Emona ETT101 Exptman v2 1a Student

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Volume 1
Experiments in Modern Analog &
Digital Telecommunications

Barry Duncan

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(PRQD (PRQD (PRQD (PRQD7UDLQHU 7UDLQHU 7UDLQHU 7UDLQHU

/DE /DE /DE /DE0DQXDO 0DQXDO 0DQXDO 0DQXDO

Volume 1
Experiments in Modern Analog &
Digital Telecommunications

Barry Duncan

Emonu-101 Truiner Lub MunuuI
VoIume 1 -
Eperiments in Modern AnuIog und DigituI TeIecommunicutions,

Aufhor: 8orry Duncon

Issue Mumber: Z.I

PubIished by:

Emono Insfrumenfs Pfy Lfd,
8o Porromoffo Pood
Comperdown MSW Z0b0
AUSTPALIA.

web: www.effI0I.com
feIephone: +oI-Z-9bI9-3933
fox: +oI-Z-9bb0-I378

Copyrighf Z00o - Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Pfy Lfd ond ifs reIofed enfifies.
AII righfs reserved. Mo porf of fhis pubIicofion moy be reproduced or
disfribufed in ony form or by ony meons, incIuding ony nefwork or Web
disfribufion or broodcosf for disfonce Ieorning, or sfored in ony dofobose or in
ony nefwork refrievoI sysfem, wifhouf fhe prior wriffen consenf of Emono
Insfrumenfs Pfy Lfd.

For Iicensing informofion, pIeose confocf Emono Insfrumenfs Pfy Lfd.

The "biskif" Iogo is o frodemork of Emono TIMS Pfy Lfd

Prinfed in AusfroIio

Contents

Infroducfion.......................................................................................... i - ii
I - Seffing up on osciIIoscope................................................................. Expf I - I
Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I ........................... Expf Z - I
3 - ModeIIing equofions............................................................................ Expf 3 - I
4 - AmpIifude ModuIofion (AM)............................................................. Expf 4 - I
b - DoubIe Sidebond (DS8) moduIofion............................................... Expf b - I
o - AmpIifude (AM) demoduIofion......................................................... Expf o - I
7 - DoubIe Sidebond (DS8) demoduIofion.......................................... Expf 7 - I
8 - SingIe Sidebond (SS8) moduIofion & demoduIofion ................. Expf 8 - I
9 - FM moduIofion...................................................................................... Expf 9 - I
I0 - FM demoduIofion............................................................................... Expf I0 - I
II - SompIing & reconsfrucfion.............................................................. Expf II - I
IZ - PCM encoding...................................................................................... Expf IZ - I
I3 - PCM decoding...................................................................................... Expf I3 - I
I4 - 8W Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs................................... Expf I4 - I
Ib - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying (ASI)...................................................... Expf Ib - I
Io - Frequency Shiff Ieying (FSI) ...................................................... Expf Io - I
I7 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying (8PSI) ............................................... Expf I7 - I
I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying (QPSI).................................... Expf I8 - I
I9 - Spreod Specfrum - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion......... Expf I9 - I
Z0 - UndersompIing in Soffwore Defined Podio .............................. Expf Z0 - I

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Infroducfion i

Introduction
The ETT-101 Truiner
As ifs nome impIies, fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I is used fo heIp sfudenfs Ieorn obouf
communicofions ond feIecommunicofions principIes. If Iefs you bring fo Iife fhe bIock
diogroms fhof fiII communicofions fexfbooks. A "bIock diogrom" is o simpIified represenfofion
of o more compIex circuif. An exompIe is shown in Figure I beIow.

8Iock diogroms ore used fo expIoin fhe
principIe of operofion of eIecfronic
sysfems (Iike o rodio fronsmiffer for
exompIe) wifhouf worrying obouf how fhe
circuif works. Eoch bIock represenfs o
porf of fhe circuif fhof performs o
seporofe fosk ond is nomed occording fo
whof if does. ExompIes of common bIocks
in communicofions equipmenf incIude fhe
odder, muIfipIier, osciIIofor, ond so on.
osciIIofor, ond so on.

The Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I, iIIusfrofed beIow, hos o coIIecfion of bIocks (coIIed
moduIes) fhof you con puf fogefher fo impIemenf do;ens of communicofions ond
feIecommunicofions bIock diogroms.

Figure 1

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Infroducfion ii
The ETT-101 Lub MunuuI
The ETT-I0I Lob MonuoI VoIume One, is wriffen specificoIIy for sfudenfs in fhe senior yeors
of fechnicoI high schooIs ond vocofionoI coIIeges. The experimenfs ore infended fo supporf
fhe fheoreficoI concepfs infroduced in cIoss work. If is ossumed fhof fhe sfudenfs onIy hove
o bosic knowIedge of mofhemofics ond o Iimifed bockground in physics ond eIecfricify.

The I9 chopfers cover o brood ronge of feIecommunicofions concepfs, from fundomenfoI
fopics fomiIior fo oII sfudenfs, such os AM ond FM broodcosfing, fhrough fo fhe Iofesf
fechnoIogies used in mobiIe feIepohnes ond wireIess nefworking. In eoch experimenf, fhe core
fechnoIogy is reveoIed fo fhe sfudenf, of ifs mosf fundomenfoI ond simpIesf IeveI.

In order fo moke fhe sfudenfs Ieorning experience more memorobIe, fhe sfudenf is usuoIIy
obIe fo bofh view signoIs on fhe osciIIoscope ond fhen Iisfen fo fheir own voice undergoing fhe
moduIofion or coding scheme being invesfigofed.

Anofher imporfonf focfor which mokes fhe Ieorning experimence more voIuobIe for fhe
sfudenf is fhe ETT-I0I Troiners experimenfoI opprooch: fhe sfudenf is "oIIowed fo moke
misfokes". As fhe sfudenf buiIds fhe experimenf, fhey need fo moke consfonf observofions
ond odjusfmenfs. If signoIs ore nof os expecfed fhen fhe sfudenf needs fo moke o decision os
fo whefher fhe correcfion required is on odjusfmenf or on incorrecf inferconnecfion.

Eoch experimenf in fhe ETT-I0I Lob MonuoI provides o bosic infroducfion fo fhe fopic under
invesfigofion, foIIowed by o series of corefuIIy groded honds-on ocfivifies. Af fhe concIusion
of eoch sub secfion fhe sfudenf is osked fo onswer quesfions fo confirm fheir undersfonding
of fhe work before proceeding.

Chopfers con be covered in ony order, however, if is imperofive fhof oII sfudenfs compIefe
fhe firsf fhree before proceeding fo fhe subsequenf chopfers. Chopfer I infroduces fhe use
of on osciIIoscope fo view eIecfricoI signoIs. Chopfer Z foIIows wifh on infroducfion fo fhe
funcfions of fhe ETT-I0I ond chopfer 3 infroduces fhe concepf of mofhemoficoI modeIing
using eIecfronic funcfionoI bIocks.

Since fhe ETT-I0I Troiner is o frue modeIing sysfem, fhe insfrucfor hos fhe freedom fo
modify exisfing experimenfs or even creofe compIefeIy new experimenfs fo convey new
concepfs fo sfudenfs.

FinoIIy, if shouId be nofed fhof fhe ETT-I0I Troiner con impIemenf mony more experimenfs
fhon ore documenfed in fhis VoIume One Lob MonuoI ond furfher experimenfs con be found in
Iofer monuoIs.

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Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I - Seffing up on osciIIoscope I-Z

Eperiment 1 - Setting up un osciIIoscope
PreIiminury discussion
The cofhode roy osciIIoscope (oIso known os jusf o
"scope") is one of fhe mosf versofiIe pieces of fesf
equipmenf in fhe eIecfronics indusfry. The scope gives
o visuoI dispIoy of o voIfoge so fhof ifs shope con be
inspecfed. If oIso oIIows fhe user fo meosure o voIfoge's
crificoI dimensions Iike ifs si;e (or ompIifude) ond cycIe
fime (or period).

As you'II see, fhe scope is porficuIorIy usefuI when fesfing
communicofions ond feIecommunicofions equipmenf ond one is needed for mosf of fhe
experimenfs in fhis monuoI. A bosic Z0MH; onoIog duoI chonneI scope wiII do fhe job.

The eperiment
UnforfunofeIy, even fhe mosf bosic scopes hove quife o few confroIs ond so fhey con be fricky
fo sef up reody fo view ond meosure signoIs if you're nof using fhem oII of fhe fime. This
experimenf gives you o procedure fhof'II sef up mosf scopes reody fo show o sfobIe ZkH; 4Vp-p
signoI on fhe scope's screen every fime. UnIess you hove Iofs of experience in using scopes, if's
recommended fhof you use fhis procedure os o sforfing poinf for fhe resf of fhe experimenfs.

As weII os viewing AC signoIs, mosf experimenfs in fhis monuoI gef you fo meosure fheir
ompIifude or period. This experimenf gives you on opporfunify fo procfise fhese skiIIs in cose
you're o IiffIe rusfy.

If shouId foke you obouf 40 minufes fo compIefe fhis experimenf.

Equipment

DuoI chonneI Z0MH; osciIIoscope
one osciIIoscope Ieod
FocepIofe Ioyouf guide for fhe scope

Note: The focepIofe Ioyouf of scopes vories wideIy from brond fo brond ond modeI fo
modeI so one is nof provided in fhis monuoI.

Experimenf I - Seffing up on osciIIoscope Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I-3

Some things you need to know for the eperiment
This box confoins definifions for some eIecfricoI ferms used in fhis experimenf.
AIfhough you've probobIy seen fhem before, if's worfh foking o minufe fo reod fhem fo
check your undersfonding.

The umpIitude of o signoI is ifs physicoI si;e ond is meosured in voIfs (V). If is usuoIIy
meosured eifher from fhe middIe of fhe woveform fo fhe fop (coIIed fhe peok voIfoge)
or from fhe boffom fo fhe fop (coIIed fhe peok-fo-peok voIfoge).

The period of o signoI is fhe fime foken fo compIefe one cycIe ond is meosured in
seconds (s). When fhe period is smoII, fhe period is expressed in miIIi seconds (ms) ond
even micro seconds (ps).

The frequency of o signoI is fhe number of cycIes every second ond is meosured in
herf; (H;). When fhere ore mony cycIes per second, fhe frequency is expressed in kiIo
herf; (kH;) ond even mego herf; (MH;).

A sinewuve is o repefifive signoI wifh fhe shope shown
in Figure I.

Figure 1

A squurewuve is o repefifive signoI wifh fhe shope
shown in Figure Z.

Figure Z

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I - Seffing up on osciIIoscope I-4
Procedure

I. 0eneroI confroIs:

i) Sef fhe Infensify confroI fo obouf fhree-quorfers of ifs froveI.

ii) Sef fhe Mode confroI fo fhe CHI (or CHA) posifion.

Z. VerficoI confroIs:

i) Sef fhe Inpuf CoupIing confroI for bofh chonneIs fo fhe AC posifion.

ii) Sef fhe VerficoI Affenuofion confroI for bofh chonneIs fo fhe IV/div posifion.

iii) Sef fhe VerficoI Affenuofion CoIibrofion confroI for bofh chonneIs fo fhe defenf
(Iocked) posifion.

iv) Sef fhe VerficoI Posifion confroI for bofh chonneIs fo obouf fhe middIe of fheir
froveI.

3. Hori;onfoI confroIs:

i) Sef fhe Hori;onfoI Timebose confroI fo fhe 0.bms/div posifion.

ii) Sef fhe Hori;onfoI Timebose CoIibrofion confroI fo fhe defenf (Iocked) posifion.

iii) Sef fhe Hori;onfoI Posifion confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

4. Triggering confroIs:

i) Sef fhe Sweep Mode confroI fo fhe AUTO posifion.

ii) Sef fhe Trigger LeveI confroI fo fhe defenf (Iocked) posifion. If if doesn'f hove
o defenf posifion, sef if fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

iii) Sef fhe Trigger Source confroI fo fhe CHI (or IMT) posifion.

iv) Sef fhe Trigger Source CoupIing confroI fo fhe AC posifion.

v) Sef fhe SIope (or Sync) confroI fo fhe "+" posifion.

Experimenf I - Seffing up on osciIIoscope Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I-b

b. Powering up:
i) Swifch on fhe scope ond Ief if worm up. Affer hoIf o minufe or so o froce shouId
oppeor on fhe dispIoy.

If nof, repeof sfeps I fo 4 fo check fhof you hove sef fhe confroIs correcfIy. If
you sfiII don'f gef o froce, coII fhe insfrucfor.

ii) Adjusf fhe Infensify confroI so fhof fhe froce isn'f foo brighf.

iii) Adjusf fhe Focus confroI for o shorp froce.

o. Tesfing:
Use fhe osciIIoscope Ieod fo connecf fhe ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe scope's CAL oufpuf.
Note: If fhe scope is working correcfIy, you shouId now see o sfobIe squorewove on fhe
dispIoy.

Ask fhe insfrucfor fo check
your work before confinuing.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I - Seffing up on osciIIoscope I-o

When meosuring fhe ompIifude of on AC woveform using o
scope, if's common fo meosure ifs peok-fo-peok voIfoge. Thof is,
fhe woveform is meosured from ifs Iowesf poinf fo ifs highesf
poinf. This is shown in Figure 3.

Procfise meosuring fhe ompIifude of on AC woveform by using
fhe foIIowing procedure fo meosure fhe scope's CAL oufpuf.

Peok-
fo-peok

Figure 3

Your dispIoy shouId now Iook somefhing Iike Figure 4.

I0. Counf fhe number of divisions from fhe boffom of fhe woveform fo fhe fop.

Tip: The subdivisions ore worfh 0.Z.

II. MuIfipIy fhis number by fhe VerficoI Affenuofion confroI's seffing.

For eumpIe: If you counfed o.o divisions ond fhe VerficoI Affenuofion confroI's seffing
is 0.bV/div, fhen muIfipIy o.o by 0.bV. Using fhese voIues, fhe peok-fo-peok voIfoge is
3.3V buf your meosuremenf wiII be differenf.

IZ. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe I beIow.

TubIe 1
CAL output's
peuk-to-peuk voItuge

Figure 4
7. Use ChonneI I's VerficoI Affenuofion confroI
fo moke fhe woveform os big on fhe screen
os possibIe wifhouf if going posf fhe fop ond
boffom Iines.

8. Use fhe Hori;onfoI Posifion confroI fo oIign
fhe fop of fhe woveform wifh fhe cenfre
verficoI Iine on fhe screen.

9. Use ChonneI I's VerficoI Posifion confroI fo
move fhe boffom of fhe woveform so fhof if
fouches ony one of fhe hori;onfoI Iines on
fhe screen.

Experimenf I - Seffing up on osciIIoscope Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I-7

The ofher dimension of on AC woveform fhof's
imporfonf fo know is ifs period. The period is fhe
fime if fokes fo compIefe one cycIe ond fhis is
shown in Figure b.

AIfhough knowing fhe woveform's period is usefuI in
ifs own righf, if oIso oIIows us fo coIcuIofe fhe
signoI's frequency.

Procfise meosuring fhe period of on AC woveform
ond coIcuIofing ifs frequency by using fhe foIIowing
procedure.

The period of one cycIe

Figure

I7. Use fhe Hori;onfoI Posifion confroI fo oIign fhe sforf of fhe woveform wifh fhe firsf
verficoI Iine on fhe screen.

Your dispIoy shouId now Iook somefhing Iike Figure o.

I8. Counf fhe number of divisions for one compIefe cycIe of fhe woveform.

Tip: The subdivisions ore worfh 0.Z.

Figure
I3. Use fhe Hori;onfoI Timebose confroI fo
moke fhe scope's CAL signoI os wide on fhe
screen os possibIe whiIe sfiII showing one
compIefe cycIe.

I4. Sef ChonneI I's Inpuf CoupIing confroI fo fhe
0MD posifion.

Ib. Use ChonneI I's VerficoI Posifion confroI fo
oIign fhe froce wifh fhe hori;onfoI Iine
ocross fhe middIe of fhe screen.

Io. Pefurn ChonneI I's Inpuf CoupIing confroI fo
fhe AC posifion.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I - Seffing up on osciIIoscope I-8

I9. MuIfipIy fhis number by fhe Hori;onfoI Timebose confroI's seffing.

For eumpIe: If you counfed 8.o divisions ond fhe Hori;onfoI Timebose confroI's seffing
is bms/div, fhen muIfipIy 8.o by bms. Using fhese voIues, fhe period is 43ms buf your
meosuremenf wiII be differenf.

Z0. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe Z beIow.

ZI. Use your meosured voIue of period fo coIcuIofe fhe woveform's frequency. If you're nof
sure how fo coIcuIofe frequency, reod fhe nofes in fhe box beIow TobIe Z.

TubIe Z
CAL output's period

CAL output's frequency

CuIcuIuting frequency from period
PecoII fhof fhe period of o woveform is fhe fime if fokes fo compIefe one cycIe.
The sfondord unif of meosuremenf for period is fhe second.

8y definifion, frequency is fhe number of o signoI's cycIes fhof occur in one
second. So, fo coIcuIofe o signoI's frequency simpIy divide one second by ifs
period.

As on equofion, fhis Iooks Iike:

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your work before finishing.

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Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z-Z

Eperiment Z - An introduction to the TeIecoms-Truiner 101
As ifs nome impIies, fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I is used fo heIp peopIe Ieorn obouf
communicofions ond feIecommunicofions principIes. If Iefs you bring fo Iife fhe bIock diogroms
fhof fiII communicofions fexfbooks. A "bIock diogrom" is o simpIified represenfofion of o more
compIex circuif. An exompIe is shown in Figure I beIow.

8Iock diogroms ore used fo expIoin fhe
principIe of operofion of eIecfronic sysfems
(Iike o rodio fronsmiffer for exompIe)
wifhouf worrying obouf how fhe circuif
works. Eoch bIock represenfs o porf of fhe
circuif fhof performs o seporofe fosk ond is
nomed occording fo whof if does. ExompIes
of common bIocks in communicofions
equipmenf incIude fhe odder, fiIfer, phose
shiffer ond so on.

The Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I hos o coIIecfion of bIocks (coIIed moduIes) fhof you con puf
fogefher fo impIemenf do;ens of communicofions ond feIecommunicofions bIock diogroms.

The eperiment
This experimenf is in fhree sfond-oIone porfs (Z-I, Z-Z ond Z-3) ond eoch infroduces you fo one
or more of fhe froiner's onoIog moduIes.

If shouId foke you obouf I hour fo compIefe Z.I of fhis experimenf, obouf b0 minufes fo
compIefe Z.Z ond obouf I hour fo compIefe Z.3.

Equipment

Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I (pIus power-pock)
fwo Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I osciIIoscope Ieods
ossorfed Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I pofch Ieods
For Z,1 onIy - one sef of heodphones (sfereo)

Figure 1

Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-3

Some things you need to know for the eperiment
This box confoins definifions for some eIecfricoI ferms used in fhis experimenf.
AIfhough you've probobIy seen fhem before, if's worfh foking o minufe fo reod fhem fo
check your undersfonding.

Two signoIs fhof ore in phuse wifh eoch ofher ore synchronised. Thof is, fhey go up
ond down of fhe some fime.

Two signoIs fhof out of phuse ore nof synchronised. Thof is, fhey ore ouf of sfep wifh
eoch ofher. An exompIe of fwo signoIs fhof ore ouf of phose is shown in Figure 3
beIow.

Phuse difference describes how much fwo signoIs ore ouf of phose ond is meosured in
degrees (Iike degrees in o circIe). SignoIs fhof ore in phose hove o phose difference of
0". SignoIs fhof ore ouf of phose hove o phose difference 0" buf 3o0".

A sinewuve is o repefifive signoI wifh fhe shope
shown in Figure I.

Figure Z

A cosine wuve is simpIy o sinewove fhof is ouf of
phose wifh onofher sinewove by exocfIy 90". A
sinewove ond o cosine wove ore shown in Figure 3.
(They're nof morked becouse, in fhis cose, if doesn'f
moffer which one is which.)

Figure 3

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z-4
Z,1 - The Muster SignuIs Speech und uffer moduIes

The Muster SignuIs moduIe
The Mosfer SignoIs moduIe is on AC signoI generofor or osciIIofor. The moduIe hos six oufpufs
providing fhe foIIowing:

AnuIog DigituI
A ZkH; sinewove A Z.083kH; squorewove
A I00kH; sinewove An 8.33kH; squorewove
A I00kH; cosine wove A I00kH; squorewove

Eoch signoI is ovoiIobIe on o sockef on fhe moduIe's focepIofe fhof's IobeIIed occordingIy.

Procedure

I. 0ofher o sef of fhe equipmenf Iisfed on poge Z-Z.

Z. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow.

Figure 1

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z beIow.

Figure Z

Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-b

3. Sef up fhe scope per fhe insfrucfions in Experimenf I. Ensure fhof:

fhe Trigger Source confroI is sef fo fhe CHI (or IMT) posifion.
fhe Mode confroI is sef fo fhe CHI posifion.

4. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe Mosfer SignoIs
moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

b. Meosure fhe ompIifude (peok-fo-peok) of fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME
oufpuf. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe I beIow.

Tip: If you're nof sure how fo meosure fhe signoI's ompIifude, see Experimenf I (poge I-
o).

o. Meosure ond record fhe period of fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

Tip: If you're nof sure how fo meosure fhe signoI's period, see Experimenf I (poge I-7).

7. Use fhe period fo coIcuIofe ond record fhe frequency of fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's
ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

Tip: If you're nof sure how fo coIcuIofe fhe signoI's frequency, see Experimenf I (poge
I-8).

8. Pepeof Sfeps 4 fo 7 for fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ofher fwo onoIog oufpufs.

TubIe 1 Output voItuge Period Frequency
ZkHz SINE

100kHz COS

100kHz SINE


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z-o

If is crificoI fo fhe operofion of severoI communicofions ond feIecommunicofions sysfems fhof
fhere be fwo (or more) sinewoves fhof ore fhe some frequency buf ouf of phose wifh eoch
ofher. Figure 3 beIow shows exompIes of poirs of sinewoves fhof ore ouf of phose by differenf
omounfs.

Figure 3

If's o usefuI skiII in communicofions ond feIecommunicofions fo be obIe fo meosure fhe phose
difference befween signoIs. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf gives you procfise of fhis by
geffing you fo meosure fhe phose difference befween fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's I00kH;
SIME ond COSIME oufpufs.

9. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 4 beIow.

Note: Inserf fhe bIock pIugs of fhe osciIIoscope Ieods info o ground (0MD) sockef.

Figure 4


The foIIowing procedure con be used whenever you need fo meosure fhe phose difference
befween fwo signoIs.

I0. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DuoI posifion fo view bofh of fhe Mosfer SignoIs
moduIe's I00kH; oufpufs.

II. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view os few compIete cycIes of fhe fwo signoIs os
possibIe.

IZ. Sef fhe Inpuf CoupIing confroIs for bofh chonneIs fo fhe 0MD posifion.

I3. Use fhe VerficoI Posifion confroI of bofh chonneIs fo oIign bofh froces wifh fhe
hori;onfoI Iine in fhe middIe of fhe scope's dispIoy.

I4. Sef fhe Inpuf CoupIing confroI for ChonneI I fo fhe AC posifion.

Ib. As occurofeIy os you con, counf fhe number of divisions for one cycIe of fhe signoI. CoII
fhis dimension fhe "period".

Pecord your meosuremenf here: Period ~

Io. Sef fhe Inpuf CoupIing confroI for ChonneI Z fo fhe AC posifion.

I8. Use fhe equofion beIow fo coIcuIofe fhe phose difference befween fhe fwo signoIs.
Pecord fhe onswer fo your coIcuIofion in TobIe Z (on fhe nexf poge).

= 3o0
period
difference
difference

Figure
I7. As occurofeIy os you con, counf fhe number
of divisions befween fhe fwo signoIs os shown
in Figure b.

CoII fhis dimension fhe "difference" ond
record your meosuremenf here:

Difference ~

Tip: The sub-divisions on fhe scope's dispIoy
ore eoch worfh 0.Z of o division.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z-8

TubIe Z
difference between the
SINE und COS outputs

Question 1
The fheoreficoI phose shiff befween o sinewove ond o cosine wove is 90". If your
meosuremenf isn'f exocfIy 90", whof couId expIoin fhe difference7


The Speech moduIe
Sinewoves ore imporfonf fo communicofions. They're used exfensiveIy for fhe corrier signoI in
mony communicofions sysfems. Sinewoves oIso moke exceIIenf fesf signoIs. However, fhe
purpose of mosf communicofions equipmenf is fhe fronsmission of speech (omong ofher fhings)
ond so if's usefuI fo exomine fhe operofion of equipmenf using signoIs generofed by speech
insfeod of sinewoves. The Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I oIIows you fo do fhis using fhe Speech
moduIe.

I9. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe CHI posifion.

Z0. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Zms/div posifion.

ZI. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure o beIow.

Note: Inserf fhe osciIIoscope Ieod's bIock pIug info o ground (0MD) sockef.

Figure

ZZ. ToIk info fhe microphone whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy. 8e sure fo soy "one" ond
"fwo" severoI fimes. Try humming ond whisfIing foo.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z-I0
The uffer moduIe
AmpIifiers ore used exfensiveIy in communicofions ond feIecommunicofions equipmenf. They're
offen used fo moke signoIs bigger. They're oIso used os on inferfoce befween devices ond
circuifs fhof con'f normoIIy be connecfed. The 8uffer moduIe in fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner
I0I is on ompIifier fhof con do bofh.

Z3. Locofe fhe 8uffer moduIe ond sef ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

Z4. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 7 beIow.


Figure 7

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 beIow.

Figure

Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-II

Zb. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion.

Zo. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe 8uffer moduIe's
inpuf.

Z7. Adjusf bofh of fhe scope's VerficoI Affenuofion confroIs fo moke fhe signoIs os big on
fhe dispIoy os possibIe wifhouf going off fhe fop ond boffom of fhe screen's grid.

Z8. Meosure fhe ompIifude (peok-fo-peok) of fhe 8uffer moduIe's inpuf. Pecord your
meosuremenf in TobIe 3 beIow.

Tip: If you're nof sure how fo meosure fhe signoI's peok-fo-peok voIfoge, see Experimenf
I (poge I-o).

Z9. Meosure ond record fhe ompIifude of fhe 8uffer moduIe's oufpuf.

TubIe 3
Input voItuge Output voItuge

The meosure of how much bigger on ompIifier's oufpuf is compored fo ifs inpuf is coIIed goin
(A
V
). An ompIifier's goin con be expressed os o simpIe rofio ond is coIcuIofed using fhe equofion:

Vin
Vouf
A
V
=

ImporfonfIy, if fhe ompIifier's oufpuf signoI is upside-down compored fo ifs inpuf fhen o
negofive sign is usuoIIy puf in fronf of fhe goin figure fo highIighf fhis focf.

Question Z
CoIcuIofe fhe 8uffer moduIe's goin (on ifs presenf goin seffing).

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z-IZ
The 8uffer moduIe's goin is voriobIe. UsefuIIy, if con be sef so fhof fhe oufpuf voIfoge is
smoIIer fhon fhe inpuf voIfoge. This is nof ompIificofion of oII. Insfeod if's o Ioss or offenuofion.
The nexf porf of fhe experimenf shows how offenuofion offecfs fhe goin figure.

30. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise fhen furn if cIockwise jusf o
IiffIe unfiI you con jusf see o sinewove.

3I. Meosure fhe ompIifude of fhe 8uffer moduIe's inpuf. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe
4 beIow.

3Z. Meosure ond record fhe ompIifude of fhe 8uffer moduIe's new oufpuf.

Tip: You'II hove fo odjusf fhe scope's ChonneI Z VerficoI Affenuofion confroI firsf.

TubIe 4
See TobIe 3

Question 3
CoIcuIofe fhe 8uffer moduIe's new goin.

Question 4
In ferms of fhe goin figure, whof's fhe difference befween goin ond offenuofion7


Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-I3
AmpIifiers work by foking fhe DC power suppIy voIfoge ond using if fo moke o copy of fhe
ompIifier's inpuf signoI. ObviousIy fhen, fhe DC power suppIy Iimifs fhe si;e of fhe ompIifier's
oufpuf. If fhe ompIifier is forced fo fry fo oufpuf o signoI fhof is bigger fhon fhe DC power
suppIy voIfoges, fhe fops ond boffoms of fhe signoI ore chopped off. This fype of signoI
disforfion is coIIed cIipping.

CIipping usuoIIy occurs when fhe ompIifier's inpuf signoI is foo big for fhe ompIifier's goin. When
fhis hoppens, fhe ompIifier is soid fo be overdriven. If con oIso occur if fhe ompIifier's goin is
foo big for fhe inpuf signoI. To demonsfrofe cIipping:

33. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

Question
Whof do you fhink fhe oufpuf signoI wouId Iook Iike if fhe buffer's goin wos sufficienfIy
Iorge7

34. Turn the uffer moduIe's Suin controI fuIIy unti-cIockwise.

Heodphones ore Iow impedonce devices - fypicoIIy oround b0. Mosf eIecfronic circuifs ore nof
designed fo hove such Iow impedonces connecfed fo fheir oufpuf. For fhis reoson, heodphones
shouId nof be direcfIy connecfed fo fhe oufpuf of mosf of fhe moduIes on fhe Emono
TeIecoms-Troiner I0I.

However, fhe 8uffer moduIe hos been specificoIIy designed fo hondIe Iow impedonces. So, if
con ocf os on inferfoce befween fhe moduIes' oufpufs ond fhe heodphones fo Ief you Iisfen fo
signoIs. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf shows how fhis is done.



3b. Ensure fhof fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI is furned fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

3o. Wifhouf weoring fhe heodphones, pIug fhem info fhe 8uffer moduIe's heodphone sockef.

37. Puf fhe heodphones on.

38. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI cIockwise ond Iisfen fo signoI.

39. Disconnecf fhe pIugs from fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf ond connecf
fhem fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf.

40. Speok info fhe microphone ond Iisfen fo fhe signoI.

4I. Disconnecf fhe pIugs from fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf ond connecf fhem fo fhe Mosfer
SignoIs moduIe's I00kH; SIME oufpuf.

4Z. CorefuIIy furn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI cIockwise ond Iisfen fo fhe signoI.

Question
Why is fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's I00kH; SIME oufpuf inoudibIe7

43. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise ogoin.


Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-Ib
Z,Z - The Adder und Phuse Shifter moduIes

The Adder moduIe
SeveroI communicofions ond feIecommunicofions sysfems require fhof signoIs be odded
fogefher. The Adder moduIe hos been designed for fhis purpose.

Procedure

I. If you're sforfing fhe experimenf from here, gofher fhe equipmenf Iisfed on poge Z-Z
(buf nof fhe heodphones).

Z. Sef up fhe scope per fhe insfrucfions in Experimenf I. Ensure fhof:


3. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe ond furn ifs g confroI (for Inpuf 8) fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

4. Sef fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI for (Inpuf A) fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

b. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow.

Note: AIfhough nof shown, inserf fhe bIock pIugs of fhe osciIIoscope Ieods info o ground
(0MD) sockef.

Figure 1

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z-Io

The sef-up in Figure I on fhe previous poge con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure
Z beIow.

Figure Z

o. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe Mosfer SignoIs

7. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf
us weII us fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

8. Sef bofh of fhe scope's VerficoI Affenuofion confroIs fo fhe IV/div posifion.

9. Vory fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe fhe effecf.

Question 1
Whof ospecf of fhe Adder moduIe's performonce does fhe 0 confroI vory7

I0. Meosure fhe voIfoge on fhe Adder moduIe's Inpuf A. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe I
on fhe nexf poge.

II. Turn fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

IZ. Meosure ond record fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf voIfoge.

I3. CoIcuIofe ond record fhe voIfoge goin of fhe Adder moduIe's Inpuf A.

I4. Turn fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

Ib. Pepeof sfeps IZ ond I3.


TubIe 1 Input voItuge Output voItuge Suin
Muimum

Input A
Minimum

Question Z
Whof is fhe ronge of goins for fhe A inpuf7

Io. Turn fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

I7. Disconnecf fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf from fhe Adder moduIe's
Inpuf A ond connecf if fo fhe Adder's Inpuf 8.

I8. Turn fhe Adder moduIe's g confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

I9. Meosure fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf voIfoge. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe Z
beIow.

Z0. CoIcuIofe ond record fhe voIfoge goin of fhe Adder moduIe's Inpuf 8.

ZI. Turn fhe Adder moduIe's g confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

ZZ. Pepeof sfeps I9 ond Z0.

TubIe Z Input voItuge Output voItuge Suin
Muimum
See TobIe

Input
Minimum
I



Question 3
Compore fhe resuIfs in TobIes I ond Z. Whof con you soy obouf fhe Adder moduIe's fwo
inpufs in ferms of fheir goin7

Z3. Turn bofh of fhe Adder moduIe's goin confroIs fuIIy cIockwise.

Z4. Connecf fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf fo bofh of fhe Adder moduIe's
inpufs.

Zb. Meosure fhe Adder moduIe's new oufpuf voIfoge. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe 3
beIow.

TubIe 3
Adder's output voItuge

Question 4
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe ompIifude of fhe signoIs on fhe Adder moduIe's
inpufs ond oufpuf7


The Phuse Shifter moduIe
SeveroI communicofions ond feIecommunicofions sysfems require fhof fhe signoI fo be
fronsmiffed (speech, music ond/or video) is phose shiffed. CrucioI fo being obIe fo impIemenf
fhese sysfems in Iofer experimenfs is fhe obiIify fo phose shiff ony signoI by oImosf ony
omounf. The Phose Shiffer moduIe hos been designed for fhis purpose.

Zo. Locofe fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe ond sef ifs Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe 0" posifion.

Z7. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.


Note 1: Inserf fhe bIock pIugs of fhe osciIIoscope Ieods info o ground (0MD) sockef.

Note Z: The LED on fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe wiII furn on buf don'f be concerned by
fhis. The LED is used fo indicofe fhof fhe moduIe hos oufomoficoIIy odjusfed ifseIf for
your Iow frequency inpuf.

Figure 3

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z-Z0

The sef-up in Figure 3 on fhe previous poge con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure
4 beIow.

Figure 4

Z9. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe Mosfer SignoIs

30. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe Phose Shiffer's oufpuf us
weII us fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's oufpuf.

3I. Vory fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe fhe
effecf on fhe fwo signoIs.

3Z. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe I80" posifion.

33. Vory fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe fhe
effecf on fhe fwo signoIs.

Question
This moduIe's oufpuf signoI con be phose shiffed by differenf omounfs

buf if oIwoys Ieods fhe inpuf signoI.
buf if oIwoys Iogs fhe inpuf signoI.
ond con eifher Ieod or Iog fhe inpuf signoI.

Question
Is fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe copobIe of shiffing o signoI by 3o0"7 Tip: If you're nof
sure, repeof sfeps 3I fo 33.

Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-ZI


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z-ZZ
Z,3 - The VoItuge ControIIed OsciIIutor {VCO} moduIe
As ifs nome impIies, fhe VCO moduIe is on osciIIofor Iike fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe. However,
fhe VCO moduIe is differenf in fwo woys:

The VCO moduIe hos onIy fwo oufpufs (I onoIog ond I digifoI) whereos fhe Mosfer SignoIs
moduIe hos six (3 onoIog ond 3 digifoI)

The VCO moduIe's oufpuf frequency is voriobIe whereos fhe frequency of fhe Mosfer
SignoI moduIe's oufpufs is fixed (of ZkH;, 8kH; ond I00kH;)

Procedure

I. If you're sforfing fhe experimenf from here, gofher fhe equipmenf Iisfed on poge Z-Z
(buf nof fhe heodphones).



3. Locofe fhe VCO moduIe ond sef ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

4. Sef fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

b. Sef fhe VCO moduIe's Ponge confroI fo fhe LO posifion.

o. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow.

Figure 1

Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-Z3

The sef-up in Figure I on fhe previous poge con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure
Z beIow.

Figure Z

7. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe VCO moduIe's
SIME oufpuf.

8. Meosure fhe ompIifude (peok-fo-peok) of fhe VCO moduIe's SIME oufpuf. Pecord your
meosuremenf in TobIe I beIow.

Tip: If you're nof sure how fo meosure fhe signoI's ompIifude, see Experimenf I (poge
I-o).

TubIe 1 Output voItuge
SINE output


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z-Z4

9. Turn fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

I0. Peodjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe VCO moduIe's new
oufpuf.

II. Meosure fhe woveform's period ond use fhis fo coIcuIofe ifs frequency. Pecord fhe
frequency in TobIe Z beIow.

Tip: If you're nof sure how fo meosure fhe signoI's period ond/or coIcuIofe ifs frequency,
see Experimenf I (poges I-7 ond/or I-8).

IZ. Turn fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

I3. Peodjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI occordingIy.

I4. Meosure fhe woveform's period ond use fhis fo coIcuIofe ond record ifs frequency.

Ib. Sef fhe VCO moduIe's Ponge confroI fo fhe HI posifion.

Io. Pepeof sfeps 9 fo I4.

TubIe Z
Minimum
frequency
Muimum
frequency
PANSE on LO

PANSE on HI


Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z-Zb

As you've jusf seen, fhe VCO moduIe's oufpuf frequency con be chonged monuoIIy using ifs
Frequency Adjusf confroI. The frequency con oIso be chonged eIecfronicoIIy by vorying fhe si;e
of o voIfoge on fhe moduIe's VCO IMPUT. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf shows how fhis is
done using fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe.

I7. Locofe fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe ond sef ifs VDC confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs
froveI.

I8. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 3 beIow.


Figure 3

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow.

Figure 4

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z - An infroducfion fo fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I Z-Zo

I9. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion.

Z0. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI Z VerficoI Affenuofion confroI fo fhe IV/div posifion.

ZI. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI Z Inpuf CoupIing confroI fo fhe 0MD posifion.

ZZ. Use fhe scope's ChonneI Z VerficoI Posifion confroI fo oIign fhe ChonneI Z froce wifh fhe
hori;onfoI Iine in fhe middIe of fhe scope's dispIoy.

Z3. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI Z Inpuf CoupIing confroI fo fhe DC posifion.

Z4. Turn fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VDC confroI cIockwise whiIe wofching fhe scope's
dispIoy.

Question 1
Whof hoppens fo fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VDC oufpuf when you furn fhe VDC confroI
cIockwise7

Question Z
Whof hoppens fo fhe frequency of fhe VCO moduIe's oufpuf when you furn fhe VDC
confroI cIockwise7

Zb. Pefurn fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VDC confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI, fhen
furn if onfi-cIockwise whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy.

Question 3
Whof hoppens fo fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VDC oufpuf when you furn fhe VDC confroI
onfi-cIockwise7

Question 4
Whof hoppens fo fhe frequency of fhe VCO moduIe's oufpuf when you furn fhe VDC
confroI onfi-cIockwise7


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o
m
e
:

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s
s
:

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f
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T
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Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - Using fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo modeI equofions 3-Z

Eperiment 3 - Using the TeIecoms-Truiner 101 to modeI equutions
This moy surprise you, buf mofhemofics is on imporfonf porf of eIecfronics ond fhis is
especioIIy frue for communicofions ond feIecommunicofions. As you'II Ieorn, fhe oufpuf of oII
communicofions sysfems con be described mofhemoficoIIy wifh on equofion.

AIfhough fhe mofh fhof you'II need for fhis monuoI is reIofiveIy Iighf, fhere is some. HeIpfuIIy,
fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I con modeI communicofions equofions fo bring fhem fo Iife.

The eperiment
This experimenf wiII infroduce you fo modeIIing equofions by using fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner
I0I fo impIemenf fwo reIofiveIy simpIe equofions.

If shouId foke you obouf 4b minufes fo compIefe fhis experimenf.

Equipment


Experimenf 3 - Using fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo modeI equofions Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 3-3

Something you need to know for the eperiment
This box confoins fhe definifion for on eIecfricoI ferm used in fhis experimenf.
AIfhough you've probobIy seen if before, if's worfh foking o minufe fo reod if fo check
your undersfonding.

When fwo signoIs ore 10" out of phuse, fhey're ouf of sfep by hoIf o cycIe. This is
shown in Figure I beIow. As you con see, fhe fwo signoIs ore oIwoys froveIIing in
opposife direcfions. Thof is, os one goes up, fhe ofher goes down (ond vice verso).

Figure 1

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - Using fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo modeI equofions 3-4
In fhis porf of fhe experimenf, you're going fo use fhe Adder moduIe fo odd fwo eIecfricoI
signoIs fogefher. MofhemoficoIIy, you'II be impIemenfing fhe equofion:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ SignoI A + SignoI 8

Procedure

I. 0ofher fhe equipmenf Iisfed on poge 3-Z.



3. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe ond sef ifs 0 ond g confroIs fo obouf fhe middIe of fheir
froveI.

4. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure Z beIow.

Note: AIfhough nof shown, inserf fhe bIock pIugs of fhe osciIIoscope Ieods info o
ground (0MD) sockef.

Figure Z

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 on fhe nexf poge.

Experimenf 3 - Using fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo modeI equofions Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 3-b

Figure 3

b. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe Mosfer SignoIs

o. Disconnecf fhe Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

7. Meosure fhe ompIifude (peok-fo-peok) of fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME
oufpuf.

Pecord your meosuremenf here:

8. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe CHZ posifion.

9. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI unfiI ifs oufpuf voIfoge is fhe some si;e os ifs
inpuf voIfoge (meosured in Sfep 7).

Note: This mokes fhe goin for fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf -I.

I0. Peconnecf fhe Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

II. Disconnecf fhe Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf.

IZ. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's g confroI unfiI ifs oufpuf voIfoge is fhe some si;e os ifs
inpuf voIfoge (meosured in Sfep 7).

Note: This mokes fhe goin for fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf -I ond meons fhof fhe Adder
moduIe's fwo inpufs shouId hove fhe some goin.

I3. Peconnecf fhe Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - Using fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo modeI equofions 3-o
The sef-up shown in Figures 3 ond 4 is now reody fo impIemenf fhe equofion:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ SignoI A + SignoI 8

Mofice fhough fhof fhe Adder moduIe's fwo inpufs ore fhe some signoI - o 4Vp-p ZkH;
sinewove. So, wifh voIues fhe equofion is:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ 4Vp-p (ZkH; sine) + 4Vp-p (ZkH; sine)

When fhe equofion is soIved, we gef:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ 8Vp-p (ZkH; sine)

Lef's see if fhis is whof we gef in procfice.


Ib. Meosure fhe ompIifude of fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf. Pecord your
meosuremenf in TobIe I beIow.

Note: The voIfoge moy be o IiffIe differenf fo fhof meosured in Sfep 7 due fo Iooding
of fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

Io. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe CHZ posifion.

I7. Meosure ond record fhe ompIifude of fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf.

TubIe 1


Question 1
Is fhe Adder moduIe's meosured oufpuf voIfoge euctIy 8Vp-p os fheoreficoIIy
predicfed7

Question Z
Whof ore fwo reosons for fhis7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - Using fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo modeI equofions 3-8
In fhe nexf porf of fhe experimenf, you're going fo odd fwo eIecfricoI signoIs fogefher buf one
of fhem wiII be phose shiffed. MofhemoficoIIy, you'II be impIemenfing fhe equofion:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ SignoI A + SignoI 8 (wifh phose shiff)

I8. Locofe fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe ond sef ifs Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe I80" posifion.

I9. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.



Figure 4

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b on fhe nexf poge.


Figure

The sef-up shown in Figures 4 ond b is now reody fo impIemenf fhe equofion:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ SignoI A + SignoI 8 (wifh phose shiff)

The Adder moduIe's fwo inpufs ore sfiII fhe some signoI - o 4Vp-p ZkH; sinewove. So, wifh
voIues fhe equofion is:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ 4Vp-p (ZkH; sine) + 4Vp-p (ZkH; sine wifh phose shiff)

As fhe fwo signoIs hove fhe some ompIifude ond frequency, if fhe phose shiff is exocfIy I80"
fhen fheir voIfoges of ony poinf in fhe woveform is oIwoys exocfIy opposife. Thof is, when one
sinewove is +IV, fhe ofher is -IV. When one is +3.7bV, fhe ofher is -3.7bV ond so on. This meons
fhof, when fhe equofion obove is soIved, we gef:

Adder moduIe oufpuf ~ 0Vp-p

Lef's see if fhis is whof we gef in procfice.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - Using fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo modeI equofions 3-I0

ZI. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's
oufpuf us weII us fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

ZZ. Adjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI unfiI fhe fwo signoIs Iook Iike
fhey're I80" ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher.

Z3. Disconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI Z Ieod from fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's oufpuf ond
connecf if fo fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf.

Z4. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe CHZ posifion.

Zb. Meosure fhe ompIifude of fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf. Pecord your meosuremenf in
TobIe Z (on fhe nexf poge).

Tip: You'II probobIy need fo odjusf fhe ChonneI Z VerficoI Affenuofion confroI fo
obfoin on oppropriofe dispIoy (fry fhe 0.IV/div seffing).

TubIe Z
Output voItuge

Question 3
Whof ore fwo reosons for fhe oufpuf nof being 0V os fheoreficoIIy predicfed7


Experimenf 3 - Using fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo modeI equofions Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 3-II

The foIIowing procedure con be used fo odjusf fhe Adder ond Phose Shiffer moduIes so fhof
fhe sef-up hos o nuII oufpuf. Thof is, on oufpuf fhof is cIose fo ;ero voIfs.

Zo. Vory fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe fhe
effecf on fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf.

Z7. Adjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI fo obfoin fhe smoIIesf oufpuf
voIfoge.

Question
Whof con be soid obouf fhe phose shiff befween fhe signoIs on fhe Adder moduIe's fwo
inpufs now7

Z8. Vory fhe Adder moduIe's g confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe fhe effecf on fhe Adder
moduIe's oufpuf.

Z9. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's g confroI fo obfoin fhe smoIIesf oufpuf voIfoge.

Question
Whof con be soid obouf fhe goin of fhe Adder moduIe's fwo inpufs now7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 3 - Using fhe TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo modeI equofions 3-IZ

M
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4

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m
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(
A
M
)

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion 4-Z

Eperiment 4 - AmpIitude moduIution {AM}
In on ompIifude moduIofion (AM) communicofions sysfem, speech ond music ore converfed info
on eIecfricoI signoI using o device such os o microphone. This eIecfricoI signoI is coIIed fhe
messoge or bosebond signoI. The messoge signoI is fhen used fo eIecfricoIIy vory fhe ompIifude
of o pure sinewove coIIed fhe corrier. The corrier usuoIIy hos o frequency fhof is much higher
fhon fhe messoge's frequency.

Figure I beIow shows o simpIe messoge signoI ond on unmoduIofed corrier. If oIso shows fhe
resuIf of ompIifude moduIofing fhe corrier wifh fhe messoge. Mofice fhof fhe moduIofed
corrier's ompIifude vories obove ond beIow ifs unmoduIofed ompIifude.

Figure 1

Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 4-3

Figure Z beIow shows fhe AM signoI of fhe boffom of Figure I buf wifh o doffed Iine odded fo
frock fhe moduIofed corrier's posifive peoks ond negofive peoks. These doffed Iines ore known
in fhe indusfry os fhe signoI's enveIopes. If you Iook of fhe enveIopes cIoseIy you'II nofice fhof
fhe upper enveIope is fhe some shope os fhe messoge. The Iower enveIope is oIso fhe some
shope buf upside-down (inverfed).

Figure Z

In feIecommunicofions fheory, fhe mofhemoficoI modeI fhof defines fhe AM signoI is:

AM ~ (DC + messoge) fhe corrier

When fhe messoge is o simpIe sinewove (Iike in Figure I) fhe equofion's soIufion (which
necessoriIy invoIves some frigonomefry fhof is nof shown here) feIIs us fhof fhe AM signoI
consisfs of fhree sinewoves:

One of fhe corrier frequency
One wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe sum of fhe corrier ond messoge frequencies
One wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe difference befween fhe corrier ond messoge
frequencies

In ofher words, for every sinewove in fhe messoge, fhe AM signoI incIudes o poir of sinewoves -
one obove ond one beIow fhe corrier's frequency. CompIex messoge signoIs such os speech ond
music ore mode up of fhousonds sinewoves ond so fhe AM signoI incIudes fhousonds of poirs of
sinewoves sfroddIing corrier. These fwo groups of sinewoves ore coIIed fhe sidebonds ond so
AM is known os doubIe-sidebond, fuII corrier (DS8FC).

ImporfonfIy, if's cIeor from fhis discussion fhof fhe AM signoI doesn'f consisf of ony signoIs of
fhe messoge frequency. This is despife fhe focf fhof fhe AM signoI's enveIopes ore fhe some
shope os fhe messoge.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion 4-4

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo generofe o reoI AM signoI by
impIemenfing ifs mofhemoficoI modeI. This meons fhof you'II odd o DC componenf fo o pure
sinewove fo creofe o messoge signoI fhen muIfipIy if wifh onofher sinewove of o higher
frequency (fhe corrier). You'II exomine fhe AM signoI using fhe scope ond compore if fo fhe
originoI messoge. You'II do fhe some wifh speech for fhe messoge insfeod of o simpIe sinewove.

FoIIowing fhis, you'II vory fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude ond observe how if offecfs fhe
moduIofed corrier. You'II oIso observe fhe effecfs of moduIofing fhe corrier foo much. FinoIIy,
you'II meosure fhe AM signoI's depfh of moduIofion using o scope.

If shouId foke you obouf I hour fo compIefe fhis experimenf.

Equipment


Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 4-b
Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting un AM signuI using u simpIe messuge

I. 0ofher o sef of fhe equipmenf Iisfed on fhe previous poge.



3. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I Inpuf CoupIing confroI fo fhe DC posifion.

4. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe ond furn ifs 0 ond g confroIs fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

b. Locofe fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe ond furn ifs DC VoIfoge confroI oImosf fuIIy onfi-
cIockwise.

o. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 3 beIow.


Figure 3

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion 4-o

The sef-up in Figure 3 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow. If
impIemenfs fhe highIighfed porf of fhe equofion: AM ~ {DC + messuge} fhe corrier.

Figure 4

Af fhe momenf, fhe scope shouId jusf be showing o fIof froce becouse fhe Adder moduIe's
oufpuf is 0V. Once you've compIefed sfeps 7 fo I0 beIow, fhe equofion wiII hove fhe foIIowing
voIues:

AM ~ (IVDC + IVp-p ZkH; sine) fhe corrier.

7. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Affenuofion confroI fo fhe 0.bV/div posifion.

8. Use fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Posifion confroI fo move fhe froce so fhof if Iines up
wifh fhe hori;onfoI Iine in fhe middIe of fhe scope's screen.

9. WhiIe wofching fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf on fhe scope, furn ifs g confroI cIockwise
unfiI fhe DC IeveI is IV.

I0. WhiIe wofching fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf on fhe scope, furn ifs 0 confroI cIockwise fo
obfoin o IVp-p sinewove.


Question 1
In whof woy is fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf now differenf fo fhe signoI ouf of fhe Mosfer
SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion 4-8

II. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure b beIow.

efore you do,
The sef-up in Figure b beIow buiIds on fhe sef-up fhof you've oIreody wired so don'f
puII if oporf. To highIighf fhe chonges fhof we wonf you fo moke, we've shown your
exisfing wiring os doffed Iines.

Figure


The sef-up in Figure b con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o beIow. The
oddifions fhof you've mode fo fhe originoI sef-up impIemenf fhe highIighfed porf of fhe
equofion:
AM ~ (DC + messoge) the currier.

Figure

Wifh voIues, fhe equofion is:

AM ~ (IVDC + IVp-p ZkH; sine) 4Vp-p I00kH; sine.

IZ. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion.

I3. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI Z VerficoI Affenuofion confroI fo fhe IV/div posifion.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion 4-I0

I4. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided beIow.

Tip: Drow fhe messoge signoI in fhe upper hoIf of fhe groph ond fhe AM signoI in fhe
Iower hoIf.


Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 4-II

Ib. Use fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Posifion confroI fo overIoy fhe messoge wifh fhe AM
signoI's enveIopes ond compore fhem.

Question Z
Whof feofure of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf suggesfs fhof if's on AM signoI7 Tip: If
you're nof sure obouf fhe onswer fo fhe quesfions, see fhe preIiminory discussion.

Question 3
The AM signoI is o compIex woveform consisfing of more fhon one signoI. Is one of fhe
signoIs o ZkH; sinewove7 ExpIoin your onswer.

Question 4
For fhe given inpufs fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe, how mony sinewoves does fhe AM signoI
consisf of, ond whof ore fheir frequencies7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion 4-IZ

Purt - Seneruting un AM signuI using speech
This experimenf hos generofed on AM signoI using o sinewove for fhe messoge. However, fhe
messoge in commercioI communicofions sysfems is much more IikeIy fo be speech ond music.
The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you see whof on AM signoI Iooks Iike when moduIofed by
speech.

Io. Disconnecf fhe pIug on fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf fhof connecfs fo
fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf.

I7. Connecf if fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf os shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Pemember: Doffed Iines show Ieods oIreody in pIoce.

Figure 7

I8. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Zms/div posifion.

I9. ToIk, sing or hum whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy.

Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 4-I3

Question
Why is fhere sfiII o signoI ouf of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe even when you're nof foIking,
whisfIing, efc7

Purt C - Investiguting depth of moduIution
If's possibIe fo moduIofe fhe corrier by differenf omounfs. This porf of fhe experimenf Ief's
you invesfigofe fhis.

Z0. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe 0.Ims/div posifion.

ZI. Disconnecf fhe pIug on fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf.

ZZ. Peconnecf fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME
oufpuf.

Note: The scope's dispIoy shouId now Iook Iike your drowings on fhe groph poper on poge
4-I0.

Z3. Vory fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude o IiffIe by furning Adder moduIe's 0 confroI Ieff ond
righf ond nofice fhe effecf on fhe AM signoI.

Question
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe messoge's ompIifude ond fhe omounf of fhe
corrier's moduIofion7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion 4-I4

You probobIy noficed fhof fhe si;e of fhe messoge signoI ond fhe moduIofion of fhe corrier ore
proporfionoI. Thof is, os fhe messoge's ompIifude goes up, fhe omounf of fhe corrier's
moduIofion goes up.

The exfenf fhof o messoge moduIofes o corrier is known in fhe indusfry os fhe moduIofion
index (m). ModuIofion index is on imporfonf chorocferisfic of on AM signoI for severoI reosons
incIuding coIcuIofing fhe disfribufion of fhe signoI's power befween fhe corrier ond sidebonds.

Figure 8 beIow shows fwo key dimensions of on ompIifude moduIofed corrier. These fwo
dimensions oIIow o corrier's moduIofion index fo be coIcuIofed.

Figure

The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you procfise meosuring fhese dimensions fo coIcuIofe o
corrier's moduIofion index.

Z4. Adjusf fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI fo refurn fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo IVp-p.

Zb. Meosure ond record fhe AM signoI's P dimension. Pecord your meosuremenf in TobIe I
beIow.

Zo. Meosure ond record fhe AM signoI's Q dimension.

Z7. CoIcuIofe ond record fhe AM signoI's depfh of moduIofion using fhe equofion beIow.

Q P
Q P
m
+
=

TubIe 1
P dimension Q dimension m

Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 4-Ib

A probIem fhof is imporfonf fo ovoid in AM fronsmission is over-moduIofion. When fhe corrier
is over-moduIofed, if con upsef fhe receiver's operofion. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf gives
you o chonce fo observe fhe effecf of over-moduIofion.

Z8. Increose fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo moximum by furning fhe Adder moduIe's 0
confroI fuIIy cIockwise ond nofice fhe effecf on fhe AM signoI.

Z9. Use fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Posifion confroI fo overIoy fhe messoge wifh fhe AM
signoI's enveIopes ond compore fhem.

Question 7
Whof is fhe probIem wifh fhe AM signoI when if is over-moduIofed7

Question
Whof do you fhink is o corrier's moximum moduIofion index wifhouf over-moduIofion7

A minus number
0
I
0reofer fhon I


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 4 - AmpIifude moduIofion 4-Io

30. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided beIow.


M
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Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - DS8SC moduIofion b-Z

Eperiment - DSSC moduIution
DS8SC is o moduIofion sysfem simiIor buf differenf fo AM (which wos expIored in Experimenf
4).
Like AM, DS8SC uses o microphone or some ofher fronsducer fo converf speech ond music fo
on eIecfricoI signoI coIIed fhe messoge or bosebond signoI. The messoge signoI is fhen used fo
eIecfricoIIy vory fhe ompIifude of o pure sinewove coIIed fhe corrier. And Iike AM, fhe corrier
usuoIIy hos o frequency fhof is much higher fhon fhe messoge's frequency.

resuIf of moduIofing fhe corrier wifh fhe messoge using DS8SC.

Figure 1

Experimenf b - DS8SC moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs b-3
So for, fhere doesn'f oppeor fo be much difference befween AM ond DS8SC. However,
consider Figure Z beIow. If is fhe DS8SC signoI of fhe boffom of Figure I buf wifh doffed Iines
odded fo frock fhe signoI's enveIopes (fhof is, ifs posifive peoks ond negofive peoks). If you
Iook of fhe enveIopes cIoseIy you'II nofice fhof fhey're nof fhe some shope os fhe messoge os is
fhe cose wifh AM (see Experimenf 4 poge 4-3 for on exompIe).

Figure Z

Insfeod, oIfernofing hoIves of fhe enveIopes form fhe some shope os fhe messoge os shown in
Figure 3 beIow.

Figure 3

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - DS8SC moduIofion b-4
Anofher woy fhof DS8SC is differenf fo AM con be undersfood by considering fhe
mofhemoficoI modeI fhof defines fhe DS8SC signoI:

DS8SC ~ fhe messoge fhe corrier

Do you see fhe difference befween fhe equofions for AM ond DS8SC7 If nof, Iook of fhe AM
equofion in Experimenf 4 (poge 4-3).

necessoriIy invoIves some frigonomefry) feIIs us fhof fhe DS8SC signoI consisfs of fwo
sinewoves:

One wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe sum of fhe corrier ond messoge frequencies
One wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe difference befween fhe corrier ond messoge
frequencies

ImporfonfIy, fhe DS8SC signoI doesn'f confoin o sinewove of fhe corrier frequency. This is on
imporfonf difference befween DS8SC ond AM.

Thof soid, os fhe soIufion fo fhe equofion shows, DS8SC is fhe some os AM in fhof o poir of
sinewoves is generofed for every sinewove in fhe messoge. And, Iike AM, one is higher fhon fhe
unmoduIofed corrier's frequency ond fhe ofher is Iower. As messoge signoIs such os speech ond
music ore mode up of fhousonds of sinewoves, fhousonds of poirs of sinewoves ore generofed in
fhe DS8SC signoI fhof sif on eifher side of fhe corrier frequency. These fwo groups ore coIIed
fhe sidebonds.

So, fhe presence of bofh sidebonds buf fhe obsence of fhe corrier gives us fhe nome of fhis
moduIofion mefhod - doubIe-sidebond, suppressed corrier (DS8SC).

The corrier in AM mokes up of Ieosf oo7 of fhe signoI's power buf if doesn'f confoin ony porf
of fhe originoI messoge ond is onIy needed for funing. So by nof sending fhe corrier, DS8SC
offers o subsfonfioI power soving over AM ond is ifs moin odvonfoge.

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo generofe o reoI DS8SC signoI
by impIemenfing ifs mofhemoficoI modeI. This meons fhof you'II foke o pure sinewove (fhe
messoge) fhof confoins obsoIufeIy no DC ond muIfipIy if wifh onofher sinewove of o higher
frequency (fhe corrier). You'II exomine fhe DS8SC signoI using fhe scope ond compore if fo fhe
originoI messoge. You'II do fhe some wifh speech for fhe messoge insfeod of o simpIe sinewove.

FoIIowing fhis, you'II vory fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude ond observe how if offecfs fhe
corrier's depfh of moduIofion. You'II oIso observe fhe effecfs of moduIofing fhe corrier foo
much.

If shouId foke you obouf b0 minufes fo compIefe fhis experimenf.

Experimenf b - DS8SC moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs b-b

Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting u DSSC signuI using u simpIe messuge

I. 0ofher o sef of fhe equipmenf Iisfed obove.





Figure 4

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - DS8SC moduIofion b-o

The sef-up in Figure 4 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b beIow. If
impIemenfs fhe enfire equofion: DS8SC ~ fhe messoge fhe corrier.

Figure

Wifh voIues, fhe equofion is:

DS8SC ~ 4Vp-p ZkH; sine 4Vp-p I00kH; sine.


b. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe DS8SC signoI ouf of fhe
MuIfipIier moduIe os weII os fhe messoge signoI.

o. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Affenuofion confroI fo fhe IV/div posifion ond fhe
ChonneI Z VerficoI Affenuofion confroI fo fhe ZV/div posifion.


7. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided beIow.

Tip: Drow fhe messoge signoI in fhe upper hoIf of fhe groph ond fhe DS8SC signoI in fhe
Iower hoIf.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - DS8SC moduIofion b-8

8. Use fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Posifion confroI fo overIoy fhe messoge wifh fhe
DS8SC signoI's enveIopes ond compore fhem.

Question 1
Whof feofure of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf suggesfs fhof if's o DS8SC signoI7 Tip:
If you're nof sure obouf fhe onswer fo fhe quesfions, see fhe preIiminory discussion.

Question Z
The DS8SC signoI is o compIex woveform consisfing of more fhon one signoI. Is one of
fhe signoIs o ZkH; sinewove7 ExpIoin your onswer.

Question 3
For fhe given inpufs fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe, how mony sinewoves does fhe DS8SC signoI
consisf of, ond whof ore fheir frequencies7

Question 4
Why does fhis moke DS8SC signoIs beffer for fronsmission fhon AM signoIs7



Purt - Seneruting u DSSC signuI using speech
This experimenf hos generofed o DS8SC signoI using o sinewove for fhe messoge. However, fhe
messoge in commercioI communicofions sysfems is much more IikeIy fo be speech ond music.
The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you see whof o DS8SC signoI Iooks Iike when moduIofed
by speech.

9. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

I0. Connecf fhem fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf os shown in Figure o beIow.


Figure

II. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Zms/div posifion.

IZ. ToIk, sing or hum whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy.

Question
Why isn'f fhere ony signoI ouf of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe when you're nof foIking, whisfIing,
efc7

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - DS8SC moduIofion b-I0

Purt C - Investiguting depth of moduIution
If's possibIe fo moduIofe fhe corrier by differenf omounfs. This porf of fhe experimenf Ief's
you invesfigofe fhis.

I3. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe 0.Ims/div posifion.

I4. Locofe fhe 8uffer moduIe ond sef ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf o quorfer of ifs froveI (fhe
confroI's orrowheod shouId be poinfing fo where fhe number nine is on o cIock's foce).

Ib. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7


Experimenf b - DS8SC moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs b-II
The sef-up in Figure 7 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 beIow. The 8uffer
moduIe oIIows fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo be odjusfobIe.

Figure

Note: Af fhis sfoge, fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf shouId be fhe normoI DS8SC signoI fhof
you skefched eorIier.

PecoII from Experimenf 4 fhof on AM signoI hos fwo dimensions fhof con be meosured ond used
fo coIcuIofed moduIofion index (m). The dimensions ore denofed P ond Q. If you've forgoffen
which one is which, foke o minufe fo reod over fhe nofes of fhe fop of poge 4-I4 before going
on fo fhe nexf sfep.

Io. Vory fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude o IiffIe by furning fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI
Ieff ond righf o IiffIe. Mofice fhe effecf fhof fhis hos on fhe DS8SC signoI's P ond Q
dimensions.

Question
8osed on your observofions in sfep Io, when fhe messoge's ompIifude is voried

neifher dimensions P or Q ore offecfed.
onIy dimension Q is offecfed.
onIy dimension P is offecfed.
bofh dimensions P ond Q ore offecfed.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - DS8SC moduIofion b-IZ

On fhe foce of if, defermining fhe depfh of moduIofion of o DS8SC signoI is o probIem. The
moduIofion index is oIwoys fhe some number regordIess of fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude. This
is becouse fhe DS8SC signoIs Q dimension is oIwoys ;ero.

However, fhis isn'f fhe probIem fhof if seems. One of fhe moin reosons for coIcuIofing on AM
signoI's moduIofion index is so fhof fhe disfribufion of power befween fhe signoI's corrier ond
ifs sidebonds con be coIcuIofed. However, DS8SC signoIs don'f hove o corrier (remember, if's
suppressed). This meons fhof oII of fhe DS8SC signoI's power is disfribufed befween ifs
sidebonds evenIy. So fhere's no need fo coIcuIofe o DS8SC signoI's moduIofion index.

The focf fhof you con'f coIcuIofe o DS8SC signoI's moduIofion index mighf impIy fhof you con
moke eifher fhe messoge or fhe corrier os Iorge os you Iike wifhouf worrying obouf over-
moduIofion. This isn'f frue. Moking eifher of fhese fwo signoIs foo Iorge con sfiII overIood fhe
moduIofor resuIfing in o fype of disforfion fhof you've seen before. The nexf porf of fhe
experimenf Iefs you observe whof hoppens when you overIood o DS8SC moduIofor.

I7. Sef fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fo obouf hoIf ifs froveI ond nofice fhe effecf on
fhe DS8SC signoI.

Note: If fhere is no effecf, furn up fhe goin confroI o IiffIe more.

I8. Drow fhe new DS8SC signoI fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided beIow.

Experimenf b - DS8SC moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs b-I3

Question 7
Whof is fhe nome of fhis fype of disforfion7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf b - DS8SC moduIofion b-I4

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

o

-

A
M

d
e
m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion o-Z

Eperiment - AM demoduIution
If you've compIefed Experimenf 4 fhen you've seen whof hoppens when you use o ZkH; sinewove
fo ompIifude moduIofe o corrier fo produce on AM signoI. ImporfonfIy, you wouId hove seen o
key chorocferisfic of on AM signoI - ifs enveIopes ore fhe some shope os fhe messoge (fhough
fhe Iower enveIope is inverfed).

Pecovering fhe originoI messoge from o moduIofed corrier is coIIed demoduIofion ond fhis is fhe
moin purpose of communicofions ond feIecommunicofions receivers. The circuif fhof is wideIy
used fo demoduIofe AM signoIs is coIIed on enveIope defecfor. The bIock diogrom of on enveIope
defecfor is shown in Figure I beIow.

Figure 1

As you con see, fhe recfifier sfoge chops fhe AM signoI in hoIf Ieffing onIy one of ifs enveIopes
fhrough (fhe upper enveIope in fhis cose buf fhe Iower enveIope is jusf os good). This signoI is
fed fo on PC LPF which frocks fhe peoks of ifs inpuf. When fhe inpuf fo fhe PC LPF is o
recfified AM signoI, if frocks fhe signoI's enveIope. ImporfonfIy, os fhe enveIope is fhe some
shope os fhe messoge, fhe PC LPF's oufpuf voIfoge is oIso fhe some shope os fhe messoge ond so
fhe AM signoI is demoduIofed.

A Iimifofion of enveIope defecfor shown in Figure I is fhof if connof occurofeIy recover fhe
messoge from over-moduIofed AM signoIs. To expIoin, recoII fhof when on AM corrier is over-
moduIofed fhe signoI's enveIope is no-Ionger fhe some shope os fhe originoI messoge. Insfeod,
fhe enveIope is disforfed ond so, by definifion, fhis meons fhof fhe enveIope defecfor musf
produce o disforfed version of fhe messoge.

Pecovered
messoge
PC
LPF
AM signoI
Pecfified AM signoI
Pecfifier

Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs o-3
The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo generofe on AM signoI by
impIemenfing ifs mofhemoficoI modeI. Then you'II sef-up on enveIope defecfor using fhe
Pecfifier ond PC LPF on fhe froiner's UfiIifies moduIe.

Once done, you'II connecf fhe AM signoI fo fhe enveIope defecfor's inpuf ond compore fhe
demoduIofed oufpuf fo fhe originoI messoge ond fhe AM signoI's enveIope. You'II oIso observe fhe
effecf fhof on over-moduIofed AM signoI hos on fhe enveIope defecfor's oufpuf.

FinoIIy, if fime permifs, you'II demoduIofe fhe AM signoI by muIfipIying if wifh o IocoI corrier
insfeod of using on enveIope defecfor.

If shouId foke you obouf I hour fo compIefe Porfs A fo D of fhis experimenf ond onofher Z0
minufes fo compIefe Porf E.

Equipment

one sef of heodphones (sfereo)

Procedure

Purt A - Setting up the AM moduIutor
To experimenf wifh AM demoduIofion you need on AM signoI. The firsf porf of fhe experimenf
gefs you fo sef one up.




3. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I Inpuf CoupIing confroI fo fhe DC posifion.

4. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe ond furn ifs 0 ond g confroIs fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

b. Locofe fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe ond furn ifs DC VoIfoge confroI oImosf fuIIy onfi-
cIockwise.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion o-4

o. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure Z beIow.


Figure Z

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 beIow. If generofes o I00kH;
corrier fhof is ompIifude moduIofed by o ZkH; sinewove messoge.

Figure 3

Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs o-b

Note: AIfhough fhe scope is now dispIoying fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf, if'II jusf be o sfroighf
Iine becouse fhe oufpuf is 0V.

7. Use fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Posifion confroI fo move fhe froce so fhof if Iines up
wifh fhe hori;onfoI Iine in fhe middIe of fhe scope's screen.

8. WhiIe wofching fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf on fhe scope, furn ifs g confroI unfiI fhe DC
IeveI is IV.

Tip: If is probobIy mosf convenienf fo do fhis wifh fhe scope's Ch-I VerficoI Affenuofion
confroI on fhe 0.bV/div seffing.

9. WhiIe wofching fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf on fhe scope, furn ifs 0 confroI fo obfoin o
IVp-p sinewove.

Tip: You moy need fo odjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe
signoI.

I0. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe AM signoI ouf of fhe

II. Meosure fhe AM signoI's depfh of moduIofion.

Tip: If you're nof sure how fo do fhis, see Experimenf 4 (poge 4-I4).

If you've connecfed fhe sef-up ond odjusfed fhe confroIs correcfIy, fhe AM signoI hos o depfh
of moduIofion of obouf 0.b.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion o-o

Purt - Pecovering the messuge using un enveIope detector

IZ. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 4 beIow.


Figure 4

The oddifions fo fhe sef-up in Figure 4 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b
beIow. As you con see, if's fhe enveIope defecfor expIoined in fhe preIiminory discussion.

Figure

AM
signoI
Pecfifier PC LPF
To Ch.Z
DemoduIofed
AM signoI


I3. Adjusf fhe scope's VerficoI Affenuofion confroIs fo oppropriofe seffings for fhe signoIs.

I4. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided beIow Ieoving room fo drow o
fhird woveform.

Tip: Drow fhe messoge signoI in fhe upper fhird of fhe groph ond fhe recfified AM signoI
in fhe middIe fhird.

Ib. Disconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI Z inpuf from fhe Pecfifier's oufpuf ond connecf if fo fhe
PC LPF's oufpuf insfeod.

Io. Drow fhe demoduIofed AM signoI fo scoIe in fhe spoce fhof you Ieff on fhe groph poper.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion o-8

Question 1
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe originoI messoge signoI ond fhe recovered messoge7

Purt C - Investiguting the messuge's umpIitude on the recovered messuge

I7. Vory fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude up ond down o IiffIe (by furning fhe Adder moduIe's 0
confroI Ieff ond righf o IiffIe) whiIe wofching fhe demoduIofed signoI.

Question Z
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe ompIifude of fhe fwo messoge signoIs7

I8. SIowIy increose fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo moximum whiIe wofching fhe
demoduIofed signoI.

Question 3
Whof do you fhink couses fhe heovy disforfion of fhe demoduIofed signoI7 Tip: If you're
nof sure, connecf fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe AM moduIofor's oufpuf ond sef ifs
Trigger Source confroI fo fhe CHZ posifion.

Question 4
Why does over-moduIofion couse fhe disforfion7


Purt D - Trunsmitting und recovering speech using AM
This experimenf hos sef up on AM communicofion sysfem fo "fronsmif" o messoge fhof is o ZkH;
sinewove. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you use fhe sef-up fo moduIofe, fronsmif,
demoduIofe ond Iisfen fo speech.

I9. If you moved fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo heIp you onswer Quesfion 4, reconnecf if fo
fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf ond refurn fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI fo fhe CHI
posifion.

Z0. Adjusf fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude bock fo IVp-p (by furning fhe Adder moduIe's 0
confroI onfi-cIockwise).

ZI. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure o beIow.

Figure

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion o-I0

ZZ. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Zms/div posifion.

Z3. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

Z4. Wifhouf weoring fhe heodphones, pIug fhem info fhe 8uffer moduIe's heodphone sockef.

Zb. Puf fhe heodphones on.

Zo. As you perform fhe nexf sfep, sef fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fo o comforfobIe
sound IeveI.

Z7. ToIk, sing or hum whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy ond Iisfening on fhe heodphones.

Purt E - The muthemutics of AM demoduIution
AM demoduIofion con be undersfood mofhemoficoIIy becouse if is uses muIfipIicofion fo
reproduce fhe originoI messoge. To expIoin, recoII fhof when fwo pure sinewoves ore muIfipIied
fogefher (o mofhemoficoI process fhof necessoriIy invoIves some frigonomefry fhof is nof shown
here) fhe resuIf gives fwo compIefeIy new sinewoves:

One wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe sum of fhe fwo signoIs' frequencies
One wifh o frequency equoI fo fhe difference befween fhe fwo signoIs' frequencies

The enveIope defecfor works becouse fhe recfifier is o device fhof muIfipIies oII signoIs on ifs
one inpuf wifh eoch ofher. OrdinoriIy, fhis is o nuisonce buf nof for oppIicofions Iike AM
demoduIofion. PecoII fhof on AM signoI consisfs of o corrier, fhe corrier pIus fhe messoge ond
fhe corrier minus fhe messoge. So, when on AM signoI is connecfed fo o recfifier's inpuf,
mofhemoficoIIy fhe recfifier's cross muIfipIicofion of oII of ifs sinewoves Iooks Iike:

Pecfifier's oufpuf ~ corrier (corrier + messoge) (corrier - messoge)


Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs o-II

If fhe messoge signoI used fo generofe fhe AM signoI is o simpIe sinewove fhen, when fhe
equofion obove is soIved, fhe recfifier oufpufs six sinewoves of fhe foIIowing frequencies:

Corrier + (corrier + messoge)
Corrier + (corrier - messoge)
(corrier + messoge) + (corrier - messoge)
Corrier - (corrier + messoge) which simpIifies fo jusf fhe messoge
Corrier - (corrier - messoge) which oIso simpIifies fo jusf fhe messoge
(corrier + messoge) - (corrier - messoge)

To moke fhis o IiffIe more meoningfuI, Ief's do on exompIe wifh numbers. The AM moduIofor fhof
you sef up of fhe beginning of fhis experimenf uses o I00kH; corrier ond o ZkH; messoge (wifh
o DC componenf). So, fhe resuIfing AM signoI consisfs of fhree sinewoves: one of I00kH;,
onofher of I0ZkH; ond o fhird of 98kH;. TobIe I beIow shows whof hoppens when fhese
sinewoves ore cross-muIfipIied by fhe recfifier.

TubIe 1 100kHz10ZkHz 100kHz9kHz 9kHz10ZkHz
Sum Z0ZkH; I98kH; Z00kH;
Difference ZkH; ZkH; 4kH;

Mofice fhof fwo of fhe sinewoves ore of fhe messoge frequency. In ofher words, fhe messoge
hos been recoveredl And, os fhe fwo messoges ore in phose, fhey simpIy odd fogefher fo moke o
singIe bigger messoge.

ImporfonfIy, we don'f wonf fhe ofher non-messoge sinewoves so, fo rejecf fhem buf keep fhe
messoge, fhe recfifier's oufpuf is senf fo o Iow-poss fiIfer (which expIoins why o Iow-poss fiIfer
con doubIe os o peok defecfor). IdeoIIy, fhe fiIfer's oufpuf wiII onIy consisf of fhe messoge
signoI. The chonces of fhis con be improved by moking fhe corrier's frequency much higher fhon
fhe highesf frequency in fhe messoge. This in furn mokes fhe frequency of fhe "summed" signoIs
much higher ond eosier for fhe Iow-poss fiIfer fo rejecf.

[As on oside, fhe 4kH; sinewove fhof wos generofed wouId poss fhrough fhe Iow-poss fiIfer os
weII ond be presenf on ifs oufpuf oIong wifh fhe ZkH; signoI. This is inconvenienf os if is o signoI
fhof wos nof presenf in fhe originoI messoge. LuckiIy, os fhe signoI wos generofed by muIfipIying
fhe sidebonds, ifs ompIifude is much Iower fhon fhe recovered messoge ond con be ignored.]

An oImosf idenficoI mofhemoficoI process con be modeIIed using fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner
I0I's MuIfipIier moduIe. However, insfeod of muIfipIying fhe AM signoI's sinewoves wifh eoch

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion o-IZ
ofher (fhe MuIfipIier moduIe doesn'f do fhis), if musf be muIfipIied wifh on oddifionoI pure
I00kH; sinewove. The nexf porf of fhis experimenf Iefs you demoduIofe on AM signoI fhis woy.

Z8. Modify fhe sef-up fo refurn if fo jusf on AM moduIofor wifh o ZkH; sinewove for fhe
messoge os shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7

Z9. Check fhof fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude is IVp-p. If nof, odjusf fhe Adder moduIe's 0
confroI unfiI if is.

Tip: You'II need fo refurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo ifs eorIier seffing if you've nof
done so oIreody.

Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs o-I3

30. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 8 beIow.

Figure

The oddifions fo fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 9 beIow. The
MuIfipIier moduIe modeIs fhe mofhemoficoI bosis of AM demoduIofion ond fhe PC Low-poss
fiIfer on fhe UfiIifies moduIe picks ouf fhe messoge whiIe rejecfing fhe ofher sinewoves
generofed.

Figure 9
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
A
SPEECH
VARIABLE
DCV
VDC
GND
VDC
+5V
EXOR
B A + B
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion o-I4

3I. Compore fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf wifh fhe Pecfifier's oufpuf fhof you drew eorIier
(see poge o-7).

Question
0iven fhe AM signoI (which consisfs of I00kH;, I0ZkH; ond 98kH; sinewoves) is being
muIfipIied by o I00kH; sinewove:

A) How mony sinewoves ore presenf in fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf7
8) Whof ore fheir frequencies7

3Z. Disconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI Z inpuf from fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf ond connecf if
fo fhe PC LPF's oufpuf insfeod.

33. Compore fhe PC LPF's oufpuf wifh fhe messoge ond fhe oufpuf PC LPF's fhof you drew
eorIier (see poge o-7).

A common misconcepfion obouf AM is fhof, once fhe signoI is over-moduIofed, if's impossibIe fo
recover fhe messoge. However, when fhe AM signoI is generofed using on ideoI or neor-ideoI
moduIofor (Iike Figure 3) fhis is onIy frue for fhe enveIope defecfor.

The AM demoduIofion mefhod being impIemenfed in fhis porf of fhe experimenf (coIIed producf
defecfion - fhough if is more occurofe fo coII if producf demoduIofion) doesn'f suffer from fhis
probIem os if's nof designed fo recover fhe messoge by frocking one of fhe AM signoI's
enveIopes. The finoI porf of fhis experimenf demonsfrofes fhis.


Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs o-Ib

34. Connecf fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe AM moduIofor's oufpuf.

3b. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI fo fhe CH Z posifion.

3o. SIowIy increose fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo produce o neor I007 moduIofed AM
signoI by odjusfing fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI.

Note: Pesi;e fhe AM ond demoduIofed messoge signoIs on fhe scope's screen os
necessory.

37. SIowIy increose fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude fo produce on AM signoI fhof is moduIofed
by more fhon I007 whiIe poying cIose offenfion fo fhe demoduIofed messoge signoI.

Note: Mofice fhof fhe demoduIofed messoge signoI is nof disforfed even fhough fhe
corrier is over-moduIofed.

As on oside, fhe commercioI impIemenfofion of AM moduIofion commonIy invoIves o CIoss C
ompIifier for efficiency (fhof is, fo minimise power Iosses). When o CIoss C ompIifier is operofed
of depfhs of moduIofion obove I007 fhe circuif's operofion no-Ionger corresponds wifh fhe
modeI of on AM moduIofor in Figure 3. ImporfonfIy, in oddifion fo producing on enveIope fhof is
nof fhe some os fhe originoI messoge, fhe over-moduIofed CIoss C circuif produces exfro
frequency componenfs in fhe specfrum. This meons fhof neifher fhe enveIope defecfor nor fhe
producf demoduIofor con reproduce fhe messoge wifhouf disforfion.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf o - AM demoduIofion o-Io

M
o
m
e
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C
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s
s
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7

-

D
S
8
S
C

d
e
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o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion 7-Z

Eperiment 7 - DSSC demoduIution
If you've compIefed experimenf o you've seen how fhe enveIope defecfor con be used fo
recover fhe originoI messoge from on AM signoI (fhof is, demoduIofe if). UnforfunofeIy, fhe
enveIope defecfor connof be used fo demoduIofe o DS8SC signoI.

To undersfond why, recoII fhof fhe enveIope defecfor oufpufs o signoI fhof is o copy of ifs
inpuf's enveIope. This works weII for demoduIofing AM becouse fhe signoI's enveIopes ore fhe
some shope os fhe messoge fhof produced if in fhe firsf pIoce. However, recoII fhof o DS8SC
signoI's enveIopes ore nof fhe some shope os fhe messoge.

Insfeod, DS8SC signoIs ore demoduIofed using o circuif coIIed o producf defecfor (fhough
producf demoduIofor is o more oppropriofe nome) ond ifs bosic bIock diogrom is shown in Figure
I beIow. Ofher nomes for fhis fype of demoduIofion incIude o synchronous defecfor ond
swifching defecfor.

Figure 1

As ifs nome impIies, fhe producf defecfor uses muIfipIicofion ond so mofhemofics is necessory
fo expIoin ifs operofion. The incoming DS8SC signoI is muIfipIied by o pure sinewove fhof musf
be fhe some frequency os fhe DS8SC signoI's suppressed corrier. This sinewove is generofed by
fhe receiver ond is known os fhe IocoI corrier.

To see why fhis process recovers fhe messoge, Ief's describe producf defecfion
mofhemoficoIIy:

DS8SC demoduIofor's oufpuf ~ fhe DS8SC signoI fhe IocoI corrier

Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 7-3
ImporfonfIy, recoII fhof DS8SC generofion invoIves fhe muIfipIicofion of fhe messoge wifh fhe
corrier which produces sum ond difference frequencies (fhe preIiminory discussion in
Experimenf b summorises DS8SC generofion). Thof being fhe cose, fhis informofion con be
subsfifufed for fhe DS8SC signoI ond fhe equofion rewriffen os:

DS8SC demoduIofor's oufpuf ~ [(corrier + messoge) + (corrier - messoge)] corrier

When fhe equofion is soIved, we gef four sinewoves wifh fhe foIIowing frequencies:

Corrier + (corrier + messoge)
Corrier + (corrier - messoge)
Corrier - (corrier + messoge) which simpIifies fo jusf fhe messoge
Corrier - (corrier - messoge) which oIso simpIifies fo jusf fhe messoge

(If you're nof sure why fhese sinewoves ore produced, if's imporfonf fo remember fhof for
every poir of pure sinewoves fhof ore muIfipIied fogefher, fwo compIefeIy new sinewoves ore
generofed. One hos o frequency equoI fo fhe sum of fhe originoI sinewoves' frequencies ond fhe
ofher hos o frequency equoI fo fheir difference.)

ImporfonfIy, nofice fhof fwo of fhe producfs ore sinewoves of fhe messoge frequency. In
ofher words, fhe messoge hos been recovered. As fhe fwo messoge signoIs ore in phose, fhey
simpIy odd fogefher fo moke one Iorger messoge.

Mofice oIso fhof fwo of fhe producfs ore non-messoge sinewoves. These sinewoves ore
unwonfed ond so o Iow-poss fiIfer is used fo rejecf fhem whiIe keeping fhe messoge.

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo generofe o DS8SC signoI by
impIemenfing ifs mofhemoficoI modeI. Then you'II sef-up o producf defecfor by impIemenfing ifs
mofhemoficoI modeI foo.

Once done, you'II connecf fhe DS8SC signoI fo fhe producf defecfor's inpuf ond compore fhe
demoduIofed oufpuf fo fhe originoI messoge ond fhe DS8SC signoI's enveIopes. You'II oIso
observe fhe effecf fhof disforfion of o DS8SC signoI due fo overIooding hos on fhe producf
defecfor's oufpuf.

FinoIIy, if fime permifs, you'II invesfigofe fhe effecf on fhe producf defecfor's performonce of
on unsynchronised IocoI corrier.

If shouId foke you obouf I hour fo compIefe fhe whoIe experimenf.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion 7-4
Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Setting up the DSSC moduIutor
To experimenf wifh DS8SC demoduIofion you need o DS8SC signoI. The firsf porf of fhe
experimenf gefs you fo sef one up.






Figure Z

Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 7-b
The sef-up in Figure Z con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 beIow. If generofes
o I00kH; corrier fhof is DS8SC moduIofed by o ZkH; sinewove messoge.

Figure 3



Note: If you hove connecfed fhe sef-up correcfIy, fhe MuIfipIier's oufpuf shouId be o
corrier moduIofed by o sinewove fo produce o DS8SC signoI.

Tip: You moy need fo odjusf fhe scope's fwo VerficoI Affenuofion confroIs.

o. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided on fhe nexf poge Ieoving room fo
drow o fhird woveform.

Tip: Drow fhe messoge signoI in fhe upper fhird of fhe groph ond fhe DS8SC signoI in
fhe middIe fhird.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion 7-o



Purt - Pecovering the messuge using u product detector

7. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe ond sef ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe
of ifs froveI.

8. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.



Figure 4

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
f Cx100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion 7-8

The oddifions fo fhe sef-up in Figure 4 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b
beIow. The MuIfipIier moduIe ond fhe PC Low-poss FiIfer on fhe UfiIifies moduIe ore used fo
impIemenf o producf defecfor which demoduIofes fhe originoI messoge from fhe DS8SC signoI.

Figure

The enfire sef-up is represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o beIow. If highIighfs fhe focf
fhof fhe moduIofor's corrier is "sfoIen" fo provide fhe producf defecfor's IocoI corrier. This
meons fhof fhe fwo corriers ore synchronised which is necessory for DS8SC communicofions fo
work.

Figure

DS8SC
signoI
X
Y
DemoduIofed
DS8SC signoI
To Ch.Z
I00kH;
IocoI corrier
Mosfer
signoIs
MuIfipIier
moduIe
TuneobIe
Low-poss fiIfer


I0. Drow fhe demoduIofed DS8SC signoI fo scoIe in fhe spoce fhof you Ieff on fhe groph
poper.

Question 1
Why musf o producf defecfor be used fo recover fhe messoge insfeod of on enveIope
defecfor7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion 7-I0

Purt C - Investiguting the messuge's umpIitude on the recovered messuge

II. Disconnecf fhe pIug fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

IZ. Locofe fhe 8uffer moduIe ond furn ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf o quorfer of ifs froveI.

I3. Use fhe 8uffer moduIe fo modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7

The oddifion fo fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 beIow. The
ompIifier's voriobIe goin oIIows fhe messoge's ompIifude fo be odjusfobIe.

Figure
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
BUFFER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF

Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 7-II

I4. Vory fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude up ond down o IiffIe (by furning fhe 8uffer moduIe's
0oin confroI Ieff ond righf o IiffIe) whiIe wofching fhe demoduIofed signoI.

Question Z
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe ompIifude of fhe fwo messoge signoIs7

Ib. SIowIy increose fhe messoge signoI's ompIifude unfiI fhe demoduIofed signoI begins fo
disforf.

Question 3
Whof do you fhink couses fhe disforfion of fhe demoduIofed signoI7 Tip: If you're nof
sure, connecf fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe DS8SC moduIofor's oufpuf ond sef ifs
Trigger Source confroI fo fhe CHZ posifion.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion 7-IZ

Purt D - Trunsmitting und recovering speech using DSSC
This experimenf hos sef up o DS8SC communicofion sysfem fo "fronsmif" o ZkH; sinewove. The
nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you use if fo moduIofe, fronsmif, demoduIofe ond Iisfen fo
speech.

Io. If you odjusfed fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI fo heIp onswer Quesfion 3, refurn if
fo fhe CHI posifion.

I7. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 9 beIow.

Figure 9


I9. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

Z0. Wifhouf weoring fhe heodphones, pIug fhem info fhe 8uffer moduIe's heodphone sockef.

ZI. Puf fhe heodphones on.

ZZ. As you perform fhe nexf sfep, sef fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fo o comforfobIe
sound IeveI.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
A
SPEECH
VARIABLE
DCV
VDC
GND
VDC
+5V
EXOR
B A + B
BUFFER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF

Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 7-I3

Z3. ToIk, sing or hum whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy ond Iisfening on fhe heodphones.



Purt E - Currier synchronisution
CrucioI fo fhe correcf operofion of o DS8SC communicofions sysfem is fhe synchronisofion
befween fhe moduIofor's corrier signoI ond fhe producf defecfor's IocoI corrier. Any phose or
frequency difference befween fhe fwo signoIs odverseIy offecfs fhe sysfem's performonce.

The effect of phuse errors
PecoII fhof fhe producf defecfor generofes fwo copies of fhe messoge. PecoII oIso fhof fhey're
in phose wifh eoch ofher ond so fhey simpIy odd fogefher fo form one bigger messoge.
However, if fhere's o phose error befween fhe corriers, fhe producf defecfor's fwo messoges
hove o phose error oIso. One of fhem hos fhe sum of fhe phose errors ond fhe ofher fhe
difference. In ofher words, fhe fwo messoges ore ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher.

If fhe corriers' phose error is smoII (soy obouf I0") fhe fwo messoges sfiII odd fogefher fo
form one bigger signoI buf nof os big os when fhe corriers ore in phose. As fhe corriers' phose
error increoses, fhe recovered messoge gefs smoIIer. Once fhe phose error exceeds 4b" fhe
fwo messoges begin fo subfrocf from eoch ofher. When fhe corriers phose error is 90" fhe
fwo messoges end up I80" ouf of phose ond compIefeIy conceI eoch ofher ouf.

The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you observe fhe effecfs of corrier phose error.

Z4. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise ogoin.

Zb. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo obouf fhe 0.Ims/div posifion.

Zo. Locofe fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe ond sef ifs Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe I80" posifion.

Z7. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 7-Ib

Z8. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure I0 beIow.

Figure 10

The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure II beIow. The Phose
Shiffer moduIe oIIows o phose error befween fhe DS8SC moduIofor's corrier ond fhe producf
defecfor's IocoI corrier fo be infroduced.

Figure 11
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
BUFFER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
IN OUT
0
O
180
O
PHASE
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
f
C
x100
fC
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion 7-Io

Z9. SIowIy increose fhe 8uffer moduIe's goin unfiI you con comforfobIy heor fhe
demoduIofed ZkH; fone.

30. Vory fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf whiIe wofching ond
Iisfening fo fhe effecf on fhe recovered messoge.

3I. Adjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI unfiI fhe recovered messoge is
biggesf.

Question 4
0iven fhe si;e of fhe recovered messoge's ompIifude, whof is fhe IikeIy phose error
befween fhe fwo corriers7 Tip: If you're nof sure obouf fhe onswer fo fhis quesfion (ond
fhe nexf one), rereod fhe nofes of fhe fop of poge 7-I3.

3Z. Adjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI unfiI fhe recovered messoge is
smoIIesf.

Question
0iven fhe si;e of fhe recovered messoge's new ompIifude, whof is fhe IikeIy phose error
befween fhe fwo corriers7


The effect of frequency errors
When fhere's o frequency error befween fhe DS8SC signoI's corrier ond fhe producf
defecfor's IocoI corrier, fhere is o corresponding frequency error in fhe fwo producfs fhof
usuoIIy coincide. One is of fhe messoge frequency minus fhe error ond fhe ofher is of fhe
messoge frequency pIus fhe error.

If fhe error is smoII (soy 0.IH;) fhe fwo signoIs wiII oIfernofeIy reinforce ond conceI eoch
ofher which con render fhe messoge periodicoIIy inoudibIe buf ofherwise infeIIigibIe. If fhe
frequency error is Iorger (soy bH;) fhe messoge is reosonobIy infeIIigibIe buf fideIify is poor.
When frequency errors ore Iorge, infeIIigibiIify is seriousIy offecfed.

The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you observe fhe effecfs of corrier frequency error.

33. Locofe fhe VCO moduIe ond sef ifs Ponge confroI fo fhe HI posifion.


3b. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure IZ beIow.

Figure 1Z

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
BUFFER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
VCO
GAIN
DIGITAL
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO
INPUT
SINE
f Cx100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF


The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I3 beIow. The VCO
moduIe oIIows fhe IocoI osciIIofor fo be compIefeIy frequency (ond phose) independenf of fhe
DS8SC moduIofor.

Figure 13

3o. Vory fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe fhe effecf
on fhe recovered messoge.

37. If you're nof doing so oIreody, Iisfen fo fhe recovered messoge using fhe heodphones.

38. Use fhe dispIoy of fhe recovered messoge on fhe scope ond your heoring fo fry fo gef
VCO moduIe's frequency os cIose os possibIe fo fhe fronsmiffer's corrier frequency.

Tip: If you con'f remember whof ZkH; sounds Iike, disconnecf fhe pIug fo fhe VCO
moduIe's oufpuf ond connecf if fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIes I00kH; SIME oufpuf for o
coupIe of seconds. This wiII meon fhof fhe fwo corriers ore fhe some ogoin ond fhe
messoge wiII be recovered.



39. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf ond connecf
fhem fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf.

40. ToIk, sing, efc info fhe microphone whiIe vorying fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf
confroI ond Iisfen fo fhe effecf of on unsynchronised IocoI corrier on speech.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 7 - DS8SC demoduIofion 7-Z0

M
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Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion 8-Z

Eperiment - SSSC moduIution und demoduIution
Comporing fhe fwo communicofions sysfems considered eorIier in fhis monuoI, DS8SC offers
considerobIe power sovings over AM (of Ieosf oo7) becouse o corrier is nof fronsmiffed.
However, bofh sysfems generofe ond fronsmif sum ond difference frequencies (fhe upper ond
Iower sidebonds) ond so fhey hove fhe some bondwidfh os eoch ofher.

As ifs nome impIies, fhe SingIe Sidebond Suppressed Corrier (SS8SC or jusf SS8) sysfem
fronsmifs onIy one sidebond. In ofher words, SS8 fronsmifs eifher fhe sum or fhe difference
frequencies buf nof bofh. ImporfonfIy, if doesn'f moffer which sidebond is used becouse fhey
bofh confoin oII of fhe informofion in fhe originoI messoge.

In fronsmiffing onIy one sidebond, SS8 requires onIy hoIf fhe bondwidfh of DS8SC ond AM
which is o significonf odvonfoge.

resuIf of moduIofing fhe corrier wifh fhe messoge using SS8SC. If you Iook cIoseIy, you'II nofice
fhof fhe moduIofed corrier is fhe some shope os fhe messoge buf is nof fhe some frequency os
eifher fhe messoge or fhe corrier.

Figure 1

Experimenf 8 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 8-3

A common mefhod of generofing SS8 simpIy invoIves generofing o DS8SC signoI fhen using o
fiIfer fo pick ouf ond fronsmif onIy one of fhe sidebonds. This is known os fhe fiIfer mefhod.
However, fhe fwo sidebonds in o DS8SC signoI ore cIose fogefher in frequency ond so
specioIised fiIfers musf be used. This meons fhof fhe fiIfers for non-moinsfreom oppIicofions
con be expensive.

Anofher woy of generofing SS8 fhof is becoming increosingIy popuIor is coIIed fhe phosing
mefhod. This uses o fechnique coIIed phose discriminofion fo conceI ouf one of fhe sidebonds of
fhe generofion sfoge (insfeod of fiIfering if ouf offerwords).

In feIecommunicofions fheory, fhe mofhemoficoI modeI fhof defines fhis process is:

SS8 ~ (messoge corrier) + (messoge wifh 90" of phose shiff corrier wifh 90" of phose shiff)

If you Iook cIoseIy of fhe equofion you'II nofice fhof if's fhe sum of fwo muIfipIicofions. When
fhe messoge is o simpIe sinewove fhe soIufion of fhe fwo muIfipIicofions feIIs us fhof four
sinewoves ore generofed. Depending on whefher fhe messoge's phose shiff is +90" or -90" fheir
frequencies ond phose differences ore:

These, Or fhese,
Corrier + messoge
Corrier - messoge
Corrier + messoge
Corrier - messoge (I80" phose shiffed)
Corrier + messoge
Corrier - messoge
Corrier + messoge (I80" phose shiffed)
Corrier - messoge

PegordIess of whefher fhe messoge's phose shiff is +90" or -90", when fhe four sinewoves ore
odded fogefher, fwo of fhem ore in phose ond odd fogefher fo produce one sinewove (eifher
corrier + messoge or corrier - messoge) ond fwo of fhe sinewoves ore phose inverfed ond
compIefeIy conceI. In ofher words, fhe process produces onIy o sum or difference signoI (fhof is,
jusf one sidebond).

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion 8-4
The bIock diogrom fhof impIemenfs fhe phosing fype of SS8 moduIofor is shown in Figure Z
beIow.

Figure Z

As SS8 signoIs don'f confoin o corrier, fhey musf be demoduIofed using producf defecfion in fhe
some woy os DS8SC signoIs (fhe producf defecfor's operofion is summorised in fhe preIiminory
discussion of Experimenf 7).

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo generofe on SS8 signoI by
impIemenfing fhe mofhemoficoI modeI for fhe phosing mefhod. You'II fhen use o producf
defecfor (wifh o sfoIen corrier) fo reproduce fhe messoge.

ImporfonfIy, you'II onIy do so for o sinewove messoge (fhof is, you'II nof SS8 moduIofe fhen
demoduIofe speech). There's o procficoI reoson for fhis. The phose shiff infroduced by fhe
froiner's Phose Shiffer moduIe is frequency dependenf (fhof is, for ony given seffing, fhe phose
shiff is differenf of differenf frequencies). A widebond phose shiffing circuif is necessory fo
provide 90" of phose shiff for oII of fhe sinewoves in o compIex messoge Iike speech.


Corrier
SS8
Messoge
(Sine)
DS8SC
DS8SC

Experimenf 8 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 8-b

Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting un SS signuI using u simpIe messuge


Z. Sef up fhe scope per fhe insfrucfions in Experimenf I. Ensure fhof ifs Trigger Source
confroI is sef fo fhe CHI (or IMT) posifion.

3. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion.



Figure 3

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion 8-o

The sef-up in Figure 3 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow. If is used fo
sef up fwo messoge signoIs fhof ore ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher.

Figure 4

b. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe fwo messoge signoIs.

o. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe I80" posifion.

7. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

8. Check fhof fhe fwo messoge signoIs ore ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher.

Note: Af fhis sfoge, if doesn'f moffer whof fhe phose difference is.

9. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure b on fhe nexf poge.



Figure

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o beIow. If is used fo muIfipIy
fhe fwo messoge signoIs wifh fwo I00kH; sinewoves (fhe corriers) fhof ore exocfIy 90" ouf of
phose wifh eoch ofher.

Figure

DS8SC
signoI 8
DS8SC
signoI A
To Ch.Z
I00kH;
SIME
I00kH;
COS
X
Y
Y
X
Mosfer
signoIs
To Ch.I
ZkH;
MuIfipIier
MuIfipIier
Messoge
(Sine)

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion 8-8

I0. Use fhe scope fo check fhof fhe Iower MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf is o DS8SC signoI.

II. Disconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI Z inpuf from fhe Iower MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf ond
connecf if fo fhe upper MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf.

IZ. Check fhof fhe upper MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf is o DS8SC signoI os weII.

I3. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe ond sef ifs 0 ond g confroIs fo obouf fhe middIe of fheir froveI.


Figure 7


The sef-up in Figure 7 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 beIow. The Adder
moduIe is used fo odd fhe fwo DS8SC signoIs fogefher. The phose reIofionships befween fhe
sinewoves in fhe DS8SC signoIs meons fhof fwo of fhem (one in eoch sidebond) reinforce eoch
ofher ond fhe ofher fwo conceI eoch ofher ouf.

Figure

Question 1
The signoI ouf of fhe SS8 moduIofor is highIy unIikeIy fo be on SS8 signoI of fhis sfoge.
Whof ore fwo reosons for fhis7 Tip: If you're nof sure, one of fhem con be worked ouf by
reoding fhe preIiminory discussion.


SS8 signoI
To Ch. Z
DS8SC
DS8SC
I00kH;
SIME
X
Y
Y
X
Corrier
8
A
ZkH;
I00kH;
COS
Adder
Messoge
(Sine)

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion 8-I0

The nexf porf of fhe experimenf gefs you fo moke fhe fine odjusfmenfs necessory fo furn fhe
sef-up info o frue SS8 moduIofor.

Ib. Turn fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

Note: This removes fhe signoI on fhe Adder moduIe's A inpuf from fhe sef-up's oufpuf.

Io. Adjusf fhe Adder's g confroI fo obfoin o 4Vp-p oufpuf.

I7. Disconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

Note: This removes fhe signoI on fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf from fhe sef-up's oufpuf.

I8. Adjusf fhe Adder's 0 confroI fo obfoin o 4Vp-p oufpuf.

I9. Peconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe Adder's 8 inpuf.

The goin of fhe Adder moduIe's fwo inpufs wiII now be neorIy fhe some.

Z0. Vory fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe fhe
effecf on fhe enveIopes of fhe sef-up's oufpuf.

ZI. Adjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI fo moke fhe enveIopes os "fIof"
os possibIe.

The phose difference befween fhe fwo messoges wiII now be neorIy 90".

ZZ. Tweok fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI fo see if you con moke fhe oufpuf's enveIopes
fIoffer.

Z3. Tweok fhe Phose Shiffer's Phose Adjusf confroI fo see if you con moke fhe oufpuf's
enveIopes fIoffer sfiII.

Once fhe enveIopes ore os fIof os you con gef, fhe goin of fhe Adder moduIe's fwo inpufs ore
very cIose fo eoch ofher ond fhe phose difference befween fhe fwo messoges ore very cIose fo
90".


Experimenf 8 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 8-II

Z4. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe b0ps/div posifion.

Zb. Acfivofe fhe scope's Sweep Mognificofion confroI.

Tip: This confroI is Iocofed in differenf pIoces on differenf scopes. If you con'f find if or
if you're nof sure you hove fhe righf confroI, osk fhe insfrucfor for ossisfonce.

Zo. Use fhe scope's Hori;onfoI Posifion confroI fo exomine fhe viewobIe Iengfh of SS8 signoI
cIoseIy.

Question Z
How mony sinewoves does fhis SS8 signoI consisf of7

Question 3
For fhe given inpufs fo fhe SS8 moduIofor, whof fwo frequencies con fhis signoI be7 Tip:
If you're nof sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion.

Z7. Deocfivofe fhe scope's Sweep Mognificofion confroI.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion 8-IZ

Purt - Using the product detector to recover the messuge

Z8. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe ond sef ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe
of ifs froveI.

Z9. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's soff Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.


Figure 9

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
IN OUT
0
O
180
O
PHASE
PHASE
SHIFTER
LO
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
XDC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
B
A
ADDER
G
GA+gB
g
MULTIPLIER
XDC
YDC kXY
SERIAL X1
X2 CLK
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
S/ P
f
C
x100
fC
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF

Experimenf 8 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 8-I3

The oddifions fo fhe sef-up shown in Figure 9 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure
I0 beIow. The MuIfipIier moduIe ond fhe PC Low-poss FiIfer on fhe UfiIifies moduIe ore used fo
impIemenf o producf defecfor which demoduIofes fhe originoI messoge from fhe SS8 signoI.

Figure 10

3I. Use fhe scope fo compore fhe originoI messoge wifh fhe recovered messoge.

Question 4
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe originoI messoge ond fhe recovered messoge7


SS8
signoI
X
Y
DemoduIofed
SS8 signoI
To Ch.Z
I00kH; "sfoIen"
IocoI corrier
Mosfer
signoIs
MuIfipIier
TuneobIe
LPF

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 8 - SS8SC moduIofion & demoduIofion 8-I4

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

9

-

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - Frequency moduIofion 9-Z

Eperiment 9 - Frequency moduIution
A disodvonfoge of fhe AM, DS8SC ond SS8 communicofion sysfems is fhof fhey ore suscepfibIe
fo picking up eIecfricoI noise in fhe fronsmission medium (fhe chonneI). This is becouse noise
chonges fhe ompIifude of fhe fronsmiffed signoI ond fhe demoduIofors of fhese sysfems ore
offecfed by ompIifude voriofions.

As ifs nome impIies, frequency moduIofion (FM) uses o messoge's ompIifude fo vory fhe
frequency of o corrier insfeod of ifs ompIifude. This meons fhof fhe FM demoduIofor is
designed fo Iook for chonges in frequency insfeod. As such, if is Iess offecfed by ompIifude
voriofions ond so FM is Iess suscepfibIe fo noise. This mokes FM o beffer communicofions
sysfem in fhis regord.

There ore severoI mefhods of generofing FM signoIs buf fhey oII bosicoIIy invoIve on osciIIofor
wifh on eIecfricoIIy odjusfobIe frequency. The osciIIofor uses on inpuf voIfoge fo offecf fhe
frequency of ifs oufpuf. TypicoIIy, when fhe inpuf is 0V, fhe osciIIofor oufpufs o signoI of ifs
resf frequency (oIso commonIy coIIed fhe free-running or cenfre frequency). If fhe oppIied
voIfoge vories obove or beIow 0V, fhe osciIIofor's oufpuf frequency deviofes obove ond beIow fhe
resf frequency. Moreover, fhe omounf of deviofion is offecfed by fhe ompIifude of fhe inpuf
voIfoge. Thof is, fhe bigger fhe inpuf voIfoge, fhe greofer fhe deviofion.

Figure I beIow shows o simpIe messoge signoI (o bipoIor squorewove) ond on unmoduIofed corrier.
If oIso shows fhe resuIf of frequency moduIofing fhe corrier wifh fhe messoge.

Figure 1

Experimenf 9 - Frequency moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 9-3

There ore o few fhings fo nofice obouf fhe FM signoI. Firsf, ifs enveIopes ore fIof - recoII fhof
FM doesn'f vory fhe corrier's ompIifude. Second, ifs period (ond hence ifs frequency) chonges
when fhe ompIifude of fhe messoge chonges. Third, os fhe messoge oIfernofes obove ond beIow
0V, fhe signoI's frequency goes obove ond beIow fhe corrier's frequency. (Mofe: If's equoIIy
possibIe fo design on FM moduIofor fo couse fhe frequency fo chonge in fhe opposife direcfion
fo fhe chonge in fhe messoge's poIorify.)

8efore discussing FM ony furfher, on imporfonf poinf musf be mode here. A squorewove
messoge hos been used in fhis discussion fo heIp you visuoIise how on FM corrier responds fo ifs
messoge. In so doing, Figure I suggesfs fhof fhe resuIfing FM signoI consisfs of onIy fwo
sinewoves (one of o frequency obove fhe corrier ond one beIow). However, fhis isn'f fhe cose.
For reosons besf Ieff fo your insfrucfor fo expIoin, fhe specfroI composifion of fhe FM signoI in
Figure I is much more compIex fhon impIied.

This highIighfs one of fhe imporfonf differences befween FM ond fhe moduIofion schemes
discussed eorIier. The mofhemoficoI modeI of on FM signoI predicfs fhof even for o simpIe
sinusoidoI messoge, fhe resuIf is o signoI fhof pofenfioIIy confoins mony sinewoves. In confrosf,
for fhe some sinusoidoI messoge, on AM signoI wouId consisf of fhree sinewoves, o DS8SC signoI
wouId consisf of fwo ond on SS8SC signoI wouId consisf of onIy one. This doesn'f oufomoficoIIy
meon fhof fhe bondwidfh of FM signoIs is wider fhon AM, DS8SC ond SS8SC signoIs (for fhe
some messoge signoI). However, in fhe procficoI impIemenfofion of FM communicofions, if usuoIIy
is.

FinoIIy, when reoding obouf fhe operofion of on FM moduIofor you moy hove recognised fhof
fhere is o moduIe on fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fhof operofes in fhe some woy - fhe VCO
moduIe. In focf o voIfoge-confroIIed osciIIofor is somefimes used for FM moduIofion (fhough
fhere ore ofher mefhods wifh odvonfoges over fhe VCO).

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II generofe o reoI FM signoI using fhe VCO moduIe on fhe Emono
TeIecoms-Troiner I0I. Firsf you'II sef up fhe VCO moduIe fo oufpuf on unmoduIofed corrier of o
known frequency. Then you'II observe fhe effecf of frequency moduIofing ifs oufpuf wifh o
squorewove fhen speech. You'II oIso use fhe speech signoI fo demonsfrofe fhe effecf fhof o
messoge's ompIifude hos on on FM moduIofor. FinoIIy, you'II use o sinewove fo observe fhe
specfroI composifion of on FM signoI (in fhe fime domoin).


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - Frequency moduIofion 9-4

Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Frequency moduIuting u squurewuve




3. Locofe fhe VCO moduIe ond furn ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf fwo fhirds of ifs froveI (obouf
fhe posifion of fhe number Z on o cIock foce).



o. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure Z beIow.

Note: Inserf fhe osciIIoscope Ieod's bIock pIug info o ground (0MD) sockef.

Figure Z

Experimenf 9 - Frequency moduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs 9-b

7. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Z0ps/div posifion.

8. Adjusf fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI so fhof one cycIe of ifs oufpuf is
exocfIy b divisions.
Note: This sefs fhe VCO moduIe's resf frequency fo I0kH; (proof: 000 , I0
Z0 b
I
=

)

9. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe 0.Ims/div posifion.

Note: This wiII show obouf fen cycIes of fhe VCO moduIe's SIME oufpuf.


Note: Mofice fhof fhe scope's connecfion fo fhe VCO moduIe's oufpuf hos chonged.

Figure 3

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - Frequency moduIofion 9-o

The sef-up in Figure 3 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow. The Mosfer
SignoIs moduIe is used fo provide o ZkH; squorewove messoge signoI ond fhe VCO moduIe is fhe
FM moduIofor wifh o I0kH; corrier.

Figure 4

II. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion.

IZ. If necessory, fweok fhe VCO moduIe's 0oin confroI unfiI you obfoin on oufpuf from fhe
VCO fhof's simiIor fo fhe FM signoI in Figure I (in fhe preIiminory discussion).

I3. Use fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Posifion confroI fo overIoy fhe messoge wifh fhe FM
signoI ond compore fhem.

Question 1
Why does fhe frequency of fhe corrier chonge7



Purt - Seneruting un FM signuI using speech
So for, fhis experimenf hos generofed on FM signoI using o squorewove for fhe messoge.
However, fhe messoge in commercioI communicofions sysfems is much more IikeIy fo be speech
ond music. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you see whof on FM signoI Iooks Iike when
moduIofed by speech.

I4. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; DI0ITAL oufpuf.

Ib. Connecf fhem fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf os shown in Figure b beIow.


Figure

Io. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI fo fhe CHZ posifion.


I8. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo obouf fhe Z0ps/div posifion.

I9. QuiefIy hum info fhe Speech moduIe's microphone whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy.

Z0. SIowIy moke your hum Iouder ond Iouder wifhouf chonging ifs pifch.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - Frequency moduIofion 9-8

Question Z
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe FM signoI's frequency deviofion (fhof is, fhe VCO
moduIe's oufpuf) ond fhe ompIifude of fhe messoge7

Question 3
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe FM signoI's frequency deviofion ond fhe frequency
of fhe messoge7 Tip: This reIofionship moy nof be observobIe wifh fhe presenf sef-up.



Purt C - Considering the spectruI composition of FM signuIs
PegordIess of fhe fype of messoge signoI used fhe specfroI composifion of FM signoIs is rich in
sinewoves. The nexf porf of fhis experimenf demonsfrofes fhis.

ZI. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe CHZ posifion so fhof you're onIy Iooking of fhe FM
signoI.

ZZ. Disconnecf fhe VCO moduIe's inpuf from fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf.

Z3. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure o beIow.

Figure

You shouId now see o dispIoy fhof Iooks simiIor fo Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf 9 - Frequency moduIofion 9-I0

Z4. If you don'f hove o dispIoy simiIor fo Figure 7, sIowIy furn fhe VCO moduIe's 0oin confroI
onfi-cIockwise unfiI you do.

When viewed fhis woy you con cIeorIy see fhe highesf frequency sinewove fhof fhe FM
moduIofor is oufpuffing, fhe Iowesf frequency sinewove ond mony of fhe sinewoves in befween.

Zb. Connecf fhe VCO moduIe's inpuf fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; DI0ITAL oufpuf
insfeod of fhe ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

Zo. Mofe fhe specfroI composifion of fhe FM signoI.

Z7. Connecf fhe VCO moduIe's inpuf fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf insfeod of fhe Mosfer
SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; DI0ITAL oufpuf.

Z8. Mofe fhe specfroI composifion of fhe FM signoI.

Mofice fhof fhe specfroI composifion of fhe FM signoI is compIex regordIess of fhe messoge's
woveshope.


M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
0

-

F
M

d
e
m
o
d
u
I
o
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion I0-Z

Eperiment 10 - FM demoduIution
There ore os mony mefhods of demoduIofing on FM signoI os fhere ore of generofing one.
ExompIes incIude: fhe sIope defecfor, fhe Fosfer-SeeIey discriminofor, fhe rofio defecfor, fhe
phose-Iocked Ioop (PLL), fhe quodrofure FM demoduIofor ond fhe ;ero-crossing defecfor. If's
possibIe fo impIemenf severoI of fhese mefhods using fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I buf, for
on infroducfion fo fhe principIes of FM demoduIofion, onIy fhe ;ero-crossing defecfor is used
in fhis experimenf.

The zero-crossing detector
The ;ero-crossing defecfor is o simpIe yef effecfive meons of recovering fhe messoge from
FM signoIs. Ifs bIock diogrom is shown in Figure I beIow.

Figure 1

The received FM signoI is firsf possed fhrough o comporofor fo heoviIy cIip if, effecfiveIy
converfing if fo o squorewove. This oIIows fhe signoI fo be used os o frigger signoI for fhe ;ero-
crossing defecfor circuif (ZCD).

The ZCD generofes o puIse wifh o fixed durofion every fime fhe squored-up FM signoI crosses
;ero voIfs (eifher on fhe posifive or fhe negofive fronsifion buf nof bofh). 0iven fhe squored-up
FM signoI is confinuousIy crossing ;ero, fhe ZCD effecfiveIy converfs fhe squorewove fo o
recfonguIor wove wifh o fixed mork fime.

When fhe FM signoI's frequency chonges (in response fo fhe messoge), so does fhe recfonguIor
wove's frequency. ImporfonfIy fhough, os fhe recfonguIor wove's mork is fixed, chonging ifs
frequency is ochieved by chonging fhe durofion of fhe spoce ond hence fhe signoI's mork/spoce
rofio (or dufy cycIe). This is shown in Figure Z on fhe nexf poge using on FM signoI fhof onIy
swifches befween fwo frequencies (becouse if hos been generofed by o squorewove for fhe
messoge).

Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I0-3

Figure Z

PecoII from fhe fheory of compIex woveforms, puIse froins ore ocfuoIIy mode up of sinewoves
ond, in fhe cose of Figure Z obove, o DC voIfoge. The si;e of fhe DC voIfoge is offecfed by fhe
puIse froin's dufy cycIe. The greofer ifs dufy cycIe, fhe greofer fhe DC voIfoge.

Thof being fhe cose, when fhe FM signoI in Figure Z obove swifches befween fhe fwo
frequencies, fhe DC voIfoge fhof mokes up fhe recfonguIor wove ouf of fhe ZCD chonges
befween fwo voIues. In ofhers words, fhe DC componenf of fhe recfonguIor wove is o copy of
fhe squorewove fhof produced fhe FM signoI in fhe firsf pIoce. Pecovering fhis copy is o
reIofiveIy simpIe moffer of picking ouf fhe chonging DC voIfoge using o Iow-poss fiIfer.

ImporfonfIy, fhis demoduIofion fechnique works equoIIy weII when fhe messoge is o sinewove or
speech.

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo generofe on FM signoI using o
VCO. Then you'II sef-up o ;ero-crossing defecfor ond verify ifs operofion for voriofions in fhe
messoge's ompIifude.

FM signoI
ZCD signoI
Comporofors
oufpuf
0V
0V
0V

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion I0-4

Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Setting up the FM moduIutor
To experimenf wifh FM demoduIofion you need on FM signoI. The firsf porf of fhe experimenf
gefs you fo sef one up. To moke viewing fhe signoIs oround fhe demoduIofor possibIe, we'II sforf
wifh o DC voIfoge for fhe messoge.


Z. Sef up fhe scope per fhe insfrucfions in Experimenf I.

3. Locofe fhe VCO moduIe ond furn ifs 0oin confroI fuIIy cIockwise.



o. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 3 beIow.

Figure 3
VCO
GAIN
DIGITAL
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO
INPUT
SINE

Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I0-b

7. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe VCO moduIe's SIME
oufpuf.

8. Adjusf fhe VCO moduIe's SIME oufpuf fo I0kH;.

Note: You do fhis by odjusfing fhe signoI's period fo I00ps (recoII fhof
f
P
I
= )

9. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI fo fhe CHZ posifion.

I0. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I ond ChonneI Z Inpuf CoupIing confroIs fo fhe DC posifion.

II. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion.

IZ. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 4 beIow.

Figure 4

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b on fhe nexf poge. The
VoriobIe DCV moduIe is being used fo provide o simpIe DC messoge ond fhe VCO moduIe
impIemenfs on FM moduIofor wifh o corrier frequency of I0kH;.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion I0-o

Figure

I3. Vory fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's DC VoIfoge confroI ond check fhof fhe VCO moduIe's
oufpuf frequency chonges occordingIy.

For o voriefy of reosons, on imporfonf operofing poromefer of on FM moduIofor is ifs
sensifivify. This is how much fhe FM moduIofor's oufpuf frequency deviofes from fhe corrier
(or resf) frequency for o given chonge in inpuf voIfoge. If is fypicoIIy expressed in Herf; per
voIf (JH;/JV).

For fhe FM demoduIofor fhof you'II wire in fhis experimenf, fhe FM moduIofor's oufpuf
frequency musf nof exceed obouf IbkH;. And, os fhe sinewove fhof you'II use for fhe messoge
Iofer in fhe experimenf is 4Vp-p (or ZV peok), fhis meons fhof sensifivify musf nof be greofer
fhon Z.bkH;/voIf.

The VCO moduIe's sensifivify con be odjusfed using ifs 0AIM confroI ond fhe nexf porf of fhe
experimenf gefs you fo do so.

I4. Sef fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's oufpuf fo +ZV.

Ib. Adjusf fhe VCO moduIe's 0AIM confroI for o IbkH; oufpuf.

Note: You do fhis by odjusfing fhe signoI's period fo oops.

DC V
I0kH; resf
frequency
FM signoI
To Ch.Z
VoriobIe DCV VCO
Messoge
To Ch.I


Io. Sef fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's oufpuf fo -ZV.

I7. Meosure fhe VCO moduIe's new oufpuf frequency.

Note: If fhe VCO moduIe's operofion is Iineor, fhe new oufpuf frequency shouId be obouf
bkH;.

Purt - Setting up the zero-crossing detector

I8. Pefurn fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI fo fhe CHI (or IMT) posifion.

I9. Locofe fhe Twin PuIse 0enerofor moduIe ond furn ifs Widfh confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

Z0. Sef fhe Twin PuIse 0enerofor moduIe's DeIoy confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

ZI. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure o beIow.

Note: Don'f dismonfIe fhe exisfing sef-up.

Figure

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion I0-8

ZZ. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Zps/div posifion.

Z3. Adjusf fhe Twin PuIse 0enerofor moduIe's Widfh confroI for on oufpuf puIse fhof is IZps
Iong.

Note: 0eneroIIy speoking, fhe Ionger fhe puIse fhe greofer if's DC componenf ond, in fhe
cose of fhe ;ero-crossing defecfor, fhe greofer fhe si;e of fhe recovered messoge.
However, fhe puIses connof be foo Iong ofherwise fhe circuif's operofion breoks down
due fo ofher performonce poromefers of fhe TP0 moduIe. In fhis cose, IZps is o
compromise.

Z4. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo ifs previous posifion.

Tip: If you're nof sure, fry b0ps/div.

Zb. Add fhe sef-up shown in Figure 7 beIow fo fhe FM moduIofor.


Figure 7

The oddifions fo fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 on fhe nexf
poge.
VCO
GAIN
DIGITAL
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO
INPUT
SINE
A
SPEECH
VARIABLE
DCV
VDC
GND
VDC
+5V
EXOR
B A + B
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF


The comporofor on fhe UfiIifies moduIe is used fo cIip fhe FM signoI, effecfiveIy furning if info
o squorewove. The posifive edge-friggered Twin PuIse 0enerofor moduIe is used fo impIemenf
fhe ;ero-crossing defecfor. To compIefe fhe FM demoduIofor, fhe 8osebond LPF on fhe
ChonneI ModuIe is used fo pick-ouf fhe chonging DC componenf of fhe Twin PuIse 0enerofor
moduIe's oufpuf.

Figure

The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 9 beIow.

Figure 9

Zo. Vory fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's DC VoIfoge confroI Ieff ond righf.

Note: If fhe FM demoduIofor is working, fhe DC voIfoge ouf of fhe 8osebond LPF shouId
vory os you do fhough if wiII be o smoII voIfoge.

Tip: If fhis doesn'f hoppen, check fhof fhe scope's ChonneI Z Inpuf CoupIing confroI is
sef fo fhe DC posifion before you sforf checking your wiring.

DemoduIofed
messoge
To Ch.Z
ZCD
DC V
I0kH; resf
frequency
Messoge
To Ch.I
FM moduIofor FM demoduIofor
DemoduIofed
messoge
To Ch.Z
ZCD
FM
signoI
Twin PuIse
0enerofor
8osebond
LPF
UfiIifies
moduIe

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion I0-I0

Purt C - Investiguting the operution of the zero-crossing detector
The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you verify fhe operofion of fhe ;ero-crossing defecfor.

Z7. Peorronge fhe scope's connecfions fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure I0 beIow.

Figure 10

The new scope connecfions con be shown using fhe bIock diogrom in Figure II on fhe nexf poge.


VCO
GAIN
DIGITAL
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO
INPUT
SINE
A
SPEECH
VARIABLE
DCV
VDC
GND
VDC
+5V
EXOR
B A + B
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF

Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I0-II

Figure 11

Question 1
Why is fhe FM signoI no-Ionger o sinewove7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe preIiminory
discussion.

Z8. Vory fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's DC VoIfoge confroI Ieff ond righf fo modeI fhe FM
signoI's confinuousIy chonging frequency.

Z9. As you perform fhe sfep obove, exomine fhe woveshope of fhe Comporofor's oufpuf.

Question Z
Whof fype of woveform does fhe Comporofor oufpuf7

Question 3
Whof does fhis feII us obouf fhe DC componenf of fhe comporofor's oufpuf7


DemoduIofed
messoge
ZCD
DC V
I0kH;
FM signoI
To Ch.I
Comporofors o/p
To Ch.Z

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion I0-IZ

30. Peorronge fhe scope's connecfions fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure IZ beIow.

Figure 1Z

The new scope connecfions con be shown using fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I3 beIow.

Figure 13

DemoduIofed
messoge
ZCD
DC V
I0kH;
ZCDs o/p
To Ch.Z
Comporofors o/p
To Ch.I
VCO
GAIN
DIGITAL
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO
INPUT
SINE
A
SPEECH
VARIABLE
DCV
VDC
GND
VDC
+5V
EXOR
B A + B
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF

Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I0-I3

3I. Vory fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's DC VoIfoge confroI Ieff ond righf fo modeI fhe FM

Tip: Do fhis sIowIy fo ovoid confusing fhe scope's friggering circuifry.

3Z. As you perform fhe sfep obove, compore fhe oufpufs from fhe Comporofor ond fhe Twin
PuIse 0enerofor moduIe (fhe ZCD).

Question 4
Whof fype of woveform does fhe ZCD oufpuf7

Question
As fhe FM signoI chonges frequency so does fhe ZCD's oufpuf. Whof ospecf of fhe signoI
chonges fo ochieve fhis7

Meifher fhe signoI's mork nor spoce
OnIy fhe signoI's mork
OnIy fhe signoI's spoce
8ofh fhe signoI's mork ond spoce

Question
Whof does fhis feII us obouf fhe DC componenf of fhe comporofor's oufpuf7



The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you verify your onswer fo fhe previous quesfion.

33. Peorronge fhe scope's connecfions fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure I4 beIow.

Figure 14

The new scope connecfions con be shown using fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Ib beIow.

Figure 1
DemoduIofed
messoge
To Ch.Z
ZCD
DC V
I0kH;
ZCDs o/p
To Ch.I
VCO
GAIN
DIGITAL
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO
INPUT
SINE
A
SPEECH
VARIABLE
DCV
VDC
GND
VDC
+5V
EXOR
B A + B
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF

Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I0-Ib

34. Vory fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's DC VoIfoge confroI Ieff ond righf fo modeI fhe FM

3b. As you perform fhe sfep obove, compore fhe oufpufs from fhe Twin PuIse 0enerofor
moduIe (fhe ZCD) ond fhe 8osebond LPF.

Tip: You moy find if heIpfuI fo sef fhe scope's ChonneI Z VerficoI Affenuofion confroI fo
0.bV/div seffing.

Question 7
If fhe originoI messoge is o sinewove insfeod of o voriobIe DC voIfoge, whof wouId you
expecf fo see ouf of fhe 8osebond LPF7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion I0-Io

Purt D - Trunsmitting und recovering u sinewuve using FM
This experimenf hos sef up on FM communicofion sysfem fo "fronsmif" o messoge fhof is o DC
voIfoge. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you use fhe sef-up fo moduIofe, fronsmif ond
demoduIofe o fesf signoI (o sinewove).

3o. Disconnecf fhe pIug fo fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VDC oufpuf.

Note: Leove fhe ofher pIug fhof's connecfed fo fhe moduIe's 0MD oufpuf in pIoce.

37. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure Io beIow.

Figure 1

This modificofion fo fhe FM moduIofor con be shown using fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I7 on
fhe nexf poge. Mofice fhof fhe messoge is now provided by fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH;
SIME oufpuf.

VCO
GAIN
DIGITAL
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO
INPUT
SINE
A
SPEECH
VARIABLE
DCV
VDC
GND
VDC
+5V
EXOR
B A + B
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1
MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF


Figure 17

38. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI Z Inpuf CoupIing confroI fo fhe AC posifion.


40. Compore fhe messoge wifh fhe FM demoduIofor's oufpuf.

Note: If your sef-up is working correcfIy, fhe FM demoduIofor's oufpuf shouId be fhe
some os fhe messoge (wifh some phose shiff).

Question
Whof does fhe FM moduIofor's oufpuf signoI feII you obouf fhe ZCD signoI's dufy cycIe7

4I. To verify your onswer fo fhe quesfion obove, use fhe scope's ChonneI Z inpuf fo exomine
fhe oufpuf of fhe ZCD.

Tip: Leove fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf connecfed fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH;
SIME oufpuf.


I0kH;
FM signoI
Mosfer SignoIs VCO
Messoge
To Ch.I
ZkH;

Purt E - Trunsmitting und recovering speech using FM
The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you use fhe sef-up fo moduIofe, fronsmif ond demoduIofe
speech. Note: To ensure fhof fhe bondwidfh issues don'f odverseIy offecf fhe circuif's
performonce, fhe speech signoI fhof you generofe wiII be bondwidfh Iimifed fo ZkH; using fhe
TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe.

4Z. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe ond sef ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe
of ifs froveI.

43. Sef fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fo obouf
fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

44. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I8 beIow.

Note: Don'f dismonfIe fhe exisfing sef-up.

Figure 1

4b. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Ips/div posifion.

4o. Adjusf fhe signoI ouf of fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's f
C
I00 oufpuf fo Z00kH;.

Note 1: You do fhis by odjusfing fhe signoI's period fo bps.

Note Z: Once fhe f
C
I00 oufpuf is Z00kH;, fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's cuf-
off frequency is ZkH;.

47. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe bms/div posifion.

f
C
x100
fC
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF


48. Disconnecf fhe pIug fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

49. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure I9 beIow.

Figure 19

b0. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

bI. Wifhouf weoring fhe heodphones, pIug fhem info fhe 8uffer moduIe's heodphone sockef.

bZ. Puf fhe heodphones on.

b3. As you perform fhe nexf sfep, sef fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fo o comforfobIe
sound IeveI.

b4. ToIk, sing or hum whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy ond Iisfening on fhe heodphones.


VCO
GAIN
DIGITAL
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO
INPUT
SINE
A
SPEECH
VARIABLE
DCV
VDC
GND
VDC
+5V
EXOR
B A + B
COMPARATOR
RECTIFIER
DIODE& RCLPF
REF
IN OUT
RCLPF
UTILITIES
WIDTH
CLK
DELAY
TWIN PULSE
GENERATOR
Q2
Q1
A
SPEECH
VARIABLE
DCV
VDC
GND
VDC
+5V
EXOR
B A + B
BUFFER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
f
C
x100
f
C
GAIN
IN OUT
TUNEABLE
LPF
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I0 - FM demoduIofion I0-Z0

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
I

-

S
o
m
p
I
i
n
g

o
n
d

r
e
c
o
n
s
f
r
u
c
f
i
o
n

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion II-Z

Eperiment 11 - SumpIing und reconstruction
So for, fhe experimenfs in fhis monuoI hove concenfrofed on communicofions sysfems fhof
fronsmif onoIog signoIs. However, digifoI fronsmission is fosf repIocing onoIog in commercioI
communicofions oppIicofions. There ore severoI reosons for fhis incIuding fhe obiIify of digifoI
signoIs ond sysfems fo resisf inferference coused by eIecfricoI noise.

Mony digifoI fronsmission sysfems hove been devised ond severoI ore considered in Iofer
experimenfs. Whichever one is used, where fhe informofion fo be fronsmiffed (coIIed fhe
messoge) is on onoIog signoI (Iike speech ond music), if musf be converfed fo digifoI firsf. This
invoIves sompIing which requires fhof fhe onoIog signoI's voIfoge be meosured of reguIor
infervoIs.

Figure Io beIow shows o pure sinewove for fhe messoge. 8eneofh fhe messoge is fhe digifoI
sompIing signoI used fo feII fhe sompIing circuif when fo meosure fhe messoge. 8eneofh fhof is
fhe resuIf of "nofuroIIy" sompIing fhe messoge of fhe rofe sef by fhe sompIing signoI. This fype
of sompIing is "nofuroI" becouse, during fhe fime fhof fhe onoIog signoI is meosured, ony chonge
in ifs voIfoge is meosured foo. For some digifoI sysfems, o chonging sompIe is unoccepfobIe.
Figure Ib shows on oIfernofive sysfem where fhe sompIe's si;e is fixed of fhe insfonf fhof fhe
signoI meosured. This is known os o sompIe-ond-hoId scheme (ond is oIso referred fo os puIse
ompIifude moduIofion).

Figure 1u Figure 1b

Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs II-3

PegordIess of fhe sompIing mefhod used, by definifion if copfures onIy pieces of fhe messoge.
So, how con fhe sompIed signoI be used fo recover fhe whoIe messoge7 This quesfion con be
onswered by considering fhe mofhemoficoI modeI fhof defines fhe sompIed signoI:

SompIed messoge ~ fhe sompIing signoI fhe messoge

As you con see, sompIing is ocfuoIIy fhe muIfipIicofion of fhe messoge wifh fhe sompIing signoI.
And, os fhe sompIing signoI is o digifoI signoI which is ocfuoIIy mode up of o DC voIfoge ond
mony sinewoves (fhe fundomenfoI ond ifs hormonics) fhe equofion con be rewriffen os:

SompIed messoge ~ (DC + fundomenfoI + hormonics) messoge

necessoriIy invoIves some frigonomefry fhof is nof shown here) feIIs us fhof fhe sompIed signoI
consisfs of:

A sinewove of fhe some frequency os fhe messoge
A poir of sinewoves fhof ore fhe sum ond difference of fhe fundomenfoI ond messoge
frequencies
Mony ofher poirs of sinewoves fhof ore fhe sum ond difference of fhe sompIing signoIs'
hormonics ond fhe messoge

This ends up being o Iof of sinewoves buf one of fhem hos fhe some frequency os fhe messoge.
So, fo recover fhe messoge, oII fhof need be done is fo poss fhe sompIed signoI fhrough o Iow-
poss fiIfer. As ifs nome impIies, fhis fype of fiIfer Iefs Iower frequency signoIs fhrough buf
rejecfs higher frequency signoIs.

Thof soid, for fhis fo work correcfIy, fhere's o smoII cofch which is discussed in Porf C of fhe
experimenf.

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo sompIe o messoge using
nofuroI sompIing ond o sompIe-ond-hoId scheme. You'II fhen reconsfrucf fhe messoge from fhe
sompIed signoI ond exomine fhe effecf of oIiosing.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion II-4

Equipment


Purt A - SumpIing u simpIe messuge
The Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I hos o DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe fhof hos been designed for
sompIing. This porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you use fhe moduIe fo sompIe o simpIe messoge using
fwo fechniques.

Procedure


Z. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure Z beIow.


Figure Z

Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs II-b
The sef-up in Figure Z con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 beIow. If uses on
eIecfronicoIIy confroIIed swifch fo connecf fhe messoge signoI (fhe ZkH; SIME oufpuf from
fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe) fo fhe oufpuf. The swifch is opened ond cIosed by fhe 8kH;
DI0ITAL oufpuf of fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe.

Figure 3

3. Sef up fhe scope per fhe insfrucfions in Experimenf I. Ensure fhof:



b. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe sompIed messoge ouf of
fhe DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe os weII os fhe messoge.

o. Sef fhe scope's VerficoI Affenuofion confroIs fo fhe IV/div posifion.

7. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided on fhe nexf poge Ieoving room fo

Tip: Drow fhe messoge signoI in fhe upper fhird of fhe groph ond fhe sompIed signoI in
fhe middIe fhird.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion II-o

Question 1
Whof fype of sompIing is fhis on exompIe of7

MofuroI
SompIe-ond-hoId


Question Z
Whof fwo feofures of fhe sompIed signoI confirm fhis7


efore you do,
The sef-up in Figure 4 beIow buiIds on fhe sef-up fhof you've oIreody wired so don'f
puII if oporf. To highIighf fhe chonges fhof we wonf you fo moke, we've shown your
exisfing wiring os doffed Iines.

Figure 4

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion II-8
The sef-up in Figure 4 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b beIow. The
eIecfronicoIIy confroIIed swifch in fhe originoI sef-up hos been subsfifufed for o sompIe-ond-
hoId circuif. However, fhe messoge ond sompIing signoIs remoin fhe some (fhof is, o ZkH;
sinewove ond on 8kH; puIse froin).

Figure

9. Drow fhe new sompIed messoge fo scoIe in fhe spoce fhof you Ieff on fhe groph poper.

Question 3
Whof fwo feofures of fhe sompIed signoI confirm fhof fhe sef-up modeIs fhe sompIe-
ond-hoId scheme7



Purt - SumpIing speech
This experimenf hos sompIed o ZkH; sinewove. However, fhe messoge in commercioI digifoI
communicofions sysfems is much more IikeIy fo be speech ond music. The nexf porf of fhe
experimenf Iefs you see whof o sompIed speech signoI Iooks Iike.

I0. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

II. Connecf fhem fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf os shown in Figure o beIow.


Figure

IZ. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Zms/div posifion.



Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion II-I0

Purt C - Peconstructing u sumpIed messuge
PecoII fhof fhe sompIed messoge is mode up of mony sinewoves. ImporfonfIy, for every
sinewove in fhe messoge, fhere's o sinewove in fhe sompIed messoge wifh fhe some frequency.
So "reconsfrucfing" fhe originoI messoge invoIves possing fhe sompIed messoge signoI fhrough o
Iow-poss fiIfer. This Iefs fhe sinewove (or sinewoves) wifh fhe some frequency os fhe messoge
fhrough whiIe rejecfing fhe ofher sinewoves. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you do fhis.

I4. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe 0.Ims/div posifion.

Ib. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe ond sef ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe
of ifs froveI.

Io. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy onfi-
cIockwise.

I7. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf.


Figure 7

Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs II-II

The sef-up in Figure 7 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 beIow. The
TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe is used fo recover fhe messoge. The fiIfer is soid fo be
"funeobIe" becouse fhe poinf of which frequencies ore rejecfed (coIIed fhe cuf-off frequency)
is odjusfobIe.

Figure

Af fhis poinf fhere shouId be nofhing ouf of fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe. This is
becouse if hos been sef fo rejecf oImosf oII frequencies, even fhe messoge. However, fhe cuf-
off frequency con be increosed by furning fhe moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI
cIockwise.

I9. SIowIy furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency confroI cIockwise
ond sfop fhe momenf fhe messoge signoI hos been reconsfrucfed.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion II-IZ

Purt D - AIiusing
Af presenf, fhe fiIfer is onIy Ieffing fhe messoge signoI fhrough fo fhe oufpuf. If is
comforfobIy rejecfing oII of fhe ofher sinewoves (coIIed oIioses) fhof moke up fhe sompIed
messoge. This is onIy possibIe becouse fhe frequency of fhese ofher sinewoves is high enough.
8uf, fhis isn'f on occidenf. Their frequency is defermined by fhe sompIing rofe (fhof is, fhe
sompIing signoI's frequency).

To expIoin, recoII fhof fhe sompIed messoge consisfs of fhe foIIowing:

A sinewove of fhe some frequency os fhe messoge
A poir of sinewoves fhof ore fhe sum ond difference of fhe fundomenfoI ond messoge
frequencies
Mony ofher poirs of sinewoves fhof ore fhe sum ond difference of fhe sompIing signoIs'
hormonics ond fhe messoge

In your sef-up, o ZkH; sinewove messoge is sompIed using on 8kH; sompIing signoI. Thof being
fhe cose, fhe Iowesf frequency componenfs of fhe sompIed messoge ore:

ZkH;
okH;
I0kH;

Mow, suppose fhe frequency of fhe sompIing signoI is Iowered. You'd sfiII gef fhe messoge buf
fhe frequency of fhe oIioses wouId go down os weII. So for exompIe, if fhe sompIing signoI is
7kH;, fhe Iowesf frequency componenfs of fhe sompIed messoge become ZkH;, bkH; ond
9kH;. CIeorIy, if fhe sompIing signoI's frequency is Iow enough, one or more of fhe Iower
frequency oIioses con poss fhrough fhe fiIfer oIong wifh fhe reconsfrucfed messoge. ObviousIy,
fhis wouId disforf fhe reconsfrucfed messoge which is o probIem known os oIiosing.

To ovoid oIiosing, fhe sompIing signoI's fheoreficoI minimum frequency is fwice fhe messoge
frequency (or fwice fhe highesf frequency in fhe messoge if if confoins more fhon one
sinewove ond is o bosebond signoI). This figure is known os fhe Myquisf SompIe Pofe. So for
fhis sef-up, fhe minimum sompIing rofe is 4kH; ond fhe Iowesf frequency componenfs wouId be
ZkH;, ZkH; ond okH;.

Thof soid, fiIfers oren'f perfecf. Their rejecfion of frequencies beyond fhe cuf-off is groduoI
rofher fhon insfonfoneous. So in procfice fhe sompIing signoI's frequency needs fo be o IiffIe
higher fhon fhe Myquisf SompIe Pofe.

The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you vory fhe sompIing signoI's frequency fo observe
oIiosing.

Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs II-I3

Z0. Locofe fhe VCO moduIe ond sef ifs Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

ZI. Sef fhe VCO moduIe's Ponge confroI fo fhe LO posifion.

ZZ. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 9 beIow.

Figure 9

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I0 beIow. Mofice fhof fhe
sompIing signoI is now provided by fhe VCO moduIe which hos o monuoIIy odjusfobIe frequency.

Figure 10

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion II-I4

Af fhis poinf, fhe sompIing of fhe messoge ond ifs reconsfrucfion shouId be working normoIIy.

Z3. SIowIy reduce fhe frequency of fhe VCO moduIe's oufpuf (by furning ifs Frequency
Adjusf confroI onfi-cIockwise) whiIe wofching fhe reconsfrucfed messoge signoI.

Question 4
Whof's fhe nome of fhe disforfion fhof oppeors when fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency
Adjusf confroI is furned for enough7

Question
0iven fhe messoge is o ZkH; sinewove, whof's fhe fheoreficoI minimum frequency for fhe
sompIing signoI7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe nofes on poge II-IZ.

Z4. Turn fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI cIockwise ond sfop fhe momenf fhe
reconsfrucfed messoge is no-Ionger disforfed.

Zb. Connecf fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe VCO moduIe's DI0ITAL oufpuf.

Zo. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe CHI posifion.

Z7. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe VCO moduIe's
DI0ITAL oufpuf.

Z8. Meosure fhe signoI's period ond record fhis in TobIe I on fhe nexf poge.

Tip: If you're nof sure how fo meosure fhe signoI's period, see Experimenf I (poge I-7).

Z9. Use fhe period fo coIcuIofe ond record fhe signoI's frequency.

Tip: If you're nof sure how fo coIcuIofe fhe signoI's frequency, see Experimenf I (poge
I-8).

Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs II-Ib

TubIe 1 Period Frequency
VCO moduIe's
DISITAL output

Question
Why is fhe ocfuoI minimum sompIing frequency higher fhon fhe fheoreficoI minimum fhof
you coIcuIofed for Quesfion b7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf II - SompIing ond reconsfrucfion II-Io

M
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:

C
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Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding IZ-Z

Eperiment 1Z - PCM encoding
As you know, digifoI fronsmission sysfems ore sfeodiIy repIocing onoIog sysfems in commercioI
communicofions oppIicofions. This is especioIIy frue in feIecommunicofions. Thof being fhe cose,
on undersfonding of digifoI fronsmission sysfems is crucioI for fechnicoI peopIe in fhe
communicofions ond feIecommunicofions indusfries. The remoining experimenfs in fhis book use
fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo infroduce you fo severoI of fhese sysfems sforfing wifh
puIse code moduIofion (PCM).

PCM is o sysfem for converfing onoIog messoge signoIs fo o serioI sfreom of 0s ond Is. The
conversion process is coIIed encoding. Af ifs simpIesf, encoding invoIves:

SompIing fhe onoIog signoI's voIfoge of reguIor infervoIs using o sompIe-ond-hoId scheme
(demonsfrofed in Experimenf II).

Comporing eoch sompIe fo o sef of reference voIfoges coIIed quonfisofion IeveIs.

Deciding which quonfisofion IeveI fhe sompIed voIfoge is cIosesf fo.

0enerofing fhe binory number for fhof quonfisofion IeveI.

Oufpuffing fhe binory number one bif of o fime (fhof is, in serioI form).

Toking fhe nexf sompIe ond repeofing fhe process.

An issue fhof is crucioI fo fhe performonce of fhe PCM sysfem is fhe encoder's cIock
frequency. The cIock feIIs fhe PCM encoder when fo sompIe ond, os fhe previous experimenf
shows, fhis musf be of Ieosf fwice fhe messoge frequency fo ovoid oIiosing (or, if fhe messoge
confoins more fhon one sinewove, of Ieosf fwice ifs highesf frequency).

Anofher imporfonf PCM performonce issue reIofes fo fhe difference befween fhe sompIe
voIfoge ond fhe quonfisofion IeveIs fhof if is compored fo. To expIoin, mosf sompIed voIfoges
wiII nof be fhe some os ony of fhe quonfisofion IeveIs. As menfioned obove, fhe PCM Encoder
ossigns fo fhe sompIe fhe quonfisofion IeveI fhof is cIosesf fo if. However, in fhe process, fhe
originoI sompIe's voIue is Iosf ond fhe difference is known os quonfisofion error. ImporfonfIy,
fhe error is reproduced when fhe PCM dofo is decoded by fhe receiver becouse fhere is no woy
for fhe receiver fo know whof fhe originoI sompIe voIfoge wos. The si;e of fhe error is
offecfed by fhe number of quonfisofion IeveIs. The more quonfisofion IeveIs fhere ore (for o
given ronge of sompIe voIfoges) fhe cIoser fhey ore fogefher ond fhe smoIIer fhe difference
befween fhem ond fhe sompIes.

Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs IZ-3
A IittIe informution ubout the PCM Encoder moduIe on the Emonu TeIecoms-Truiner 101
The PCM Encoder moduIe uses o PCM encoding ond decoding chip (coIIed o codec) fo converf
onoIog voIfoges befween -ZV ond +ZV fo on 8-bif binory number. Wifh eighf bifs, if's possibIe fo
produce Zbo differenf numbers befween 00000000 ond IIIIIIII incIusive. This in furn meons
fhof fhere ore Zbo quonfisofion IeveIs (one for eoch number).

Eoch binory number is fronsmiffed in serioI form in fromes. The number's mosf significonf bif
(coIIed bif-7) is senf firsf, bif-o is senf nexf ond so on fo fhe Ieosf significonf bif (bif-0). The
PCM Encoder moduIe oIso oufpufs o seporofe Frome Synchronisofion signoI (FS) fhof goes high
of fhe some fime fhof bif-0 is oufpuffed. The FS signoI hos been incIuded fo heIp wifh PCM
decoding (discussed in fhe preIiminory discussion of Experimenf I3) buf if con oIso be used fo
heIp "frigger" o scope when Iooking of fhe signoIs fhof fhe PCM Encoder moduIe generofes.

Figure I beIow shows on exompIe of fhree fromes of o PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf dofo (eoch
bif is shown os bofh o 0 ond o I becouse if couId be eifher) fogefher wifh ifs cIock inpuf ond ifs
FS oufpuf.

Figure 1

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe PCM Encoder moduIe on fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo
converf fhe foIIowing fo PCM: o fixed DC voIfoge, o voriobIe DC voIfoge ond o confinuousIy
chonging signoI. In fhe process, you'II verify fhe operofion of PCM encoding ond invesfigofe
quonfisofion error o IiffIe.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding IZ-4

Equipment

fhree Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I osciIIoscope Ieods

Procedure

Purt A - An introduction to PCM encoding using u stutic DC voItuge




3. Locofe fhe PCM Encoder moduIe ond sef ifs Mode swifch fo fhe PCM posifion.



Figure Z

Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs IZ-b

The sef-up in Figure Z con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 beIow. The PCM
Encoder moduIe is cIocked by fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's 8kH; DI0ITAL oufpuf. Ifs onoIog
inpuf is connecfed fo 0V DC.

Figure 3

b. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fhree puIses of fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's
FS oufpuf.

o. Sef fhe scope's SIope confroI fo fhe "-" posifion.

Seffing fhe SIope confroI fo fhe "-" posifion mokes fhe scope sforf ifs sweep ocross fhe screen
when fhe FS signoI goes from high fo Iow insfeod of Iow fo high. You con reoIIy nofice fhe
difference befween fhe fwo seffings if you fIip fhe scope's SIope confroI bock ond forfh. If
you do fhis, moke sure fhof fhe SIope confroI finishes on fhe "-" posifion.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding IZ-o

7. Adjusf fhe scope's Hori;onfoI Posifion confroI so fhof fhe sforf of fhe froce oIigns wifh
fhe Ieff-mosf verficoI Iine on fhe screen.

Adjusfing fhis scope's confroI in fhis woy wiII moke if eosier for you fo drow fhe woveforms
fhof you'II be osked fo shorfIy. However, you shouId be owore fhof fhe screen's hori;onfoI
divisions ore no-Ionger equoI fo fhe Timebose confroI's seffing. In ofher words, fhe scope's
Timebose is no-Ionger coIibrofed. This is o probIem when meosuring fhe period of signoIs ond so
you musf refurn fhe confroI fo ifs Iocked posifion of fhe end of fhe experimenf.

I0. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's
CLI inpuf os weII os ifs FS oufpuf.

II. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided on poge IZ-8 Ieoving enough room
for o fhird digifoI signoI.

Tip: Drow fhe cIock signoI in fhe upper fhird of fhe groph poper ond fhe FS signoI in fhe
middIe fhird.

Figure 4
8. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe
0.Ims/div posifion.

9. Adjusf fhe scope's VoriobIe Sweep confroI
unfiI fhe FS signoI Iooks Iike fhe signoI in
Figure 4.

Note: This confroI is coIIed differenf
fhings on differenf scopes. If you con'f find
if or if you're nof sure you hove fhe righf
confroI, osk fhe insfrucfor for ossisfonce.



IZ. Connecf fhe scope's ChonneI Z inpuf fo fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf os shown in
Figure b beIow.


Figure

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o beIow. ChonneI Z shouId now
dispIoy I0 bifs of fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's dofo oufpuf. The firsf 8 bifs beIong fo one frome
ond fhe Iosf fwo bifs beIong fo fhe nexf frome.

Figure

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding IZ-8

I3. Drow fhis woveform fo scoIe in fhe spoce fhof you Ieff on fhe groph poper.

Tip: If you're hoving froubIe friggering fhe CPO sef ifs Trigger Source CoupIing confroI
fo fhe HF PEJ posifion.



Question 1
Indicofe on your drowing fhe sforf ond end of fhe frome. Tip: If you're nof sure where
fhese poinfs ore, see fhe preIiminory discussion.

Question Z
Indicofe on your drowing fhe sforf ond end of eoch bif.

Question 3
Indicofe on your drowing which bif is bif-0 ond which is bif-7.

Question 4
Whof is fhe binory number fhof fhe PCM Encoder moduIe is oufpuffing7

Question
Why does fhe code chonge even fhough fhe inpuf voIfoge is sfeody7

Question
Why does fhe PCM Encoder moduIe oufpuf fhis code for 0V DC ond nof 00000007


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding IZ-I0

Purt - PCM encoding of u vuriubIe DC voItuge
So for, you hove used fhe PCM Encoder moduIe fo converf o fixed DC voIfoge (0V) fo PCM. The
nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you see whof hoppens when you vory fhe DC voIfoge.


Ib. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI fo fhe EXT posifion.

Io. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Source CoupIing confroI fo fhe HF PEJ posifion.


Note: Mofice fhof o fhird inpuf on fhe scope is being used. This inpuf is usuoIIy IobeIIed
EXT or EXTEPMAL buf ifs posifion vories from one scope fo onofher. If you con'f find if,
osk fhe insfrucfor for heIp.

Figure 7

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 on fhe nexf poge. The
VoriobIe DCV moduIe is used fo Ief you chonge fhe DC voIfoge on fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's
inpuf. The scope's exfernoI frigger inpuf is used so fhof you con view fhe DC voIfoge on ifs
ChonneI I inpuf os o sfobIe dispIoy.

Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs IZ-II

Figure

I8. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Affenuofion confroI fo fhe IV/div posifion.

I9. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I Inpuf CoupIing confroI fo fhe 0MD posifion.

Z0. Use fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Posifion confroI fo oIign fhe ChonneI I froce wifh one
of fhe hori;onfoI Iines on fhe scope's screen.

Note: This Iine on fhe scope's screen is now your ;ero voIf reference which you con use
fo see whefher fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's oufpuf is posifive or negofive.

ZI. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I ond ChonneI Z Inpuf CoupIing confroIs fo fhe DC posifion.

ZZ. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion.

Z3. Adjusf fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI unfiI fhe PCM Encoder moduIe
oufpufs fhe code fhof you drew eorIier.

Z4. Use fhe scope fo meosure fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's oufpuf voIfoge.

Note: If shouId be very cIose fo 0V.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding IZ-IZ

Zb. Turn fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI cIockwise whiIe wofching fhe scope's
dispIoy.

Question 7
Whof hoppens fo fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's oufpuf7

Question
In whof woy does fhe binory number fhof fhe PCM Encoder moduIe oufpufs chonge7

Zo. Confinue fo furn fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI cIockwise ond sfop fhe
momenf fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf is IIIIIIII.

Z7. Use fhe scope fo meosure fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's oufpuf voIfoge. Pecord your
meosuremenf in TobIe I on fhe nexf poge.

Z8. Pefurn fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf fo fhe code for 0V.

Z9. Turn fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI onfi-cIockwise whiIe wofching fhe
scope's dispIoy.

Question 9
Whof hoppens fo fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's oufpuf7

Question 10
Whof hoppens fo fhe binory number fhof fhe PCM Encoder moduIe is oufpuffing7


Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs IZ-I3
30. Confinue fo furn fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI onfi-cIockwise ond sfop
fhe momenf fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's oufpuf is 00000000.

3I. Meosure ond record fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's oufpuf voIfoge.

TubIe 1
PCM Encoder's
output code
PCM Encoder's
input voItuge
11111111

00000000

Question 11
8osed on fhe informofion in TobIe I, whof is fhe moximum oIIowobIe ompIifude (peok-fo-
peok) for on AC signoI on fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's IMPUT7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding IZ-I4

Purt C - Quuntisution
This nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you invesfigofe quonfisofion.

3Z. Pefurn fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

33. See if you con vory fhe VoriobIe DC confroI Ieff ond righf wifhouf cousing fhe oufpuf
code fo chonge.

The sompIed voIfoge con be chonged wifhouf cousing fhe oufpuf code fo chonge becouse if is
compored fo o sef of quonfisofion IeveIs buf fhere ore o finife number of fhem. This meons
fhof, in procfice, fhere's o ronge of sompIe voIfoges for eoch quonfisofion IeveI.

Question 1Z
Whof's fhe nome for fhe difference befween o sompIed voIfoge ond ifs cIosesf
quonfisofion IeveI7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion.

If's possibIe fo work how for oporf o PCM encoder's quonfisofion IeveIs ore using fhe
informofion you've gofhered so for. To do so, onswer fhe foIIowing quesfion.

Question 13
CoIcuIofe fhe difference befween fhe quonfisofion IeveIs in fhe PCM Encoder moduIe by
subfrocfing fhe voIues in TobIe I ond dividing fhe number by Zbo (fhe number of codes).

Question 14
To reduce quonfisofion error if's beffer fo hove

fewer quonfisofion IeveIs befween ZV.
more quonfisofion IeveIs befween ZV.


Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs IZ-Ib

Purt D - PCM encoding of continuousIy chunging voItuges
Mow Ief's see whof hoppens when fhe PCM encoder is used fo converf confinuousIy chonging
signoIs Iike o sinewove.

34. Pefurn fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI fo fhe CHI (or IMT) posifion.

3b. Pefurn fhe scope's Trigger Source CoupIing confroI fo fhe AC posifion.

3o. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I ond ChonneI Z VerficoI Affenuofion confroIs fo fhe ZV/div
posifion.

37. Locofe fhe VCO moduIe ond sef ifs Ponge confroI fo fhe HI posifion.

38. Turn fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

Note: The VCO moduIe wiII be used fo provide fhe PCM Encoder moduIe wifh o b0kH;
(opprox) cIock.

39. DisossembIe fhe currenf sef-up.

40. Connecf fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 9 beIow.

Figure 9

4I. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe b0ps/div posifion.

4Z. Wofch fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's PCM DATA oufpuf on fhe scope's dispIoy.

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
PCM
ENCODER
FS
CLK PCM
DATA
TDM
INPUT 2
INPUT 1
PCM
VCO
GAIN
DIGITAL
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO
INPUT
SINE

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf IZ - PCM encoding IZ-Io

Question 1
Why does fhe PCM DATA chonge confinuousIy7

43. Pefurn fhe scope's VoriobIe Sweep confroI fo fhe defenf (Iocked) posifion.



M
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I
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d
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Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - PCM decoding I3-Z

Eperiment 13 - PCM decoding
The previous experimenf infroduced you fo fhe bosics of puIse code moduIofion (PCM) which
you'II recoII is o sysfem for converfing messoge signoIs fo o confinuous serioI sfreom of binory
numbers (encoding). Pecovering fhe messoge from fhe serioI sfreom of binory numbers is coIIed
decoding.

Af ifs simpIesf, decoding invoIves:

Idenfifying eoch new frome in fhe dofo sfreom.

Exfrocfing fhe binory numbers from eoch frome.

0enerofing o voIfoge fhof is proporfionoI fo fhe binory number.

HoIding fhe voIfoge on fhe oufpuf unfiI fhe nexf frome hos been decoded (forming o puIse
ompIifude moduIofion (PAM) version of fhe originoI messoge signoI).

Peconsfrucfing fhe messoge by possing fhe PAM signoI fhrough o Iow-poss fiIfer.

The PCM decoder's cIock frequency is crucioI fo fhe correcf operofion of simpIe decoding
sysfems. If if's nof fhe some frequency os fhe encoder's cIock, some of fhe fronsmiffed bifs
ore reod fwice whiIe ofhers ore compIefeIy missed. This resuIfs in some of fhe fronsmiffed
numbers being incorrecfIy inferprefed, which in furn couses fhe PCM decoder fo oufpuf on
incorrecf voIfoge. The error is oudibIe if if occurs offen enough. Some decoders monoge fhis
issue by being obIe fo "seIf-cIock".

There is onofher issue crucioI fo PCM decoding. The decoder musf be obIe fo defecf fhe
beginning of eoch frome. If fhis isn'f done correcfIy, every number is incorrecfIy inferprefed.
The synchronising of fhe fromes con be monoged in one of fwo woys. The PCM encoder con
generofe o specioI frome synchronisofion signoI fhof con be used by fhe decoder fhough fhis
hos fhe disodvonfoge of needing on oddifionoI signoI fo be senf. AIfernofiveIy, o frome
synchronisofion code con be embedded in fhe serioI dofo sfreom fhof is used by fhe decoder
fo work ouf when fhe frome sforfs.

Experimenf I3 - PCM decoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I3-3
A IittIe informution ubout the TIMS PCM Decoder moduIe
Like fhe PCM Encoder moduIe on fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I, fhe PCM Decoder moduIe
works wifh 8-bif binory numbers. For 00000000 fhe PCM Decoder moduIe oufpufs -ZV ond for
IIIIIIII if oufpufs +ZV. For numbers in befween, fhe oufpuf is o proporfionoI voIfoge befween
ZV. For exompIe, fhe number I0000000 is hoIf woy befween 00000000 ond IIIIIIII ond so
for fhis inpuf fhe moduIe oufpufs 0V (which is hoIf woy befween +ZV ond -ZV).

The PCM Decoder moduIe is nof seIf-cIocking ond so if needs o digifoI signoI on fhe CLI inpuf fo
operofe. ImporfonfIy, for fhe PCM Decoder moduIe fo correcfIy decode PCM dofo generofed
by fhe PCM Encoder moduIe, if musf hove fhe some cIock signoI. In ofher words, fhe decoder's
cIock musf be "sfoIen" from fhe encoder.

SimiIorIy, fhe PCM Decoder moduIe connof seIf-defecf fhe beginning of eoch new frome ond so
if musf hove o frome synchronisofion signoI on ifs FS inpuf fo do fhis.

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo converf o sinewove ond
speech fo o PCM dofo sfreom fhen converf if fo o PAM signoI using fhe PCM Decoder moduIe.
For fhis fo work correcfIy, fhe decoder's cIock ond frome synchronisofion signoI ore simpIy
"sfoIen" fhe PCM Encoder moduIe. You'II fhen recover fhe messoge using fhe TuneobIe Low-poss
fiIfer moduIe.


Equipment


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - PCM decoding I3-4

Procedure

Purt A - Setting up the PCM encoder
To experimenf wifh PCM decoding you need PCM dofo. The firsf porf of fhe experimenf gefs
you fo sef up o PCM encoder.





4. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow.


Figure 1

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z on fhe nexf poge. The PCM
Encoder moduIe is cIocked by fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's I00kH; DI0ITAL oufpuf. Ifs onoIog
inpuf is fhe VoriobIe DC moduIe's VDC oufpuf.

Experimenf I3 - PCM decoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I3-b

Figure Z

b. Sef fhe scope's SIope confroI fo fhe "-" posifion.

o. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view one puIse of fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's FS
oufpuf.

Tip: The I0ps/div seffing is probobIy fhe besf fo use.

7. Sef fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

8. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's
PCM DATA oufpuf os weII os ifs FS oufpuf.

9. Vory fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI Ieff ond righf.

If your sef-up is working correcfIy, fhis Iosf sfep shouId couse fhe number on PCM Encoder
moduIe's PCM DATA oufpuf fo go down ond up. If if does, corry on fo fhe nexf sfep. If nof,
check your wiring or osk fhe insfrucfor for heIp.

I0. Disconnecf fhe pIug fo fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VDC oufpuf.

II. Locofe fhe VCO moduIe ond furn ifs Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

IZ. Sef fhe VCO moduIe's Ponge confroI fo fhe LO posifion.

I3. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 3 on fhe nexf poge.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - PCM decoding I3-o

Figure 3

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow. Mofice fhof fhe PCM
Encoder moduIe's inpuf is now fhe VCO moduIe's SIME oufpuf.

Figure 4

As fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's inpuf is o sinewove, fhe moduIe's inpuf voIfoge is confinuousIy
chonging. This meons fhof you shouId nofice fhe PCM DATA oufpuf chonging confinuousIy oIso.

Purt - Decoding the PCM dutu

I4. Pefurn fhe scope's SIope confroI fo fhe "+" posifion.

Ib. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo CHI posifion.

Io. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure b beIow.

Figure

The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o beIow. Mofice fhof fhe
decoder's cIock ond frome synchronisofion informofion ore "sfoIen" from fhe encoder.

Figure

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - PCM decoding I3-8

I7. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe messoge.

I8. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's
oufpuf os weII os fhe messoge signoI.

Question 1
Whof does fhe PCM Decoder's "sfepped" oufpuf feII you obouf fhe fype of signoI fhof if
is7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion for fhis experimenf or for
Experimenf II.

The PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf signoI Iooks very simiIor fo fhe messoge. However, fhey're
nof fhe some. Pemember fhof o sompIed messoge confoins mony sinewoves in oddifion fo fhe
messoge. This con be beffer oppreciofed if you compore fhe messoge ond fhe PCM Decoder
moduIe's oufpuf by Iisfening fo fhem.

I9. Add fhe 8uffer moduIe fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 7 beIow Ieoving fhe scope's
connecfions os fhey ore.

Figure 7



Z0. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

ZI. Wifhouf weoring fhe heodphones, pIug fhem info fhe 8uffer moduIe's heodphone sockef.

ZZ. Puf fhe heodphones on.

Z3. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI cIockwise unfiI you con comforfobIy heor fhe PCM
Decoder moduIe's oufpuf.

Z4. Disconnecf fhe 8uffer moduIe's Ieod where if pIugs fo fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf.

Zb. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 8 beIow, ogoin Ieoving fhe scope's connecfions os
fhey ore.

Figure

Zo. Compore fhe sound of fhe fwo signoIs. You shouId nofice fhof fhey're simiIor buf cIeorIy
differenf.

Question Z
Whof musf be done fo fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf fo reconsfrucf fhe messoge
properIy7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - PCM decoding I3-I0

Purt C - Encoding und decoding speech
So for, fhis experimenf hos encoded ond decoded o sinewove for fhe messoge. The nexf porf
of fhe experimenf Iefs you do fhe some wifh speech.

Z7. CompIefeIy remove fhe 8uffer moduIe from fhe sef-up whiIe Ieoving fhe resf of fhe
Ieods in pIoce.

Z8. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe VCO moduIe's SIME oufpuf.

Z9. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 9 beIow.

Figure 9

30. ToIk, sing or hum whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy.


Experimenf I3 - PCM decoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I3-II

Purt D - Pecovering the messuge
As menfioned eorIier, fhe messoge con be reconsfrucfed from fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's
oufpuf signoI using o Iow-poss fiIfer. This porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you do fhis.

3I. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe ond sef ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe
of ifs froveI.

3Z. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy onfi-
cIockwise.

33. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf.


Figure 10

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - PCM decoding I3-IZ
The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure II beIow. The TuneobIe
Low-poss FiIfer moduIe is used fo reconsfrucf fhe originoI messoge from fhe PCM Decoder
moduIe's PAM oufpuf.

Figure 11

3b. SIowIy furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency confroI cIockwise
ond sfop fhe momenf fhe messoge signoI hos been reconsfrucfed (ignoring phose shiff).

The fwo signoIs ore cIeorIy fhe some so Ief's see whof your heoring feIIs you.

3o. Add fhe 8uffer moduIe fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure IZ beIow Ieoving fhe scope's
connecfions os fhey ore.

Figure 1Z

Experimenf I3 - PCM decoding Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I3-I3

37. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

38. Puf fhe heodphones on.

39. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI cIockwise unfiI you con comforfobIy heor fhe
TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's oufpuf.

40. Disconnecf fhe 8uffer moduIe's Ieod where if pIugs fo fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf
ond connecf if fo fhe VCO moduIe's oufpuf (Iike you did when wiring Figure 8).

4I. Compore fhe sound of fhe fwo signoIs. You shouId find fhof fhey're very simiIor.

Question 3
Even fhough fhe fwo signoIs Iook ond sound fhe some, why isn'f fhe reconsfrucfed
messoge o perfecf copy of fhe originoI messoge7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe
preIiminory discussion for Experimenf IZ.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I3 - PCM decoding I3-I4

M
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o
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r
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d
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i
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o
I

s
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n
o
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s

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs I4-Z

Eperiment 14 - undwidth Iimiting und restoring digituI signuIs
In fhe cIossicoI communicofions modeI, infeIIigence (fhe messoge) moves from o fronsmiffer fo
o receiver over o chonneI. A number of fronsmission medio con be used for fhe chonneI
incIuding: mefoI conducfors (such os fwisfed-poir or cooxioI cobIe), opficoI fibre ond free-spoce
(whof peopIe generoIIy coII fhe "oirwoves").

PegordIess of fhe medium used, oII chonneIs hove o bondwidfh. Thof is, fhe medium Iefs o
ronge of signoI frequencies poss reIofiveIy unoffecfed whiIe frequencies oufside fhe ronge ore
mode smoIIer (or offenuofed). In fhis woy, fhe chonneI ocfs Iike o fiIfer.

This issue hos imporfonf impIicofions. PecoII fhof fhe moduIofed signoI in onoIog moduIofion
schemes (such os AM) consisfs of mony sinewoves. If fhe medium's bondwidfh isn'f wide
enough, some of fhe sinewoves ore offenuofed ond ofhers con be compIefeIy Iosf. In bofh
coses, fhis couses fhe demoduIofed signoI (fhe recovered messoge) fo be disforfed.

SimiIorIy, recoII fhof digifoI signoIs ore oIso mode up of mony sinewoves (coIIed fhe
fundomenfoI ond hormonics). Agoin, if fhe medium's bondwidfh isn'f wide enough, some of fhem
ore offenuofed ond/or Iosf ond fhis con chonge fhe signoI's shope.

To iIIusfrofe fhis Iosf poinf, Figure I beIow shows whof hoppens when oII buf fhe firsf fwo of o
squorewove's sinewoves ore removed. As you con see, fhe signoI is disforfed.

Figure 1

Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I4-3
Moking moffers worse, Iike o fiIfer fhe chonneI shiffs fhe phose of sinewoves by differenf
omounfs. Agoin, fo iIIusfrofe, Figure Z beIow shows fhe signoI in Figure I buf wifh one of ifs
fwo sinewoves phose shiffed by 40".

Figure Z

Imogine fhe difficuIfy o digifoI receiver circuif such os o PCM decoder wouId hove frying fo
inferpref fhe Iogic IeveI of o signoI Iike Figure Z. Some, ond possibIy mony, of fhe codes wouId
be misinferprefed ond incorrecf voIfoges generofed. The mokes fhe recovered messoge "noisy"
which is obviousIy o probIem.

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo sef up o PCM communicofions
sysfem. Then you'II modeI bondwidfh Iimifing of fhe chonneI by infroducing o Iow-poss fiIfer.
You'II observe fhe effecf of bondwidfh Iimifing on fhe PCM dofo using o scope os weII os
Iisfening fo fhe effecf if hos on fhe recovered messoge. FinoIIy, you'II use o comporofor fo
resfore o digifoI signoI ond observe ifs Iimifofions.


Equipment


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs I4-4

Procedure

Purt A - The effects of bundwidth Iimiting on PCM decoding
As menfioned in fhe preIiminory discussion, bondwidfh Iimifing in o chonneI con disforf digifoI
signoIs ond upsef fhe operofion of fhe receiver. This porf of fhe experimenf demonsfrofes fhis
using o PCM fronsmission sysfem.



3. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion.

4. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I ond ChonneI Z Inpuf CoupIing confroIs fo fhe DC posifion.

b. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I ond ChonneI Z VerficoI Affenuofion confroIs fo fhe IV/div
posifion.

o. Locofe fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe ond sef ifs VDC confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs
froveI.




Figure 3

Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I4-b

The sef-up in Figure I con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow. The PCM
Encoder moduIe converfs fhe VoriobIe DCV mdouIe's oufpuf fo o digifoI code fhof fhe PCM
Decoder decodes ond refurns fo o (sompIed) DC voIfoge. ImporfonfIy, fhe pofch Ieod fhof
connecfs fhe PCM Encoder moduIe's PCM DATA oufpuf fo fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's PCM
DATA inpuf is fhe communicofion sysfem's "chonneI".

Figure 4

9. Vory fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VDC confroI Ieff ond righf.

Note: If fhe sef-up is working, you shouId see fhe DC voIfoge on fhe oufpuf of bofh fhe
VoriobIe DCV ond PCM Decoder moduIes move up ond down.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs I4-o

I0. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe ond sef ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe
of ifs froveI.

II. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.

IZ. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure b beIow Ieoving fhe scope connecfions os fhey ore.


Figure

The sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o beIow. The TuneobIe Low-poss
FiIfer moduIe modeIs bondwidfh Iimifing of fhe chonneI.

Figure


I3. Vory fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VDC confroI Ieff ond righf. Af fhe some fime, sIowIy furn
fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI onfi-cIockwise.

I4. Sfop furning fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI
once fhe PCM Decoder moduIe's oufpuf becomes corrupfed.

Question 1
Why does bondwidfh Iimifing of fhe chonneI couse fhe PCM Decoder moduIe fo oufpuf
incorrecf voIfoges os weII os fhe correcf one7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe
preIiminory discussion.

Question Z
If fhis were o communicofions sysfem fronsmiffing speech, whof wouId fhese errors
sound Iike when fhe messoge is reconsfrucfed7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs I4-8

Purt - The effects of bundwidth Iimiting on u digituI signuI's shupe
You've seen how o chonneI's bondwidfh con upsef o receiver's operofion. Mow Ief's hove o Iook of
how if offecfs fhe shope of fhe digifoI signoI of fhe receiver's inpuf.

ImporfonfIy, digifoI signoIs fhof ore generofed by o messoge such os o sinewove, speech or
music connof be used for fhis porf of fhe experimenf. This is becouse fhe dofo sfreom is foo
irreguIor for fhe scope fo be obIe fo Iock onfo fhe signoI ond show o sfobIe sequence of Is ond
0s. To gef oround fhis probIem fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's 3Z-bif sequence is used fo
modeI o digifoI dofo signoI.

Ib. CompIefeIy dismonfIe fhe previous sef-up.

Io. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe CHI posifion.

I7. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI fo fhe EXT posifion.

I8. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Source CoupIing confroI fo fhe HF PEJ posifion.

I9. Sef fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

Z0. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.

ZI. Locofe fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe ond sef ifs dip-swifches fo 00.

Tip: To do fhis, push bofh swifches up.

ZZ. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure 7 beIow.

Figure 7


Sequence 0enerofor moduIe is used fo modeI o digifoI signoI ond ifs SYMC oufpuf is used fo
frigger fhe scope fo provide o sfobIe dispIoy.

Figure

Z3. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Ims/div posifion fo view obouf fwenfy bifs of
dofo.

Note: If probobIy doesn'f Iook Iike fwenfy bifs of dofo becouse some of fhe bifs ore fhe
some Iogic IeveI os odjocenf bifs.

Z4. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion ond compore fhe signoIs.

Zb. Mofe fhe effecfs of moking fhe chonneI's bondwidfh norrower by furning fhe TuneobIe
Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI onfi-cIockwise.

Question 3
Whof fwo fhings ore hoppening fo couse fhe digifoI signoI fo chonge shope7 Tip: If
you're nof sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs I4-I0

An obvious soIufion fo fhe probIem of bondwidfh Iimifing of fhe chonneI is fo use o fronsmission
medium fhof hos o sufficienfIy wide bondwidfh for fhe digifoI dofo. In principIe, fhis is o good
ideo fhof is used. Cerfoin fypes of cobIe design hove beffer bondwidfhs fhon ofhers. However,
os digifoI fechnoIogy spreods, fhere ore demonds fo push more ond more dofo down exisfing
chonneIs. To do so wifhouf sIowing fhings down requires fhof fhe fronsmission bif rofe be
increosed. This ends up hoving fhe some bosic effecf os reducing fhe chonneI's bondwidfh. The
nexf porf of fhe experimenf demonsfrofes fhis.

Zo. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise fo moke fhe chonneI's bondwidfh os wide os possibIe.

Z7. Turn fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI fo obouf o quorfer of ifs froveI (fhe
confroI's orrowheod shouId be poinfing fo where fhe number nine is on o cIock's foce).

Z8. Sef fhe VCO moduIe's Ponge confroI fo fhe LO posifion.


Figure 9


Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I4-II

The sef-up in Figure 9 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I0 beIow. Mofice fhof
fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's cIock is now provided by fhe VCO moduIe's DI0ITAL oufpuf
ond so if is voriobIe.

Figure 10

30. If fhe scope's dispIoy is unsfobIe, furn fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI
cIockwise o IiffIe unfiI if seffIes down.

3I. To modeI increosing fhe fronsmission bif-rofe, confinue fo furn fhe VCO moduIe's
Frequency Adjusf confroI cIockwise whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy.

Tip: As you do fhis, you'II need fo furn fhe scope's Timebose confroI cIockwise os weII so
fhof you con properIy see fhe digifoI signoIs.

Question 4
Whof ofher chonge fo your communicofion sysfem disforfs fhe digifoI signoI in fhe some
woy os increosing ifs bif-rofe7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs I4-IZ

Eye diugrums
As you've jusf seen, bondwidfh Iimifing disforfs digifoI signoIs ond fhis meons fhof fhey
con be misinferprefed by fhe receiver. ObviousIy fhen, if's imporfonf fo be obIe fo
inspecf ond fesf fhe performonce of fhe chonneI in digifoI fronsmission sysfems.

Eye diogroms ore ideoI for fhis purpose ond ore surprisingIy eosy fo generofe. If fhe
insfrucfor oIIows, fhis ocfivify gefs you fo do so.

I. Pefurn fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs
froveI fo reduce fhe bondwidfh Iimifing.

Z. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Z0ps/div posifion.

3. Modify your sef-up os shown in Figure I beIow.

Figure 1

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z beIow.

Figure Z

Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I4-I3

The scope is now being friggered by fhe
sysfem cIock insfeod of fhe Sequence
0enerofor moduIe's SYMC signoI. This
forces fhe scope fo drow fhe Sequence
0enerofor moduIe's dofo bifs over eoch
ofher ond shouId Iook somefhing simiIor
fo Figure 3 fo fhe righf.

Triggering fhe scope fhis woy is
normoIIy somefhing fhof we wonf fo
ovoid. However, when used fo inspecf
digifoI dofo ouf of fhe chonneI if con
give us on exceIIenf ideo obouf fhe
signoI's quoIify ond hence fhe chonneI's bondwidfh. If fhe digifoI signoI is nof greofIy
offecfed Figure 3
by bondwidfh Iimifing, fhe spoces
befween fhe froces (coIIed fhe "eyes") ore wide-open. As bondwidfh Iimifing degrodes
fhe signoI's quoIify, fhe eyes begin fo cIose. See fhis for yourseIf by foIIowing fhe nexf
few sfeps.

4. WhiIe wofching fhe eye diogrom on fhe scope, sIowIy furn fhe VCO moduIe's
Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy-cIockwise fo increose fhe cIock frequency ond
hence fhe dofo's bif-rofe.

Note: As you do fhis, you moy need fo chonge fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo
fhe I0ps/div posifion.

b. SIowIy furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf
confroI onfi-cIockwise fo increose fhe chonneI's bondwidfh Iimifing.

o. Pefurn fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs
froveI

7. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI
fuIIy cIockwise

8. Pefurn fhe scope's SYMC inpuf fo fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's SYMC
oufpuf.



Purt C - Pestoring digituI signuIs
As you hove seen, bondwidfh Iimifing disforfs digifoI signoIs. As you hove oIso seen (ond heord)
digifoI receivers such os PCM decoders hove probIems frying fo inferpref bondwidfh Iimifed
digifoI signoIs. The froubIe is, bondwidfh Iimifing is oImosf inevifobIe ond ifs effecfs gef worse
os fhe digifoI signoI's bif-rofe increoses.

To monoge fhis probIem, fhe received digifoI signoI musf be cIeoned-up or "resfored" before if
is decoded. A device fhof is ideoI for fhis purpose is fhe comporofor. PecoII fhof fhe
comporofor ompIifies fhe difference befween fhe voIfoges on ifs fwo inpufs by on exfremeIy
Iorge omounf. This oIwoys produces o heoviIy cIipped or "squored-up" version of ony AC signoI
connecfed fo one inpuf if if swings obove ond beIow o DC voIfoge on fhe ofher inpuf.

As you know, ordinoriIy we ovoid cIipping buf in fhis cose if's very usefuI. The bondwidfh Iimifed
digifoI signoI is connecfed fo one of fhe comporofor's inpufs ond o voriobIe DC voIfoge is
connecfed fo fhe ofher. The bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI swings obove ond beIow fhe DC
voIfoge fo produce o digifoI signoI on fhe comporofor's oufpuf. Then, fhe voriobIe DC voIfoge is
odjusfed unfiI fhis hoppens of fhe righf poinfs in fhe bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI for fhe
comporofor's oufpuf fo be o copy of fhe originoI digifoI signoI.

UnforfunofeIy, fhis simpIe yef cIever ideo hos ifs Iimifofions. Firsf, bondwidfh Iimifing con
disforf fhe digifoI signoI foo much for fhe comporofor fo resfore occurofeIy (fhof is, wifhouf
errors). Second, fhe chonneI con couse fhe received digifoI signoI (ond fhe hence fhe resfored
digifoI signoI) fo become phose shiffed. For reosons nof expIoined here fhis con couse ofher
probIems for receivers.

This porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you resfore o bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI using o
comporofor ond observe fhese Iimifofions.

3Z. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe 0.bms/div posifion.

33. Sef fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

34. Disconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe VCO moduIe's DI0ITAL oufpuf fhen modify fhe sef-up
os shown in Figure II on fhe nexf poge.

Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I4-Ib

Figure 11

The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure IZ beIow. The comporofor
on fhe UfiIifies moduIe is used fo resfore fhe bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI.

Figure 1Z

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs I4-Io

3b. Compore fhe signoIs.

Question
AIfhough fhe resfored digifoI signoI is oImosf idenficoI fo fhe originoI digifoI signoI,
fhere is o difference. Con you see whof if is7 Tip: If you con'f, use one of fhe scope's
VerficoI Posifion confroIs overIoy fhe fwo signoIs.

Question
Con fhis difference be ignored7 Why7


3o. SIowIy furn fhe VoriobIe DC moduIe's DC VoIfoge confroI fuIIy cIockwise ond fuIIy onfi-
cIockwise ond observe fhe effecf.

Question 7
Why do some DC voIfoges couse fhe comporofor fo oufpuf fhe wrong informofion7 Tip:
If you're nof sure, see fhe nofes on poge I4-I4.


Experimenf I4 - 8ondwidfh Iimifing ond resforing digifoI signoIs Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I4-I7

37. Pefurn fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

38. SIowIy moke fhe chonneI's bondwidfh norrower by furning fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer
moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI onfi-cIockwise.

Note: As you do fhis, fhe phose difference befween fhe fwo digifoI signoIs wiII increose
buf ignore fhis.

Question
Why does fhe comporofor begin fo oufpuf fhe wrong informofion when fhis confroI is
furned for enough7

39. SIowIy furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI
cIockwise ond sfop when fhe comporofor's oufpuf is fhe some os fhe originoI digifoI signoI
(ignoring fhe phose shiff).

40. Compore fhe resfored digifoI signoI wifh fhe bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI by
modifying fhe sef-up os shown in Figure I3 beIow.

Figure 13


Question 9
How con fhe comporofor resfore fhe bondwidfh Iimifed digifoI signoI when if is so
disforfed7


M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
b

-

A
m
p
I
i
f
u
d
e

s
h
i
f
f

k
e
y
i
n
g

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Ib-Z

Eperiment 1 - AmpIitude Shift keying
An essenfioI porf of eIecfronic communicofions ond feIecommunicofions is fhe obiIify fo shore
fhe chonneI. This is frue regordIess of whefher fhe chonneI is copper wire, opficoI fibre or
free-spoce. If if's nof shored fhen fhere con onIy ever be one person fronsmiffing on if of o
fime. Think obouf fhe impIicofions of fhis for o momenf. Wifhouf fhe obiIify fo shore, fhere
couId onIy be one rodio or TV sfofion in eoch oreo. OnIy one mobiIe phone owner couId use fheir
phone in eoch ceII of ony one fime. And fhere wouId onIy be fhe some number of phone coIIs
befween ony fwo cifies os fhe number of copper wires or opficoI fibres fhof connecfed fhem.

So shoring fhe chonneI is essenfioI ond fhere ore severoI mefhods of doing so. One is coIIed
fime division muIfipIexing (TDM) ond invoIves giving fhe users excIusive occess fo fhe chonneI
for shorf periods of fime. On fhe foce of if, fhis fype of shoring mighf seem improcficoI.
Imogine giving oII mobiIe phone users in o ceII jusf o minufe or so fo moke fheir coII fhen hoving
fo woif unfiI fheir furn comes oround ogoin. However, TDM works weII when fhe occess fime is
exfremeIy shorf (Iess fhon o second) ond fhe rofe of fhe shoring is fosf. This oIIows muIfipIe
users fo oppeor fo hove occess oII of fhe some fime.

TDM is used for digifoI communicofions ond is ochieved by inferIeoving fhe users' dofo. Thof is,
o porfion of one user's dofo is fronsmiffed foIIowed by o porfion of fhe nexf user's dofo ond so
on. UnforfunofeIy, fhere's o cofch. If fhe messoge is reoI-fime informofion which con'f offord
fo be deIoyed (Iike digifoIIy encoded speech) fhen, os fhe number of users increoses, so musf
fhe dofo's bif-rofe. Experimenf I4 hos shown fhof doing so increoses fhe IikeIihood of fhe
chonneI's bondwidfh disforfing fhe signoI cousing errors of fhe receiver.

Anofher mefhod of shoring fhe chonneI is coIIed frequency division muIfipIexing (FDM) ond
invoIves giving fhe users excIusive ond uninferrupfed occess fo o porfion of fhe chonneI's rodio
frequency specfrum. To fronsmif fheir messoge fhe user musf superimpose if onfo o corrier
fhof sifs inside fheir oIIocofed bond of frequencies. This mefhod is used by broodcosf rodio
ond feIevision fo shore free-spoce.

FDM is oIso used for digifoI communicofions ond uses fhe some moduIofion schemes ovoiIobIe fo
onoIog communicofions incIuding: AM, DS8SC ond FM. When AM is used for muIfipIexing digifoI
dofo, if is known os ompIifude shiff keying (ASI). Ofher nomes incIude: on-off keying,
confinuous wove ond inferrupfed confinuous wove.

Experimenf Ib - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Ib-3
Figure I beIow shows whof on ASI signoI Iooks Iike fime-coincidenf wifh fhe digifoI signoI fhof
hos been used fo generofe if.

Figure 1

Mofice fhof fhe ASI signoI's upper ond Iower Iimifs (fhe enveIopes) ore fhe some shope os fhe
dofo sfreom (fhough fhe Iower enveIope is inverfed). This is simuIfoneousIy on odvonfoge ond o
disodvonfoge of ASI. Pecovery of fhe dofo sfreom con be impIemenfed using o simpIe enveIope
defecfor (refer fo fhe preIiminory discussion of Experimenf o for on expIonofion of fhe
enveIope defecfor's operofion). However, noise on fhe chonneI con chonge fhe enveIopes' shope
enough for fhe receiver fo inferpref fhe Iogic IeveIs incorrecfIy cousing errors (onoIog AM
communicofions hove fhe some probIem ond fhe errors ore heord os o hiss, crockIes ond pops).

ASI con be generofed by convenfionoI meons Iike fhe one modeIIed in Experimenf 4. Here you'II
exomine fhe operofion of on oIfernofive mefhod fhof invoIves using fhe digifoI signoI fo swifch
fhe corrier's connecfion fo fhe chonneI on ond off.

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo generofe on ASI signoI using
fhe swifching mefhod. DigifoI dofo for fhe messoge is modeIIed by fhe Sequence 0enerofor
moduIe. You'II fhen recover fhe dofo using o simpIe enveIope defecfor ond observe ifs
disforfion. FinoIIy, you'II use o comporofor fo resfore fhe dofo.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Ib-4

Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting un ASk signuI



3. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI fo fhe EXT posifion.

4. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Source CoupIing confroI fo fhe HF PEJ posifion.

b. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I ond ChonneI Z Inpuf CoupIing confroIs fo fhe DC posifion.

o. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe Ims/div posifion.



Figure Z

Experimenf Ib - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Ib-b

The sef-up in Figure Z con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 beIow. The
frigger fhe scope fo provide o sfobIe dispIoy. The DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe is used fo
generofe fhe ASI signoI.

Figure 3

8. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe Sequence 0enerofor
moduIe's oufpuf ond fhe ASI signoI ouf of fhe DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe.

9. Compore fhe signoIs.

Question 1
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe digifoI signoI ond fhe presence of fhe corrier in
fhe ASI signoI7

ASI signoI
To Ch.Z
DigifoI signoI
To Ch.I
SYMC
To EXT.
Sequence
0enerofor
CLI
ZkH;
CIock
Mosfer
SignoIs
SYMC
DigifoI signoI modeIIing
Mosfer
SignoIs
IM
COM
DuoI AnoIog
Swifch
ZkH;
corrier
ASI generofion
X

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Ib-o

Question Z
Whof is fhe ASI signoI's voIfoge when fhe digifoI signoI is Iogic-07 Tip: If you're nof
sure, briefIy sef fhe ChonneI Z Inpuf CoupIing confroI fo fhe 0MD posifion.

Mofice fhof fhe ASI signoI's corrier ond fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's cIock ore fhe some
frequency (ZkH;). Moreover, nofice fhof fhey're from fhe some source - fhe Mosfer SignoIs
moduIe.

This hos been done fo moke fhe ASI signoI eosy fo Iook of on fhe scope. However, if mokes fhe
sef-up improcficoI os o reoI ASI communicofions sysfem becouse fhe corrier ond fhe dofo
signoI's fundomenfoI ore foo cIose fogefher in frequency. For reosons expIoined in Experimenf
o (see poges o-I0 ond o-II), fhis mokes recovering fhe digifoI dofo of fhe receiver difficuIf if
nof impossibIe.

IdeoIIy, fhe corrier frequency shouId be much higher fhon fhe bif-rofe of fhe digifoI signoI
(which is defermined by fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's cIock frequency in fhis sef-up). The
nexf porf of fhe experimenf gefs you fo sef fhe corrier fo o more oppropriofe frequency
(obouf I00kH;). In fhe process, fhe DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe's oufpuf wiII Iook more Iike o
convenfionoI ASI signoI.

I0. Locofe fhe VCO moduIe ond sef ifs Frequency Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs
froveI.

II. Sef fhe VCO moduIe's Ponge confroI fo fhe HI posifion.

IZ. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 4 on fhe nexf poge.




Figure 4

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure b beIow.

Figure

ASI signoI
To Ch.Z
DigifoI signoI
To Ch.I
SYMC
To EXT.
CLI
ZkH;
CIock
SYMC
DigifoI signoI modeIIing
IM
COM
I00kH;
corrier
ASI generofion
X
VCO

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Ib-8

I3. Compore fhe signoIs.

I4. Use fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Posifion confroI fo overIoy fhe digifoI signoI wifh fhe
ASI signoI's enveIopes ond compore fhem.

Question 3
Whof feofure of fhe ASI signoI suggesfs fhof if's on AM signoI7 Tip: If you're nof sure,
see fhe preIiminory discussion.


Purt - DemoduIuting un ASk signuI using un enveIope detector
As ASI is reoIIy jusf AM (wifh o digifoI messoge insfeod of speech or music), if con be
recovered using ony of AM demoduIofion schemes. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you do
so using on enveIope defecfor.

Ib. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe ond furn ifs 0oin confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

Io. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.

I7. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure o beIow.

Note: The Ieff mosf moduIes hove been Ieff off fo fif fhe drowing on fhe poge.

Figure

The ASI generofion ond demoduIofion porfs of fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock
diogrom in Figure 7 on fhe nexf poge. The recfifier on fhe UfiIifies moduIe ond fhe TuneobIe
Low-poss fiIfer moduIe ore used fo impIemenf on enveIope defecfor fo recover fhe digifoI dofo
from fhe ASI signoI.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Ib-I0

Figure 7

I8. Compore fhe originoI ond recovered digifoI signoIs.

Question 4
Why is fhe recovered digifoI signoI nof o perfecf copy of fhe originoI7

Question
Whof con be used fo "cIeon-up" fhe recovered digifoI signoI7


To Ch.I
IM
ASI generofion
Pecfifier
DemoduIofed
ASI signoI
To Ch.Z
EnveIope defecfion
TuneobIe
Low-poss FiIfer
UfiIifies
moduIe
DigifoI
signoI
COM
I00kH;
corrier

Experimenf Ib - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Ib-II

Purt C - Pestoring the recovered digituI signuI using u compurutor
Experimenf I4 shows fhof fhe comporofor is o usefuI circuif for resforing disforfed digifoI
signoIs. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you use o comporofor fo cIeon-up fhe
demoduIofed ASI signoI.


Figure

The ASI generofion, demoduIofion ond digifoI signoI resforofion porfs of fhe sef-up con be
represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 9 beIow.

Figure 9

Pecfifier
Pesfored
digifoI signoI
To Ch.Z
PEF
IM
Pesforofion
To Ch.I
DigifoI
signoI
I00kH;
corrier
ASI generofion EnveIope defecfion
IM
COM

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Ib-IZ

Z0. Sef fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

ZI. Compore fhe signoIs. If fhey're nof fhe some, vory fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe
DC confroI unfiI fhey ore.

Question
How does fhe comporofor furn fhe sIow rising voIfoges of fhe recovered digifoI signoI
info shorp fronsifions7


Experimenf Ib - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Ib-I3

Noise
If's common for rodio frequency communicofions sysfems fo be upsef by unwonfed
eIecfromognefic rodiofion coIIed noise. Some of fhis rodiofion occurs nofuroIIy ond is
generofed by fhe Sun ond ofmospheric ocfivify such os Iighfning. Much of fhe rodiofion
is oIso humon-mode - eifher uninfenfionoIIy (fhe eIecfromognefic rodiofion given off by
eIecfricoI mochines ond eIecfronics equipmenf) or infenfionoIIy (ofher peopIes'
communicofion fronsmissions fhof we don'f wonf fo receive).

Mosf noise gefs odded fo signoIs whiIe fhey're in fhe chonneI. This chonges fhe signoIs'
shope which in furn chonges how fhe signoI sounds when demoduIofed by fhe receiver.
If fhe noise is sufficienfIy big (reIofive fo fhe si;e of fhe signoI) fhe signoI con be
chonged so much fhof if connof be demoduIofed.

If's possibIe fo modeI noise being odded fo o signoI in fhe chonneI of o communicofions
sysfem using fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I. If fhe insfrucfor oIIows, fhis ocfivify
gefs you fo do so.

I. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow buf don't disconnecf ony of your
exisfing wiring.

Figure 1

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z on fhe nexf poge. If
modeIs fhe behoviour of o reoI chonneI by odding noise fo communicofions signoIs such
os ASI.

UsefuIIy, fhe omounf of noise con be voried by seIecfing eifher fhe -Z0d8 oufpuf (noise
is obouf one-fenfh fhe si;e of fhe signoI), fhe -od8 oufpuf (noise is obouf hoIf fhe si;e
of fhe signoI) or fhe 0d8 oufpuf (noise is obouf fhe some si;e os fhe signoI).

ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
BUFFER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
Output
Input

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Ib - AmpIifude Shiff Ieying Ib-I4

Figure Z

Z. UnpIug fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe's oufpuf ond connecf fhe
noisy chonneI's inpuf fo if.

3. UnpIug fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe recfifier's inpuf ond connecf fhe noisy chonneI's
oufpuf fo if.

Note: Once done, fhe fronsmiffer's signoI (fhe DuoI AnoIog Swifch moduIe's
oufpuf) froveIs fo fhe receiver's inpuf (fhe recfifier's inpuf) vio fhe modeI of o
noisy chonneI.

4. Compore fhe originoI ond recovered dofo. If fhey're nof fhe some, vory fhe
VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI unfiI fhey ore.

b. UnpIug fhe scope's ChonneI-Z inpuf from fhe comporofor's oufpuf ond connecf if
fo fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf fo observe fhe noisy ASI signoI.

o. Connecf fhe Adder moduIe's Moise inpuf fo fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe's -od8
oufpuf fo increose fhe noise in fhe chonneI.

7. Observe fhe effecf fhof fhis hos on fhe ASI signoI.

8. Peconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI-Z inpuf fo fhe comporofor's oufpuf.


Note: If moy be impossibIe fo recover fhe dofo.

ChonneI 8PF
SignoI
Moise
ChonneI
oufpuf
Moise
generofor
Adder
ChonneI
inpuf

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
o

-

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

s
h
i
f
f

k
e
y
i
n
g

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - Frequency Shiff Ieying Io-Z

Eperiment 1 - Frequency Shift keying
Frequency division muIfipIexing (FDM) oIIows o chonneI fo be shored omong o sef of users. PecoII
fhof fhis is ochieved by superimposing fhe messoge onfo o corrier signoI inside fhe user's
oIIocofed porfion of fhe rodio-frequency specfrum. PecoII oIso fhof ony of fhe onoIog moduIofion
schemes con be used fo fronsmif digifoI dofo in fhis woy. When frequency moduIofion (FM) is
used if is known os binory frequency shiff keying (8FSI or more commonIy jusf FSI).

One of fhe reosons for using FSI is fo foke odvonfoge of fhe reIofive noise immunify fhof FM
enjoys over AM. PecoII fhof noise monifesfs ifseIf os voriofions in fhe fronsmiffed signoI's
ompIifude. These voriofions con be removed by FM/FSI receivers (by o circuif coIIed o Iimifer)
wifhouf odverseIy offecfing fhe recovered messoge.

Figure I beIow shows whof on FSI signoI Iooks Iike fime-coincidenf wifh fhe digifoI signoI fhof
hos been used fo generofe if.

Figure 1

Mofice fhof fhe FSI signoI swifches befween fwo frequencies. The frequency of fhe signoI fhof
corresponds wifh Iogic-0s in fhe digifoI dofo (coIIed fhe spoce frequency) is usuoIIy Iower fhon
fhe moduIofor's nominoI corrier frequency. The frequency of fhe signoI fhof corresponds wifh
Iogic-Is in fhe digifoI dofo (coIIed fhe mork frequency) is usuoIIy higher fhon fhe moduIofor's
nominoI corrier frequency. The moduIofor doesn'f oufpuf o signoI of fhe corrier frequency,
hence fhe reference here fo if os being fhe "nominoI" corrier frequency.

Experimenf Io - Frequency Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Io-3
FSI generofion con be hondIed by convenfionoI FM moduIofor circuifs ond fhe voIfoge-
confroIIed osciIIofor (VCO) is commonIy used. SimiIorIy, FSI demoduIofion con be hondIed by
convenfionoI FM demoduIofors such os fhe ;ero crossing defecfor (refer fo fhe preIiminory
discussion of Experimenf I0 for on expIonofion of fhis circuif's operofion) ond fhe phose-Iocked
Ioop. AIfernofiveIy, if fhe FSI signoI is possed fhrough o sufficienfIy seIecfive fiIfer, fhe fwo
sinewoves fhof moke if up con be individuoIIy picked ouf. Considered on fheir own, eoch signoI is
on ASI signoI ond so fhe dofo con be recovered by possing eifher one of fhem fhrough on
enveIope defecfor (refer fo fhe preIiminory discussion of Experimenf o for on expIonofion of
fhe enveIope defecfor's operofion).

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo impIemenf fhe VCO mefhod of
generofing on FSI signoI. DigifoI dofo for fhe messoge is modeIIed by fhe Sequence 0enerofor
moduIe. You'II fhen recover fhe dofo by using o fiIfer fo pick-ouf one of fhe sinewoves in fhe
FSI signoI ond demoduIofe if using on enveIope defecfor. FinoIIy, you'II observe fhe demoduIofed
FSI signoI's disforfion ond use o comporofor fo resfore fhe dofo.


Equipment


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - Frequency Shiff Ieying Io-4

Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting un FSk signuI






o. Locofe fhe VCO moduIe ond sef ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf hoIf ifs froveI.

7. Sef fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI fo obouf o quorfer of ifs froveI (obouf
fhe posifion of fhe number 9 on o cIock foce).

8. Sef fhe VCO moduIe's Ponge confroI fo fhe LO posifion.

9. Locofe fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe ond sef ifs dip-swifches fo 00.


I0. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure Z beIow.


Figure Z

Experimenf Io - Frequency Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Io-b

The sef-up in Figure Z con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 beIow. The
frigger fhe scope fo provide o sfobIe dispIoy. The VCO moduIe is used fo generofe fhe FSI
signoI.

Figure 3

II. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe 0.bms/div posifion.

IZ. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe Sequence 0enerofor
moduIe's oufpuf ond fhe FSI signoI ouf of fhe VoIfoge ConfroIIed OsciIIofor moduIe.

I3. Compore fhe signoIs.

Note: If fhe sinewoves in fhe FSI signoI roII foo much, furn fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency
Adjusf confroI o IiffIe Ieff or righf fo sfobiIise if.

Question 1
Whof's fhe nome for fhe VCO oufpuf frequency fhof corresponds wifh Iogic-Is in fhe
digifoI dofo7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - Frequency Shiff Ieying Io-o

Question Z
Whof's fhe nome for fhe VCO oufpuf frequency fhof corresponds wifh Iogic-0s in fhe
digifoI dofo7

Question 3
8osed on your observofions of fhe FSI signoI, which of fhe fwo is fhe higher frequency7
ExpIoin your onswer.

Purt - DemoduIuting un FSk signuI using fiItering und un enveIope detector
As FSI is reoIIy jusf FM (wifh o digifoI messoge insfeod of speech or music), if con be
recovered using ony of fhe FM demoduIofion schemes. However, os fhe FSI signoI swifches bock
ond forfh befween jusf fwo frequencies we con use o mefhod of demoduIofing if fhof connof be
used fo demoduIofe speech encoded FM signoIs. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you do
fhis.

I4. Turn fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe posifion of fhe number Z
on o cIock foce.

Ib. Locofe fhe TuneobIe LPF moduIe ond furn ifs Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.

Io. Turn fhe TuneobIe LPF's 0oin confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

I7. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 4 on fhe nexf poge.

Note: Pemember fhof fhe doffed Iines show Ieods oIreody in pIoce. AIso, fhe Ieff mosf
moduIes hove been cuf-off fo fif fhe drowing on fhe poge.



Figure 4

The FSI generofion ond demoduIofion porfs of fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock
diogrom in Figure b beIow. The Low-poss fiIfer moduIe is used fo pick ouf one of fhe FSI
signoI's fwo sinewoves ond fhe PECTIFIEP ond 8ASE8AMD LPF combinofion form fhe enveIope
defecfor fo compIefe fhe FSI signoI's demoduIofion.

Figure

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - Frequency Shiff Ieying Io-8

Figure

I8. Turn fhe TuneobIe LPF's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI sIowIy from fuIIy cIockwise
unfiI fhe higher frequency componenf of fhe FSI signoI becomes equoI fo ;ero, os shown
in Figure o.

I9. Compore fhe digifoI signoI ond fhe fiIfer's oufpuf.These shouId be visibIe os Ch.I ond Ch.Z
on fhe scope dispIoy.

Question 4
Which of fhe FSI signoI's fwo sinewoves is fhe fiIfer picking ouf7

Question
Whof does fhe fiIfered FSI signoI Iook Iike7



Z0. Modify fhe sefup os shown in Figure 7 fo incIude fhe enveIope defecfor.

ZI. Connecf fhe scope's ChonneI Z inpuf fo fhe enveIope defecfor's oufpuf os shown in Figure
o beIow.

Figure 7
ZZ. Compore fhe originoI digifoI signoI wifh fhe recovered digifoI signoI.

Question

EnveIope Detection:
The enveIope defecfor used in fhis experimenf differs from fhe more simpIe DIODE & PC LPF
used in fhe eorIier AM experimenf. In fhis experimenf we use o combinofion of fhe PECTIFIEP
foIIowed by fhe 8ASE8AMD LPF. As FSI uses digifoI dofo, o fiIfer which is more responsive fo
fhe digifoI dofo sfreom is needed. You con reod obouf fhe 8ASE8AMD LPF moduIe's
chorocferisfics in fhe User MonuoI.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - Frequency Shiff Ieying Io-I0
Purt C - Pestoring the recovered dutu using u compurutor
demoduIofed FSI signoI.


Figure

The FSI generofion, demoduIofion ond digifoI signoI resforofion porfs of fhe sef-up con be

Figure 9

Experimenf Io - Frequency Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Io-II

Z4. Mofe fhe ompIifude of fhe fiIfered signoI info fhe COMPAPATOP. If vories from obouf 0
voIfs fo o moximum IeveI.

Zb. Sef fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC voIfoge oufpuf fo o IeveI which is hoIf of fhe
IeveI nofed in sfep Z4 obove. This signoI is seffing fhe fhreshoId voIfoge of fhe
COMPAPATOP.

Zo. Compore fhe originoI digifoI signoI ond fhe recovered digifoI signoI ouf of feh
COMPAPATOP. If fhey're nof fhe some vory fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC
confroI sIighfIy unfiI fhey ore.

4XHVWLRQ
How does fhe comporofor furn fhe sIow rising voIfoges of fhe recovered digifoI signoI info
shorp fronsifions7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Io - Frequency Shiff Ieying Io-IZ

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

I
7

-

8
i
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r
y

p
h
o
s
e

s
h
i
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f

k
e
y
i
n
g

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying I7-Z

Eperiment 17 - inury Phuse Shift keying
Experimenfs Ib ond Io show fhof fhe AM ond FM moduIofion schemes con be used fo fronsmif
digifoI signoIs ond fhis oIIows for fhe chonneI fo be shored. As digifoI dofo forms fhe messoge
insfeod of speech ond music, if is preferred fhof fhese fwo sysfems ore coIIed ASI ond FSI
insfeod.

PecoII fhof ASI uses fhe digifoI dofo's Is ond 0s fo swifch o corrier befween fwo ompIifudes.
FSI uses fhe Is ond 0s fo swifch o corrier befween fwo frequencies. An oIfernofive fo fhese
fwo mefhods is fo use fhe dofo sfreom's Is ond 0s fo swifch fhe corrier befween fwo phoses.
This is coIIed 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying (8PSI). Figure I beIow shows whof o 8PSI signoI Iooks
Iike fime-coincidenf wifh fhe digifoI signoI fhof hos been used fo generofe if.

Figure 1

Mofice fhof, when fhe chonge in Iogic IeveI couses fhe 8PSI signoI's phose fo chonge, if does so
by I80". For exompIe, where fhe signoI is froveIIing fowords o posifive peok fhe chonge in Iogic
IeveI couses if fo reverse direcfion ond heod bock foword fhe negofive peok (ond vice verso).

You moy find if difficuIf fo see of firsf buf Iook cIoseIy ond you'II nofice fhof oIfernofing
hoIves of fhe 8PSI signoI's enveIopes hove fhe some shope os fhe messoge. This indicofes fhof
8PSI is ocfuoIIy doubIe-sidebond suppressed corrier (DS8SC) moduIofion. Thof being fhe cose,
8PSI generofion ond fhe recovery of fhe dofo con be hondIed by convenfionoI DS8SC
moduIofion ond demoduIofion fechniques (expIoined in Experimenfs b ond 7 respecfiveIy).

Wifh o choice of ASI, FSI ond 8PSI you mighf be wondering obouf which sysfem you'II mosf
IikeIy see. AII ofher fhings being equoI, 8PSI is fhe besf performing sysfem in ferms of ifs
obiIify fo ignore noise ond so if produces fhe fewesf errors of fhe receiver. FM is fhe nexf
besf ond AM is fhe worsf. On fhof bosis, you'd expecf fhof 8PSI is fhe preferred sysfem.
However, if's nof necessoriIy fhe eosiesf fo impIemenf ond so in some sifuofions FSI or ASI

Experimenf I7 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I7-3
mighf be used os fhey ore cheoper fo impIemenf. In focf, FSI wos used for cheoper dioI-up
modems.

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo generofe o 8PSI signoI using
fhe MuIfipIier moduIe fo impIemenf ifs mofhemoficoI modeI. DigifoI dofo for fhe messoge is
modeIIed by fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe. You'II fhen recover fhe dofo using onofher
MuIfipIier moduIe ond observe ifs disforfion. FinoIIy, you'II use o comporofor fo resfore fhe
dofo.


Equipment


Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting u PSk signuI
A 8PSI signoI wiII be generofed by impIemenfing ifs mofhemoficoI modeI. For more informofion
on fhis, refer fo fhe preIiminory discussion of Experimenf b.






o. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe 0.Ims/div posifion.



8. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure Z on fhe nexf poge.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying I7-4

Figure Z

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 3 beIow. The Sequence
0enerofor moduIe is used fo modeI o digifoI signoI ond ifs SYMC oufpuf is used fo frigger fhe
scope fo provide o sfobIe dispIoy. The MuIfipIier moduIe is used fo generofe fhe 8PSI signoI by
impIemenfing ifs mofhemoficoI modeI.

Figure 3

Experimenf I7 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I7-b

9. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe Sequence 0enerofor
moduIe's oufpuf ond fhe 8PSI signoI ouf of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe.

I0. Acfivofe fhe scope's Sweep Mognificofion confroI.

Tip: This confroI is Iocofed in differenf pIoces on differenf scopes. If you con'f find if
or if you're nof sure you hove fhe righf confroI, osk fhe insfrucfor for ossisfonce.

II. Compore fhe signoIs.

IZ. If necessory, use fhe scope's Hori;onfoI posifion confroI fo view of Ieosf one fronsifion
of fhe digifoI signoI.

Question 1
Whof hoppens fo fhe 8PSI signoI on fhe dofo sfreom's Iogic fronsifions7

I3. Deocfivofe fhe scope's Sweep Mognificofion confroI.

I4. Use fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Posifion confroI fo overIoy fhe digifoI signoI wifh fhe
8PSI signoI's enveIopes ond compore fhem.

Question Z
Whof feofure of fhe 8PSI signoI suggesfs fhof if's o DS8SC signoI7 Tip: If you're nof
sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying I7-o

Purt - DemoduIuting u PSk signuI using u product detector
As 8PSI is reoIIy jusf DS8SC (wifh o digifoI messoge insfeod of speech or music), if con be
recovered using ony of fhe DS8SC demoduIofion schemes. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf
Iefs you do so using o producf defecfor.

Ib. Locofe fhe TuneobIe LPF moduIe ond furn ifs Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.

Io. Sef fhe TuneobIe LPF moduIe's 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.


Figure 4

The 8PSI generofion ond demoduIofion porfs of fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock
diogrom in Figure b on fhe nexf poge. The second MuIfipIier ond fhe TuneobIe Low-poss fiIfer
moduIe ore used fo impIemenf o producf defecfor fo recover fhe digifoI dofo from fhe 8PSI
signoI.


Figure

I8. Compore fhe digifoI signoI wifh fhe recovered digifoI signoI.

Question 3
Why is fhe recovered digifoI signoI nof o perfecf copy of fhe originoI7

Question 4


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying I7-8

Purt C - Pestoring the recovered dutu using u compurutor
demoduIofed 8PSI signoI.


Figure

The 8PSI generofion, demoduIofion ond digifoI signoI resforofion porfs of fhe sef-up con be

Figure 7


Z0. Sef fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

ZI. Compore fhe signoIs. If fhey're nof fhe some vory fhe VoriobIe DCV moduIe's VoriobIe DC
confroI unfiI fhey ore (ignoring phose shiff).

Question
Why does vorying fhe DC voIfoge on fhe comporofor's inpuf chonge fhe shope of fhe
digifoI signoI7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying I7-I0

Noise
If's common for rodio frequency communicofions sysfems fo be upsef by unwonfed
eIecfromognefic rodiofion coIIed noise. Some of fhis rodiofion occurs nofuroIIy ond is
generofed by fhe Sun ond ofmospheric ocfivify such os Iighfning. Much of fhe rodiofion
is oIso humon-mode - eifher uninfenfionoIIy (fhe eIecfromognefic rodiofion given off by
eIecfricoI mochines ond eIecfronics equipmenf) or infenfionoIIy (ofher peopIes'
communicofion fronsmissions fhof we don'f wonf fo receive).

Mosf noise gefs odded fo signoIs whiIe fhey're in fhe chonneI. This chonges fhe signoIs'
shope which in furn chonges how fhe signoI sounds when demoduIofed by fhe receiver.
If fhe noise is sufficienfIy big (reIofive fo fhe si;e of fhe signoI) fhe signoI con be
chonged so much fhof if connof be demoduIofed.

If's possibIe fo modeI noise being odded fo o signoI in fhe chonneI of o communicofions
sysfem using fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I. If fhe insfrucfor oIIows, fhis ocfivify
gefs you fo do so.

I. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow buf don't disconnecf ony of your
exisfing wiring.

Figure 1

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z on fhe nexf poge. If
modeIs fhe behoviour of o reoI chonneI by odding noise fo communicofions signoIs such
os 8PSI.

UsefuIIy, fhe omounf of noise con be voried by seIecfing eifher fhe -Z0d8 oufpuf (noise
is obouf one-fenfh fhe si;e of fhe signoI), fhe -od8 oufpuf (noise is obouf hoIf fhe si;e
of fhe signoI) or fhe 0d8 oufpuf (noise is obouf fhe some si;e os fhe signoI).

ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
BUFFER
GAIN
OUT IN
0dB
-6dB
-20dB
NOISE
GENERATOR
Output
Input

Experimenf I7 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I7-II

Figure Z

Z. UnpIug fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe oufpuf of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe on fhe upper-hoIf of
fhe froiner ond connecf fhe noisy chonneI's inpuf fo if.

3. UnpIug fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe oufpuf of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe in fhe Iower-hoIf of
fhe froiner ond connecf fhe noisy chonneI's oufpuf fo if.

Note: Once done, fhe fronsmiffer's signoI (fhe upper MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf)
froveIs fo fhe receiver's inpuf (fhe Iower MuIfipIier moduIe's inpuf) vio fhe modeI
of o noisy chonneI.


b. UnpIug fhe scope's ChonneI-Z inpuf from fhe comporofor's oufpuf ond connecf if
fo fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf fo observe fhe noisy 8PSI signoI.

o. Connecf fhe Adder moduIe's Moise inpuf fo fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe's -od8
oufpuf fo increose fhe noise in fhe chonneI.

7. Observe fhe effecf fhof fhis hos on fhe 8PSI signoI.

8. Peconnecf fhe scope's ChonneI-Z inpuf fo fhe comporofor's oufpuf.


I0. Pepeof for fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe's 0d8 oufpuf.

ChonneI 8PF
SignoI
Moise
ChonneI
oufpuf
Moise
generofor
Adder
ChonneI
inpuf

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I7 - 8inory Phose Shiff Ieying I7-IZ

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Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying I8-Z

Eperiment 1 - Quudruture Phuse Shift keying
As ifs nome impIies, quodrofure phose shiff keying (QPSI) is o voriofion of binory phose shiff
keying (8PSI). PecoII fhof 8PSI is bosicoIIy o DS8SC moduIofion scheme wifh digifoI
informofion for fhe messoge. ImporfonfIy fhough, fhe digifoI informofion is senf one bif of o
fime. QPSI is o DS8SC moduIofion scheme oIso buf if sends fwo bifs of digifoI informofion o
fime (wifhouf fhe use of onofher corrier frequency).

As QPSI sends fwo bifs of dofo of o fime, if's fempfing fo fhink fhof QPSI is fwice os fosf os
8PSI buf fhis is nof so. Converfing fhe digifoI dofo from o series of individuoI bifs fo o series of
bif-poirs necessoriIy hoIves fhe dofo's bif-rofe. This conceIs fhe speed odvonfoge of sending fwo
bifs of o fime.

So why bofher wifh QPSI7 WeII, hoIving fhe dofo bif rofe does hove one significonf odvonfoge.
The omounf of fhe rodio-frequency specfrum required fo fronsmif QPSI reIiobIy is hoIf fhof
required for 8PSI signoIs. This in furn mokes room for more users on fhe chonneI.

Figure I beIow shows fhe bIock diogrom of fhe mofhemoficoI impIemenfofion of QPSI.

Figure 1

Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I8-3

Af fhe inpuf fo fhe moduIofor, fhe digifoI dofo's even bifs (fhof is, bifs 0, Z, 4 ond so on) ore
sfripped from fhe dofo sfreom by o "bif-spIiffer" ond ore muIfipIied wifh o corrier fo generofe
o 8PSI signoI (coIIed PSI
I
). Af fhe some fime, fhe dofo's odd bifs (fhof is, bifs I, 3, b ond so on)
ore sfripped from fhe dofo sfreom ond ore muIfipIied wifh fhe some corrier fo generofe o
second 8PSI signoI (coIIed PSI
Q
). However, fhe PSI
Q
signoI's corrier is phose-shiffed by 90"
before being moduIofed. This is fhe secref fo QPSI operofion.

The fwo 8PSI signoIs ore fhen simpIy odded fogefher for fronsmission ond, os fhey hove fhe
some corrier frequency, fhey occupy fhe some porfion of fhe rodio-frequency specfrum. WhiIe
fhis suggesfs fhof fhe fwo sefs of signoIs wouId be irrefrievobIy mixed, fhe required 90" of
phose seporofion befween fhe corriers oIIows fhe sidebonds fo be seporofed by fhe receiver
using phose discriminofion (infroduced in Experimenf 8).

Figure Z beIow shows fhe bIock diogrom of fhe mofhemoficoI impIemenfofion of QPSI
demoduIofion.

Figure Z

Mofice fhe orrongemenf uses fwo producf defecfors fo simuIfoneousIy demoduIofe fhe fwo
8PSI signoIs. This simuIfoneousIy recovers fhe poirs of bifs in fhe originoI dofo. The fwo signoIs
ore cIeoned-up using o comporofor or some ofher signoI condifioner fhen fhe bifs ore puf bock in
order using o Z-bif poroIIeI-fo-serioI converfer.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying I8-4

To undersfond how eoch defecfor picks ouf onIy one of fhe 8PSI signoIs ond nof bofh of fhem,
recoII fhof fhe producf defecfion of DS8SC signoIs is "phose sensifive". Thof is, recovery of fhe
messoge is opfimoI if fhe fronsmiffed ond IocoI corriers ore in phose wifh eoch onofher. 8uf fhe
recovered messoge is offenuofed if fhe fwo corriers ore nof exocfIy in phose. ImporfonfIy, if
fhe phose error is 90" fhe ompIifude of fhe recovered messoge is ;ero. In ofher words, fhe
messoge is compIefeIy rejecfed (fhis issue is discussed in Porf E of Experimenf 7).

The QPSI demoduIofor fokes odvonfoge of fhis focf. Mofice fhof fhe producf defecfors in
Figure Z shore fhe corrier buf one of fhem is phose shiffed 90". Thof being fhe cose, once fhe
phose of fhe IocoI corrier for one of fhe producf defecfors mofches fhe phose of fhe
fronsmission corrier for one of fhe 8PSI signoIs, fhere is oufomoficoIIy o 90" phose error
befween fhof defecfor's IocoI corrier ond fhe fronsmission corrier of fhe ofher 8PSI signoI. So,
fhe defecfor recovers fhe dofo on fhe 8PSI signoI fhof if's mofched fo ond rejecfs fhe ofher
8PSI signoI.

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo generofe o QPSI signoI by
impIemenfing fhe mofhemoficoI modeI of QPSI. Once generofed, you'II exomine fhe QPSI signoI
using fhe scope. Then, you'II exomine how phose discriminofion using o producf defecfor con be
used fo pick-ouf fhe dofo on one 8PSI signoI or fhe ofher.


Equipment


Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I8-b
Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting u QPSk signuI






o. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe 0.bms/div posifion.

7. Locofe fhe Divider moduIe ond sef if up fo divide by Z by pushing fhe Ieff-side swifch up
ond fhe righf-side swifch down.

Tip: The Divider moduIe is underneofh fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe.



Figure 3

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying I8-o

Sequence 0enerofor moduIe is used fo modeI digifoI dofo. The Z-bif SerioI-fo-PoroIIeI Converfer
moduIe is used fo spIif fhe dofo bifs up info o sfreom of even bif ond odd bifs.

As menfioned in fhe preIiminory discussion, spIiffing fhe dofo up fhis woy hoIves fhe bif rofe of
fhe fwo new sefs of dofo. Thof being fhe cose, fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's SYMC oufpuf
musf be hoIved for if fo be used os fhe friggering signoI for fhe scope.

Figure 4

9. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe SerioI-fo-PoroIIeI
Converfer moduIe's fwo oufpufs.

I0. Compore fhe signoIs. You shouId see fwo digifoI signoIs fhof ore differenf fo eoch ofher.

Question 1
Whof is fhe reIofionship befween fhe bif rofe of fhese fwo digifoI signoIs ond fhe bif
rofe of fhe Sequence 0enerofor moduIe's oufpuf7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe
preIiminory discussion.


II. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure b beIow.


Figure

ExcIuding fhe digifoI dofo modeIIing, fhis sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in
Figure o on fhe nexf poge. Mofice fhof fhe bif-spIiffer's fwo oufpufs ore connecfed fo
independenf MuIfipIier moduIes. The ofher inpuf fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIes is o I00kH; sinewove.
However, fhe signoIs ore ouf of phose wifh eoch ofher by 90" which is o requiremenf of QPSI.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying I8-8

Figure

IZ. Compore fhe even bifs of dofo wifh fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf (PSI
I
).

I3. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe 0.Zms/div posifion.

I4. Acfivofe fhe scope's Sweep MuIfipIier fo view fhe signoIs more cIoseIy.

Ib. Use fhe scope's Hori;onfoI Posifion confroI fo Iocofe o fronsifion in fhe dofo sequence.

Io. Exomine fhe corrier ond nofe in whof woy if chonges of fhe sequence's fronsifion.

Question Z
Whof feofure of fhe MuIfipIier's oufpuf suggesfs fhof if's o 8PSI signoI7

I7. Deocfivofe fhe scope's Sweep MuIfipIier.

I8. Move fhe scopes connecfions fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 7 on fhe nexf poge.


Figure 7

This chonge con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 8 beIow.

Figure

Mosfer
SignoIs
8
i
f
-
s
p
I
i
f
f
e
r
DigifoI
dofo
Odd
bifs
Even
bifs
Z-bif SerioI-fo-
PoroIIeI Converfer
X
Y
X
Y
MuIfipIier
MuIfipIier
I00kH;
SIME
I00kH;
COS
XI
XZ
Odd bifs
To Ch.I
PSI
I
PSI
To Ch.Z
Q

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying I8-I0

I9. Acfivofe fhe scope's Sweep MuIfipIier fo view fhe signoIs more cIoseIy.

Z0. Use fhe scope's Hori;onfoI Posifion confroI fo Iocofe o fronsifion in fhe dofo sequence.

ZI. Exomine fhe corrier ond nofe in whof woy if chonges of fhe sequence's fronsifion.

Question 3
Whof fype of signoI is presenf on fhe MuIfipIier's oufpuf7

ZZ. Deocfivofe fhe scope's Sweep MuIfipIier ond refurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe
0.bms/div seffing.


Figure 9

Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I8-II

The sef-up in Figure 9 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure I0 beIow. The Adder
moduIe is used fo odd fhe PSI
I
ond PSI
Q
signoIs. This furns fhe sef-up info o compIefe QPSI
moduIofor.

Figure 10

Z4. Turn fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

Note: This removes fhe 8PSI
I
signoI from fhe signoI on fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf.

Zb. Adjusf fhe Adder's g confroI fo obfoin o 4Vp-p oufpuf.

Zo. Disconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

Note: This removes fhe 8PSI
Q
signoI from fhe signoI on fhe Adder moduIe's oufpuf.

Z7. Adjusf fhe Adder's 0 confroI fo obfoin o 4Vp-p oufpuf.

Z8. Peconnecf fhe pofch Ieod fo fhe Adder's 8 inpuf.

Question 4
According fo fhe fheory, whof fype of digifoI signoI fronsmission is now presenf on fhe
Adder's oufpuf7

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying I8-IZ

Z9. Sef fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe 0.Zms/div posifion.

30. Acfivofe fhe scope's Sweep MuIfipIier fo view fhe signoI more cIoseIy.

3I. Use fhe scope's Hori;onfoI Posifion confroI fo exomine fhe signoI from beginning fo end.

Question
Why is fhere onIy one sinewove when fhe QPSI signoI is mode up of fwo 8PSI signoIs7

QPSk or OQPSk: Whut's the difference?

QPSI moduIofion is normoIIy generofed from o singIe dofo sfreom converfed fo fwo
poroIIeI dofo sfreoms. In fhis porficuIor experimenf, fhe serioI/poroIIeI converfer
oufpufs fhe poroIIeI sfreoms such fhof fhe bifs ore offsef from eoch ofher by one
cIock period. Therefore, in fhis experimenf we ore ocfuoIIy impIemenfing o form of
QPSI known os Offsef QPSI (OQPSI).


Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I8-I3

Purt - Using phuse discriminution to pick-out one of the QPSk signuI's PSk signuIs
If's nof possibIe fo impIemenf bofh o QPSI moduIofor ond demoduIofor wifh one Emono
TeIecoms-Troiner I0I. However, if is possibIe fo demonsfrofe how phose discriminofion is used
by o QPSI demoduIofor fo pick-ouf one or ofher of fhe fwo 8PSI signoIs fhof moke up fhe
QPSI signoI. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you do fhis.

3Z. Deocfivofe fhe scope's Sweep MuIfipIier ond refurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo fhe
Ims/div seffing.

33. Locofe fhe TuneobIe LPF moduIe ond furn ifs Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy
cIockwise.

34. Sef fhe TuneobIe LPF moduIe's 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

3b. Locofe fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe ond sef ifs Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe 0" posifion.

3o. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure II beIow.

Note: As fhere ore o Iof of connecfions, you moy find if heIpfuI fo fick fhem off os you
odd fhem.

Figure 11


The oddifions fo fhe sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure IZ beIow. If you
compore if fo Figure Z in fhe preIiminory discussion, you'II nofice fhof if impIemenfs mosf of one
orm of o QPSI demoduIofor (eifher I or Q).

Figure 1Z

37. Compore fhe even dofo bifs on fhe SerioI-fo-PoroIIeI Converfer moduIe's XI oufpuf wifh
fhe 8ondposs LPF moduIe's oufpuf.

38. Vory fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI Ieff ond righf ond observe fhe
effecf on fhe demoduIofed signoI. You ore oiming fo recover o bipoIor (Z-IeveI) signoI Iike
fhe originoI XI or XZ signoIs from fhe SerioI-fo-PoroIIeI Converfer moduIe.

39. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe I80" posifion ond repeof sfep
3o.

Question
Whof is fhe couse of fhe 3 ond 4 IeveI signoIs ouf of fhe TuneobIe LPF during fhe phose
odjusfmenfs obove 7 How mony differenf Phose Adjusf confroI posifions wiII give you o
bipoIor signoI 7


Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I8-Ib


Figure 13

The oddifion of fhe Comporofor on fhe UfiIifies moduIe con be represenfed by fhe bIock
diogrom in Figure I4 beIow. If you compore fhis bIock diogrom wifh Figure Z in fhe preIiminory
discussion, you'II nofice fhof fhis chonge compIefes one orm of o QPSI demoduIofor.

Figure 14

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying I8-Io

4I. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe 0" posifion.

4Z. Compore fhe even dofo bifs on fhe SerioI-fo-PoroIIeI Converfer moduIe's XI oufpuf wifh
fhe 8ondposs LPF moduIe's oufpuf.

43. Adjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI unfiI you hove recovered fhe even
dofo bifs (ignoring ony phose shiff).

Question 7
Whof is fhe presenf phose reIofionship befween fhe IocoI corrier ond fhe corrier signoIs
used fo generofe fhe PSI
I
ond PSI
Q
signoIs7

44. UnpIug fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf from fhe SerioI-fo-PoroIIeI Converfer moduIe's XI
oufpuf ond connecf if fo ifs XZ oufpuf fo view fhe odd dofo bifs.

4b. Compore fhe odd dofo bifs wifh fhe recovered dofo. They shouId be differenf.

4o. Sef fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Chonge confroI fo fhe I80" posifion.

47. Adjusf fhe Phose Shiffer moduIe's Phose Adjusf confroI unfiI you hove recovered fhe odd
dofo bifs (ignoring ony phose shiff).

Question
Whof is fhe new phose reIofionship befween fhe IocoI corrier ond fhe corrier signoIs used
fo generofe fhe PSI
I
ond PSI
Q
signoIs7


Experimenf I8 - Quodrofure Phose Shiff Ieying Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I8-I7

Question 9
Why is your demoduIofor considered fo be onIy one hoIf of o fuII QPSI receiver7



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Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion I9-Z

Eperiment 19 - DSSS moduIution und demoduIution
PecoII fhof when o sinusoidoI corrier is DS8SC moduIofed by o messoge, fhe fwo signoIs ore
muIfipIied fogefher. PecoII oIso fhof fhe resuIfing DS8SC signoI consisfs of fwo sefs of
sidebonds buf no corrier (refer fo fhe preIiminory discussion of Experimenf b for o fuIIer
discussion of fhis).

When fhe DS8SC signoI is demoduIofed using producf defecfion, bofh sidebonds ore muIfipIied
wifh o IocoI corrier fhof musf be synchronised fo fhe fronsmiffer's corrier (fhof is, if hos fhe
some frequency ond phose). Doing so produces fwo messoges fhof ore in-phose wifh eoch ofher
ond so odd fo form o singIe bigger messoge (refer fo fhe preIiminory discussion of Experimenf
7 for o fuIIer discussion of fhis).

Direcf sequence spreod specfrum (DSSS or offen jusf "spreod specfrum") is o voriofion of fhe
DS8SC moduIofion scheme wifh o puIse froin (coIIed o pseudo-noise sequence or jusf PM
sequence) for fhe corrier insfeod of o simpIe sinewove. This moy sound rodicoI unfiI you
remember fhof puIse froins ore ocfuoIIy mode up of o fheoreficoIIy infinife number of
sinewoves (fhe fundomenfoI ond hormonics). Thof being fhe cose, spreod specfrum is reoIIy fhe
DS8SC moduIofion of o fheoreficoIIy infinife number of sinusoidoI corrier signoIs. The resuIf is
o fheoreficoIIy infinife number of poirs of finy sidebonds obouf o suppressed corrier.

In procfice, nof oII of fhese sidebonds hove ony energy of significonce. However, fhe focf fhof
fhe messoge informofion is disfribufed ocross so mony of fhem mokes spreod specfrum signoIs
difficuIf fo deIiberofeIy inferfere wifh or "jom". To do so, you wouId hove fo upsef o significonf
number of fhe sidebonds which is difficuIf considering fheir number.

Spreod specfrum signoIs ore demoduIofed in fhe some woy os DS8SC signoIs using o producf
defecfor. ImporfonfIy, fhe producf defecfor's IocoI corrier signoI musf confoin oII fhe
sinewoves fhof moke up fronsmiffer's puIse froin of fhe some frequency ond phose. If fhis is
nof done, fhe finy demoduIofed signoIs wiII be of fhe wrong frequency ond phose ond so fhey
won'f odd up fo reproduce fhe originoI messoge. Insfeod, fhey'II produce o gorboge signoI fhof
Iooks Iike noise.

The onIy woy fo obfoin fhe righf number of sinewoves of fhe righf frequency ond phose of fhe
receiver is fo use o puIse froin wifh on idenficoI sequence fo fhof used by fhe fronsmiffer.
Moreover, if musf be synchronised. This issue gives spreod specfrum onofher of ifs odvonfoges
over ofher moduIofion schemes. The fronsmiffed signoI is effecfiveIy encrypfed.

Of course, wifh frioI ond error if's possibIe for on unoufhorised person fo guess fhe correcf PM
sequence fo use for fheir receiver. However, fhis con be mode difficuIf by moking fhe
sequence Ionger before if repeofs ifseIf (fhof is, by moking if consisf of more bifs or chips).
Longer sequences con produce more combinofions of unique codes which wouId foke Ionger fo
guess using o frioI ond error opprooch. To iIIusfrofe fhis poinf, on 8-bif code hos Zbo
combinofions whiIe o Z0-bif code hos I,048,b7b combinofions. A Zbo-bif code hos I.Ib79I0
77

combinofions. Thof's IIb79 wifh 73 ;eros offer ifl

Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I9-3

Increosing fhe sequence's chip-Iengfh hos onofher odvonfoge. To expIoin, fhe fofoI energy in o
spreod specfrum signoI is disfribufed befween oII of fhe finy DS8SC fhof moke if up (fhough
nof evenIy becouse nof oII of fhe sinewoves fhof moke up fhe corrier's puIse froin ore nof fhe
some ompIifude). A mofhemoficoI fechnique coIIed Fourier AnoIysis shows fhof fhe greofer fhe
number of chips in o sequence before repeofing, fhe greofer fhe number of sinewoves of
significonce needed fo moke if.

Thof being fhe cose, using more chips in fhe fronsmiffer's PM sequence produces more DS8SC
signoIs ond so fhe signoI's fofoI energy is disfribufed more fhinIy befween fhem. This in furn
meons fhof fhe individuoI signoIs ore mony ond exfremeIy smoII. In focf, if fhe PM sequence is
Iong enough, oII of fhese DS8SC signoIs ore smoIIer fhon fhe bockground eIecfricoI noise fhof's
oIwoys presenf in free-spoce. This focf gives spreod specfrum yef onofher imporfonf
odvonfoge. The signoI is difficuIf fo defecf.

Spreod specfrum finds use in severoI digifoI oppIicofions incIuding: CDMA mobiIe phone
fechnoIogy, cordIess phones, fhe gIoboI posifioning sysfem (0PS) ond fwo of fhe 80Z.II wi-fi
sfondords.

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo generofe o DSSS signoI by
impIemenfing ifs mofhemoficoI modeI. You'II fhen use o producf defecfor (wifh o sfoIen corrier)
fo reproduce fhe messoge. Once done, you'II exomine fhe imporfonce of using fhe correcf PM
sequence for fhe IocoI corrier ond fhe difficuIfy of jomming DSSS signoIs.


Equipment


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion I9-4

Procedure

Purt A - Seneruting u DSSS signuI using u simpIe messuge
As DSSS is bosicoIIy jusf DS8SC wifh o puIse froin for fhe corrier insfeod of o simpIe sinusoid,
if con be generofed by impIemenfing fhe mofhemoficoI modeI for DS8SC.







b. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow.


Figure 1

Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I9-b

The sef-up in Figure I con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z beIow. If muIfipIies
fhe ZkH; sinewove messoge wifh o PM sequence modeIIed by fhe Sequence 0enerofor's 3Z-bif
puIse froin oufpuf.

Figure Z

o. Adjusf fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo view fwo or so cycIes of fhe Mosfer SignoIs

7. Sef fhe scope's Mode confroI fo fhe DUAL posifion fo view fhe DSSS signoI ouf of fhe

8. Adjusf fhe scope's VerficoI Affenuofion confroIs fo fhe oppropriofe seffings for fhe
signoIs.

9. Drow fhe fwo woveforms fo scoIe in fhe spoce provided on fhe nexf poge Ieoving room fo

Tip: Drow fhe messoge signoI in fhe upper fhird of fhe groph ond fhe DSSS signoI in fhe
middIe fhird.

Messoge
To Ch.I
Mosfer
signoIs
Mosfer
signoIs
DSSS signoI
To Ch.Z ZkH;
MuIfipIier
moduIe
I00kH;
CLI
Sequence
generofor
PM sequence

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion I9-o



I0. Use fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Posifion confroI fo overIoy fhe messoge wifh fhe
DSSS signoI's enveIopes ond compore fhem.

Question 1
Whof feofure of fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf suggesfs fhof if's bosicoIIy o DS8SC
signoI7 Tip: If you're nof sure, furn fhe scope's infensify confroI up ond reod fhe
preIiminory discussion for Experimenf b.

Question Z
Why is fhe DSSS signoI so Iorge when if's supposed fo be smoII ond indisfinguishobIe
from noise7 Tip: If you're nof sure, see fhe preIiminory discussion for fhis experimenf.


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion I9-8

Purt - Seneruting u DSSS signuI using speech
So for, fhis experimenf hos generofed o DSSS signoI using o sinewove for fhe messoge. The
nexf porf of fhe experimenf Iefs you see whof o DSSS signoI Iooks Iike when moduIofed by
speech.

II. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

IZ. Connecf fhem fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf os shown in Figure 3 beIow.


Figure 3



Question 3
Why isn'f fhere ony signoI ouf of fhe DSSS moduIofor when you're nof foIking, efc7


Purt C - Using the product detector to recover the messuge

Ib. Pefurn fhe scope's Timebose confroI fo ifs originoI posifion (if you're nof sure whof if
wos, fry fhe 0.Ims/div posifion).

Io. Locofe fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe ond sef ifs 0oin confroI fo obouf fhe middIe
of ifs froveI.

I7. Turn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency Adjusf confroI fuIIy onfi-
cIockwise.

I8. Disconnecf fhe pIugs fo fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf ond modify fhe sef-up os shown in
Figure 4 beIow.

Note: Mofice fhof fhe Ieods connecf fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe's AC inpufs ond nof ifs DC
inpufs.

Figure 4

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion I9-I0

The oddifions fo fhe sef-up shown in Figure 4 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in
Figure b beIow. The MuIfipIier ond TuneobIe Iow-poss FiIfer moduIes impIemenf o producf
defecfor which recovers fhe originoI messoge from fhe DSSS signoI. To fociIifofe fhis, fhe PM
sequence used for fhe moduIofor's corrier is "sfoIen" for fhe producf defecfor's IocoI corrier
(fhough if's sfoIen from fhe moduIe's X oufpuf buf fhe sequence is fhe some).

Figure

The enfire sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure o beIow.

Figure
DSSS
signoI
DemoduIofed
DSSS signoI
To Ch.Z
MuIfipIier
moduIe
TuneobIe
Iow-poss fiIfer
Sequence
generofor
"SfoIen"
PM sequence
Messoge
To Ch.I
DemoduIofed
DSSS signoI
To Ch.Z
ZkH;
I00kH;
CLI
PM sequence
"SfoIen"
PM sequence
DSSS moduIofor Producf defecfor

Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I9-II

I9. SIowIy furn fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's Cuf-off Frequency confroI cIockwise
whiIe wofching fhe scope's dispIoy ond sfop when if's of obouf hoIf ifs froveI.

Z0. Drow fhe demoduIofed DSSS signoI fo scoIe in fhe spoce fhof you Ieff on fhe groph
poper.

PecoII fhof fhe messoge con onIy be recovered by fhe producf defecfor if on idenficoI PM
sequence fo fhe DSSS moduIofor's corrier is used. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf
demonsfrofes fhis.

ZI. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 7 beIow fo moke fhe demoduIofor's IocoI corrier o
differenf PM sequence fo fhe fronsmiffer's corrier.

Figure 7

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion I9-IZ

ZZ. Compore fhe messoge wifh fhe producf defecfor's new oufpuf.

Question 4
Whof does fhe signoI ouf of fhe Iow-poss fiIfer Iook Iike7

Question
Why does using fhe wrong PM sequence for fhe IocoI corrier couse fhe producf
defecfor's oufpuf fo Iook Iike fhis7


Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I9-I3

Purt D - DSSS und deIiberute interference {jumming}
Inferference occurs when on unwonfed eIecfricoI signoI gefs odded fo fhe fronsmiffed signoI
(fypicoIIy in fhe chonneI) ond chonges if enough fo chonge fhe recovered messoge. EIecfricoI
noise is o significonf source of uninfenfionoI inferference.

However, somefimes noise is deIiberofeIy odded fo fhe fronsmiffed signoI for fhe purpose of
inferfering or "jomming" if. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf modeIs deIiberofe inferference
fo show how spreod specfrum signoIs ore highIy resisfonf fo if.

Z3. Move fhe pofch Ieod from fhe Sequence 0enerofor's Y oufpuf bock fo ifs X oufpuf.

Note: The producf defecfor shouId now be recovering fhe messoge ogoin.

Z4. Locofe fhe VCO moduIe ond sef ifs Ponge confroI fo fhe HI posifion.

Zb. Sef fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

Zo. Locofe fhe Adder moduIe ond furn ifs g confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

Z7. Sef fhe Adder moduIe's 0 confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.


Figure


The sef-up in Figure 8 con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 9 beIow. The VCO
moduIe is used fo generofe o voriobIe frequency jomming signoI fhof is odded fo fhe DSSS
signoI using fhe odder moduIe.

Figure 9

Z9. Sef fhe scope's Trigger Source confroI is sef fo fhe CHZ posifion.

Note: The scope shouId be dispIoying o cIeon DSSS signoI on ChonneI I Iike fhe one you
drew eorIier. The recovered messoge shouId be dispIoyed on ChonneI Z.

30. Add fhe jomming signoI fo fhe DSSS signoI by sIowIy furning fhe Adder moduIe's g
confroI cIockwise. Sfop when if's of obouf hoIf ifs froveI.

3I. Compore fhe fwo signoIs ond nofe fhe effecf (if ony) on fhe recovered messoge.

3Z. Vory fhe jomming signoI's frequency by furning fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf
confroI Ieff ond righf.

33. Mofe fhe effecf (if ony) on fhe recovered messoge.

34. Increose fhe si;e of fhe jomming signoI fo moximum by furning fhe Adder moduIe's g
confroI fuIIy cIockwise.

3b. Mofe fhe effecf (if ony) on fhe recovered messoge.

DSSS wifh
inferference
To Ch.I
Pecovered
messoge
To Ch.Z
ZkH;
I00kH;
CLI
PM sequence "SfoIen"
PM sequence
DSSS moduIofor Producf defecfor
A
8
Adder
moduIe
VCO
ChonneI
Jomming
signoI

Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I9-Ib

Question
Why doesn'f fhe jomming signoI inferfere wifh fhe recovery of fhe messoge7

A more sophisficofed opprooch fo jomming invoIves oufomoficoIIy sweeping fhe jomming signoI
fhrough o wide ronge of frequencies fo increose fhe chonces of upseffing fhe fronsmiffed
signoI. The nexf porf of fhe experimenf Ief's you see how spreod specfrum hondIes fhis.

3o. Pefurn fhe Adder moduIe's g confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

37. Turn fhe VCO moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy cIockwise.


Figure 10

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion I9-Io

This modificofion forces fhe VCO moduIe's oufpuf fo sweep confinuousIy fhrough o wide ronge
of frequencies.

39. Compore fhe fwo signoIs. Mofice fhof fhe DSSS signoI wifh inferference is very
disforfed buf fhe recovered messoge is onIy miIdIy offecfed.

An even more sophisficofed opprooch fo jomming invoIves using mony jomming signoIs of once
(broodbond jomming) fo increose fhe chonces of upseffing fhe fronsmiffed signoI. The nexf
porf of fhe experimenf Ief's you see how spreod specfrum hondIes fhis.

40. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure II beIow.

Figure 11

Experimenf I9 - DSSS moduIofion & demoduIofion Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs I9-I7

This modificofion uses fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe fo modeI o jomming signoI fhof consisfs of
fhousonds of frequencies.

4I. Compore fhe fwo signoIs. Mofice fhof fhe DSSS signoI wifh inferference is disforfed buf
fhe recovered messoge is onIy miIdIy offecfed.

4Z. Increose fhe sfrengfh of fhe broodbond jomming signoI by connecfing fhe Adder
moduIe's 8 inpuf fo fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe's -od8 oufpuf.

43. Compore fhe DSSS signoI ond fhe recovered messoge.

44. Increose fhe sfrengfh of fhe broodbond jomming signoI even more by connecfing fhe
Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf fo fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe's 0d8 oufpuf.

4b. Compore fhe fwo signoIs. Mofice how disforfed DSSS signoI is buf how IiffIe fhe
recovered messoge is offecfed.



If time permits,
If fhe insfrucfor oIIows, Ief's see how DSSS performs when fronsmiffing ond receiving
speech. You'II need o sef of sfereo heodphones for fhis ocfivify.

I. Pemove fhe jomming signoI by disconnecfing fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf from fhe
Moise 0enerofor moduIe's 0d8 oufpuf.

Z. Connecf fhe TuneobIe Low-poss FiIfer moduIe's oufpuf fo fhe 8uffer moduIe's
inpuf.

3. Turn fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI fuIIy onfi-cIockwise.

4. Wifhouf weoring fhe heodphones, pIug fhem info fhe 8uffer moduIe's heodphone
sockef.

b. Puf fhe heodphones on.

o. Adjusf fhe 8uffer moduIe's 0oin confroI unfiI fhe ZkH; fone is o comforfobIe
sound IeveI.

7. Invesfigofe whof hoppens when fhe wrong PM sequence is used fo demoduIofe fhe
DSSS signoI (Iike you did in Porf C) by moving fhe pofch Ieod from fhe Sequence
0enerofor's X oufpuf fo ifs Y oufpuf.

8. Pefurn fhe pofch Ieod from fhe Sequence 0enerofor's Y oufpuf bock fo ifs X
oufpuf.

9. Invesfigofe whof hoppens when o singIe sinewove is used fo jom fhe DSSS signoI
(Iike you did in Porf D) by connecfing fhe VCO moduIe's SIME oufpuf fo fhe
Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

I0. Invesfigofe whof hoppens when o brood-bond signoI is used fo jom fhe DSSS
signoI (Iike you did in Porf D) by connecfing fhe Moise 0enerofor moduIe's -Z0d8
oufpuf fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf.

II. Pepeof fhe sfep obove for higher IeveIs of jomming/noise by connecfing fhe
Moise 0enerofor moduIe's -od8 oufpuf fo fhe Adder moduIe's 8 inpuf fhen fhe
0d8 oufpuf.

IZ. Subsfifufe fhe ZkH; fone wifh fhe Speech moduIe's oufpuf ond invesfigofe fhe
effecfs on speech os you repeof sfeps 7 fo II whiIe foIking, singing or humming.

M
o
m
e
:

C
I
o
s
s
:

Z
0

-

U
n
d
e
r
s
o
m
p
I
i
n
g

i
n

s
o
f
f
w
o
r
e

d
e
f
i
n
e
d

r
o
d
i
o

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z0-Z

Eperiment Z0 - UndersumpIing in SDP {softwure defined rudio}

Softwure defined rudio
A sfriking feofure of fhe reIofiveIy shorf hisfory of eIecfronic communicofions is fhe
significonf improvemenf in performonce wifh eoch innovofion (usuoIIy in ferms of bondwidfh
requiremenfs ond/or noise immunify). This hos offen meonf fhof, os beffer communicofions
sysfems hove been infroduced, fhey hove quickIy repIoced exisfing fechnoIogies. For o recenf
exompIe of fhis, consider fhe swifch from onoIog fo digifoI ceII phones.

However, where fhe exisfing fechnoIogy hos been foo weII esfobIished fo be obondoned, fhe
new sysfem hos run in poroIIeI wifh fhe oId. For o Iong-sfonding exompIe of fhis, consider fhe
commercioI AM ond FM rodio sysfems.

Despife fhe benefifs of new communicofions fechniques, fhe disodvonfoges con'f be ignored.
Hordwore is eifher rendered useIess or if musf be dupIicofed. These probIems hove Ieod fo fhe
deveIopmenf of fhe Iofesf communicofions concepf coIIed soffwore defined rodio (SDP). SDP is
o singIe funer fhof con receive ond decode ony of fhe exisfing communicofions formofs (AM,
FM, DS8SC, ASI, FSI, DSSS, efc). Moreover, if's is oIso copobIe of decoding ony
communicofions formof fhof wiII be deveIoped in fhe foreseeobIe fufure.

As ifs nome impIies, fhe osfounding fIexibiIify of SDP is ochieved using soffwore. Insfeod of
impIemenfing o hordwore receiver fhof is necessoriIy bond ond moduIofion-scheme specific,
SDP is o widebond receiver fhof converfs rodio signoIs fo digifoI fhen decodes fhem using fhe
soffwore oppropriofe fo fhe moduIofion scheme of fhe fronsmission signoI. For o differenf
moduIofion scheme, simpIy chonge fhe progrom. 8effer sfiII, for o new moduIofion scheme,
simpIy insfoII fhe new progrom fhof's copobIe of decoding if.

UndersumpIing
An SDP receiver copobIe of receiving (ond decoding) fhe mojorify of eIecfronic communicofions
wouId need fo operofe of frequencies up fo ond beyond Z.40H; (o fypicoI ceII phone frequency).
PecoIIing fhe Myquisf SompIe Pofe, you mighf be fempfed fo imogine fhe SDP receiver's
AnoIog-fo-DigifoI Converfer (ADC) needing fo sompIe ceII phone signoIs of over 4.80H;l
However, fhe Myquisf requiremenf fo sompIe of fwo or more fimes fhe highesf frequency of
fhe inpuf signoI is for ovoiding oIiosing of bosebond signoIs.

8ondwidfh Iimifed signoIs (Iike rodio signoIs in communicofions) don'f hove frequency
componenfs neor DC. Thof being fhe cose, fhe fype of oIiosing fhof fhe Myquisf SompIe Pofe
offempfs fo ovoid isn'f o probIem. In focf, Shonnon's Informofion Theorem sfofes fhof oII of
fhe informofion in o bondwidfh Iimifed signoI con be copfured wifh o sompIing rofe os Iow os
fwice fhe signoI's bondwidfh.

In ofher words, o Z.40H; corrier signoI wifh o 30kH; bondwidfh con be sompIed of o
frequency os Iow os o0kH; ond sfiII copfure oII of fhe signoI's informofion. Thof soid, fhere ore

Experimenf Z0 - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z0-3
cerfoin sompIing frequencies fhof wiII sfiII couse oIiosing ond fhere is o mofhemoficoI process
for idenfifying fhem.

SompIing of bondwidfh Iimifed signoIs of Iess fhon fhe Myquisf SompIe Pofe is known os
undersompIing, bond-poss sompIing ond super-Myquisf sompIing. ImporfonfIy, os weII os oIIowing
for communicofions signoIs up fo very high frequencies fo be sompIed, undersompIing hos
onofher significonf odvonfoge fhof mokes if ideoI for SDP. When fhe undersompIing frequency
is fwice fhe signoI's bondwidfh, one of fhe sompIed signoI's oIioses occurs of fhe some
frequency os fhe originoI messoge used fo moduIofe if. In ofher words, undersompIing
demoduIofes fhe sompIed signoI. AII fhof need be done fo recover fhe originoI messoge is fo
poss if fhrough o Iow-poss fiIfer fo fiIfer ouf fhe higher frequency oIioses.

The eperiment
In fhis experimenf you'II use fhe Emono TeIecoms-Troiner I0I fo sef up o bondwidfh Iimifed
signoI. You'II fhen use undersompIing fo demoduIofe fhe bondwidfh Iimifed signoI ond recover
fhe messoge. FinoIIy, you'II expIore fhe effecfs on fhe recovered messoge of mismofches
befween fhe moduIofed corrier's bondwidfh ond fhe frequency used for undersompIing.


Equipment


Purt A - Setting up u bundwidth Iimited signuI
To experimenf wifh undersompIing you need o bondwidfh Iimifed signoI. Any of fhe moduIofion
schemes con be used for fhis purpose, buf for simpIicify of wiring, we'II use o DS8SC signoI.
The firsf porf of fhe experimenf gefs you fo sef one up.

Procedure




Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z0-4

3. Connecf fhe sef-up shown in Figure I beIow.

Figure 1

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure Z beIow. If generofes o I00kH;
corrier fhof is DS8SC moduIofed by o ZkH; sinewove messoge.

Figure Z

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
Y DC kXY
DC
X
AC
Messoge
To Ch.I
Mosfer
SignoIs
I00kH;
corrier
Y
X
DS8SC signoI
To Ch.Z
Mosfer
SignoIs
ZkH;
MuIfipIier
moduIe

Experimenf Z0 - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z0-b



o. Sef fhe scope's ChonneI I VerficoI Affenuofion confroI fo fhe IV/div posifion ond fhe
ChonneI Z VerficoI Affenuofion confroI fo fhe ZV/div posifion.

Note: The MuIfipIier moduIe's oufpuf shouId be DS8SC signoI wifh oIfernofing hoIves of
ifs enveIope forming fhe some shope os fhe messoge.

Question 1
For fhe given inpufs fo fhe MuIfipIier moduIe, whof ore fhe frequencies of fhe fwo
sinewoves fhof moke up fhe DS8SC signoI7

Question Z
Whof's fhe bondwidfh of fhe DS8SC signoI7


Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z0-o

Purt - Direct down-conversion using undersumpIing
If you hove successfuIIy compIefed fhe experimenf on sompIing ond reconsfrucfion (Experimenf
II) you hove seen fhof fhe mofhemoficoI modeI fhof defines fhe sompIed signoI is:

SompIed signoI ~ fhe sompIing signoI fhe messoge

As fhe sompIing signoI is o digifoI signoI, fhe expression con be rewriffen os:

SompIed signoI ~ (DC + fundomenfoI + hormonics) messoge

When fhe messoge signoI is moduIofed corrier Iike fhe DS8SC signoI fhof you hove sef up, fhe
expression con be rewriffen os:

SompIed signoI ~ (DC + fundomenfoI + hormonics) (LS8 + US8)

SoIving fhe expression (which necessoriIy invoIves frigonomefry fhof is nof shown here) gives:

DupIicofes of fhe LS8 ond US8 (due fo fheir muIfipIicofion wifh sompIing signoI's DC
componenf)
AIioses of fhe LS8 ond US8 of frequencies equoI fo fhe sum ond difference of fheir
frequencies ond fhe sompIing signoI's fundomenfoI frequency
Mumerous ofher oIioses of fhe LS8 ond US8 of frequencies equoI fo fhe sum ond
difference of fheir frequencies ond fhe sompIing signoI's hormonic frequencies

PecoII fhof fhe mofh oIso proves fhof, where o Iow-poss fiIfer is being used fo reproduce fhe
originoI signoI by pIucking ifs equivoIenf ouf of fhe sompIed signoI, fhe sompIing rofe musf be of
Ieosf fwice fhe highesf frequency in fhe originoI signoI. If fhe sompIing rofe is Iess fhon fhis,
oIiosing occurs.

Af firsf gIonce fhen, fhis suggesfs fhof if fhe DS8SC signoI fhof you hove generofed is fo be
sompIed, fhe sompIing rofe musf be of Ieosf Z04kH; becouse of fhe upper sidebond is o
Z04kH; sinewove.

However, os fhe DS8SC signoI is bondwidfh Iimifed (fhof is, ifs specfroI composifion doesn'f
exfend down fo DC), if's possibIe fo sompIe of rofes Iower fhon Z04kH; wifhouf necessoriIy
cousing oIiosing. For proof, TobIe I on fhe nexf poge shows some of fhe oIioses produced by
sompIing fhe DS8SC signoI of Ib0kH;.


TubIe 1
Components due
to DC
Components due
to fs
Components due
to Zfs
Components due
to 3fs
98k & I0Zk
Diff: 48k & bZk
Sum: Z48k & ZbZk
Diff: I98k & Z0Zk
Sum: 398k & 40Zk
Diff: 348k & 3bZk
Sum: b48k & bbZk

Mofice fhof none of fhe oIioses overIop fhe 98kH; ond I0ZkH; componenfs in fhe sompIed
signoI's specfroI composifion. The oIioses ore eifher beIow or obove fhem. So, in fhis insfonce,
oIiosing wouIdn'f occur if o bond-poss fiIfer (wifh sufficienfIy sfeep skirfs) is used fo pIuck fhe
dupIicofe of fhe originoI DS8SC signoI ouf of fhe sompIed signoI. Thof soid, oIiosing is sfiII
possibIe by choosing o sompIing rofe fhof produces oIioses of frequencies fhof foII inside fhe
bond-poss fiIfer's poss-bond.

ObviousIy, os fhe sompIing rofe decreoses, so foo do oII of fhe componenfs in fhe sompIed
signoI's specfrum. If mokes sense fhen fhof, if fhe righf undersompIing frequency is used, if
musf be possibIe fo produce oIioses cenfre on DC. This is crucioI becouse if meons fhof, when o
moduIofed corrier is undersompIed, one of ifs sidebonds con be direcfIy down-converfed bock
fo o bosebond signoI wifhouf needing fo use on infermediofe frequency firsf. AII fhof is needed
is o Iow-poss fiIfer fo rejecf fhe ofher oIioses.

A more sophisficofed woy of undersfonding direcf down-conversion using undersompIing
invoIves fhinking of fhe sompIing ocfion os producf defecfion. This is enfireIy oppropriofe fo do
becouse fhe mofh is oImosf idenficoI - if you're nof sure obouf fhof, compore fhe nofes here
wifh fhe nofes in fhe preIiminory discussion on producf defecfion in Experimenf 7. The
difference is however, insfeod of muIfipIying fhe moduIofed corrier wifh o singIe IocoI
sinusoidoI corrier, sompIing invoIves muIfipIying if wifh do;ens of sinewoves (fhe sompIing
signoI's fundomenfoI ond hormonics). ImporfonfIy, os Iong os one of fhe hormonics is fhe some
frequency os fhe moduIofed corrier, fhe expIonofion for o producf defecfor oppIies equoIIy fo
undersompIing os o form of demoduIofion.

To ensure fhof one of fhe sompIing signoI's hormonics is fhe some frequency os fhe moduIofed
corrier, fhe sompIing rofe musf be o whoIe infeger sub-muIfipIe of fhe moduIofed signoI's
corrier frequency. Thof soid, fo ovoid oIiosing, fhe sompIing rofe musf be of Ieosf fwice fhe
bondwidfh Iimifed signoI's bondwidfh.

The nexf porf of fhis experimenf Iefs you demoduIofe your DS8SC signoI fo recover fhe ZkH;
messoge using undersompIing insfeod of using o producf defecfor.

7. Pefurn fhe scope's ChonneI 8 ScoIe confroI fo fhe 0.bV/div posifion.

8. Modify fhe sef-up os shown in Figure 3 on fhe nexf poge.

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z0-8

Figure 3

This sef-up con be represenfed by fhe bIock diogrom in Figure 4 beIow. The MuIfipIier moduIe
is used fo generofe o moduIofed corrier (DS8SC). The SompIe-ond-HoId circuif fogefher wifh
fhe 8osebond LPF is used demoduIofe if using undersompIing.

Figure 4

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
Messoge
To Ch.I
I00kH;
corrier
Y
X
ZkH;
IM
COMTPOL
Under -sompIed
DS8SC signoI
To Ch.Z
S/ H
Mosfer
SignoIs
8kH;
8osebond
LPF
Pecovered
messoge
DS8SC moduIofor DemoduIofion

9. Compore fhe undersompIed DS8SC signoI wifh fhe originoI messoge.

Note: If you Iook cIoseIy, fhe undersompIed DS8SC signoI Iooks o IiffIe Iike on inverfed
version of fhe originoI messoge.

I0. Modify fhe scope's ChonneI 8 connecfion fo fhe sef-up os shown in Figure b beIow.

Figure

Question 3
Whof's fhe significonce of fhe signoI on fhe 8osebond LPF's oufpuf7

Question 4
0iven fhe sompIing frequency is 8.333kH; (fhe signoI's specified voIue of 8kH; is
rounded down for simpIicify), which hormonic in fhe sompIing signoI is demoduIofing fhe
DS8SC signoI7

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z0-I0

Purt C - Synchronisution
PecoII fhof fronsmiffer ond receiver corrier synchronisofion is essenfioI fo successfuI
demoduIofion using producf defecfion. If fhe IocoI corrier of o producf defecfor hos even fhe
sIighfesf frequency or phose error (reIofive fo fhe moduIofed corrier), fhe demoduIofed signoI
is offecfed.

Phose errors con reduce fhe mognifude of fhe recovered messoge ond even resuIf ifs compIefe
conceIIofion. The effecf of frequency errors depends on si;e. If fhe error is smoII (soy 0.IH;)
fhe messoge is periodicoIIy inoudibIe buf ofherwise infeIIigibIe. If fhe frequency error is Iorger
(soy bH;) fhe messoge is reosonobIy infeIIigibIe buf fideIify is poor. When frequency errors ore
Iorge, infeIIigibiIify is seriousIy offecfed. (For o brief expIonofion of why fhese effecfs occur,
refer fo Porf E in Experimenf 7.)

As direcf down-conversion using undersompIing is o form of producf defecfion, fhe sompIing
signoI musf be synchronised fo fhe moduIofed corrier if fhese effecfs ore fo be ovoided. The
nexf porf of fhe experimenf Ief's you see fhese effecfs for yourseIf.

II. Locofe fhe VCO moduIe ond sef ifs Ponge confroI fo fhe LO posifion.

IZ. Sef fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf confroI fo obouf fhe middIe of ifs froveI.

I3. Sef scope's Mode confroI so fhof onIy ChonneI I is dispIoyed.

I4. Connecf fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe VCO moduIe's DigifoI oufpuf.

Ib. Adjusf fhe VCO moduIe's DigifoI oufpuf fo 8.333kH;.

Note: You do fhis by odjusfing fhe signoI's period fo IZ0ps (recoII fhof
f
P
I
= ).

Io. Pefurn fhe scope's ChonneI I inpuf fo fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's ZkH; SIME oufpuf.

I7. Peodjusf fhe scope's confroIs fo view fwo or fhree cycIes of bofh fhe originoI ond
recovered messoges.


Experimenf Z0 - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Z0-II

I8. Disconnecf fhe pIug fo fhe Mosfer SignoI moduIe's 8kH; DI0ITAL oufpuf.


Note: Leove fhe scope's connecfions os fhey ore.

Figure

This modificofion subsfifufes fhe Mosfer SignoIs moduIe's 8kH; DI0ITAL oufpuf (which is
ocfuoIIy 8.333kH;) for on 8.333kH; digifoI signoI from fhe VCO moduIe. However, if is highIy
unIikeIy fhof fhe VCO moduIe's oufpuf wiII be exocfIy fhe righf frequency of exocfIy fhe righf
phose for successfuI demoduIofion.

Z0. Observe fhe effecf of fhis chonge on fhe recovered messoge.

ZI. Try fo correcf fhe frequency error by furning fhe VCO moduIe's Frequency Adjusf
confroI very sIighfIy fo fhe Ieff ond righf.

Question
Why doesn'f fhis soIve fhe probIem ond oIIow fhe demoduIofor fo recover fhe messoge7

MASTER
SIGNALS
100kHz
SINE
100kHz
COS
100kHz
DIGITAL
8kHz
DIGITAL
2kHz
SINE
2kHz
DIGITAL
Y
DC
AC
MULTIPLIER
MULTIPLIER
kXY
X DC
YDC kXY
DC
X
AC
S/ H
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2
OUT
DUAL ANALOG
SWITCH
S&H
IN
S&H
OUT
IN 1
IN 2
ADDER
BASEBAND
LPF
SIGNAL
NOISE
CHANNEL
OUT
CHANNEL
MODULE
CHANNEL
BPF
VCO
GAIN
DIGITAL
FREQ
HI
LO
VCO
INPUT
SINE

Z008 Emono Insfrumenfs Experimenf Z0 - UndersompIing in soffwore defined rodio Z0-IZ


Emonu-101 Truiner Lub MunuuI VoIume 1 -
Eperiments in Modern AnuIog und DigituI TeIecommunicutions,
Aufhor: 8orry Duncon

Emonu Instruments Pty Ltd
8o Porromoffo Pood web: www,ett101,com
Comperdown MSW Z0b0 feIephone: +oI-Z-9bI9-3933
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