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Restrained Beams

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Outline
Introduction ShearResistance
PlasticShearResistance
ShearArea

ShearBucklingResistance

MomentResistance
MomentResistancewithHighShear

Serviceability
BeamDeflections

Examples
ExampleRB1(SectionresistanceanddeflectionofUB)

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Introduction
Beams are structural members which transfer transverse loads on the member to the supports through bending and shear. Beams which are unable to deflect laterally are termed restrained . Restrained beams are often designed on the basis of bending moment resistance which is dependent on section classification. Deflection is normally significant and has to be checked at serviceability limit state.

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FullyRestrainedBeam
Full lateral restraint may be assumed to exist if the frictional or positive connection of a floor (or other) construction to the compression flange of the member is capable of resisting a lateral force of more than 2.5% of the maximum force in the compression flange of the member. This load should be considered as distributed uniformly along the flange. Examples of full lateral restraint are: 1) insitu or precast concrete slab which is supported directly on the top flange or cast around it 2) steel plate floor which is welded or bolted to the flange at closely spaced intervals 3) provision of closely spaced bracing elements so that the minor axis slenderness is low (
Min. friction or connection resistance reqd= 2.5% * max. moment in member (h t f ) * L

C = M/(h-tf)
Friction force

tw

(h t f )

M = Applied Moment

T L
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Shear Resistance

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Shear Resistance
ShearCheck
EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.2.6)

The design shear force, VEd, should satisfy:

Vc,Rd is the design shear resistance, which may be calculated based on a plastic or an elastic distribution of shear stress. The usual approach is to use the plastic shear resistance, Vpl,Rd.

PlasticShearResistance
The design plastic shear resistance is given by:

where Av is the shear area.

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ShearArea
RolledIandHsections, loadparalleltoweb RolledIandHsections, loadparalleltoflange

r tw

tf

r tw

tf

tw

hw

tw

hw

WeldedI,H&boxsections, loadparalleltoweb

WeldedI,H&boxsections, loadparalleltoflange

hw

hw
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ShearArea
Rectangularhollowsections, loadparalleltodepth Rectangularhollowsections, loadparalleltowidth

r tw

tf

Rolledchannelsections, loadparalleltoweb

tf

RolledTsections, loadparalleltoweb

b b

Circularhollowsections

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ShearBuckling
EN 1993-1-5 (Cl 6.2.6(6))

The shear buckling resistance for webs should be checked if

Shear buckling is unlikely to affect rolled sections.

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Moment Resistance

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Moment Resistance
MomentCheck
EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.2.6)

The design bending moment, MEd, should satisfy the following cross-section check:

The bending moment resistance, Mc,Rd about a principal axis depends on the class of the section: Class 1 and 2 sections Class 3 sections

Class 4 sections
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Section classification for bending only

The following sections are class 3 (semi-compact), all other UB and UC sections are either class 1 (plastic) or class 2 (compact): Grade S275 steel 152 152 23 UC Grade S355 steel 152 152 23 UC 305 305 97 UC 356 368 129 UC

Non of the UB and UC under bending is class 4. Notes The Corus Advance range of sections includes UB and UCs that are not in BS446, these are included in the above. Dimensions of all sections in the Advance range are given in SCI publication No P-363.

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MomentResistancewithHighShear
EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.2.8)

When the design value of the shear force is less than 50% of the design plastic shear resistance, i.e. VEd 0.5 Vpl,Rd, its effect on the moment resistance may be neglected. When the design value of the shear force exceeds 50% of the design plastic shear resistance i.e. VEd > 0.5 Vpl,Rd, the yield strength fy should be reduced by (1 ) in the determination of the moment resistance, Mc,Rd.
where

Class1&2Isectionswithequalflangesandbendingaboutmajoraxis
An alternative approach is available to determine the reduced design plastic resistance moment for class 1 and 2 I sections. but where
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Serviceability

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Deflection Check

EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 7.2)

Excessive deflection at service load may impair the function of a structure. Deflection check should be carried using the unfactored variable actions Qk.
Maximum Deflection due to unfactored imposed load Cantilevers Internal beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish Other beams (except purlins and sheeting rails) Edge beam Vertical deflection due to static vertical wheel loads from overhead traveling cranes Horizontal deflection (calculated on the top flange properties alone) due to horizontal crane loads Length/180 Span/360 or 40mm Span/200 or 40mm Span/300 to span/500 or 20mm Span/600

Span/500

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BeamDeflections
Examples of simple beam and cantilever forces

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Examples

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Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures

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Example RB-1: Section resistance and deflection of UB A beam of span 10 m is simply supported at its ends and fully restrained along its length. It supports a uniformly distributed load across the entire span and a point load at its mid-span. Check and verify if section UB 533210101 in S355 steel is suitable for this beam. Assume that the beam carried plaster finish.
Unfactored load values: Dead Load UDL Point load 5 kN/m 50 kN Imposed Load UDL Point load 10 kN/m 100 kN

5 kN/m + 10 kN/m

50 kN + 100 kN

5m

5m

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Ultimate Limit State

Design Loads Dead Load Distributed load Point load 5 1.35 = 6.75 kN/m 50 1.35 = 67.5 kN 10 1.5 = 15 kN/m 100 1.5 = 150 kN

Imposed Load Distributed load Point load

67.5 kN + 150 kN 6.75 kN/m + 15 kN/m

217.5 kN

5m

5m

217.5 kN

Design Moment Maximum bending moment at mid-span: MEd = (6.75+15)*102/8 + (67.5+150)*10/4 = 816 kNm. Design Shear Maximum shear force at the supports: VEd = 217.5 kN.
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Yield Strength
tw = 10.8mm, tf = 17.4mm. Maximum thickness = 17.4mm < 40mm (EN 10025-2) For S355 steel, fy = 345N/mm2

Section Classification
= (345/fy)0.5 = 0.83
Classification of flange cf / tf = 5.01 9 = 9*0.83 = 7.47 Flange is Class 1. Classification of web cw / tw = 44.1 72 = 72*0.83 = 59.8 Web is Class 1.

Section is Class 1

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Shear Resistance
Shear Area

hwtw = (h 2tf)tw = 1.0*(536.7 2*17.4)*10.8 = 5421 mm2.

Av = A 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf = 12900 2*210.0*17.4 + (10.8 + 2*12.7)*17.4 = 6222 mm2. Plastic Shear Resistance

Since VEd = 217.5 kN < Vpl,Rd, shear resistance is adequate. Shear Buckling hw/tw = (536.7 2*17.4)/10.8 = 46.5 < 72/ = (72*0.83)/1.0 = 59.8. Shear buckling check is not necessary.

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Moment Resistance

Since MEd = 816 kNm < Mc,Rd, moment resistance is adequate. Check for High Shear 0.5Vpl,Rd = 0.5*1239 = 620 kN. Shear force at location of maximum bending moment (i.e., at mid-length) = 217.5 (6.75 + 15)*5 = 109 kN < 0.5Vpl,Rd Section is in low shear; no reduction is necessary for moment resistance.

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Serviceability Limit State

Check for Deflection The deflection of the beam under unfactored imposed load is

Since the beam carries plaster finish,

the maximum deflection of the beam is within limit.

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Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures

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Using Design Table UB 533210101 in S355 under pure bending Page D-66: Section is class 1 Moment Resistance about major axis Mcy,Rd = 901kNm (hand calculation 900 kNm) Page D-103 Design shear resistance Vc,Rd = 1240kN (hand calculation 1239 kN) Note that the moment capacity given in the table is for low shear. The moment needs to be reduced for high shear case.

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Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures

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Page D-66

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Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures

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Page D-103

Design shear resistance

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Homework
Consider a simply supported beam 914 x 419 x 388 UB, S275 steel subjected to a factored shear force of 2500kN and moment of 4000kNm. Check the shear and bending resistance of the beam if it is fully restrained against lateral-torsional buckling.

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