SEKOLAH MENENGAH SAINS SERI PUTERI KUALA LUMPUR

CHEMISTRY ASSIGNMENT 2013 MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY CHAPTER 9

NAME CLASS

: NUR AIN AYUNI BINTI AMAT SUJANGI : 4 BAKERARA

INTRODUCTION
Industrial products are very important nowadays. Many industrial products are manufactured for the goodness of mankind. The products are either made up from sulphuric acid, ammonia, alloys, synthetic polymers, glass, ceramics or composite materials. These products can be made for many uses. Therefore, we need to know how these products were manufactured, what are their physical and chemical properties and even though the products of these materials are designed for good uses, there are always the bad effects. We shall also go through the environmental pollution caused by the by-product of these materials; during manufacture and also during usage so that we can avoid the circumstances. By the way, in order to appreciate the various industries in our country, we should understand these substances and products a lot more. The manufactured substances in industries that will be further discussed in this assignment are: Sulphuric Acid Ammonia Alloys Synthetic Polymers Glass & Ceramics Composite Materials

SULPHURIC ACID
(H4SO4)
USES OF SULPHURIC ACID
Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, which are highly soluble in water and can be easily absorbed by plants. Car batteries contain sulphuric acids which is used as the electrolyte. Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres and rayon. Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of their component materials.

MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry though contact process The process contains three stages:

FIRST STAGE : Production of Sulphur Dioxide from Sulphur i. Combustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in the air produce sulphur dioxide SO2. S(s)+O2(g)SO2(g) ii. Sulphur dioxide is dried and purified.

SECOND STAGE : Production of Sulphur Trioxide from Sulphur Dioxide

i.

The purified sulphur dioxide SO2 and excess air are passed over vanadium (V) oxide V2O5 at controlled optimum condition to produce sulphur trioxide SO3. 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g)

ii.

The optimum used are : a) Temperature : 450-500C

b) Pressure : 2-3 atmospheres c) Catalyst : Vanadium (V) oxide iii. Under controlled optimum conditions, 98% conversions is possible. Sulphur dioxide and oxygen that have not reacted are allowed to flow back again over the catalyst in the converter. STAGE THREE : Conversion of Trioxide to Sulphuric Acid
i.

Sulphur trioxide SO2 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid H 2SO4 to form oleum H2S2O7 which is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid H2SO4. SO3(g)+H2SO4(l)H2S2O7(l) H2S2O7(l)+H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq)

ii.

The two reactions in stage three are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directly into water. SO3(g)+H2O(l)H2SO4(aq)

iii.

The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out because the reaction is very vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a result, a large cloud of sulphuric acid fumes is produced, which is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.

The Contact Process

 SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of the contact process. It is colourless and poisonous gas with a very pungent smell. Sulphur dioxide which escapes into the air causes air pollutions. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form sulphurous acidic. SO2(g)+H2O(l)H2SO3(aq) Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid, H2SO4, which falls to the earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidised in the air to form sulphur trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rain water to produce sulphuric acid. SO3(g)+H2O(l)H2SO4(aq)

Acid rain and environmental pollution

AMMONIA AND ITS SALT (nh3)

USES OF AMMONIA i. Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses. It uses: In the manufacture of chemical fertilisers such as ammonium sulphate, ammonia nitric, ammonia phosphate and urea. ii. iii. iv. To manufacture nitric acid and explosive. In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon. As a decreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in the kitchen.

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS i. ii. iii. iv. The pyshical properties of ammonia gas include the following : It is colourless and has a pungent odour. It is very soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solutions. It is less dense than water. It is easily liquefied (at about 35.5C) when cool. The chemical properties of ammonia gas :

a) Ammonia gas dissolve in water to form a weak alkali NH3(g)+H2O(l)NH4+(aq)+OH-(aq) b) The presence of hydroxide ion causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline. Thus, aqueous ammonia solution:

i. ii.

Turns red litmus paper blue. Reacts with acids to form only salts and water neutralization reaction. NH3(aq)+HCl(aq)NH4Cl(aq) 2NH3+H2SO4(aq)(NH4)2SO4(aq)

iii.

Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates. Fe2+(aq)+2OH(aq)Fe(OH)2(s)

MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY Ammonia is manufactured on a large scale in industry through the haber process. In this process, ammonia is formed from direct combinations of nitrogen and hydrogen gas in the volume ratio 1:3.

The gas nitrogen obtained form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. The hydrogen gas is obtained from the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed reactions of natural gas, CH4, with steam. CH4(g)+H2O(g)CO(g)+3H2(g)

The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.

i. ii. iii.

Temperature : 450-500C Pressure : 200-500 atmospheres Catalysts used : Iron fillings N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g)

Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into ammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalyst again in the reactor chamber.

The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into a liquid in the cooling chamber.

The Haber Process

AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are necessary for growth and cell repairs. Most plant are not able to get nitrogen supply directly from the air although it is abundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds from soil through their roots. The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salts, ammonia and ammonia salt which are manufactured as chemical fertilizer. Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers. NH3(aq)+HNO3(aq)NH4NO3(aq) 3NH3(aq)+H3PO4(aq)(NH4)3PO4(aq) 2NH3(aq)+H2SO4(aq)(NH4)2SO4(aq)

ALLOYS
ARRENGEMENTS OF ATOMS IN METALS The atoms of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metals to have a high density. The forces of attractions between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heat energy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apart during the melting. This is why usually metals have high melting point. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibrations. This make metals good conductor of heat. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metals structure are able to conduct electricity. Metal are therefore, good electricity conductors. Since atoms of pure metals are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in a regular layered pattern. When a force is applied to a metal, layer of atoms slide easily over one another. This makes pure metals soft, malleable and ductile. The changes of metal changed

Force

Force

Layer of atoms slide WHAT ARE ALLOYS? Pure metals are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another elements (usually metal) is added to form another an alloy. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific proportion. For an example : a) Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin) b) Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon) The purposes of making alloys include the following:

a) Increase the strength i. Pure iron is very soft and malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added to iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel becomes. ii. Pure aluminium is soft but strong. With a small amount of copper and magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy called duralumin is produced.

b) Improving the resistance to corrosion i. Iron rusts easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon, 18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rust. These properties makes stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery. ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which is known as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion. c) Enhancing the appearance i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also has a more beautiful white silvery appearance. ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an attractive silvery bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making coins.

Alloy

Compositions

Properties

Uses Making of cutting tools, hammers and chisels

99% iron High carbon steel 1% carbon

Strong, hard and high wear resistance

80.6% iron 0.4% carbon Stainless steel 18% chromium 1% nickel Brass 70% copper 30% zinc Hard, do not rust and bright appearance Do not rust and tarnish, strong and durable.

Making of surgical instruments, knives, forks and spoons.

Making of ornaments, wiring and

plugs 90% copper Bronze 10% tin Hard, do not corrode easily and durable For casting bells, medals, swords and statues 90% tin Pewter 2.5% copper 0.5% antimony 95% aluminium Duralumin 4% copper 1% magnesium 75% copper Cupronickel 25% nickel Attractive, silvery appearance, hard and tough Light, strong and durable Ductile and malleable, white silvery appearance Making of ornaments, souvenirs and mugs Making part of air crafts and racing car Making of silver coins

Compositions, properties and uses of alloys

The formation of Alloy

SYNTHETIC POLYMER
WHAT ARE POLYMER? Molecule that consists of a large number of small identical or similar units joined together repeatedly are called polymer. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are called monomer. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain polymer is called polymerisation. Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are found in plants and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose, protein and rubber.

Two types of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional polymerisation.

Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation.

Some Common Addition Polymers Name (s) Polyethylene -(CH2-CH2)nLow density (LDPE) Polyethylene Ethylene High density (HDPE) Atactic:soft,elastic Polypropylene -[CH2-CH(CH3)]n(PP) different grades CH2=CHCH3 Isotactic:strong,hard solid Poly(vinyl chloride) -(CH2-CHCl)n(PVC) Poly(vinylidene chloride) (Saran A) Polystyrene -[CH2-CH(C6H5)]n(PS) Polyacrylonitrile -(CH2-CHCN)n(PAN, Orlon, Acrilan) CH2=CHCN CH2=CHC6H5 Acrylonitrile -CH2-CCl2)nCH2=CCl2 CH2=CHCl Vinylidene chloride Dense, high melting solid Hard, rigid, clear solid soluble in organic solvents High-melting solid soluble in organic solvents Vinyl chloride Strong rigid solid Pipes, siding, flooring Propylene solid Similar to LDPE,carpets, upholstery -(CH2-CH2)CH2 = CH2 Rigid, translucent solid CH2 = CH2 Formula Monomer Ethylene Soft, waxy solid Properties Uses Film wrap, plastic bags Electrical insulation bottles, toys

Seat covers, films Toys, cabinets packaging (foamed) Rugs, blankets clothing Non-stick

Styrene

Polytetrafluoroethylene -(CF2-CF2)n(PTFE, Teflon)

Tetrafluoroethylene CF2=CF2

Resistant, smooth solid

surfaces electrical insulation

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

-[CH2C(CH3)CO2CH3]n-

Methyl

Hard, transparent

Lighting covers,

methacrylate (PMMA, Lucite, Plexiglas) CH2=C(CH3)CO2 CH3 Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) cis-Polyisoprene natural rubber Polychloroprene (cis+trans) (Neoprene) -(CH2-CH=CClCH2)nChloroprene CH2=CH-CCl=CH2 Tough, rubbery solid Synthetic rubber oil resistant -(CH2CHOCOCH3)n-[CH2CH=C(CH3)CH2]nVinyl acetate Soft, sticky solid CH2=CHOCOCH3 Isoprene CH2=CHC(CH3)=CH2 Soft, sticky solid Latex paints, adhesive Requires valcanization for practical use solid signs skylights

Uses of synthetic polymers

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of materials:

a) They are cheap, light-weight and translucent b) They are easily coloured, easily moulded and easily shaped. c) They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator. d) They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to decay, rusting and chemical attacks. There are disadvantages of using synthetic polymer:

a) Most of the synthetic polymers are flammable. When a synthetic polymer catches fire, poisonous fumes are produced causing air pollutions. b) Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, they cause litter problem and pollute the environment.

c) Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater which becomes the breeding grounds for mosquitoes. d) There are limitations in recycle have to be separated out as the addition of the nonrecyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the recycled polymers.

Glass and ceramics

WHAT ARE GLASS Glass is one of the most useful but in expensive materials in the world. Many products are made from glass because of its special properties. Glass is :

a) Transparent, hard but brittle b) A heat and electric insulator

c) Resistant to corrosion d) Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack. e) Easy to maintain.

Type of glass

Compositions i. ii.

Properties Transparent High melting point iii. Good heat insulator i. Low melting point, easily molded into desired shape and size ii. Low resistance of chemical attacks iii. i. Brittle Resistant chemical attack and durable ii. High melting point iii. Good insulator to heat

Uses Lens Telescope mirrors Laboratory apparatus Drinking glass, bottles Electric bulbs Window glass

Fused glass

SiO2 : 100%

SiO2 : 75% Na2O : 15% Soda-lime glass CaO : 9% Other : 1%

SiO2 : 78% B2O3 : 12% Borosilicate glass Na2O : 5% CaO : 3% Al2O3 : 2% Lead crystal glass (flint glass) SiO2 : 70% Pbo/PbO2 : 20% Na2O : 10% ii. iii.

Cooking utensils Laboratory glass ware such as conical flasks and boiling tube

i.

High refractive index High density Attractive glittering appearance

Lenses and prisms

Decorative glassware and art object

Imation

jewellary

CERAMICS Tradisional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as kaolin to a very high temperature. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful materials in our everyday life. That : a) Hard, strong but brittle. b) Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature. c) Are heat and electric instrument d) Are resistant to corrosion and wear. e) Are chemically not reactive f) Do not readily deform under stress Ceramics play an important role in our daily life. They are uses as:

a) Construction materials: i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cements, sinks and toilet bowls. ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistance to heat. b) Decorative items i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not tarnish easily and are durable. ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles. c) Electrical insulator i. Ceramics are used to make electrical insulators in electrical items such as toasters, fridges and electrical plug.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS
WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed by two or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramics and polymer. Some common composite materials are:

a) Reinforces concretes b) Superconductor c) Fibre optic d) Fibre glass e) Photochromic glass REINFORCES CONCRETE Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to maintain. It is more important construction materials. The reinforces is a combination if concrete and steel

SUPERCONDUCTOR Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% of the electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission. Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity at a particular temperature. Hence, 100% transmissions of electricity is possible. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate a magnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (at about 552 km/h) Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputers. Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in internet communication.

 FIBRE OPTIC Fibre optic is a composite materials that is used to transmit signals for light wave. Fibre optic is used in:

a) Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic cables. b) Domestic cable television network. c) Closed circuit television security system. Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument which enable the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery. FIBRE GLASS Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto a refractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre. Fibre glass is stronger than steel, do not burn, stretch or rot, resistance to fire and water but is brittle. When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass reinforces plastic is formed. Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastics. It is:

a) Extremely strong b) Light weight c) Resistant to fire and water d) Can be moulded, shaped and twisted. PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and a small amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide, photochromic glass is formed. The photochromic glass has special properties. It darken when exposed to strong sunlight or ultraviolet.

Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.