IB Diploma Programme HL Mathematics - Summary of Integration Techniques

Polynomials and other power functions Further examples and notes n +1 x 4 3 x 2.2 n 2 1.2 n c Where and are real numbers x dx = + c ( 4 x x + 5 ) dx = x + 5x + c n +1 3 2 .2 4 3 (constants) and n 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 ( 2 x + x ) dx = x + x +c Increase the old power by 1 to get the new power and x 3 4 x divide by the new power. Basic trigonometric functions These are standard integrals see formula sheet. Divide by a to undo the effect of the chain rule. 1 1 cos(ax + b)dx = a sin(ax + b) + c sin(ax + b)dx = a cos(ax + b) + c 1 1 2 2 sec (ax + b)dx = a tan(ax + b) + c cos ec (ax + b)dx = a cot(ax + b) + c 1 1 sec(ax + b) tan(ax + b)dx = a sec(ax + b) + c cos ec(ax + b) cot(ax + b)dx = a cos ec(ax + b) + c More trig integrals two special cases 1 1 1 Rearrange the following trig identities for cos(2 x ) 2 x + sin( 2 x ) + c cos ( x)dx = 2 [1 + cos(2 x)]dx = 2 cos(2 x ) = 2 cos 2 ( x ) 1 2 cos(2 x ) = 1 2 sin 2 ( x ) 1 1 1 2 sin ( x ) dx = [ 1 cos( 2 x ) ] dx = x sin( 2 x ) + c 2 2 2 2 2 to obtain simpler expressions for cos ( x ) and sin ( x) Integrating exponential functions If the base is e then If the base is any other positive number, p , then

1 ( ax + b ) e +c a 1 3 2 x 3 2 x e dx = e +c 2

( ax + b )

dx =

( ax + b )

dx =

1 1 p ( ax + b ) + c a ln p

2 x7 3 dx =

1 1 3 2 x 7 + c 2 ln 3

Integrating

1 1 and x ax + b dx dx x = ln x + c or x =ln kx dx 1 1 ax + b = a ln ax + b + c = a ln k (ax + b)

When solving differential equations, it is often helpful to replace the constant of integration c with another constant in the form ln k , therefore we can use log rules dx = ln x + ln k = ln kx to write x Ignore g ( x) and integrate f [ g ( x )] to get f [ g ( x )] Here are a few more examples: 1 ( x ) dx = sin 8 ( x ) + c 8

Integrating products using the chain rule in reverse Look out for this pattern. The integral of a (main or outer) function of another (inner) function with the derivative of the inner function present as a multiple. The answer is the integral of the main (outer function)

f [ g ( x)] g ( x)dx = f [ g ( x)] +c

2 20 (2 x)( x + 4) d =

1 ( x 2 + 4) 21 + c 21
3

cos( x) sin
e
x

(3x

1)e ( x

x )

dx = e(x

x )

+c

sin(e x )dx = cos(e x ) + c

(x

1 ) sin( x 3 ) dx = cos( x 3 ) + c 3

You can memorise this pattern (and use it correctly) Or use the substitution u = g ( x ) to obtain the required result.

ln( x) 1 1 2 dx = [ ln( x)] + c = ln 2 ( x) + c x 2 2

Always check your answer using differentiation.

Integrating products using algebraic substitution

Examples

HL Mathematics Summary of Integration Techniques I Youssef

If the pattern above is not present then use a suitable algebraic substitution. Here is a list of Some helpful substitutions If the integrand contains

[ f ( x)] n
f ( x)

Use
u = f ( x) u = f ( x ) or u = x = a sin() x = a sec() f ( x)

a2 x2 x a
2 2

1. x (3 x +1) dx using u = 3 x + 1 we can transform the 1 3 2 integral into (u u )du which is much easier to 9 integrate than the original question. Remember to write the final answer in terms of x 1 1 (3 x + 1) 4 (3x + 1) 3 + c i.e 36 27 x 1 dx use u = x +1 to get 2 (u 2 4) du 2. x +1
2

a2 +x2

or

a2 +x2

x = a tan()

and finally we get 3.

2 ( x + 1) 2 4 x + 1 + c 3

x 2 9 dx using x = 3 sec( ) we get x 2 2 3 tan ()d = 3(sec () 1)d = 3 tan() 3 + c

And finally we get Integrating quotients

3 x 2 9 3 cos 1 ( ) + c x

f ( x) dx = ln f ( x) + c = ln k ( f ( x)) f ( x)

3x 3 2x 3 dx = ( 2 )dx = ln( x 2 1) + c 2 x 1 2 1

ax + b dx should be simplified cx + dx using long division. Otherwise use substitution. Integrals of the form Integration by parts Some integrals can not be done by the above strategies 2 4x Examples are 3 x cos( x ) dx and x e dx The above integrals can be done using the formula dv du u dx dx = (u v) v dx dx du dx is easier to Make sure that the integral v dx tackle than the original integral. When solving 3 x cos( x ) dx , we choose du u = 3x = 3 and dx dv = cos( x) v = sin( x) then dx

3x + 2 5 dx = (3 + ) dx = 3 x + 5 ln( x 1) + c x 1 x 1

The method of integration by parts can only be attempted dv if the function chosen as is easy to integrate. dx 3 When solving x ln( x ) dx , we choose du 1 u = ln( x) = and dx x dv 1 = x 3 v = x 4 then dx 4 1 4 1 4 1 3 x ln( x)dx = ( 4 x ) (ln( x)) ( 4 x ) ( x )dx 1 1 4 = x 4 ln( x) x +c 4 16

3x cos( x)dx = (3x) (sin( x)) sin( x) (3)dx

= 3 x sin( x) + 3 cos( x) + c

Check the answer by differentiation

HL Mathematics Summary of Integration Techniques I Youssef