Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Chapter 19
1 a voltmeter; [1] high resistance [1] b i salt bridge; [1] maintains an ionic balance in the two half-cells; [1] completes the circuit [1] ii filter paper; [1] soaked in (saturated) potassium nitrate [1] c 1.00moldm3 [1] solution of Zn2+ ions / zinc sulfate / other soluble zinc salt [1] d platinum electrode; [1] surface allows electron transfer from one species to another; [1] ensures electrical contact [1] e all solutions are at 1.00moldm3; [1] all gases at 101kPa pressure; [1] temperature is 298K [1]  Total = 15 2 a E cell = +0.80 (+0.34) = +0.46V b 2Ag+ + Cu 2Ag + Cu2+ [1] [1] [2] chlorine gas passed into solution at 1 atmosphere pressure; temperature is 298K c 1 2 Cl2 + e Cl or Cl2 + 2e 2Cl  d i E cell = +1.36 (+0.54) = 0.82V ii Cl2 + 2I 2Cl + I2 1 or 1 2 Cl2 + I Cl + 2 I2

[1] [1] [1] [1] [2]

[1 mark for correct reactants and products; 1 mark for balancing]

Total = 12

c i Cu, because it loses electrons [1] ii Ag+, because it gains electrons [1] iii electrons flow through the external circuit to the silver electrode; [1] electrons flow from negative pole to positive pole / negative pole better at releasing electrons (to external circuit) [1] d the cell voltage becomes more positive; [1] diluting the solution for the Cu2+/Cu half-cell makes the value of E for this half-cell less positive (accept suitable quoted values e.g. + 0.30); [1] so difference between voltages of the half-cells increases [1]  Total = 11 3 a (the standard electrode potential of a half-cell is) the voltage of the half-cell relative to a hydrogen electrode under standard conditions b standard hydrogen electrode as one of the half-cells; salt bridge and voltmeter; other half-cell is platinum electrode in 1.00moldm3 Cl ions, e.g. NaCl;
AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press

[1 mark for correct reactants and products; 1 mark for balancing]

4 a i H+ ions for the reaction are supplied by the acid [1] ii the half-cell reaction has a large positive standard electrode potential; [1] MnO4 ions accepts electrons / can be reduced from oxidation state +7 to +2 [1] b i the standard electrode potential of the half-cell reaction for the iodine/iodide acid reaction is less positive than that for the MnO4/Mn2+ half-cell; [1] the iodine/iodide half-cell has a greater tendency to supply electrons; [1] the iodine/iodide equilibrium loses electrons and moves to the left / I2 + 2e 2I (or 1 [1] 2 I2 + e I ). the MnO4/Mn2+ equilibrium gains electrons MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) [1] electrons flow from iodide ions to reduce the MnO4 [1] ii 2MnO4(aq) + 10I(aq) + 16H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5I2(aq) + 8H2O(l) [2]


[1 mark for correct reactants and products; 1 mark for balancing]

Total = 10

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

5 a Br2 + 2e 2Br or 1 2 Br2 + e Br  I2 + 2e 2I or 1 2 I2 + e I  b salt bridge and voltmeter; Br2/Br half-cell with 1.00moldm3 Br ions, e.g. NaBr; chlorine gas passed into solution at 1 atmosphere pressure; I2/I half-cell with 1.00moldm3 I ions and aqueous iodine, e.g. KI; Pt electrode in both half-cells; Pt electrode in contact with Br(l) as well as Br(aq); temperature of 298K

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 19

c standard cell potential for overall reaction is + so reaction occurs as shown in the equation, favouring the products; [1] for E cell to be positive the equilibrium Br2 + 2e 2Br must have a more positive value (than I2 + 2e 2I); [1] so Br2 + 2e 2Br has greater tendency to accept electrons (and goes in the forward direction); [1] I2 + 2e 2I has a greater tendency to lose electrons (and goes in the backward direction) [1] d Ni; [1] Ni2+ +2e Ni has a more negative E value than does I2 + 2e 2I; [1] Ni has a greater tendency to lose electrons than does I; [1] so I2 + 2e 2I goes in the forward direction and Ni/Ni2+ in the reverse direction [1]  Total = 17 6 a the voltage of the half-cell; relative to a hydrogen electrode under standard conditions b i Fe3+ ii Zn c i +0.77 (+0.34) = +0.43V ii from the Cu2+/Cu half-cell to the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-cell; electrons flow from negative pole to positive pole / negative pole better at releasing electrons (to the external circuit) iii 2Fe3+ + Cu 2Fe2+ + Cu2+ [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [2]

c i Cu2+ + 2e Cu ii charge (Q = It) = 0.300 40 60 = 720C charge required to deposit 1 mole of Cu = 720

[1] [1]

63.5 = 190500C [1] 0.240 but 2 moles of electrons needed to deposit 1 mole of Cu so charge on a mole of electrons 190500 = 95250 or 95300Cmol1 2 charge on a mole of electrons iii L =  charge on one electron 95250 = 5.95 1023mol1 19 1.60 10 = [1] [1] [1]
1

[if we round up the value of F to 95300Cmol to keep the number of significant figures the same the 23 1 final answer is 5.96 10 mol ]

Total = 9

d i E value becomes more positive [1] ii value of Ecell becomes less positive [1] iii the value of Ecell / the difference in values of the two half-equations is greater than 0.30V [1] e any two of the following, for 1 mark each: lightweight (or low density) / provide a high voltage / constant voltage over most of their lifetime / do not contain liquid (or paste) electrolyte [2]  Total = 15 7 a charge = 1.04 6.00 60 = 374.4C b 2H+ + 2e H2 2 moles of electrons are required to liberate 1 mole of H2 so 2 96500C = 193000C required [1] [1] [1]

[1 mark for correct reactants and products; 1 mark for balancing]

8 a i silver is below hydrogen in the discharge series / the E value of Ag+ + e Ag is more positive than that of 2H+ + 2e H2; silver ions are better at accepting electrons than are H+ ions ii Ag+ + e Ag b i 4OH O2 + 2H2O + 4e ii oxidation because loss of electrons / oxidation number of O increases from 2 in OH to 0 in O2 c water is slightly ionised to form OH and H+ ions; OH ions are removed to form oxygen; leaving excess H+ ions which are responsible for the acidity d charge = 0.180 35 60 = 378C 96500C deposits 1 mol Ag / idea of 1 mole electrons forms 1 mole silver ions; mass of silver deposited =

[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

378 108 96500 = 0.42g (to 2 significant figures) [1]  Total = 11

Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 19

AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press