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E5 ME3112-1
Vibration Measurement
(E1-02-03)

10-Oct-2011





Name: ChenHaojin
Matric Number: U096128E

Group: 3C1



















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Objective:

1. To familiarize with the techniques in measuring dynamic quantities as well as using the
related equipments.

2. To determine the resonance frequencies and the corresponding mode-shapes of a
vibrating beam with several different techniques.












Results:


Table 1

Mode
Nodes Position (m)
Experiment
Error %
CRO
Frequency
(Hz)
Stroboscope
Frequency
(Hz)
Theoretical
Frequency
(Hz) Theoretical Experimental
1 --- --- --- --- --- 4.53
2 0.394 0.372 5.50% 26.11 25.18 28.41
3 0.238 | 0.428 0.237 | 0.413 0.42% | 3.50% 74.77 76.87 79.55
4 0.166 | 0.308 | 0.442 0.171 | 0.304 | 0.43 -3.0% | 1.3% | 2.7% 148.10 148.00 155.89
5 --- --- --- --- --- 257.66







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-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
Mode 5
X/L
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Graph 1: Mode Shape
Table 2

X (m) X/L
y
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5
0.000 0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.048 0.1 0.0335 0.1859 0.4560 0.7701 1.0745
0.095 0.2 0.1277 0.6072 1.2080 1.5077 1.3193
0.143 0.3 0.2729 1.0695 1.5090 0.8680 -0.4226
0.190 0.4 0.4597 1.4083 1.0428 -0.6300 -1.3933
0.238 0.5 0.6790 1.5098 0.0190 -1.4101 0.0007
0.285 0.6 0.9222 1.3269 -0.9916 -0.6404 1.3970
0.333 0.7 1.1817 0.8833 -1.4101 0.8320 0.4372
0.380 0.8 1.4509 0.2652 -0.9973 1.3969 -1.2600
0.428 0.9 1.7248 -0.4001 0.0021 0.4366 -0.8314
0.475 1.0 2.0001 -0.9723 1.0014 -1.0004 0.9998
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Sample Calculation:

Given:

E = Youngs Modulus = 220 GPa
I = Area Moment of Inertia of Beam about Neutral Axis =
12
3
bt

L = Span of beam = 0.475 m
m = Mass per unit length = bt
= Density = 7903 kg/m
3

t = Thickness = 0.0012 m
b = Breadth = 0.03 m

1. For Mode 2 (i=2), Theoretical Natural Frequency:

2
1
2
2
2
2
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
m
EI
L
f
t

( )
( )
2
1
0012 . 0 03 . 0 7903
) 0012 . 0 03 . 0
12
1
( 10 220
475 . 0 2
694 . 4
3 9
2
2
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
t

= 28.406979 Hz
28.41 Hz


2. For Mode 2 (i=2) and
L
x
= 0.1, Amplitude of Vibration:
|
.
|

\
|
~
L
x
L
x
a
L
x
L
x
y
i i
i
i i

sin sinh cos cosh
00 . 1 ~
i
a For i > 1
( ) ) 1 . 0 694 . 4 sin( ) 1 . 0 694 . 4 sinh( 00 . 1 ) 1 . 0 694 . 4 cos( ) 1 . 0 694 . 4 cosh( ~ y
0.1859
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Discussion:

1. Resonance frequency

a. What is resonance

Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at greater amplitude at some frequencies
than at others. These are known as the systems resonant frequencies.

At these frequencies, even small periodic driving forces can produce large amplitude
oscillations, because the system stores vibration energy.

Resonance occurs when a system is able to store and easily transfer energy between two or
more different storage modes.
(From Wikipedia)



b. Under what condition does resonance happen

Each object tends to have a number of natural frequencies like 1
st
natural frequency, 2
nd

natural frequency and so on.

These natural frequencies are largely dependent on the shape and material property of the
object and degrees of freedom in the object.
Basically it is related to the supports to the object as well as medium in which the object is in
(like air, water).

Resonance happens when a driving forces frequency on an object is equivalent to the natural
frequency of the object.



c. What is the significance of resonance frequency in the design of building or structure

When resonance occurs, the building and/or structure (like bridges) will vibrate in a large
scale which may cause damage, even destruction.

Therefore, when doing the design of building and/or structure, designer should consider
about the resonance effect and determine the materials and shapes of the building so that the
natural frequency is different from oscillate frequency of winds and earthquakes etc.

By doing so, the building and/or structure can avoid the resonance damaging.
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2. Mode shapes

a. How the mode shapes are characterized by its number of nodes and node position

According to the fomular of Mode shape:
)
L
sin
L
sinh ( a
L
cos
L
cosh
i i
i
i
x x x x
y
i

~

The mode shape is like a sinusoidal curve, the nodes happen when the amplitude is zero, and
number of nodes can dertermine how many wave heats along the lenght.

The position of nodes can dertermine where the mode does not vibrate.

They are illutrated in the figure below:




Acturally the mode shape is determined by number of nodes and node position.




b. The definition of node and anti-node

A node is a point along a standing wave where the wave has minimal amplitude.

The opposite of a node is an anti-node, a point where the amplitude of the standing wave is a
maximum. These occur midway between the nodes.
(From Wikipedia)
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c. Classical spring-mass damper system

To reduce the amplitude in anti-node (maximum amplitude), a proper damper should be
installed to both absorb resonant frequencies and thus dissipate the absorbed energy.

An ideal massspringdamper system with mass m (in kilograms), spring
constant k (in newtons per meter) and viscous damper of damping coefficient c (in newton-
seconds per meter or kilograms per second) is subject to an oscillatory force
(From Wikipedia)

The damping types is dertemined by damping ratio:

A critical damping: damping ratio = 1
A over-damping: damping ratio > 1
Under damping: damping ratio < 1

The layout of a mass-spring-damper is below:


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3. Simple comparison of the 5 modes

a. Pitch of sound

The higher the mode (mode 5 is highest in this case), the higher/sharper the pitch of sound.

Reason:

Higher the mode have higher frequency, thus have higher energy so have higher pitch of
sound.



b. Number of nodes

Mode 1: 0 node (theoretical, but we didnt done this, reason is given in next question)
Mode 2: 1 node
Mode 3: 2 node
Mode 4: 3 node
Mode 5: 4 node (theoretical, but we didnt done this, reason is given in next question)



c. Amplitude of vibration

Mode 1 (maximum) > Mode 2 > Mode 3 > Mode 4 > Mode 5 (minimum)




4. Why mode 1 and mode 5 are not done in the experiment

Reason:

Mode 1 has no anti-node and node; it has least energy but maximum vibration

Mode 5 should have 4 nodes, but the maximum amplitude should be very difficult to observe
(since it was already very hard to observe for mode 4).





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5. Why the CRO frequency is always lower than the resonance natural frequency

Reason:

The loaded mass (transducer) will also decrease the frequency of the vibration system, but it
is neglected for the CRO frequency.




6. Experimental errors

i. The loaded mass decrease the nature frequency of the whole system. That is also one
of the reasons why the experimental frequencies are a bit smaller than the theoretical
ones.
ii. Experimental error while reading the node position. Because the beam was vibrating
and we can only decide the position roughly through our judgment. And the more the
nodes, the more difficult to do the reading.
iii. Experimental error while using stroboscope method to tell the beam vibrating at its
resonant frequency. That is depended on our own judgment since the illuminated line
could not stop moving completely.
iv. The beam was bent before the experiment which leads to inaccuracies in the results
we get.








Conclusion:

1. Through this experiment, we have a better understanding about resonance.

2. Learned how to use an accelerometer and stroboscope to measure the nature frequency of
the ruler at different modes.

3. Being familiarized with the techniques in measuring dynamic quantities.