 and

d2 in PAB and BCR respectively. The relation between the length of arcs PQR , PAB and BCR

is that the length of arc PQR is equal to the sum of the length of arcs PAB and BCR, which is

we can get the equation:

SPQR = S + S PAB BCR

Let d1= 3, and d2=7 SPQR = S + S PAB BCR

5π = ½ π(3) + ½ π(7)

5π = 3/2 π + 7/2 π

5π = 10/2 π

5π = 5 π
E321 cm
D
Q
10
d
b (i)

d1 d2 d3 SPQR SPAB SBCD SDER

1 2 7 5π 1/2 π Π 7/2 π
2 2 6 5π π Π 3π
2 3 5 5π π 3/2 π 5/2 π
2 4 4 5π π 2π 2π
2 5 3 5π π 5/2 π 3/2 π

SPQR = SPAB + SBCD + SDER

Let d1 = 2, d2 = 5, d3 = 3 SPQR = SPAB + SBCD + SDER
5 π = π + 5/2 π + 3/2 π
5π = 5π

b (ii) The length of arc of outer semicircle is equal to the sum of the length of arc of inner

semicircle for n = 1,2,3,4,….

Souter = S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 + S5
c) Assume the diameter of outer semicircle is 30cm and 4 semicircles are inscribed in the

outer semicircle such that the sum of d1(APQ), d2(QRS), d3(STU), d4(UVC) is equal to 30cm.
 d1 d2 d3 d4 SABC SAPQ SQRS SSTU SUVC
10 8 6 6 15 π 5π 4π 3π 3π
12 3 5 10 15 π 6π 3/2 π 5/2 π 5π
14 8 4 4 15 π 7π 4π 2π 2π
15 5 3 7 15 π 15/2 π 5/2 π 3/2 π 7/2 π

let d1=10, d2=8, d3=6, d4=6, SABC = SAPQ + SQRS + SSTU + SUVC
15 π = 5 π + 4 π + 3 π + 3 π

15 π = 15 π

Part 3
The Mathematics Society is given a task to design a garden to beautify the school by using
the design as shown in Diagram 3. The shaded region will be planted with flowers and the
two inner semicircles are fish ponds.

(a) The area of the flower pot is y m2 and the diameter of one of the fish ponds is x m.
Express y in terms of π and x.
(b) Find the diameters of two fish ponds if the area of the flower pot is 16.5 m2.
(Use = 22/7)
(c) Reduce the non-linear equatin obtained in (a) to simple linear form and hence, plot a
straight line graph. Using the straight line graph, determine the area of the flower pot
if the diameter of one of the fish ponds is 4.5 m.
(d) The cost of constructing the fish ponds is higher than that of the flower pot. Use two
methods to determine the area of the flower pot such that the cost of constructing the
garden is minimum.
(e) The principle suggested an additional of 12 semicircular flower beds to the design
submitted by the Mathematics Society as shown in Diagram 4. The sum of the
diameters of the semicircular flower beds is 10 m.

The diameter of the smallest flower bed is 30cm and the diameter of the flower beds
are increased by a constant values successively. Determine the diameter of the
remaining flower beds.
Part 3

(a) The area of the flower plot is y m2 and the diameter of one of the fish pond is x cm.

Area of flower plot = y m2

y = (25/2) π - (1/2(x/2)2π + 1/2((10-x )/2)2 π)

y = (25/2) π - (1/2(x/2)2π + 1/2((100-20x+x2)/4) π)
y = (25/2) π - (x2/8 π + ((100 - 20x + x2)/8) π)
y = (25/2) π - (x2π + 100π – 20x π + x2π )/8
y = (25/2) π - ( 2x2– 20x + 100)/8) π
y = (25/2) π - (( x2 – 10x + 50)/4)
y = (25/2 - (x2 - 10x + 50)/4) π
y = ((10x – x2)/4) π
Therefore, the area of flower plot is equal to ((10x – x2)/4) π.

(b) By using π = 22/7, we can find the diameters of the two fish ponds if the area of the
flower plot is 16.5 m2.

Area of flower plot = 16.5 m2

= ((10x – x2)/4) π

16.5 = ((10x – x2)/4) π

66 = (10x - x2) 22/7
66(7/22) = 10x – x2
0 = x2 - 10x + 21
0 = (x-7) (x – 3)
x=7 , x=3

Therefore, the diameter of fish pond E is 3m while the diameter of fish pond F is 7m.

(c) We can reduce the non-linear equation obtained in (a) to simpler linear form.

y = ((10x – x2)/4) π
y/x = ((10x – x2)/4x) π
y/x = (10/4 - x/4) π

To determine the area of the flower plot, we have to plot a straight line graph by using the
equation:

y/x = (10/4 - x/4) π

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y/ 7.1 6.3 5.5 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.4
x
 From the graph, we can determine the area of the flower pot if the diameter of one of the fish
pond is 4.5 m.

Area of flower plot = y

When x = 4.5, y/x = 4.3

y = y/x * x
y = 4.3 * 4.5
y = 19.35m2

Therefore, the area of the flower pot if the diameter of one of the fish pond is 4.5 m is equal to
19.35m2.

(d) The cost of constructing the fish ponds is higher than that of the flower plot. There are
two methods to determine the area of the flower plot such that the cost of constructing the
garden is minimum. The area of the flower plot can be determined by using differentiation
method and completing square method.

(i) Differentiation method:

dy/dx = ((10x-x2)/4) π
= ( 10/4 – 2x/4) π
= 5/2 π – x/2 π

Since the cost of constructing the garden is minimum, thus dy/dx is equal to 0.

0 = 5/2 π – x/2 π
 5/2 π = x/2 π
x = 5

(ii) Completing Square method:

y = ((10x – x2)/4) π
= 10x/4 π - x2/4 π
= -1/4 π (x2– 10x)
= -1/4 π (x – 5)2 - 52
= -1/4 π (x - 5)2 – 25

Since the cost of constructing the garden is minimum, thus (x-5)2 is equal to 0.

x–5=0
x=5

Therefore, the area of the flower pot is 5 m2.

(e) The diameter of the smallest flower bed is 30 cm and the diameter of the flower beds are
increased by a constant value successively. We can determine the diameter of the remaining
flower beds by using the formula :

Sn = n/2 (2a + (n – 1) d

n = 12, a = 30cm, S12 = 1000cm

1000 = 12/2 (2(30) + (12 – 1) d)

1000 = 6 (60 + 11d)
1000 = 360 + 66d
1000 – 360 = 66d
640 = 66d
d = 9.697

Since d is equal to 9.697, thus, we can find the diameter of the following flower beds
Tn(flower T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
bed)
Diameter 30 39.697 49.394 59.091 68.788 78.485 88.182 97.879 107.576 117.273 126.97 136.667

(cm)

The diameter of the remaining flower beds = T5 + T6 + T7 + T8 + T9 + T10 + T11 +T12

= 68.788 + 78.485 + 88.182 + 97.879 + 107.576 +
117.273 + 126.97 + 136.667
=821.82 cm

Therefore, the diameter of the remaining flower beds is equal to 821.82 cm.

CONCLUSION

Pi( ) is a very useful mathematics related to circle in which it helps the mankind to solve
many problems easily involving circle. We are able to know how we can use this unit to solve
various problems involving objects that are circular in shape of even part of a circle shape.
Besides, in this project work we need to use a lot of mathematical concept in order to
get the answer. This makes me understand more about other mathematical concept besides Pi(
π). So, after doing this project, I am quite impressed with the usage of circle and its ways to
help us in solving problems although there are some errors occur. Besides that, I also learnt
many things for this which I can never find them in the textbook or reference book or even in
our school syllabus. I am doing many researches to understand its usage and its principles
when apply to solve the problem involving circles.
Furthermore, I am able to interpret carefully when handling such mind twisting
problem that is in part 3. This experience that I gain from this project works can makes me
apply to other subjects so that it will make me more careful when handling such question
mentioned. I am really appreciating the government as they gave us this opportunity to do
this project in the process of understanding and learning deeply into circles. I would like to
give thanks to my additional mathematics teacher as without his help, I would not be able to
accomplish this project.
Reference

Websites
* http://images.google.com/
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle
* http://www.gap-system.org/~history/HistTopics/Pi_through_the_ages.html
www.scribd.com

www.4shared.com

www.dogpile.com